Transcriber’sNote:Largerversionsofthisandmostothermapsmaybeseenbyclickingontheimage.Thisisalsotrueofsomeofthelargerandmoredetailedcoloredcharts.

BIBLEATLASAMANUALOF

BIBLICALGEOGRAPHYANDHISTORY

ESPECIALLYPREPAREDFORTHEUSEOFTEACHERSANDSTUDENTSOFTHEBIBLE,ANDFORSUNDAYSCHOOL

INSTRUCTION,CONTAINING

Maps,Plans,ReviewCharts,ColoredDiagrams,

AND

ILLUSTRATED

WITHACCURATEVIEWSOFTHEPRINCIPALCITIESANDLOCALITIESKNOWNTOBIBLEHISTORY.

REVISEDEDITION.

BYREV.JESSEL.HURLBUT,D.D.,

AUTHOROF“REVISEDNORMALLESSONS,”“STUDIESINTHEFOURGOSPELS,”“STUDIESINOLD

TESTAMENTHISTORY,”ETC.

WITHANINTRODUCTIONBYREV.BISHOPJOHNH.VINCENT,D.D.,LL.D.,

CHANCELLOROFTHECHAUTAUQUAUNIVERSITY.

CHICAGO:RAND,McNALLY&COMPANY,

PUBLISHERS.

MANUALOFBIBLICALGEOGRAPHY.

COPYRIGHT,1884,BYRAND,MCNALLY&CO.COPYRIGHT,1887,BYRAND,MCNALLY&CO.COPYRIGHT,1899,BYRAND,MCNALLY&CO.COPYRIGHT,1908,BYRAND,MCNALLY&CO.COPYRIGHT,1910,BYRAND,MCNALLY&CO.

INTRODUCTION.

ON this sideof the seawesitdownwithabigbook inourhands. It isanoldbook.Nearlytwothousandyearshavepassedsincethelastwordofitwaswritten,andnoonecantellhowmanythousandsofyearsagotherecordsweremadeorthewordsuttered,outofwhichitsfirstwriterpreparedhiswonderfulstatements.

Thisoldbook isa singularbookas to thevarietyof itscontents,—ranging fromdrychronological statement to highest flight of royal poetry. Many pages of it are simplyhistorical, with lists of kings, and names of family lines through many generations.Geographicalallusionsdescendingtominutestdetailarestrewnthicklythroughitspages.Thereisnodepartmentofnaturalsciencewhichdoesnotfindsomeofitsdatarecognizedin the chapters of this venerable volume. Stones and stars, plants and reptiles, colossalmonstersofseaandland,fleethorse,birdofswiftflight,loftycedarandlowlylily,—theseallfindtheirexistencerecognizedandrecordedinthatbookof“varioustheme.”

Asitisalongtimesincetheserecordsweremade,soarethelandsfarawayinwhichtheeventsrecordedaresaidtohaveoccurred.Wemeasuretheyearsbymillenaries,andbythethousandmileswemeasure thedistance.Thegreatestcontrastexistsbetweentheage and land in which we live and the age and lands in which this book found itsbeginning,itsmaterialanditsending.

Toonefamiliaronlywiththehabits,dressandcustomsofAmericanlife,theevery-dayeventsrecordedinthebookseemfabulous.Wedonotdressasthebooksaysthatpeopledressedinthosefar-awayyearsandfar-awaylands;wedonoteatastheydid;ourhousesarenot liketheirs;wedonotmeasuretimeastheydid;wedonotspeaktheir language;ourseasonsdonotanswer to theseasons thatmarked theiryear. It isdifficult,knowingonly ourmodernAmerican life, to think ourselves into the conditions underwhich thisbooksaysthatpeoplelivedandthoughtinthoselong-agoages.Theirweddingfeastsandfuneral services differed utterly from ours. They lived and died in another atmosphere,underagovernment thatno longerexists;madewaruponnations thatarepowerless to-dayasthesleepingdeadinanationalcemetery;andthethingswhichwereadconcerningthemseemstrangeenoughtous.

Inthechangeswhichhavetakenplacethroughallthesecenturies,itwouldbeaneasything,undersomecircumstances,formentodenythatthepeopleofthebookeverlived,thatthecitiesofthebookwereeverbuilt,thattheeventsofthebookevertranspired.And,if its historic foundation were destroyed, the superstructure of truth, the doctrinal andethicalteachingsrestinguponit,mightinlikemannerbesweptaway.

ThisoldBook—theBible,adivineproduct,wroughtintothetextureofhumanhistoryandliteraturewiththegraduallyunfoldingages—istheoldBookwestudyto-dayonthissidethesea.

It is a “Book of books,”—the Book out-shining all other books in the literaryfirmament,asthesunout-splendorstheplanetsthatmoveintheirorbitsaroundhim.

