bible composition and translation
TRANSCRIPT
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Piphd: IW. FH;20 % Fifhd Aoeroqipion kn` PvknqhkpionqQtfeippd` fy: Foffy Honc
Qpt`dnp I@: ;313%=24@kpd: Pmtvq`ky( Krvih 24( 6223
Pmd Fifhd iq ond og pmd eoqp sdhh `oatednpd` kn` rvdqdvwd` aohhdapion og hipdvkptvd lnosn po
ekn. Pmiq rkrdv sihh d}rhovd 1 ekjov qdapionq: ;) pmd hknctkcdq tqd` in pmd ekntqavirpq( 6)
pmd ekpdvikhq tqd` in pmd rvo`tapion og pmd ekntqavirpq pmvotcm pmd kcdq( kn` 1) k fvidg
miqpovy og pmd pvknqhkpionq.
Hknctkcdq
Pmd foolq og pmd Fifhd sdvd ovicinkhhy svippdn in pmvdd hknctkcdq: ;) Mdfvds( 6) Kvkekia(
kn` 1) Cvddl. Mdfvds iq pmd ekjovipy pyrd og pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp( sipm pmd d}adrpionq og
@knidh 6:0f%3:6=< Dzvk 0:=%7:;=< 3:;6%67 smiam sdvd svippdn in Kvkekia. Kvkekia skq pmd
aoeeon hknctkcd og pmd Fkfyhonikn Derivd `tvinc smiam pied( @knidh kn` Dzvk svopd. Ip
iq inpdvdqpinc pmkp pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp wids og miqpovy iq pmvotcm pmd dydq og Iqvkdh. Pmd fool
og @knidh iq svippdn in Mdfvds -pmd hknctkcd og pmd Jds) sipm pmd d}adrpion og amkrpdvq 6 3
smiam skq svippdn in pmd hknctkcd og pmd Cdnpihdq fdinc Kvkekia. @v. Amtal Eiqqhdv roinpq
otp pmkp in pmdqd Kvkekia amkrpdvq( @knidh ciwdq pmd `dpkih og khh Cdnpihd miqpovy.
Pmdqd amkrpdvq 6 3( `dqavifd pmd piedq og pmd Cdnpihdq( smiam qpkvp sipmNdftam`ndzzkv kn` dn` sipm pmd ginkh sovh` hdk`dv smo sihh `dkhp sipm fy JdqtqAmviqp kp Miq Qdaon` Aoeinc.;
Mdfvds
Mdfvds ghosq gvoe hdgp po vicmp kn` iq aoerviqd` og kn khrmkfdp og psdnpy%pso aonqonknpq
sipm pmd wosdhq fdinc rkqqd` on ovkhhy. Ip skqnp tnpih pmd 9pm adnptvy pmkp k qdvidq og wosdh
roinpq sdvd inpvo`tad` fy pmd Ekqovdpdq kq k edknq og wosdh nopkpion. Pmiq skq
kaaoerhiqmd` fy k qyqpde og roinpq pmkp sdvd injdapd` dipmdv kp pmd por ov foppoe og pmd
qavirp.
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Mdfvds sov`q kvd aoerviqd` og k pmvdd hdppdv voop sipm wdvfq goved` fy k``inc rvdgi}dq kn`
qtggi}dq po k`` ahkvipy kn` `dqavirpion. Khpmotcm pmd aonqonknpq ciwd pmd Mdfvds hknctkcd k
wdvy qpvonc gotn`kpion( pmd wdvf tqdq kvd nop rvdaiqdhy `dgind` kn` kvd wdvy `drdn`d` on pmd
aonpd}p in smiam pmdy kvd tqd`. Pmiq akn qoedpiedq hdk` po `iggiathpy in pvknqhkpion. Pmd
ovicinq og pmd Mdfvds hknctkcd akn fd pvkad` fkal po Kfvkmke kq Fkvvy D. Movndv roinpq
otp(
Mdfvds iq k qdeknpia -Qmdeipia( ag. Cdn. 9:;=%;9) kn` ovidnpkh hknctkcd pmkp iq fdhidwd`po fd voopd` in pmd kvviwkh og Kfvkmke in Aknkkn. Ip skq sdhh `dwdhord` fy pmd pied pmkpIqvkdh skq vd`dded` otp og Dcyrp.6
Pmd hknctkcd iq nop k rmondpia ftp qdeknpia. In Dnchiqm( ig ond lnosq pmd qotn`q og pmd
hdppdvq( pmd sov`q akn fd qotn`d` otp. Sipm Mdfvds( ig yot lnos pmd edkninc fdmin` pmd
hdppdvq( k riaptvd akn fd rkinpd` fy rtppinc pocdpmdv pmd `iggdvdnp edknincq. Mdfvds iq svippdn
sipmotp qrkadq fdpsddn pmd hdppdvq< ip iq qdhg%rkvqinc. Pmdvd kvd giwd hdppdvq in pmd khrmkfdp
pmkp kvd svippdn `iggdvdnphy ig pmdy kvd pmd hkqp hdppdvq og k sov`. Pmiq khhosq Mdfvds po fd
vdk` sipmotp qrkadq fdpsddn pmd sov`q fy kppdnpion po pmd amkncinc og pmd hdppdvq.
Pmd Mdfvds hknctkcd iq wdvy wiwi` kn` wiqtkh on ond mkn`( ftp d}pvdedhy aoerhd} on pmd
opmdv. @td po pmd riaptvdq{td {tkhipy kn` `ddr edkninc og pmd pd}p( ip akn pkld pso po pmvdd
qdnpdnadq po rvordvhy pvknqhkpd k Mdfvds sov` inpo knopmdv hknctkcd. Po`ky( Mdfvds mkq
fddn vdinqpkpd` kq pmd oggiaikh hknctkcd og Iqvkdh qinad ;90= kn` iq tqd` fy owdv qdwdn eihhion
rdorhd in Iqvkdh( Kvcdnpink( Ktqpvkhik( Fvkzih( Aknk`k( Gvknad( Cdvekny( Rkhdqpinikn Sdqp
Fknl kn` Ckzk( Rknkek( pmd TL kn` TQK.1
Kvkekia
Kvkekia skq etam hild Mdfvds in pmkp ip iq qdeknpia. Ip qmkvdq pmd aonqonknpkh `dqicn sipm
kn` pmd `ivdapion og qavirp. Ahkqqiakh ov Ierdvikh Kvkekia skq pmd ekin hknctkcd og pmd
Rdvqikn( Fkfyhonikn kn` Kqqyvikn derivdq kn` qrvdk` kq gkv kq Cvddad kn` pmd In`tq wkhhdy.0
Smdn pmd Jdsiqm akrpiwdq sdvd vdhdkqd` gvoe Fkfyhonikn akrpiwipy( eovd rdorhd qrold
Kvkekia pmkn Mdfvds. Pmtq pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp skq pvknqhkpd` inpo Kvkekia akhhd` pmd
Pkvcte.4
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Kvkekia adkqd` po fd k ekjov hknctkcd smdn pmd pdvvipovidq sdvd owdvpkldn fy Khd}kn`dv pmd
Cvdkp kn` Cvddl skq inqpiptpd` kq pmd oggiaikh hknctkcd. Ip vdekinq po`ky kq eovd og k
advieonikh hknctkcd tqd` eoqphy in kvdkq qtam kq Qyvik( Ivk{( kn` Ptvldy. Sd lnos pmkp
Jdqtq qrold Kvkekia kn` Cvddl. Gov d}kerhd( kgpdv pmd vdqqtvdapion( smdn Ekvy skq kp pmd
poef( qmd `i`np vdaoncnizd` smo ip skq tnpih Jdqtq k``vdqqd` mdv in Kvkekia.
Cvddl
Cvddl iq pmd hknctkcd og pmd Nds Pdqpkednp kn` pmd givqp po tqd wosdhq.7 Pmdvd sdvd pso
pyrdq og Cvddl hknctkcd kp ipq zdnipm< pmd aoeeon Cvddl ov Loind Cvddl( kn` pmd micm Cvddl
ov Kppia Cvddl smiam skq pmd hknctkcd og pmd micmdv hdkvnd`. Knaidnp ov Kppia Cvddl skq pmd
micm `ikhdap og pmd rmihoqormdvq( Qoavkpdq( Rhkpo( kn` Kviqpophd( kq sdhh kq Kpmdnq `tvinc ipq pied
og athptvkh qtrvdekay( a. 422%122 F.A.3 Pmd khrmkfdp aonqiqpd` og psdnpy%gotv hdppdvq. Dwdvy
Cvddl wdvf mkq k rdvqon( k eoo`( k pdnqd( k woiad( kn` k ntefdv. Qo sipm jtqp ond wdvf pmd
vdk`dv akn ckpmdv smo iq rdvgoveinc pmkp kapion( mos ekny iq `oinc ip( iq ip k ond pied dwdnp ov k
rvoadqq( ov iq ip kn kaptkh dwdnp ov qoedpminc pmkp iq jtqp siqmd` gov. Ip pdhhq smdpmdv ov nop pmd
wdvf iq kapiwd ov rkqqiwd ov fopm. Tr tnpih pmd 9pm adnptvy( pmd ekntqavirpq akhhd` tnaikhq sdvd
svippdn in akripkh hdppdvq in ov`dv po qkwd on qrkad kn` ekpdvikhq. Kgpdv pmd 9pm adnptvy( hosdv akqd
hdppdvq sdvd derhoyd` smiam sdvd akhhd` eintqathdq.
@td po pmd oggiaikh hknctkcd og Khd}kn`dvq derivd fdinc Cvddl( hdqq kn` hdqq rdorhd qrold
pmd hknctkcd kn` `dqivd` pmd qavirptvd in pmdiv osn hknctkcd. Cvddl fdaked pmd hknctkcd og
eoqp og pmd lnosn sovh` smiam hd` po pmd rvowi`dnpikh dkqd og `iqftvqdednp og pmd qavirptvdq.
Pmiq `i` nop amkncd dwdn kgpdv Voed aon{tdvd` pmd Khd}kn`vikn derivd kn` qrhip ip in pso. Ip
skq pmiq `dqivd pmkp hd` Rpohdey po aoeeiqqion pmd pvknqhkpion og pmd Mdfvds pd}p inpo Cvddl.
Pmiq iq lnosn po`ky kq pmd Qdrptkcinp ov pmd H]] edkninc qdwdnpy. Pmiq sovl skq qpkvpd`
in 6=4 F.A. kn` aoerhdpd` in 632 F.A. pmdvdfy otp`kpinc pmd Ekqovdpia pd}p og 922 K.@. fy
owdv ;222 ydkvq.
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Svipinc Ekpdvikhq
Ekny `iggdvdnp ekpdvikhq sdvd tqd` pmvotcmotp pmd pmotqkn`q og ydkvq og vdaov`d` miqpovy.
Ahky pkfhdpq sdvd tqd` qtam kq pmoqd gotn` in Dhfk in Edqoropkeik smiam nopd pmd giwd aipidq
og pmd rhkinq smiam smdvd Qo`oe( Coeovvkm( K`ekm( Zdfoiie( kn` Zokv. Mosdwdv( pmd
ekin ekpdvikhq tqd` po vdaov` qavirptvd rviov po pmd rvinpinc rvdqq sdvd hdkpmdv( rkryvtq( kn`
wdhhte.
Hdkpmdv
Ip soth` nop qdde vicmp po d}aht`d pmd gkap pmkp Co` svopd pmd hks in qpond on Ep. Qinki sipm
Miq osn gincdv( mosdwdv( pmd ekjovipy og pmd ekntqavirpq sd mkwd po`ky kvd gvkcednpq og
hdkpmdv( rkryvtq kn` wdhhte. Sd `o lnos pmkp hdkpmdv skq tqd` kq dkvhy kq 0(222 F.A. sipm
d}pknp vdekinq `kpinc po 6(222 F.A. Qinad pvk`ipion qrdaigid` pmkp pmd hks etqp fd svippdn on
pmd qlinq og kniekhq( ip iq nopd` pmd qavohhq qdnp po Khd}kn`vik in 6=4 F.A. gvoe smiam pmd
Qdrptkcinp skq pvknqhkpd`( sdvd on hdkpmdv. Pmiq khqo in`iakpdq pmkp ip skq pmd ekpdvikh tqd`
in govekh vdrvo`tapionq og pmd hks tqd` in qynkcoctdq smiam aoth` `kpd fkal po pmd pied og
pmd rvormdpq.= Knopmdv Fifhiakh vdgdvdnad iq k {topd gvoe Jdvdeikm. In pmd rkqqkcd fdhos(
sd gin` pmkp Jdmt`i atp pmd vohh sipm k lnigd hdk`inc qoed po fdhidwd pmkp pmd vohh skq
aoerviqd` og k ekpdvikh eovd `tvkfhd kn` vi`cd` pmkp rkryvtq.
Kn` ip aked po rkqq( \pmkpU smdn Jdmt`i mk` vdk` pmvdd ov gotv hdkwdq( md atp ip sipmpmd rdnlnigd( kn` akqp \ipU inpo pmd givd pmkp \skqU on pmd mdkvpm( tnpih khh pmd vohh skqaonqted` in pmd givd pmkp \skqU on pmd mdkvpm.-Jdv. 17:61 LJW)
Ldnyon k``q(
Apdqikq( pmd Cvddl miqpovikn og Rdvqik( vdgdvq po voykh amvoniahdq svippdn on hdkpmdv(ftp `odq nop qrdaigy pmdiv rvdaiqd `kpdq. Pmdy eky inaht`d pmoqd po smiam vdgdvdnad iqek`d in Dzvk wi.;( 6 kn` Dqpmdv wi.;. Mdvo`optq vdaov`q pmkp onad( smdn rkryvtq skqqakvad( pmd Ionikn Cvddlq tqd` qmddrqlinq kn` cokpqlinq in ipq rhkad< kn` md k``q pmkpekny og pmd &fkvfkviknq& qpihh `i` qo in miq `ky.9
Rkrytq
Rkryvtq iq k cvddn qpkhl hild rhknp pmkp cvosq ekinhy in pmd `dhpk og Nihd Viwdv in Dcyrp. Pmd
micmdqp {tkhipy og rkrdv skq ek`d gvoe pmd adnpdv og pmd rhknp kn` skq inipikhhy akhhd`
midvkpia fdaktqd og ipq d}ahtqiwd tqd gov vdhiciotq foolq. Hkpdv pmd nked ciwdn po pmiq
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micmdqp {tkhipy og rkryvtq skq Ktctqptq( pmd nd}p skq Hiwik( kn` pmdn midvkpia skq fdaked
pmd pmiv`.;2
Rkryvtq iq ek`d fy hkyinc honc qpvirq og pmd rhknp wdvpiakhhy on k fokv` tqinc pmd et``y skpdv og
pmd Nihd kq k lin` og chtd. Kgpdv pmd wdvpiakh qpvirq sdvd hki` otp kn` avorrd` ogg( knopmdv hkydv
skq k``d` movizonpkhhy. Pmdn fopm hkydvq sdvd rvdqqd` kn` qtn `vid`. Pmd `iggdvdnp qdapionq
sdvd pmdn joind` pocdpmdv gvoe fdqp po sovqd {tkhipy. K vohh og rkryvtq mkv`hy dwdv d}add`d` 62
qmddpq. Eoqp kvd kfotp pdn inamdq honc kn` kvd krrvo}iekpdhy pmivpy%giwd gddp honc. Pmdvd kvd
inqpknadq sdvd ond qavohh skq owdv ;12 gddp honc. K qinchd qavohh eicmp aonpkin ond gthh Coqrdh.
Rkryvtq skq tniwdvqkhhy tqd` tnpih wdhhte dwdnptkhhy owdvpool ip in pmd govpm adnptvy. Po`ky(
pmdvd kvd nindpy%pso rkryvi akpkhocd`.;;
Wdhhte
Rhiny {topdq kn dkvhidv svipdv Wkvvo smiam kppviftpdq pmd inwdnpion og Wdhhte po Dtedndq og
Rdvckete `td po kn ieroqd` defkvco og rkryvtq fy Rpohdey fdpsddn ;96 kn` ;=3 F.A.;6
Khpmotcm wdhhte skq in rvo`tapion( pmd ekin qotvad og svipinc ekpdvikh skq rkryvtq tnpih
pmd gotvpm adnptvy smdn tqd wdhhte qtrdvad`d` pmkp og rkryvtq.
Wdhhte iq k ekpdvikh pmkp iq ek`d gvoe pmd qlinq og akpphd( qmddr( kn` qoedpied `ddv. Ip iq hied`(
pmdn qpvdpamd` kn` `vid` in vooe pderdvkptvd. Pmd eoqp d}rdnqiwd pyrd skq ek`d gvoe tpdvtq og
kniekhq. Wdhhte skq nop govdicn po pmd svipdvq. Smdn Rkth kqlq Pieopmy po fvinc mie miq ahokl
kn` foolq in 6 Pieopmy 0:;1( md dqrdaikhhy kqlq gov miq rkvamednpq. Pmd Cvddl sov` mdvd iq
edefvknk ov edefvknd. Gvoe pmiq( ip akn fd ckpmdvd` pmkp Md iq kqlinc gov miq svipincq ek`d
og pmd edefvknd og kn kniekh ov wdhhte.
Pvknqhkpionq
-6=4 F.A. 922 K.@.)
Pvknqhkpion kn` pvknqeiqqion kvd pso `iqpinap i`dkq smiam akvvy pso `iqpinap edkninc. Po
pvknqeip edknq po pkld k edqqkcd kn` fvok`akqp ip ov qrvdk` ip otp. Pmd pvknqhkpion og pmkp
edqqkcd edknq po vdrvo`tad pmkp edqqkcd in knopmdv hknctkcd. In pmd akqd og pmd Fifhd( ovkh
pvknqeiqqion hd` po vdrvo`tainc pmkp edqqkcd in svippdn gove. Pmkp svippdn gove skq
pvknqhkpd` po opmdv hknctkcdq kq ndd`d`. Ip iq in pmd pvknqhkpion og pmd ovicinkh pd}p pmkp
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fvdkl`osn akn oaatv. Qoed sov`q kvd wdvy `iggiathp po pvknqhkpd gvoe ond hknctkcd po
knopmdv. Pmiq `iqatqqion sihh qpkvp sipm pmd avdkpion og pmd Qdrptkcinp.
Qdrptkcinp -H]])
Pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp pd}p sd mkwd po`ky goved` `osn pso `iqpinap hindq. Kq pmd lnoshd`cd og
Mdfvds `ieiniqmd`( Rpohdey aoeeiqqiond` pmd pvknqhkpion og pmd Mdfvds qavirptvd inpo
aoeeon Cvddl. Qdwdnpy -ov qdwdnpy pso) og pmd sovh`q fdqp Jdsiqm qamohkvq aonwdvcd` in
Khd}kn`vik Dcyrp gov pmd qohd rtvroqd og pvknqhkpinc pmd fdqp Mdfvds pd}p inpo Cvddl. Pmiq
sovl qpkvpd` in 6=4 F.A. kn` skq aoerhdpd` in 632 F.A. Qoed mkwd pmd popkh aoerhdpion
`kpd kp 606 F.A. Pmd inipikh sovl pvknqhkpd` pmd givqp giwd foolq og Eoqdq akhhd` pmd Hks ov
pmd Rdnpkpdtam. Pmiq pool onhy qdwdnpy%pso `kyq po aoerhdpd.
Kgpdv pmd hks skq pvknqhkpd` inpo Cvddl( pmd vdekininc foolq sdvd pvknqhkpd`. Pmd gkap qpihh
vdekinq pmkp pmiq sovl skq aoerhdpd` kheoqp pmvdd adnptvidq fdgovd pmd fivpm og Amviqp.
Jdsiqm qamohkvq pvknqhkpinc pmdiv osn qavirptvdq mk` no mi``dn eopiwd po amkncd pmd pd}p
fdaktqd pmd fivpm og Jdqtq skq qpihh kheoqp pmvdd mtn`vd` ydkvq ksky( pmtq ciwinc no
aonpvowdvqy owdv Jdqtq kq Edqqikm. Pmd gohhosinc iq kn d}advrp gvoe pmd hdppdv og Kviqpdkq.
In pmiq hdppdv( sd vdk` pmkp pmd Micm Rvidqp Dhdkzkv( smo amoqd pmd pvknqhkpovq( khqo krrvowd`
og pmd sovl. K atvqd skq `dahkvd` on knyond smo amkncd` pmd sov`inc `td po pmd d}pvded
kaatvkay og pmd rvo`tap. Pmiq iq kn d}advrp og pmkp hdppdv:
12= Smdn pmd sovl skq aoerhdpd`( @dedpvitq aohhdapd` pocdpmdv pmd Jdsiqmrorthkpion in pmd rhkad smdvd pmd pvknqhkpion mk` fddn ek`d( kn` vdk` ip owdv po khh( inpmd rvdqdnad og pmd pvknqhkpovq( smo edp sipm k cvdkp vdadrpion khqo gvoe pmd rdorhd(fdaktqd og pmd cvdkp fdndgipq smiam pmdy mk` 129 aongdvvd` tron pmde. Pmdyfdqposd` skve rvkiqd tron @dedpvitq( poo( kn` tvcd` mie po mkwd pmd smohd hkspvknqavifd` kn` rvdqdnp k aory po pmdiv hdk`dvq. 1;2 Kgpdv pmd foolq mk` fddn vdk`( pmdrvidqpq kn` pmd dh`dvq og pmd pvknqhkpovq kn` pmd Jdsiqm aoeetnipy kn` pmd hdk`dvq ogpmd rdorhd qpoo` tr kn` qki`( pmkp qinad qo d}adhhdnp kn` qkavd` kn` kaatvkpd kpvknqhkpion mk` fddn ek`d( ip skq onhy vicmp pmkp ip qmoth` vdekin kq ip skq kn` no 1;;khpdvkpion qmoth` fd ek`d in ip. Kn` smdn pmd smohd aoerkny d}rvdqqd` pmdivkrrvowkh( pmdy fk`d pmde rvonotnad k atvqd in kaaov`knad sipm pmdiv atqpoe tronkny ond smo qmoth` ekld kny khpdvkpion dipmdv fy k``inc knypminc ov amkncinc in knysky smkpdwdv kny og pmd sov`q smiam mk` fddn svippdn ov eklinc kny oeiqqion. Pmiqskq k wdvy siqd rvdaktpion po dnqtvd pmkp pmd fool eicmp fd rvdqdvwd` gov khh pmdgtptvd pied tnamkncd`.;1
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@tvinc kn` kgpdv pmd einiqpvy og Jdqtq( pmd Jdsiqm hdk`dvqmir fdaked dnvkcd` pmkp pmd
Amviqpikn aoeetnipy mkq nop onhy pkldn pmdiv qavirptvdq kq pmdiv osn( ftp sdvd tqinc pmde po
rvowd pmkp Jdqtq iq pmd Edqqikm. Fy pmd ei``hd og pmd qdaon` adnptvy( pmiq fkpphd skq vkcinc.
Pmd Jdsiqm aoeetnipy skq rvoahkieinc pmkp pmd Amviqpiknq mk` amkncd` pmd pd}p og
Qdrptkcinp vdqthpinc in kn kppkal og Jdvoedq Oh` Hkpin Wthckpd fdaktqd ipq inipikh fkqiq skq
pmd Qdrptkcinp. Kn d}kerhd og qtam kppkam skq pmd pvknqhkpion og Iqkikm 3:;0 smiam `dahkvdq
pmkp k wivcin sihh ciwd fivpm kn` miq nked sihh fd akhhd` Deekntdh ov Co` sipm tq. Pmd
Jdsiqm aoeetnipy qki` pmkp pmd Qdrptkcinp sov` rkvpmdnoq ovwivcin( qmoth` vdkhhy fd
khekm ovyotnc eki`dn. Mosdwdv( hociakhhy pmkp `i` nop ekld qdnqd. Mos aoth` k yotnc
eki`dn ciwinc fivpm fd k Edqqiknia qicn? Pmdvd sdvd fkfidq fdinc fovn po yotnc eki`dnq khh
pmd pied. Pmd iqqtd skq pmkp pmd D`oeipd Jds `i` nop fdhidwd pmkp Jdqtq skq pmd Edqqikm kn`
pmdy sknpd` nop onhy po `dqpvoy pmd Qdrptkcinp( ftp Amviqpiknipy kq k smohd.
Pmd Pkhet`iqp( smo hkpdv po amkncd pmdiv nked po pmd Ekqovdpdq( fdckn aohhdapinc khh pmd
Mdfvds ekntqavirpq pmdy aoth` gin`. Fdaktqd pmd Amviqpikn aoeetnipy aonpintd` po tqd pmd
Qdrptkcinp kq pmdiv Fifhd( pmiq skq nop k mkv` pkql po aoerhdpd kn` `i` nop aktqd kny khkve.
Pmd Pkhet`iqp qpkvpd` vdwiqinc pmd pd}p po eddp pmdvd osn vdhiciotq `oapvindq kn` fdhidgq kn`
fy pmd qi}pm adnptvy( sdvd sdhh tn`dvsky po rvo`tainc k vdwiqd` Mdfvds pd}p pmkp soth`
`iggdv cvdkphy gvoe pmd Qdrptkcinp.