Itisabookthatdealswithmanasanimmortalsoul;makingknownthebeginningsof

therace;goingbackofthebeginningtoGod,whoisfrom“everlastingtoeverlasting,”andwho“in thebeginningcreated theheavenand theearth”; revealing thecreativepurposeandlovinggraceofGod;tracingthefallanddeteriorationofman,thedivineinterpositioninhumanhistory,thepreparationofafamily,arace,anation,andaworldatlarge,forthecomingoftheRedeemer;revealingthegloryofGodinthefaceofJesusChrist;showinghowtheChristcame,whathedid,whathesaid,whatheresisted,whatheendured,whathesuffered,whatheachieved;tellinginsimplewaythestoryoftheearlychurch,fromthelittle meeting of the bereaved disciples in the upper room to the magnificentconsummationofChrist’scoming,asseeninthepropheticvisionsofSt.JohnontheIsleofPatmos.

It is a book full of history, of geography, of archæology, of prophecy, of poetry, ofdoctrine,of“exceedinggreatandpreciouspromises.”

In an important sense the foundations of this book are laid in human history andgeography.However high toward the heavens itmay reach in doctrine andpromise, itsfoundationslayholdoftheearth.IfthechildrenofIsraeldidnotliveinEgyptandCanaanandthefarEast,ifthestatementsoftheirhistoryasrecordedinthebookbenotfacts, ifthestoryofJesusChristbefalse,—everythingfailsus.With thesweepingawayoffact,wemustalsobidfarewell to thewordsofdoctrineandofpromisehererecorded; to thedivinewordsofassurancewhichnowgivecomforttothepenitent,hopetothedespairing,strengthtothefeeble,andimmortallifetothedying.

Aswesitdownonthissideofthesea,itiswellthatweareabletolookbeyondtheseato the landswhichgave to theworld thebook inourhands.And it iswell, that, aswelook,we are able to connect the bookof to-daywith those same lands as they now lieamongtheriversandbytheseaside,fromthesourcesoftheTigrisandEuphratestothemouthsoftheNile,fromthepalacesofBabylontothedockatPuteoliandtheprisonatRome.Anditiswellthatthelandsastheyarefoundto-daycorrespondtotherecordsoftheBookastheyweremadecenturiesandcenturiesago.TheBook,onitshumanhistoric,geographicalandarchæologicalside,istruetothefactsasinthenineteenthcenturytheyarepresentedtousinthelandsoftheEast.

Therearethosewhobelievewithfirmfaith, that,forthesedaysofskepticismandofmerciless andconsciencelesshistoric criticism, the landshavebeenkept almost in theiroriginal condition, that the testimony of the modern skeptical traveler might (thoughunintentionallyonhispart,butnecessarily)corroboratetheteachingsoftheBible.HavethemummywrappingsofMohammedandominationheldthefarEastunchangedthroughthecenturies,thatinthesedaysofdoubtthehillsofCanaan,theplainsofEgyptandtheruinsofMesopotamiamightlifttheirvoiceinsolemnattestationtothedivinetruthfulnessofthesacredhistorians?

These lands arememorial lands.They are nowwhat theBook says they oncewere.Although the sweeping away of ancient governments and the reign of anarchy havemodified the face of the country, the evidences still remain that the most glowingdescriptionsoftheirprosperitywerenotexaggerated.Infidelshavedoubted,forexample,whetherPalestinecouldcontain the immensepopulationswhich, in itsprosperousdays,accordingtothestatementsoftheBook,wereresidentthere.ButscientistsshowthatthesoilofCanaan,undercultivation,isoneoftherichestandmostfertileintheworld.The

brokenterracesthatmaystillbetracedonthehill-sides,thewallsofcitiesandotherruinsthatfilltheland,sustaintheaccountoftheprosperousdaysandtheimmensepopulationsofBibletimes.

Solittlehavetheconditionsofsociallifebeenmodified,thatonemaylivetheoldlifeover again in Canaan. Soil and scenery, the seasons of the year, Jacob’s well and theJordan,Ebal andGerizim, theplain, thewilderness and the city, all givewitness to thewordsoftheBook.

Thenamesofoldentimestilllinger.OnelandsatYafa,the“Joppa”ofold;JerusalemisnowelKhuds,—“theHoly”;Bahr-lut—“theSeaofLot”—istheDeadSeaintheValleyofSodom and Gomorrah;Bir es Seba is the Beersheba of the olden time; el Azariyeh isBethany,thehomeofLazarus;Beit-lahmisstillBethlehem;andelKhalil—“theFriend”—isthenameofHebron,thehomeofAbram,“theFriendofGod.”