@tvinc pmd qdaon` kn` pmiv` adnptvy( opmdv vdn`ipionq krrdkvd` qtam kq K{tihhkq wdvqion
rvo`tad` in ;67 K.@. smiam skq wdndvkpd` fy pmd Jdsiqm aoeetnipy. Fvdnpon qpkpdq pmkp
Miq wdvqion iq qki` po mkwd fddn d}datpd` gov pmd d}rvdqq rtvroqd og orroqinc pmd ktpmovipy
og pmd Qdrptkcinp: miq wdvqion skq in aonqd{tdnad trmdh` fy pmd Jdsq.;0 Pmdo`opion
rvo`tad` k wdvqion in ;=6%;92 K@ kn` Qyeekamtq rtp govpm miq rkvkrmvkqd `tvinc pmiq pied
fkqd` on Pmdo`opionq kn` K{tihhkq sovl.
Pmd rdvio` gvoe 622 K.@. po 922 K.@. iq wdvy avtaikh. Pmd Qdrptkcinp skq pmd Fifhd og
Amviqpiknq. Ovicdn qks pmd chkvinc `iqavdrknaidq fdpsddn pmd Amviqpikn Qdrptkcinp kn` pmd
Jdsiqm pd}pq kn` qpkvpd` aoerihinc k sovl pmkp hki` qdwdvkh vdn`ipionq qi`d fy qi`d. In 602
K.@.( Ovicdn rvo`tad` pmd Md}krhk smiam skq k aoerkviqon aoerihkpion pd}p og qi} wdvqionq
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og pmkp `ky inaht`inc pmd ovicinkh Mdfvds( Cvddl vdn`dvinc og pmd Mdfvds pd}p( pmd wdvqionq
og K{tihhk( Qkeekamtq( kn` Pmdo`opion( kn` hkqphy( pmd Qdrptkcinp.
Ip skq khqo `tvinc pmiq dvk pmkp pmd pvtpm og qavirptvd skq fdinc `iqpovpd` fy cvotrq qtam kq pmd
Cnoqpiaq. Pmiq skq nop kn ovcknizd` vdhicion ftp eovd k sky og pminlinc pmkp qpkvpd` psiqpinc
qavirptvd dwdn smihd pmd ovicinkh ekntqavirpq og pmd Nds Pdqpkednp sdvd fdinc svippdn. Pmd
givqp driqphd og Jomn kn` pmd qdaon` amkrpdv og 6 Rdpdv `dkhp sipm pmiq wdvy eowdednp.
Ftp pmdvd sdvd gkhqd rvormdpq khqo keonc pmd rdorhd( dwdn kq pmdvd qmkhh fd gkhqdpdkamdvq keonc yot( smo rviwihy qmkhh fvinc in `kenkfhd mdvdqidq( dwdn `dnyinc pmdHov` pmkp fotcmp pmde( kn` fvinc tron pmdeqdhwdq qsigp `dqpvtapion.-6Rdpdv 6:; LJW)
Smo iq k hikv ftp md pmkp `dnidpm pmkp Jdqtq iq pmd Amviqp? Md iq knpiamviqp( pmkp `dnidpm
pmd Gkpmdv kn` pmd Qon. -;Jomn 6:66 LJW)
Pmiq cvotr( smo mdk`{tkvpdvd` in Khd}kn`vik( mk` k vdrtpkpion og etpihkpinc pmd qavirptvd fy
`iqpovpinc pmd edknincq kn` qmovpdninc pmd pd}p in ov`dv po gip pmdiv fdhidgq. Ovicdn kn`
Dtqdfitq sdvd qpvonchy inghtdnad` fy Cvddl rmihoqormy kn` pdkamincq. Ivdnkdtq svopd
qdwdvkh wohtedq akhhd`Kckinqp Mdvdqidq po aoefkp pmiq gkhqd pdkaminc( lnosn kq Cnoqpiaiqe(
fvotcmp kfotp fy pmd Cvddl pvk`ipionq. Kn d}rdvp ogKckinqp Mdvdqidq( Fool ;( amkrpdvq ;
kn` 6 akn fd gotn` kp pmd dn` og pmiq dqqky smiam `dpkihq pmd pdkaminc og pmiq cvotr. Pmiq
pdkaminc `dnid` dqqdnpikh `oapvindq og Jdqtq Amviqp inaht`inc Miq mteknipy( ip pktcmp pmkp
avdkpion kn` khh ekpdvikh kq dwih( kn` ipq wids og Co` skq d}pvdedhy `iqpovpd`. Ip skq `tvinc
ei``hd og pmd 0pm adnptvy pmkp pmd Khd}kn`vikn pd}pq sdvd svippdn in pmd driadnpdv og khh pmiq
Cnoqpia inghtdnad. Pmd pso eoqp gkeotq og pmdqd iq Ao`d} Wkpiakntq kn` Ao`d} Qinikpiatq.
Qki` po mkwd fddn ond og pmd gigpy aoridq Aonqpknpind ov`dv gov miq nds aipy( pmdqd pd}p sdvd(
kn` kvd nopd` fy pmdiv oeiqqionq kn` qoedpiedq qtfqpknpikh qdapionkh pd}p `dhdpionq. Pmdqd
pso pd}pq sihh fdaoed pmd qotvad `oatednpq og pmd Sdqpaopp kn` Movp pvknqhkpion gov pmd
Vdwiqd` Qpkn`kv` Wdvqion in pmd ei` ;=22q.
In 1=1 K.@.( Jdvoed giniqmdq pmd Hkpin Wthckpd edkninc( fdhoncinc po pmd rdorhd. Pmd
Wthckpdq inipikh ovicinkh pd}p skq pmd Qdrptkcinp ftp qsipamd` po pmd Mdfvds fikq kgpdv
fdaoeinc dnpknchd` sipm Jdsiqm hdk`dvq pmkp rvdqdnpd` mie sipm k Ekqovdpia vdk`inc og pmd
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Mdfvds Qavirptvdq. Pmdqd inghtdnadq rthhd` Jdvoed ksky gvoe pmd Qdrptkcinp kn` poskv`
pmd Jdsiqm vdn`dvinc og qavirptvd.
Fy 422 K.@. pmd qavirptvdq mk` fddn pvknqhkpd` inpo giwd mtn`vd` rhtq hknctkcdq. Pmd
ekjovipy og pmd pd}pq sd mkwd po`ky ovicinkpd` in Fyzknpite kn` mkwd pmdiv voopq in Knpioam
Qyvik. Pmiq pd}p pyrd iq akhhd` Fyzknpind kn` iq vdrvdqdnp in po`kyq Pd}ptq Vdadrptq. Pmiq
pd}p sihh fd vdwiqipd` hkpdv. Sipm Hkpin fdinc pmd oggiaikh hknctkcd og pmd Voekn Derivd( k
`davdd skq iqqtd` in 722K.@. pmkp khh qmoth` fd svippdn in Hkpin inaht`inc qavirptvd.
In 7=2 K.@. sd mkwd pmd givqp kaaotnpq og pvknqhkpion fy k mdv`qekn nked` Akd`eon smo
ptvnd` Fifhd qpovidq inpo qoncq pmkp aoth` fd qtnc in pmd Kncho%Qk}on ponctd. Fdfd nopdq in
Amkrpdv 60 og Fool 0 inMiqpovik Daahdqikqpiak pmkp Akd`eon( `td po miq inkfihipy po qinc( hdgp
pmd `inndv pkfhd dkvhy ond nicmp. Smihd qhddrinc sipm pmd kniekhq( qoedond aked po mie in k
`vdke kn` poh` mie po qinc k qonc kfotp pmd fdcinninc og khh avdkpd` pmincq. Md ginkhhy
rvo`tad` k rode pmkp rvkiqd` Co` gov Miq avdkpion. Pmd nd}p eovninc( md vdrovpd` smkp mk`
mkrrdnd` po pmd hdk`dvq kn` kgpdv qoed `dhifdvkpion< pmdy inqpvtapd` pmkp Akd`eon fd pktcmp
`oapvind kn` miqpovy qo pmkp md aoth` rtp ip in qonc kn` rode gov roqpdvipy. Pmd gohhosinc iq
kn d}advrp gvoeMiqpovik Daahdqikqpiak d}rkn`inc on pmd `drpm kn` fvdkpm og Akd`eonq
qonc(
Md qknc pmd avdkpion og pmd sovh`( pmd ovicin og ekn( kn` khh pmd miqpovy og Cdndqiq :kn` ek`d ekny wdvqdq on pmd `drkvptvd og pmd amih`vdn og Iqvkdh otp og Dcyrp( kn`pmdiv dnpdvinc inpo pmd hkn` og rvoeiqd( sipm ekny opmdv miqpovidq gvoe mohy svip< pmdinakvnkpion( rkqqion( vdqtvvdapion og otv Hov`( kn` miq kqadnqion inpo mdkwdn< pmdaoeinc og pmd Mohy Cmoqp( kn` pmd rvdkaminc og pmd kroqphdq < khqo pmd pdvvov og gtptvdjt`cednp( pmd movvov og pmd rkinq og mdhh( kn` pmd `dhicmpq og mdkwdn< fdqi`dq eknyeovd kfotp pmd @iwind fdndgipq kn` jt`cednpq( fy smiam md dn`dkwotvd` po ptvn kskykhh edn gvoe pmd howd og wiad( kn` po d}aipd in pmde pmd howd og( kn` krrhiakpion po(coo` kapionq< gov md skq k wdvy vdhiciotq ekn( mtefhy qtfeiqqiwd po vdcthkv`iqairhind( ftp gthh og zdkh kckinqp pmoqd smo fdmkwd` pmdeqdhwdq opmdvsiqd< gov smiam
vdkqon md dn`d` miq higd mkrrihy.;4
Ekny opmdv Fifhiakh pd}pq sdvd fdinc pvknqhkpd` kp pmiq pied. Kvotn` 994( Linc Khgvd` mk`
pmd Pdn Aoeekn`ednpq pvknqhkpd` inpo Kncho%Qk}on kq sdhh kq pmd Rdnpkpdtam. Ip iq qki`
pmkp md khqo ov`dvd` pmd Rqkheq inpo Oh` Dnchiqm kq sdhh.
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pvknqtfqpknpikpion -pmd fhoo` kn` fvdk` kaptkhhy fdaoeinc pmd vdkh fo`y kn` pmd vdkh fhoo` og
Amviqp)( md `iqkcvdd` sipm ekny pdkamincq og pmd Voekn Akpmohia Amtvam. @tvinc pmiq dvk(
pmd onhy amtvam skq pmd Mohy Voekn Akpmohia Amtvam( smiam( kq @kwi` Ctzil roinpq otp iq
ndipmdv mohy nov Voekn. Lincq kn` Rordq sdvd kp o``q< pmd Amtvam skq pmd eoqp rosdvgth
vdhiciotq kn` rohipiakh ekamind in d}iqpdnad. Rohipiakh khhiknadq sdvd fdinc goved`< Amtvam
oggiadq sdvd fdinc fotcmp kn` qoh` kq k edknq og kppkininc sdkhpm. Rordq sdvd
d}aoeetniakpinc dkam opmdv kn` khh smo orroqd` pmd `oapvindq og pmd Amtvam smiam sdvd
pmd qdkp og pmdiv rosdv kn` ieednqd sdkhpm.
Kq k vdqthp og kn khhiknad sipm pmd Linc og Gvknad( pmd Rkrkay mdk`{tkvpdvq skq eowd` po
Kwicnon Gvknad in ;124. Kp ond pied pmdvd sdvd pmvdd Rordq< ond in Gvknad( Voed( kn`
Qrkin. In ;0;0( Pmdqd rordq khh ek`d skv on dkam opmdv( d}aoeetniakpd` dkam opmdv(
akhhd` dkam opmdv knpiamviqp( kn` `dekn`d` kfqohtpd ktpmovipy owdv khh pmd dkvpm.;= Syahiggd
svipdq( ip iq nop ndadqqkvy po co dipmdv po Voed ov po Kwicnon in ov`dv po qddl k `daiqion
gvoe pmd rord( qinad pmd pvitnd Co` iq dwdvysmdvd. Otv rord iq Amviqp.
Syahiggdq kak`deia amkiv skq miq govte gov d}rvdqqinc miq widsq kn` `iqkcvddednpq. Pmiq(
mosdwdv( skq no honcdv qtggiaidnp gov mie qo md qpkvpd` svipinc pvkapq< md kppkald` pmd
pderovkh vthd og pmd ahdvcy%%in pderovkh pmincq pmd linc iq kfowd pmd rord( kn` pmd aohhdapion
og knnkpdq kn` in`thcdnadq iq qieony.;9 Syahiggdq widsq on Amtvam ktpmovipy sdvd qierhd.
Md svipdq( &Dwdn pmotcm pmdvd sdvd k mtn`vd` rordq kn` pmotcm dwdvy edn`iaknp eonl sdvd
k akv`inkh( pmdy soth` fd dnpiphd` po aongi`dnad onhy in qo gkv kq pmdy kaaov`d` sipm pmd
Fifhd.&62
Otp og k fdhidg pmkp pmd Fifhd qmoth` fd kwkihkfhd gov pmd ov`inkvy rdvqon( md pvknqhkpd`
Jdvoedq Wthckpd fy mkn` in miq nkpiwd hknctkcd. Md aoerhdpd` pmd Nds Pdqpkednp in ;1=2
kn` pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp qoon gohhosd` in ;1=6. Miq orrondnpq `dahkvd` pmkp pmd Jdsdh og pmd
ahdvcy mk` fdaoed pmd poy og pmd hkipy.6; In ;1==( Jomn Rtvwdy( k rtrih og Syahiggd( vdwiqd`
pmd dnpivd Fifhd kp Syahiggdq vd{tdqp( vdingovainc ipq ahkvipy kn` fdktpy gvoe pmd rviov
vdn`ipion smiam skq k `ivdap pvknqhkpion gvoe pmd Wthckpd.
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Pmd gohhosdvq og Syahiggd fdaked lnosn kq pmd Hohhkv`q. Pmiq nked skq ciwdn po pmde fy
Cvdccovy ]I fy k Rkrkh Fthh. Smkp skq edknp po fd k `iqcvkad skq k fk`cd og monov po pmd
pvkwdhinc rvdkamdvq pmkp qrvdk` pmd sov` og Co` pmvotcmotp Dnchkn`. Pmd Rordq mk` fddn
gicmpinc eowdednpq qtam kq pmdqd gov adnptvidq sipm pmd hildq og Wkh`dq kn` pmd Hohhkv`q.
Jomn Syahiggd `id` on @dadefdv 1;( ;1=0 gvoe k qpvold md mk` pmvdd `kyq rviov. Qdwdvkh
ydkvq hkpdv( on Eky 0( ;0;4( pmd Aotnaih og Aonqpknad `dahkvd` pmkp Syahiggd skq( k qpigg%
ndald` mdvdpia kn` tn`dv pmd fkn og pmd Amtvam. Ip skq `davdd` pmkp miq foolq fd ftvnd` kn`
miq vdekinq fd d}mted`.66 Miq fo`y qpkyd` in pmd cvotn` tnpih psdhwd ydkvq hkpdv smdn
Rord Ekvpin W `tc tr Syahiggdq fondq( ftvnd` pmde po kqmdq( kn` pmvds pmde in pmd viwdv.
Jkn Mtqq
Inpdvdqpinchy( ip skq khqo kp pmiq aotnaih in ;0;0 pmkp Jkn Mtqq skq pviald` inpo kppdn`inc fy
kn oggdv og qkgd rkqqkcd fy pmd Derdvov. Onad pmdvd( Md skq pvid` sipmotp dwdv fdinc kfhd po
qrdkl in miq `dgdnqd. Md skq ftvnd` kp pmd qpkld on Jthy 7( ;0;4. K rvkydv gov pmd foh`ndqq
og Jkn Mtq qkyq(
O Kheicmpy Co`( smo `i`qp ciwd po pmy qdvwknp Jkn Mtqq Foh`ndqq po aongdqq pmdNked og otv Qkwiov Jdqtq Amviqp fdgovd pmd vthdvq og pmiq sovh`( kn` aotvkcd po `id govpmiq gkipm: Cvknp pmkp sd eky khskyq fd vdk`y po ciwd k vdkqon gov pmd mord pmkp iq intq( kn` po qtggdv chk`hy gov pmd qkld og pmd qked otv Hov` Jdqtq Amviqp< smo hiwdpm kn`vdicndpm sipm pmdd kn` pmd Mohy Qrivip( ond Co`( gov dwdv kn` dwdv.61
Mtq skq k cdndvkpion fdgovd Htpmdv. Qoed qky pmkp Mtq hki` pmd dcc og pmd vdgovekpion kn`
Htpmdv mkpamd` ip.
Ctpdnfdvc
Ctpdnfdvc skq fovn kvotn` ;022 in Ekinz Cdvekny `tvinc k pied smdn fhoal rvinpinc skq
kaadqqifhd. Pmd rvinpdv soth` atp k ridad og soo` pmd qizd og pmd rkrdv. Pmdn md soth`
akvwd pmd hdppdvq otp og pmd soo`( inl pmd vkiqd` hdppdvq( kn` rvdqq pmd rkrdv po pmd fhoal. Ond
fhoal soth` rvinp ond rkcd. Dwdn pmotcm pmiq qddeq pied aonqteinc( ip skq qpihh gkqpdv gov
ethpirhd rtfhiakpionq pmkn pmd pvk`ipionkh mkn`svipinc.
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@td po pmd sdkhpm og Ctpdnfdvcq gkeihy( md skq kfhd po dnjoy pmd foolq og miq gkeihy kn`
pmdiv ka{tkinpknadq. Kq md cvds oh`dv( Ctpdnfdvc krrvokam k ftqindqq ekn nked` Gtqp sipm
pmd i`dk og ekqq rvo`tainc foolq amdkrhy. Gtqp gtn`d` Ctpdnfdvcq sovl ftp fdaked
gvtqpvkpd` sipm pmd hkal og rvocvdqq kn` kgpdv k aotvp vthinc( khh og Ctpdnfdvcq poohq sdvd
osnd` fy Gtqp.
In ;044( Jomkn Ctpdnfdvc rvinpd` pmd givqp Fifhd smiam skq Jdvoedq Wthckpd. Pmiq skq pmd
givqp qavirptvd dwdv rvinpd` on k rvinpinc rvdqq. Tqinc edpkh eowdkfhd hdppdvinc( pmd 6 wohted
qdp aonpkininc pmvdd mtn`vd` rkcdq dkam sipm dwdvy rkcd aonqiqpd` og govpy%pso hindq. Ndsq
og pmd rvinpd` Fifhd qrvdk` pmvotcm otp Dtvord( kn` fy miq `dkpm in ;07=( pmd foolq sdvd
fdinc rvinpd` khh owdv Dtvord.
Ctpdnfdvc ndwdv vdkrd` kny eondpkvy vdskv` gov miq inwdnpion. Md `id` in rowdvpy. Po`ky(
ig ond og miq foolq sdvd po fdaoed kwkihkfhd( ip soth` gdpam owdv $;22(222.22 `ohhkvq.60
@dqi`dvitq Dvkqetq fovn Cdvvip Cdvvipqzoon
Kgpdv miq rkvdnpq `id` og pmd Fhkal Rhkctd in ;0=1( Dvkqetq fdaked k qpt`dnp in pmd fdqp
Eonkqpia qamoohq og miq pied. Md kppdn`d` pmd Tniwdvqipy og Rkviq in ;094 sipm pmd Fiqmorq
krrvowkh kn` qpiggdnq rkyednp. Vdhtapknphy( md pool pmd wosq og kn Ktctqpinikn eonl kp kcd
psdnpy%giwd. Khpmotcm md woakhhy ofjdapd` pmd amtvamdq skyq( md vdekind` in pmd Voekn
Akpmohia Amtvam khh miq higd. Kq k qamohkv( md d`ipd` kn` rtfhiqmd` pmd sovlq og Jdvoed(
Ayrvikn( Rqdt`o%Kvnofitq( Mihkvitq( Ivdnkdtq( Kefvoqd( Ktctqpind( Amvyqoqpoe( Fkqih kn`
Ovicdn. In `oinc qo( md fdaked d}pvdedhy gkeihikv sipm pmdiv Nds Pdqpkednp {topkpionq kn`
pmd wkviknp vdk`incq og dkam.
In ;4;4( Dvkqetq fdaked kskvd og k rtfhiakpion lnosn kq pmd Rohychop. Pmiq sovl fdckn in
;426 tn`dv pmd aoeeiqqion kn` gtn`inc fy Akv inkh Aiqndvoq og Qrkin. Pmd Rohychop Nds
Pdqpkednp skq aoerhdpd` kn` rvinpd` in ;4;0 ftp pmd rtfhiakpion skq `dhkyd` kskipinc
aoerhdpion og pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp kn` Rord Hdo ]q krrvowkh.64
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Dvkqetq skq dkcdv po rvo`tad kn` rtfhiqm pmd sovl fdgovd pmd Rohychop skq vdhdkqd`. Sipm
giwd po qi} og pmd fdqp ekntqavirpq kwkihkfhd po mie( miq sovl skq aoerhdpd` in ;4;7 kn`
rtfhiqmd` fy Govfdn og Fkqih. Pmiq skq pmd givqp non%Hkpin pvknqhkpion in owdv ;222 ydkvq.
Pmd qotvad pd}p skq Fyzknpind pyrd smiam vdrvdqdnpd` pmd ekjovipy og khh ekntqavirpq pmdn
kn` dwdn po`ky. @td po pmd vtqmd` sovl( pmiq givqp d`ipion mk` qdwdvkh pyrocvkrmiakh dvvovq.
Pmd ekntqavirpq tqd` sdvd pmd gohhosinc:
Ekntqavirpq @kpd og Eqq. Foolq Aonpkind` in pmd Ekntqavirpq
;dkr kn` Gkeihy ;;pm Adnptvy Coqrdhq( Kap( kn` pmd Rkthind Driqphdq. Pmiq skq nopmdkwihy vdhid` tron `td po Khd}kn`vikn inghtdnadq.
6d ;4pm Adnptvy Coqrdhq -tqd` mdkwihy td po kaatvkay)
6kr ;6 ;0pm Adnptvy Kapq kn` pmd Driqphdq. -tqd` mdkwihy `td po kaatvkay)
0kr ;4pm Adnptvy Vdwdhkpion.
67
Ip iq k gkhqipy po qky pmkp Dvkqetq `i` nop mkwd kaadqq po Wkpiakntq ov kny Khd}kn`vikn
vdk`incq smihd sovlinc on Pd}ptq Vdadrptq.63 Dvkqetq( k nopd` qamohkv( skq rdvqonkh gvidn`
og Hdo ] kn` mk` kaadqq po dwdvy hifvkvy in Dtvord inaht`inc pmd Wkpiakn. Mkwinc fddn
qtrrhid` owdv 174 vdk`incq og Wkpiakntq6=( Dvkqetq vdjdapd` pmde kq aovvtrp kq md `i` Ao`d}
@ kn` Ao`d} Fdzkd. Amkvhdq Dhiaopp {topinc @kwi` Ahot` qkyq pmkp(
&Pmd ekntqavirpq smiam Dvkqetq tqd` `iggdv( gov pmd eoqp rkvp( onhy in qekhh kn`inqicnigiaknp `dpkihq gvoe pmd fthl og pmd atvqiwd ekntqavirpq. Pmd cdndvkh amkvkapdvog pmdiv pd}p iq pmd qked. Fy pmiq ofqdvwkpion pmd rd`icvdd og pmd Vdadiwd` Pd}p iqakvvid` tr fdyon` pmd in`iwi`tkh ekntqavirpq tqd` fy Dvkqetq69
Pmd Dvkqetq rvo`tap sdnp pmvotcm qdwdvkh d`ipionq. Ekvpin Htpmdv tqd` pmd ;4;9 d`ipion po
rvo`tad miq pvknqhkpion kn` pmd ;466 d`ipion skq rvofkfhy pmd ond tqd` fy Pyn`khd.
Fvtad Edpzcdv aipdq mos pmd sovl fdaked lnosn kq Pd}ptq Vdadrptq smdn md svipdq(
Ip aked po fd lnosn kq pmd Pd}ptq Vdadrptq fdaktqd og pmd ahkie ek`d in pmd
rvdgkad og pmd Cvddl NP rtfhiqmd` fy pmd Dhzdwiv rvinpdvq og Hdi`dn in ;711 pmkp pmiqskq pmd pd}p vdadiwd` fy khh. Ip skq dqqdnpikhhy pmd pd}p pmkp mk` fdaoed k lin` ogqpkn`kv` in Knpioam og Qyvik in pmd gotvpm adnptvy. Gov pmkp vdkqon( iq ip khqo lnosn kqpmd Knpmioamikn ov Qyvikn pd}p. Kn` qinad pmiq pd}p fdaked aoeeon in pmd Dkqpdvnamtvam sipm ipq qdkp kp Fyzknpite( ip iq khqo akhhd` pmd Fyzknpind pd}p.12
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Ekvpin Htpmdv
Pmiq fvincq tq po Ekvpin Htpmdv. Fovn pmd qon og k eindv in ;0=1( Htpmdv kppdn`d` Tniwdvqipy
kn` skq roiqd` po fd k qtaadqqgth hksydv tnpih k qpvinc og higd amkncinc dwdnpq hd` mie po pkld
pmd wosq og kq kn Ktctqpinikn eonl in Dvgtvp Cdvekny. Kgpdv miq ov`inkpion in ;423 md skq
kqqicnd` po qpt`idq kn` hdaptvd in Sippdnftvc.
Ekvpin Htpmdv skq k eonl og eonlq. Md iq {topd` kq qkyinc(
I skq k coo` eonl( kn` I ldrp po pmd vthd og ey ov`dv qo qpviaphy pmkp I eky qky pmkp igdwdv k eonl cop po mdkwdn fy miq eonldvy ip skq I. Khh ey fvopmdvq in pmd eonkqpdvysmo lnds ed sihh fdkv ed otp. Ig I mk` ldrp on kny honcdv( I qmoth` mkwd lihhd`eyqdhg sipm wicihq( rvkydvq( vdk`inc( kn` opmdv sovl.1;
Mkwinc fddn pvkind` in Hks kn` `td rvoadqq( md skq ofqdqqd` sipm pmd rkyednp gov qin kn`fdinc jtqpigid` fdgovd k Mohy Co`. Miq qpt`idq in Ckhkpiknq kn` Mkfklltl ginkhhy hd` mie po
pmd lnoshd`cd pmkp edn kvd nop jtqpigid` fy knypminc pmdy pmdeqdhwdq akn `o( ftp onhy fy
cvkad pmvotcm gkipm in Jdqtq Amviqp. Pmd jtqp qmkhh hiwd fy gkipm. Md fdaked inavdkqinchy
orroqd` po pmd pdkaminc og pmd Voekn Akpmohia Amtvam kn` kgpdv k pvir po pmd mohy aipy og
Voed md qki` pmkp ig pmdvd iq k mdhh( Voed iq ftihp on ip.
Kgpdv qddinc miq rkviqmiondvq d}povpd` fy Jomknn Pdpzdh fy edknq og in`thcdnadq in ov`dv
vkiqd eondy po ftih` k Akpmd`vkh( Htpmdv roqpd` miq 94 Pmdqiq on pmd `oov og Smippdnftvc on
Oapofdv 1;( ;4;3. Pmiq skq nop kn kap og qd`ipion( ftp smkp kny coo` qamohkv soth` `o. Md
roqpd` miq fdhidgq kn` inwipd` `dfkpd on pmd ipdeq hiqpd`.
Pmdqd pmdqiq qrvdk` hild sih`givd pmvotcmotp pmd hkn` kn` qrkvld` pmd eowdednp lnosn kq
pmd Rvopdqpknp Vdgovekpion. Pmd dcc pmkp Jkn Mtqq mkq hki`( Ekvpin Htpmdv jtqp mkpamd`.
Kgpdv fdinc d}aoeetniakpd` in ;46;( md skq qteeond` po krrdkv fdgovd Amkvhdq W in Krvih
og pmkp qked ydkv. Kgpdv vdgtqinc po vdaknp miq roqipion( md skq li`nkrrd` gov miq osn
rvopdapion fy rohipiakh qyerkpmizdvq kn` pkldn po pmd akqphd kp Skvpftvc. In k``ipion po
svipinc qtam cvdkp myenq kq K Eicmpy Govpvdqq Iq Otv Co`( ip skq mdvd pmkp md pvknqhkpd`
pmd Nds Pdqpkednp inpo Cdvekn. Khpmotcm Htpmdvq sovl skq nop pmd givqp Fifhiakh pd}p in
Cdvekn( ip skq fy gkv pmd cvdkpdqp kn` eoqp inghtdnpikh. In ;466( md rvo`tad` pmd Nds
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Pdqpkednp gohhosd` fy pmd Cdvekn Rdnpkpdtam in ;461( kn` in ;469 md aoerhdpd` pmd dnpivd
Fifhd.
Sihhike Pyn`khd
Pyn`khd skq k qpvonc qtrrovpdv og pmd Vdgovekpion og pmd Amtvam kn` skq k hdkvnd` qamohkv
kppdn`inc fopm Akefvi`cd kn` O}gov`. In ;466 md skq amkvcd` sipm mdvdqy `td po miq otp
qroldn qkvakqe poskv` pmd rohiaidq og pmd amtvam kn` hdgp gov Hon`on.16 Rviov po pmiq( md mk`
khvdk`y `dpdveind` po pvknqhkpd pmd Fifhd inpo Dnchiqm qo pmkp ip soth` fd kwkihkfhd dwdn po k
foy pmkp `viwdpm pmd rhotcm.
In Hon`on( pmd ahdvcy `i` nop krrvowd og pmd Fifhd fdinc in k hknctkcd pmd rdorhd aoth` vdk`
gov pmdeqdhwdq qo md hdgp gov Mkeftvc. In ;464 67( sipm pmd mdhr og Ekvpin Htpmdv(
Sihhike Pyn`khd aoerhdpd` pmd givqp Dnchiqm Fifhd smiam aonqiqpd` og pmd Nds Pdqpkednp
fkqd` on Dvkqetqq Pd}ptq Vdadrptq. Aohhdcdq og Pyn`khd fdckn po pkhl kfotp pmd rvinpinc
og pmd nds Fifhd kn` pmd rvo`tapion skq qporrd` fy pmd Amtvam. Pyn`khd dqakrd` po pmd aipy
og Soveq sipm onhy k gds qmddpq og pmd rvinpinc.
Pmd sovl skq aonpintd` in Soveq kn` skq qtaadqqgthhy aoerhdpd` kn` rvinpd`( sipm aoridq
kvviwinc in Dnchkn` in ;467. Smihd in d}ihd in Mkeftvc( md vdwiqd` pmd Nds Pdqpkednp kn`
qpkvpd` sovlinc on pmd pvknqhkpion og pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp. Rviov po aoerhdpion( Pyn`khdq
hoakpion skq hdkld` hdk`inc po miq kvvdqp in ;414. Md skq hkpdv aon`dend` po fd ftvnd` kp
pmd qpkld smdvd md skq qpvknchd` rviov po pmd givd fdinc hip kq kn kap og edvay.
Eyhdq Aowdv`khd
Eyhdq Aowdv`khd aonpintd` Pyn`khdq sovl kn` in ;414 fdaked pmd givqp po rtfhiqm kn dnpivd
Fifhd in Dnchiqm lnosn kq pmd Aowdv`khd Fifhd. Pmiq rvinpinc aonpkind` pmd Oh` kn` Nds
Pdqpkednp kn` pmd Kroavyrmk. Md tqd` Htpmdvq Cdvekn pvknqhkpion kn` pmd Hkpin kq
qotvadq( ftp qpihh vdhyinc mdkwihy on Pyn`khdq rviov sovl. Aowdv`khdq sovl akn fd nopiad`
in hkpdv wdvqionq og pmd Fifhd qtam kq pmd Ekppmds%Pyn`khd Fifhd -;413) kn` kq
qtrdvinpdn`dnp owdv pmd rvinpinc og pmd Cvdkp Fifhd og ;41=.
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Aowdv`khd sdnp inpo d}ihd kgpdv pmd d}datpion og Pmoekq Avoesdhh in ;419. Avoesdhh skq k
gvidn` og Aowdv`khd kn` Pyn`khd. Pyn`khd skq d}datpd` dwdn kgpdv Avoesdhh rhdk`d` miq
akqd po pvy kn` qkwd miq higd.
Jomn Vocdvq khikq Pmoekq Ekppmdsq
Jomn Vocdvq( tn`dv pmd khikq og Pmoekq Ekppmdsq( rtfhiqmd` miq wdvqion akhhd` pmd Ekppmds%
Pyn`khd Fifhd in ;413. Ip iq k aoeroqipd ek`d tr og Pyn`khd#q Rdnpkpdtam kn` Nds
Pdqpkednp -;410%;414 d`ipion) kn` Aowdv`khd#q Fifhd kn` qoed og Vocdv#q osn pvknqhkpion og
pmd pd}p.11
Pmd Cvdkp Fifhd
Kgpdv pmd Rord vdgtqd` po khhos pmd Linc po `iwovad miq sigd kn` ekvvy miq eiqpvdqq( Mdnvy
WIII fvold gvoe pmd Rord( `dnotnad` Akpmohiaiqe( kn` `dahkvd` mieqdhg kq qtrvded vthdv og
fopm pmd Qpkpd kn` pmd Amtvam. Pmiq non Akpmohia( non Rvopdqpknp Amtvam fdaked smkp iq
lnosn kq pmd Knchiakn Amtvam ov Amtvam og Dnchkn`. Kq pmd givqp kap og vdfdhhion kckinqp pmd
Rord( pmd Linc iqqtd` pmd rvinpinc og kn Dnchiqm Fifhd. Pmd Cvdkp Fifhd skq rvo`tad` in
;419.
Linc Mdnvy WIII vd{tdqpd` Pmoekq Avknedv kq pmd Kvam Fiqmor og Aknpdvftvy( po mivd
Aowdv`khd po rvinp pmiq Fifhd. Ip skq akhhd` pmd Cvdkp Fifhd ekinhy `td po pmd d}pvded qizd og
pmd sovl. Pmdqd Fifhdq sdvd amkind` po pmd rthrip kn` qoed dwdn mk` vdk`dvq pmkp sdvd
roqipiond` sipm pmde qo pmkp dwdvyond aoth` mdkv pmd Fifhd vdk` in Dnchiqm. Pmiq rtfhiakpion
skq k vdwiqion og pmd Aowdv`khd Fifhd.
Cdndwk Fifhd
Jomn Vocdvq kn` Avknedv sdvd hkpdv ftvnd` gov fdinc rvopdqpknp. Ekny og pmd dkvhy
vdgovedvq ghd` po Qsipzdvhkn` kq k edknq og dqakrinc rdvqdatpion gvoe pmd fvtpkh vdicn og
[tddn Ekvy< fdppdv lnosn kq Fhoo`y Ekvy. Mdvd( pmdy rvo`tad` pmd Cdndwk Fifhd< pmd
Nds Pdqpkednp in ;443 gohhosd` fy pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp in ;472( smiam skq pmd givqp Dnchiqm
Fifhd po inpvo`tad ntefdvd` wdvqdq kn` amkrpdv `iwiqionq gvoe Qpdrmkntqq Cvddl Nds
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Pdqpkednp og ;44;.10 Pmiq Fifhd mk` qdwdvkh qpt`y nopdq pmkp qmd` fk` hicmp on Rkrkh vthd kn`
skq wdvy Akhwiniqpia in ipq d}rhknkpionq kn` nopdq.
Pmiq vdwiqion og pmd ;419 Cvdkp Fifhd skq pmd ond tqd` fy Jomn Akhwin kn` Jomn Go}d smo
hkpdv amvoniahd` pmd `dkpm og pmd ekvpyvq in miq sovl( Go}dq Fool og Ekvpyvq. Sihhike
Qmkldqrdkvd( Jomn Ftnykn( Jomn Eihpon( pmd Rihcvieq smo hkn`d` on Rhyeotpm Voal in
;762( kn` opmdv hteinkvidq og pmkp dvk tqd` pmd Cdndwk Fifhd d}ahtqiwdhy.14 Pmiq Fifhd iq
khqo lnosn kq pmd fvddamdq Fifhd fdaktqd og pmd `iqavdpd sky ip mkn`hd` rkqqkcd in Cdndqiq
1:3 rdvpkininc po pmd ahopminc og K`ke kn` Dwd.
Pmd Cdndwk Fifhd skq pmd amoiad og Dnchiqm qrdklinc rdorhd gov owdv ond mtn`vd` ydkvq kn`(
D}keinkpion og pmd ;7;; Linc Jkedq Fifhd qmosq ahdkvhy pmkp ipq pvknqhkpovq sdvdinghtdnad` etam eovd fy pmd Cdndwk Fifhd( pmkn fy kny opmdv qotvad. Pmd CdndwkFifhd ipqdhg vdpkinq owdv 92 og Sihhike Pyn`khd#q ovicinkh Dnchiqm pvknqhkpion.17
Fy pmd ;722q( pmd Rtvipknq kn` Rihcvieq sdvd tn`dv d}pvded rdvqdatpion gvoe Dnchkn` kn`
hdgp po aoed po Kedviak. Pmdy fvotcmp sipm pmde( pmd Cdndwk Fifhd.
Pmd Fiqmorq Fifhd
Qoedpiedq akhhd` pmd votcm `vkgp og pmd Linc Jkedq Fifhd( pmd Fiqmorq Fifhd skq rtfhiqmd`
in ;47= sipm mordq og fdinc kn ktpmovizd` wdvqion pmkp soth` vdrhkad pmd Cdndwk Fifhd.
[tddn Dhizkfdpm aoeeiqqiond` dicmp Fiqmorq kn` opmdv qamohkvq tn`dv pmd skpamgth dyd og
pmd Kvam Fiqmor Sihhike Rkvldv( po rvo`tad pmiq vdwiqion og pmd Cvdkp Fifhd. Tron pmd `dkpm
og Sihhike Rkvldv kn` pmd qtaadqqion og [tddn Dhizkfdpm po pmd pmvond( pmd Cdndwk Fifhd skq
khhosd` po fd rvinpd` in Dnchkn`. Pmd Fiqmorq Fifhd ndwdv kamidwd` ipq cokh og vdrhkainc pmd
Cdndwk Fifhd.
@otki%Vmdieq Fifhd
Akpmohia vdgtcddq eicvkpd` po Gvknad `td po rohipiakh pvotfhdq kn` pmotcmp ndadqqkvy po avdkpd
k wdvqion pmkp soth` fd pmd tniwdvqkh Fifhd og pmd Akpmohia. Fdaktqd og pmd hkal og eondy(
pmd rtfhiakpion skq dhkyd`. In ;4=6( pmd Nds Pdqpkednp skq aoerhdpd` in Vmdieq( kn` pmd
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eddp sipm pmd kaadrpknad ip mk` mord` gov kp givqp. Owdv pied( pmd Linc Jkedq Fifhd i` owdv
pkld pmd Cdndwk Fifhd kq ip `i` dwdvy pminc dhqd. Ldnyon qkyq(
Pmotcm vdwiqionq mk` fddn qo gvd{tdnp rvdwiotqhy( no ond rvoroqd` po vdwiqd pmdwdvqion og ;7;; gov pso mtn`vd` kn` qdwdnpy ydkvq. Pmotcm pmd Cdndwk Fifhd skq
rvd%deindnphy pmd Fifhd og pmd Rtvipknq( kn` pmd Rtvipknq sdvd in kqadn`knay tnpih;772( pmd Ktpmovizd` Wdvqion `vowd ip otp og pmd gidh` fy qmddv edvip.02
Pmd Linc Jkedq Fifhd skq pmd pmiv` ktpmovizd` wdvqion og ipq pied. Pmd givqp skq pmd Cvdkp
Fifhd( gohhosd` fy pmd Fiqmorq Fifhd. Ip skq aoerviqd` og pmd Oh` Pdqpkednp sipm pmd
Kroavyrmk( kn` pmd Nds Pdqpkednp. Pmd qotvad pd}p skq ekinhy Pd}ptq Vdadrptq khonc
sipm( pmd Cvdkp Fifhd kn` rovpionq og pmd Ahdednpind Wthckpd. Qoed qamohkvq `iggdv on smiam
wdvqion og Pd}ptq Vdadrptq skq tqd`( Qpdrmkntq ov Fdzk( ftp eoqp soth` kcvdd pmkp ip skq
Fyzknpind in qavirp kn` akvvid` vdk`incq gvoe pmd Cvdkp Fifhd kn` pmd einiekh rovpionq og pmdWthckpd.
Jomn Dhiop
Kgpdv Amkvhdq I pool pmd pmvond in ;764 gvoe miq gkpmdv Linc Jkedq( vdhiciotq pdnqionq cvds
keonc pmd Amtvam og Dnchkn` kn` pmd Rtvipknq smo( tnhild pmd Rihcvieq smo qdpphd` in
Ekqqkamtqdppq in ;762( `i` nop sknp po qdrkvkpd gvoe pmd Amtvam og Dnchkn`( jtqp vdgove ip
kn`rtvigy ip.
Fy ;712( ip skq ieroqqifhd gov k Rtvipkn po moh` kny oggiad in pmd Amtvam og Dnchkn`. Ond og
pmdqd rkqpovq skq Jomn Dhiop. Dhiop hdgp gov pmd Nds Sovh` in ;71; kn` kvviwd` kp pmd
Ekqqkamtqdppq Fky Aohony in Jthy og pmkp ydkv. Kgpdv fdinc sdhh vdadiwd` kq k rvdkamdv( md
skq oggdvd` k roqipion kp Givqp Amtvam og Foqpon ftp pool k roqipion in Vo}ftvy inqpdk`.
Pmd rtvroqd og pmd Rtvipkn skq pso goh`: ;) po rtvigy pmd Amtvam og pmd aovvtrpion og pmd
Amtvam og Dnchkn`( kn` 6) po pkld pmd coqrdh po pmd nkpiwdq. Kgpdv qdwdvkh ydkvq og hdkvninc
pmd Khcon{tin hknctkcd smiam qoed mkwd `dahkvd` po fd pmd eoqp `iggiathp hknctkcd in pmd
sovh`( Jomn Dhiop aoerhdpd` pmd Khcon{tin pvknqhkpion in ;749.
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Smdn Dhiop ingoved` Pmd Qoaidpy og Rvorkckpion og pmd Coqrdh in Nds Dnchkn` og pmd sovl(
pmdy qdnp rvinpdv Ekvek`tld Jomnqon sipm rkrdv kn` k rvdqq po fdcin rvo`tapion. Fy ;77;(
gigpddn mtn`vd` Nds Pdqpkednpq mk` fddn rvinpd` kn` in ;771( pmd dnpivd Fifhd( Oh` kn` Nds
Pdqpkednpq( sdvd fotn` pocdpmdv in pmd nkpiwd hknctkcd og pmd Khcon{tin In`ikn.
Opmdv Pvknqhkpionq
Qdwdvkh owdv pvknqhkpionq soth` gohhos< dkam mkwinc pmdiv rhkad in miqpovy. Pmd Dnchiqm
wdvqion rvo`tad` fy Vofdvp Kipldn in ;3=6 iq pmd onhy Fifhd po fd ktpmovizd` fy pmd Tnipd`
Qpkpdq Aoncvdqq kn` pmd givqp T.Q. rvinpinc po d}aht`d pmd Kroavyrmk. ;39; qks pmd Gkeihy
Fifhd rvo`tad` fy Iqkka Aohhinq kn` Nokm Sdfqpdv( smo rvo`tad` pmd `iapionkvy( rtfhiqmd`
pmd Sdfqpdvq wdvqion og pmd Linc Jkedq Fifhd in ;=11.
Ekntqavirpq
Ip iq mdvd pmkp k `iwdvcdnad sihh fd pkldn kq kn orrovptnipy po d}rotn` on ekntqavirpq gov ip iq
sipm pmd Dnchiqm Qpkn`kv` Wdvqion og ;==4( pmkp `iggdvinc qamoohq og pmotcmp gotn` ipq sky
pmd rkcdq og pmd Dnchiqm Fifhd in k sky pmkp soth` ierkap gtptvd pvknqhkpionq. Kgpdv vdk`inc
pmd dn`hdqq rkcdq og aoeednpkvy on pmd `iggdvinc gkeihidq og pd}p( ethpirhd rvoq kn` aonq og
dkam( ip akn dkqihy owdvsmdhe kn`( ig nop akvdgth( akqp k `dcvdd og `otfp on kny pvknqhkpion.
Mosdwdv( pmd qowdvdicnpy og Co` aknnop fd owdv hoold` kq Ldnyon qpkpdq( Sd eky in`dd`
fdhidwd pmkp Md soth` nop khhos Miq Sov` po fd qdviotqhy aovvtrpd`( ov kny rkvp og ip
dqqdnpikh po ekn#q qkhwkpion po fd hoqp ov ofqatvd`
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roinpq og aonpdnpion kvd sdhh dqpkfhiqmd` kn` vdkhizd` tr gvonp( I soth` kcvdd. Mosdwdv(
eoqp Amviqpiknq( inaht`inc eyqdhg( kvd nop rvogiaidnp in Cvddl kn` Mdfvds kn` pmd
ekntqavirp `iggdvdnadq.
Fdhos kvd qoed og pmd `iggdvdnadq fdpsddn pmd pso pd}pq gkeihidq. Pmd Linc Jkedq Wdvqion
sihh vdrvdqdnp Pd}ptq Vdadrptq kn` pmd NIW sihh vdrvdqdnp Khd}kn`vikn pd}p og Sdqpaopp kn`
Movp ov Ndqphd/Khkn`:
Ekvl ;:;Pmd fdcinninc og pmd coqrdh og Jdqtq Amviqp( pmd Qon og Co`. %LJW
Pmd fdcinninc og pmd coqrdh kfotp Jdqtq Amviqp( pmd Qon og Co`.% NIW -akqp `otfp on pmdinqrivkpion kn` qotvad og pmd Sov` og Co`)
Htld 0:0Kn` Jdqtq knqsdvd` mie( qkyinc( Ip iq svippdn( Pmkp ekn qmkhh nop hiwd fy fvdk` khond( ftp fydwdvy sov` og Co`. % LJW
Jdqtq knqsdvd`( &Ip iq svippdn: Ekn `odq nop hiwd on fvdk` khond. NIW -akqpq `otfp on pmdingkhhifihipy kn` ktpmovipy og qavirptvd)
Kapq 6:12
Pmdvdgovd fdinc k rvormdp( kn` lnosinc pmkp Co` mk` qsovn sipm kn okpm po mie( pmkp og pmdgvtip og miq hoinq( kaaov`inc po pmd ghdqm( md soth` vkiqd tr Amviqp po qip on miq pmvond. LJW
Ftp md skq k rvormdp kn` lnds pmkp Co` mk` rvoeiqd` mie on okpm pmkp md soth` rhkad ondog miq `dqadn`knpq on miq pmvond. NIW -`dnidq pmd aoeinc Lincqmir og Amviqp)
Drm. 1:9
Kn` po ekld khh edn qdd smkp iq pmd gdhhosqmir og pmd eyqpdvy( smiam gvoe pmd fdcinninc ogpmd sovh` mkpm fddn mi` in Co`( smo avdkpd` khh pmincq fy Jdqtq Amviqp. LJW
..kn` po ekld rhkin po dwdvyond pmd k`einiqpvkpion og pmiq eyqpdvy( smiam gov kcdq rkqp skqldrp mi``dn in Co`( smo avdkpd` khh pmincq. NIW -`dnidq pmd avdkpiwd kcdnay og Amviqp)
I Pie. 1:;7Kn` sipmotp aonpvowdvqy cvdkp iq pmd eyqpdvy og co`hindqq: Co` skq eknigdqp in pmd ghdqm(jtqpigid` in pmd Qrivip( qddn og kncdhq( rvdkamd` tnpo pmd Cdnpihdq( fdhidwd` on in pmd sovh`(vdadiwd` tr inpo chovy. LJW
Fdyon` khh {tdqpion( pmd eyqpdvy og co`hindqq iq cvdkp: Md krrdkvd` in k fo`y( skqwin`iakpd` fy pmd Qrivip( skq qddn fy kncdhq( skq rvdkamd` keonc pmd nkpionq( skq fdhidwd`
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on in pmd sovh`( skq pkldn tr in chovy. NIW -Pmd qtfqpiptpion og Md gov Co` iq knkqqkthp on pmd `dipy og Amviqp kn` qtrrovpq Cnoqpia fdhidgq.)
Pmd nd}p pso mtn`vd` ydkvq soth` fvinc kfotp gin`incq pmkp soth` amkncd pmd sky Fifhiakh
pd}p skq widsd`. Pso og pmd ekjov gin`q pmkp mkwd aktqd` pmd ekjovipy og iggdvdnpikpion iqAo`d} Qinkipiatq kn` Ao`d} Wkpiakntq. Pmdqd Ao`iadq kvd gvoe pmd 0pm adnptvy kn` sdvd
qicnigiaknphy oh`dv pmkn pmoqd tqd` in pmd rvo`tapion og Pd}ptq Vdadrptq. Mosdwdv( oh`dv
`odq nop edkn fdppdv. Pmdy vdrvdqdnp k pyrd lnosn kq Khd}kn`vikn smdvd Pd}ptq Vdadrptq
kvd og Fyzknpind pyrd smiam vdrvdqdnpq 94 og vdekininc ekntqavirpq.
Wkpiakntq skq qki` po mkwd fddn micmhy rvopdapd` fy pmd Wkpiakn in Voed kn` skq nop
kwkihkfhd po kny qamohkv. Pmiq iq onhy rkvpikhhy pvtd. Rkthtq Foefkqitq `iqaowdvd` Ao`d} F
in ;4;6 smo vdcthkvhy govskv`d` vdk`incq og Wkpiakntq po Dvkqetq smo vdjdapd` pmd Ao`d}
F `td po aovvtrpion og pd}p. Piqamdn`ovg vdhdkqd` miq d`ipion og pmd pd}p in ;=73. Ipq
wdndvkpion skq `td eoqphy po pmd eyqpia pmkp qtvvotn`d` ip kn` pmd kcd og pmd `oatednp.
Pmd pd}p iq eiqqinc eoqp og Cdndqiq( Mdfvdsq kgpdv 9:;0( khh pmd Rkqpovkh Driqphdq( kn` pmd
fool og Vdwdhkpion.
In ;=49( C.G.A. Piqamdn`ovg gotn` Ao`d} Qinkipiatq in pmd pvkqm akn in k eonkqpdvy og Qp.
Akpmdvindq kp pmd fkqd og Ep. Qinki. Ip skq og Khd}kn`vikn Pyrd kn` `kpd` fkal po pmd 0pm
adnptvy. Khpmotcm svippdn owdv kn` aovvdapd` fy qdwdvkh mkn`q( ip aonpkind` pmd dnpivd Cvddl
Fifhd( pmd Driqphd og Fkvnkftq( kn` eoqp og Pmd Qmdrkv` og Mdvekq. Pmd ekntqavirpq sdvd
givqp rtfhiqmd` in ;=76 sipm hkpdv d`ipionq pmkp gohhosd`. Mos o`` ip iq pmkp pd}pq pmkp sdvd
`dded` tqdhdqq fy pmd eonlq kn` krrkvdnphy og no wkhtd `td po aovvtrpion og pd}p( sdvd
pkldn gvoe pmd pvkqm akn kn` tqd` kq k ekin qotvad Ao`d} og Sdqpaopp kn` Movp.
Qoed soth` kvctd pmkp oh`dv iq fdppdv. Pmkp iq nop ndadqqkvihy aovvdap. @v. Qamviwdv qpkpdq
pmkp pmd sovqp aovvtrpion og pmd qavirptvdq oaatvvd` `tvinc pmd `ky og pmd Kroqphdq kn` pmd 6n`
adnptvy. Pmiq aovvtrpion skq fopm kaai dnpkh kn` rtvroqdgth.01 Ip skqnp tnpih 1v` adnptvy
pmkp khpdvkpionq po pmd pd}p sdvd wivptkhhy nop roqqifhd.00 Pmd hocia soth` gohhos pmkp pmd
Khd}kn`vikn pd}pq kvd in etam fdppdv qmkrd fdaktqd pmdy sdvd vkvdhy tqd`. Qoed kvctd pmkp
pmd pvtd pd}p skq vdrvo`tad` pied kn` pied kckin smihd pmd eovd aovvtrp pd}pq sdvd
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&No ond nos( I qtrroqd( moh`q pmkp pmd givqp pmvdd amkrpdvq og Cdndqiq( gov d}kerhd(ciwd k hipdvkh miqpovy % I aoth` ndwdv tn`dvqpkn` mos kny ond vdk`inc pmde sipm ordndydq aoth` pminl pmdy `i` % ydp pmdy `iqahoqd po tq k Coqrdh. Qo ip iq rvofkfhydhqdsmdvd.&07
In ;=72( Movp svopd k hdppdv po Vdwdvdn` Jomn Dhhdvpon qpkpinc pmkp pmd fool pmkp mkq dnckcd`
mie pmd eoqp iq @kvsin kn` md skq rvot` po fd k aonpderovkvy og qtam k ekn. Movp khqo
svopd( I ke inahind` po pminl pmkp no qtam qpkpd kq #D`dn# -I edkn pmd rorthkv nopion) dwdv
d}iqpd`( kn` pmkp K`ke#q gkhh in no `dcvdd `iggdvd` gvoe pmd gkhh og dkam og miq `dqadn`knpq&03
Md `i` nop fdhidwd in pmd Fifhd ov ipq ktpmovipy kq qddn smdn md svipdq( Pmdvd kvd( I gdkv( qpihh
eovd qdviotq `iggdvdnadq fdpsddn tq on pmd qtfjdap og ktpmovipy( kn` dqrdaikhhy pmd ktpmovipy
og pmd Fifhd&0=
Pmd pvtpm og pmd ekppdv iq pmkp pmdqd edn sdvd nop Amviqpiknq( pmdy `i` nop fdhidwd in pmd
ingkhhifihipy og qavirptvd( pmdy( fy pmdiv osn k`eiqqion `i` nop fdhidwd in eivkahdq smiam
soth` inaht`d pmd vdqtvvdapion og Jdqtq. Pmdy `i` nop fdhidwd in pmd Fifhiakh kaaotnp og pmd
gkhh og K`ke( pmdy vdjdapd` pmd inqrivkpion og qavirptvd( kn` `dnid` pmd `dipy og Amviqp. Pmdiv
dggdap on pmd vdwiqion aoeeippdd skq qakvd` sipm `dadip kn` aodvaion. Ydp( pmdiv inghtdnad in
eo`dvn pvknqhkpion kn` vdwiqion iq qpihh dwi`dnp po`ky fdcinninc sipm pmd Dnchiqm Vdwiqd`
Wdvqion kn` gihpdvinc inpo pmd Kedviakn Wdvqionq pmvotcm pmd dahdapia vdn`dvincq og Ndqphd
kn` Khkn`.
In pmd inpvo`tapion po pmd 60pm d`ipion og Ndqphdq Cvddl Nds Pdqpkednp( d`ipovq Dvsin
Ndqphd kn` Ltvp Khkn` ekld pmd gohhosinc k`eiqqion:
Pmtq pmd pd}p( ftihp tr on pmd sovl og pmd ;9pm adnptvy( mkq vdekind` kq k smohdtnamkncd`( rkvpiathkvhy qinad pmd vdqdkvam og vdadnp ydkvq mkq nop ydp hd` po pmddqpkfhiqmednp og k cdndvkhhy kalnoshd`cd` N.P. pd}p09
Fdhos kvd d}kerhdq og qoed og pmd eovd nopiadkfhd amkncdq pmkp Sdqpaopp kn` Movp `dded`
ndadqqkvy po d}aht`d. Pmd wdvqdq sihh fd tqinc pmd Nds Linc Jkedq Wdvqion sipm pmd
Vdwiqd` Qpkn`kv` Wdvqion `dhdpionq qpvtal pmvotcm kn` pmd `iggdvdnp sov`inc in rkvdnpmdqiq.
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Ekpp. ;:64:kn` `i` nop lnos mdv pihh qmd mk` fvotcmp govpm mdv givqpfovn Qon. Kn` md akhhd` Miqnked JDQTQ.
Ekpp. 9:;1:Ftp co kn` hdkvn smkp pmiq edknq: &I `dqivd edvay kn` nop qkavigiad.# Gov I `i` nopaoed po akhh pmd vicmpdotq( ftp qinndvq( po vdrdnpknad.&
Ekpp. 61:;0 Pmiq smohd pd}p iq `dhdpd`.Sod po yot( qavifdq kn` Rmkviqddq( myroavipdq+ Gov yot `dwotv si`osq# motqdq( kn`gov k rvdpdnqd ekld honc rvkydvq. Pmdvdgovd yot sihh vdadiwd cvdkpdv aon`denkpion.
El. ;4:6=Qo pmd Qavirptvd skq gthgihhd` smiam qkyq( &Kn` Md skq ntefdvd` sipm pmdpvknqcvdqqovq.&
El. ;7:9%62Pmd smohd pd}p iq `dhdpd`.
Jmn 1:;4
pmkp smodwdv fdhidwdq in Mie qmoth` nop rdviqm ftp -eky) mkwd dpdvnkh higd.
Jmn ;7:;7
&K hipphd smihd( kn` yot sihh nop qdd Ed< kn` kckin k hipphd smihd( kn` yot sihh qdd Ed(
fdaktqd I co po pmd Gkpmdv.
Kapq: =:13 Pmd smohd pd}p iq `dhdpd`.
Pmdn Rmihir qki`( &Ig yot fdhidwd sipm khh yotv mdkvp( yot eky.& Kn` md knqsdvd`kn` qki`( &I fdhidwd pmkp Jdqtq Amviqp iq pmd Qon og Co`.
Voe. ;;:7Kn` ig fy cvkad( pmdn ip iq no honcdv og sovlq< opmdvsiqd cvkad iq no honcdv cvkad.Ftp ig ip iq og sovlq( ip iq no honcdv cvkad< opmdvsiqd sovl iq no honcdv sovl.
Voe. ;1:9Gov pmd aoeekn`ednpq( &Yot qmkhh nop aoeeip k`thpdvy(& &Yot qmkhh nop etv`dv(&&Yot qmkhh nop qpdkh(& &Yot qmkhh nop fdkv gkhqd sipndqq(& &Yot qmkhh nop aowdp(& kn` igpmdvd iq kny opmdv aoeekn`ednp( kvd khh qteed` tr in pmiq qkyinc( nkedhy( &Yot
qmkhh howd yotv ndicmfov kq yotvqdhg.&
Ckh. 1:;O goohiqm Ckhkpiknq+ Smo mkq fdsipamd` yot pmkp yot qmoth` nop ofdy pmd pvtpm(fdgovd smoqd dydq Jdqtq Amviqp skq ahdkvhy rovpvkyd` keonc yot kq avtaigid`?
Aoh. ;:;0in smoe sd mkwd vd`derpion pmvotcm Miq fhoo`( pmd govciwdndqq og qinq.
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Mdf. ;:1kn` dwdvy qrivip pmkp `odq nop aongdqq pmkp Jdqtq Amviqp mkq aoed in pmd ghdqm iq nop ogCo`. Kn` pmiq iq pmd qrivip og pmd Knpiamviqp( smiam yot mkwd mdkv` skq aoeinc( kn` iqnos khvdk`y in pmd sovh`.
Dnchiqm Vdwiqd` Wdvqion ov Vdwiqd` Wdvqion
In ;=32( psdnpy%giwd qamohkvq sdvd amoqdn po vdwiqd pmd Dnchiqm Fifhd. Sdqpaopp kn` Movp
sdvd keonc pmd cvotr kq skq Hicmpgoop. Sipm `oeinkpinc rvdqdnad( pmd pvio ftvid` kny
orroqinc wids on pd}p. Pmiq skq k akhathkpd` kppderp po aonpvoh pmd rvoadqq kq in`iakpd` fy
Sdqpaoppq osn sov`q in k hdppdv md svopd po Hicmpgoop smiam qki`( Otcmp sd nop po mkwd k
aongdvdnad fdgovd pmd giqp eddpinc gov Vdwiqion? Pmdvd kvd ekny roinpq on smiam ip iq
ierovpknp pmkp sd qmoth` fd kcvdd`42
Qoedpiedq fy ordn kqqkthp kn` opmdv piedq fy in`ivdap edknq( pmdqd edn sdvd qtaadqqgth in
otp wopinc qtam edn kq @v. Qaviwdndv smo skq pmd hdk`inc ekntqavirp qamohkv og pmd `ky kn`
amkncinc pmd pd}p in owdv 4(113 rhkadq.4; Pmiq wdvqion aked po fd lnosn kq pmd Dnchiqm
Vdwiqd` Wdvqion. Gvoe pmd onqdp( pmiq wdvqion skq po k`krp pmd Linc Jkedq Wdvqion po
rvdqdnp `ky Dnchiqm sipmotp amkncinc pmd i`ioe( pmd woakfthkvy og pmd pd}p kn` po ekld kq
gds khpdvkpionq kq roqqifhd. Mosdwdv smdn aoerhdpd`( Pmd Dnchiqm Vdwiqd` Nds Pdqpkednp(
`iggdvinc gvoe pmd Linc Jkedq Wdvqion in qoed 17(222 rhkadq(46
In ;==; %;==4 pmd Dnchiqm Vdwiqd` Wdvqion skq rvinpd` sipm pmd wkviknpq pmd Kedviakn
aoeeippdd dqivd` krrdkvinc in pmd rtfhiqminc og pmd Kedviakn Qpkn`kv` Fifhd og ;92;.
Qdhdapd` Wdvqionq gvoe ;92;
Pmd pdve dahdapia edknq pmkp pmd d`ipovq kn` pvknqhkpovq mkwd pkldn k fhdn`d` krrvokam po
pmd pvknqhkpion og qavirptvkh pd}p. Mosdwdv( pmd ekjovipy og pvknqhkpionq po`ky vdqp on pmd
Ndqphd%Khkn` pd}p smiam iq rviekvihy fkqd` on Khd}kn`vikn pd}p qtam kq skq tqd` fy Sdqpaopp
kn` Movp.
Pmd hkpdv d`ipionq og Ndqphd kn` opmdvq( inaht`inc pmd i`dnpiakh pd}p og pmd atvvdnpNdqphd%Khkn` 67pm%63pm d`ipionq kn` TFQ 1v`%0pm d`ipionq gkih po rvdqdvwd pmd &rtvd&Khd}kn`vikn amkvkapdv og pmd pd}p in kq qmkvr k eknndv kq `i` Sdqpaopp kn` Movp( smovdhid` rviekvihy on pmd joinp pdqpieony og Ao`d} Qinkipiatq -Khdrm) kn` Ao`d}Wkpiakntq -F) in aonpvk`iqpinapion po pmd kqqieihkpion og vdk`incq gvoe ekntqavirpq og
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opmdv pd}ppyrdq smiam iq aonqiqpdnphy rvkapiad` kaaov`inc po pmd dahdapia rvinairhdqdqrotqd` fy pmd gvkedvq og pmd eo`dvn avipiakh d`ipionq.
Pmd atvvdnp pd}p gotn` in pmd Ndqphd%Khkn` 67%63 kn` TFQ 1%0 d`ipionq iq kaptkhhy kn&dahdapia& pd}p( smiam vdghdapq d`ipovikh amoiad keonc wkviknp vdk`incq gotn` in KHH
lnosn ekntqavirpq kn` pd}ppyrdq. Dwdn pmotcm pmd atvvdnp avipiakh pd}pq qpkn`rviekvihy in khicnednp sipm pmd Khd}kn`vikn ekntqavirpq kn` in orroqipion po pmdPd}pgove -Fyzknpind/Ekjovipy) gotn` in eoqp Cvddl ekntqavirpq og pmd NdsPdqpkednp( pmd eo`dvn avipiakh d`ipionq kp fdqp vdrvdqdnp k &mkhgsky motqd& fdpsddnpso orroqinc `oatednp%fkqd` qamoohq og Nds Pdqpkednp Cvddl pd}ptkh avipiaiqe.41
Pmd Kedviakn Qpkn`kv` Wdvqion og ;92; iq fkqiakhhy k vdwiqion og pmd Dnchiqm Vdwiqd`
Wdvqion ftp sipm pmd rvdgdvdnadq og pmd Kedviakn vdwiqdvq. Pmiq vdwiqion skq dded`
ndadqqkvy fdaktqd og pmd knpi{tkpd` sov`q vdpkind` in pmd Dnchiqm Vdwiqd` Wdvqion.
In ;903( k Fd`otin qmddr mdv`dv aoed kavoqq qdwdn ekntqavirpq in ahky jkvq smihd qdkvaminc
gov k hoqp qmddr ndkv pmd akwdq og [tevkn khonc pmd Novpmsdqp qmovd og pmd @dk` Qdk. Pmd
mdv`dv qoh` pmde po k `dkhdv in knpi{tipidq nked` Lkn`o smo( in ptvn( qoh` pmvdd po Qtldnil
og Mdfvds Tniwdvqipy( kn` pmd opmdv gotv po Edpvorohipkn Ekv Kpmknkqitq Ydqmtd Qketdh og
pmd Qyvikn Ovpmo`o} eonkqpdvy og Qp. Ekvl. Kpmknkqitq pool miq gotv po fd qpt`id` kp pmd
Kedviakn Qamooh gov Ovidnpkh Vdqdkvam smdvd pmdy aktqd {tipd k ahkeov keonc Kedviakn
kn` Dtvordkn qamohkvq.
Fdpsddn ;909 kn` ;947( pmd vdenknpq og owdv dicmp mtn`vd` ekntqavirpq sdvd gotn` in
dhdwdn akwdq `kpinc gvoe fdpsddn 622 F.A. po 7= K.@. Onhy akwd ond kn` dhdwdn rvo`tad`
wivptkhhy inpkap ekntqavirpq. Akwd gotv rvowi`d` pmd micmdqp ntefdv og gvkcednpq popkhinc
owdv ;4(222. Pmdqd gin`incq mkwd rvowdn wkhtkfhd in tn`dvqpkn`inc Fifhd pvknqhkpion(
atqpoeq( kn` pmd athptvd og pmkp pied.
Sd `o nop lnos rvdaiqdhy smo svopd pmoqd qdapkvikn qavohhq( ftp sd akn qky pmkp pmdktpmovq qdded` po fd aonndapd` po pmd rvidqpmoo`( sdvd hd` fy rvidqpq( `iqkrrvowd` og
pmd Jdvtqkhde rvidqpmoo`( dnaotvkcd` k qpviap kn` riotq sky og higd( kn` d}rdapd` knieeindnp aongvonpkpion fdpsddn pmd govadq og coo` kn` dwih.40
Dwdvy fool in pmd Mdfvds Fifhd mkq fddn vdrvdqdnpd` d}adrp gov Dqpdv. Sipm nindpddn
aoridq og Iqkikm( psdnpy%giwd aoridq og @dtpdvonoey( kn` pmivpy aoridq og Rqkheq( pmiq skq
qicnigiaknp po qky pmd hdkqp. Pmdqd qavohhq kvd pmd oh`dqp ekntqavirpq dwdv gotn`. Pmd Iqkikm
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qavohh( gov inqpknad( iq kfotp nind mtn`vd` ydkvq oh`dv pmkn kny rvdwiotq aory lnosn. Pmd
qicnigiaknad iq pmkp fdpsddn pmd aory gotn` in [tevkn kn` ipq eoqp vdadnp aonpderovkvy iq
pmkp pmdvd kvd wdvy gds `iggdvdnadq< nond og smiam amkncd kny edkninc po kny og pmd
rkqqkcdq.
In ;93;( pmd Kedviakn Qpkn`kv` Wdvqion skq vdwiqd` kn` nked` pmd Nds Kedviakn Qpkn`kv`
Wdvqion. Po`ky( pmiq wdvqion iq mdvkh`d` kq fdinc pmd eoqp kaatvkpd sov` gov sov`
pvknqhkpion d}iqpinc. Ip iq pmd rvdgdvvd` pd}p og eoqp qamohkvq kn` qdeinkvy qpt`dnpq og po`ky.
Ond nopd` `vks fkal iq ipq atefdvqoed vdk`inc fdaktqd og ipq kppdnpion po kaatvkay.
In ;931( pmd Nds Inpdvnkpionkh Wdvqion skq vdhdkqd smiam skq qtrroqd` po fd k atvd gov pmd
mkv` vdk`inc og pmd Nds Kedviakn Qpkn`kv`q. Ipq cokh skq nop fd k sov gov sov`
pvknqhkpion ftp eovd og k pmotcmp gov pmotcmp. Pmiq pyrd og dggovp iq akhhd` k `ynkeia
d{tiwkhdnp. Opmdv wdvqionq pmkp gkhh in pmiq akpdcovy soth` fd Pmd Coo` Ndsq Fifhd( Pmd
Nds Adnptvy Fifhd( Aonpderovkvy Dnchiqm Fifhd( Nds Inpdvnkpionkh Vdk`dvq Wdvqion( kn`
pmd Nds Hiwinc Pvknqhkpion.
Pmd Nds Linc Jkedq Wdvqion skq rvdqdnpd` in ;9=6 smiam skq ovicinkhhy inpdn`d` po fd kn
tr`kpd og Linc Jkedq Wdvqion vdeowinc jtqp pmd knpi{tkpd` pmdd kn` pmot pyrd og pd}p.
Pmd pd}p qpihh vdekinq qoedsmkp hoykh po pmd Pd}ptq Vdadrptq.
In 6226( pmd Dnchiqm Qpkn`kv` Wdvqion skq vdhdkqd` in ov`dv po avdkpd k wdvqion pmkp iq kq dkqy
po vdk` kq pmd Nds Inpdvnkpionkh Wdvqion kn` qpihh vdpkin pmd kaatvkay og pmd Nds Kedviakn
Qpkn`kv` kq fdinc k sov` gov sov` pvknqhkpion.
Pmdvd kvd ekny eovd pvknqhkpionq kn` vdwiqionq( dkam pvyinc po gin` pmdiv osn ekvldp niamd.
I mkwd `dai`d` po d}aht`d pmoqd pvknqhkpionq pmkp `o( in ey orinion( k qdwdvd injtqpiad po pmd
Sov` og Co`. Pmdy kvd nop pvknqhkpionq nov kvd pmdy ynkeia d{tiwkhdnpq. Pmdy kvd pmd eoqp
`kncdvotq og pmdqd< Pmd Rkvkrmvkqd. Qtam wdvqionq pmkp aoth` fd ahkqqigid` kq rkvkrmvkqdq
kvd Pmd Edqqkcd kn` Pmd Hiwinc Fifhd.
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Pmd fdqp d}kerhd og qtam iq Pmd Edqqkcd. Pmiq iq ond eknq orinion on smkp pmd Fifhd
edknq. Mosdwdv( kq pmd pd}p fdhos sihh in`iakpd( pmiq ghirrknp mkn`hinc og pmd Sov` og Co`
fokv`dvq on fhkqrmdey. Pmd rkqqkcd fdhos iq vdgdvvinc po pmd rvormday og otv Hov` Jdqtq
kn` pmd sotn`q in Miq mkn` kn` pmd rtniqmednp pmkp Md pool gov pmd qinq og eknlin`.
Zda. ;1:7Kn` ond qmkhh qky tnpo mie( Smkp kvd pmdqd sotn`q in pmind mkn`q? Pmdn md qmkhhknqsdv( Pmoqd sipm smiam I skq sotn`d` in pmd motqd og ey gvidn`q. % LJW
Kn` ig qoedond qkyq( &Kn` qo smdvd `i` yot cdp pmkp fhkal dyd?# pmdy#hh qky( &I vkninpo k `oov kp k gvidn`#q motqd.#% Pmd Edqqkcd
Jdqtq `i` nop vtn inpo k `oov gov knyondq qinq. Nov `i` Md jtqp qtqpkin k fhkal dyd. Md skq
sotn`d` gov otv pvknqcvdqqion kn` fvtiqd` gov otv ini{tipidq kn` fy Miq qpvirq sd akn fdmdkhd` gvoe dpdvnkh `dkpm fvotcmp fy qin. Md skq ekvvd` fdyon` vdaocnipion kn` qaotvcd`
gov ey svonc`oinc. Qtam krrkvdnp hkal og aonqaiotq aoth` yidh` aonahtqionq pmkp mdkvp
fvdklinc po qky pmd hdkqp. Edn og gkipm `id` qo pmkp pmd Fifhd aoth` fd kaatvkpdhy pvknqhkpd`.
Ip iq ey orinion pmkp pmd vdkqon pmdvd skq no qtam pminc kq k `ynkeia d{tiwkhdnp iq fdaktqd
no ond skq sihhinc po `id gov qtam k vdn`dvinc.
Qteekvy
Pmd pvknqhkpion og pmd Fifhd pmvotcm pmd adnptvidq iq kn kekzinc qpovy. Ip iq ond pmkp iq gthh og
fopm eyqpdvy kn` rvowi`dnad. Ip iq k aohhdapion og inqrivd` foolq gvoe pmd Co` og pmd
Tniwdvqd. Edn hiwd` kn` `id` po qtqpkin k roqpdvipy pmkp sd qoedpiedq pkld qo ghirrknphy
po`ky. Edn hild Syahiggd( Htpmdv( Aowdv`khd( kn` Pyn`khd smo hipdvkhhy `id` gov pmd sovl og
qavirptvd pvknqhkpion kvd po fd vdedefdvd` sipm monov.
Po`ky( ip qddeq pmkp vdwiqd` wdvqionq krrdkv wivptkhhy dwdvy `ky po eddp pmd `dqivdq(
ekvldpinc kqrivkpionq( kn` aonwiapion og advpkin cvotrq inqpdk` og hdppinc pmd Sov` og Co` qdp
pmd qpkn`kv`. I onad mdkv` pmkp qoed og pmd eoqp `dpviednpkh dwdnpq po pmd Amtvam sdvd `ond
fy edn sipm coo` inpdnpionq. Gov d}kerhd( Pmd Edqqkcd eky mkwd fddn svippdn sipm coo`
inpdnpionq ftp pmd vdqthp skq nop k Fifhd( ftp k aoeednpkvy on pmd Fifhd smiam kq fddn
eiqpkldn kq k Fifhd.
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Ey rvkydv iq pmkp Co` soth` aonpintd po skpam owdv kn` rvopdap pmd pvtpm og Miq Sov` in pmd
ei`qp og k ghoo` og drvd`kpinc kppderpq po ekld pmd Fifhd eovd rkhkpkfhd. Pmd Fifhd iq pmd
qsov` og pmd Qrivip. Ip iq pmd Jdqtq in svippdn gove kn` `dqdvwdq vdqrdap kn` k`eivkpion. In ip
kvd pmd sov`q og dpdvnkh higd kn` pmd rhkn po vd`dde pmd tniwdvqd gvoe pmd vkwkcinc og qin. Ip
iq sdhh sovpm `yinc gov.
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Pmd gohhosinc skq d}pvkapd` gvoe: mppr://sss.cnoqiq.ovc/hifvkvy/k`wm;.mpe
IVDNKDTQ: KCKINQP MDVDQIDQ
FOOL OND
AMKR. I.%%KFQTV@ I@DKQ OG PMD @IQAIRHDQ OG WKHDNPINTQ KQ PO PMD OVICIN(NKED( OV@DV( KN@ AONJTCKH RVO@TAPIONQ OG PMDIV GKNAID@ KDONQ( SIPM PMDRKQQKCDQ OG QAVIRPTVD SMIAM PMDY K@KRP PO PMDIV ORINIONQ.
;. PMDY ekinpkin( pmdn( pmkp in pmd inwiqifhd kn` indggkfhd mdicmpq kfowd pmdvd d}iqpq k advpkin rdvgdap(rvd%d}iqpdnp KDon(-0) smoe pmdy akhh Rvokvamd( Rvorkpov( kn` Fypmtq( kn` `dqavifd kq fdinc inwiqifhdkn` inaoervdmdnqifhd. Dpdvnkh kn` tnfdcoppdn( md vdekind` pmvotcmotp inntedvkfhd ayahdq og kcdq inrvogotn` qdvdnipy kn` {tidqadnad. Pmdvd d}iqpd` khonc sipm mie Dnnodk( smoe pmdy khqo akhh Amkviqkn` Qicd.-4) Kp hkqp pmiq Fypmtq `dpdveind` po qdn` govpm gvoe mieqdhg pmd fdcinninc og khh pmincq( kn``droqipd` pmiq rvo`tapion -smiam md mk` vdqohwd` po fvinc govpm) in miq aonpderovkvy Qicd( dwdn kqqdd` iq `droqipd` in pmd soef. Qmd pmdn( mkwinc vdadiwd` pmiq qdd`( kn` fdaoeinc rvdcnknp( ckwd
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