In thecustomsandcostumes, in thehabitsof speechand themannersof thepeople,youreadthesamelesson.Inthespringof1863Iwaspermittedtospendfortydaysandfortynights inPalestine. I sawAbrahamathis tent-door;Rebekahvailingherselfat theapproachofthestranger;thelongcaravanofcamelsandMidianitesontheirwaytowardtheSouth. I saw thewailingmourners at the house of death; the roof thatmight easilyhavebeenbrokenup; theweddingprocession; thegrasson thehouse-tops; the sparrowmakinganestforheryounginthesynagoguesofJerusalem.Isawtheeldersinthegates;Davidtheshepherd,withhissheep,onthehill-side;theJewishmotherteachingTimothythewordsoftheoldBookintheoldcityonthehill.Verily,itistheoldland;itistheoldlife;itisthememorialpresentationinconcreteformofwhattheBooksayswastruetherethousandsofyearsago.

As I stood on Safed, overlooking the Sea of Galilee and the lovely land about it, Iturnedandlookedtowardthenorth,andsawsnow-sheathedHermon,probablytheMountof Transfiguration, as it stood out that day against the blue sky of Syria. I thought ofRuskin’swords:“Thesepurewhitehills,neartotheheavensandsourcesofallgoodtotheearth, are thememorials of the light of hismercy that fell snow-like on theMount ofTransfiguration.”

IoncesawtheAlpsglorifiedbythesettingsun.IwasstandingonLaFlégére,lookingdownupon theValley ofChamounix, and upward upon themagnificent heights, abovewhich towered the great Mont Blanc. A pall of mist had hidden the rough andunilluminatedrocks;but,whenthatmistgrewthinasavailofdelicatelace,IsawtheAlpsbeyond, and they appeared as if on fire. I cried out in ecstacy, “BeholdMount Zion.”ThroughthemistsofearthIsawthesplendorsofheaven.ThestoryofthetransfigurationonMount Hermon, in the days of Jesus, if taken literally, is not so marvelous as thehistory we call the life and character of Jesus. Both belong to the realm of thesupernatural.The“life”granted,thetransfigurationhasnosurpriseinit.SoIdiscoverthestrangeblendingofthenaturalandsupernaturalintheLandandtheBook,—intheLandasto-dayhallowedbytheBook,—intheBookasto-daysupportedandmaderealbytheLand.

ItthuseasilyappearsthateveryBiblereadershouldbeacquaintedwiththeoutlinesofBiblicalandgeographicalantiquities.Withoutsuchknowledgeitisimpossibleproperlyto

understand the divine word. How often, through ignorance of sacred archæology, weoverlooktheforceandbeautyoftheallusionswhichaboundinthenarrative,poeticandprophetic parts of Scripture. And there is, moreover, an air of reality imparted to allhistorybyfamiliaritywiththegeographyinvolvedinit.

In view of the supernatural character of Bible history, acquaintance with Biblegeography is particularly important. Once give its wonderful transactions an actuallocality among the hills, valleys and cities which may still be found and visited,connectingandcomparingthemwiththerecordsofourpresenthistory,andouryouthwillreadily distinguish the miraculous from the mythical, and discover not only clearillustrationsofmanyportionsoftheBible,butstrongandirresistibleevidenceinfavorofitsdivinity.

I therefore hailwith joy the admirable presentation of the facts ofBible history andgeographyinthisvolume—apresentationsoclear,andsoabundantlyillustrative,thatthehumblestteacherandmostindifferentstudentmaybeinterestedandinstructed.

ThestudyofBiblehistoryandgeographymustnotbelimitedtothetheologicalschool,thepastor’sstudy,ortheadvancedBibleclass.Itisadepartmentpeculiarlyadaptedtoouryoungestchildren,andbythemmostneeded,thattheymaysecurethevividrealizationofactualityintheBiblenarratives.Boysandgirls to-daymaynottakemuchdelightintheadvanceddoctrinalteachingsoftheBible;butitispossiblesotoconnectitshistorywithstories of modern travel, through the regions referred to in that history, that they willbecomeinterestedintheonebecauseofthepleasuretheyfindintheother.

OurSundaySchool librariesshouldcontain themanybooksof travel throughthefarEastwhich are published in these days.And ourministers should enlist young people,throughspecialclasses,inthestudyofBiblehistoryandgeography.Inthiswaya“week-dayhold”uponouryoungpeoplemaybesecured.

Duringtenyearsofmypastorallife,wherevertheitinerantsystemofmychurchplacedme,IheldoneverySaturdayafternoon,inthelecture-roomofmychurch,aclasstowhicholdandyoung,andtherepresentativesofalldenominations,wereadmitted.Itwascalled“ThePalestineClass,”andwasdevotedtothestudyofBiblehistoryandgeography.Anoutlineoffacts,preparedincatecheticalform,wasprinted,andcommittedtomemorybyeverypupil.DifficultoldHebrewnamesoflands,citiesandmountains,werearrangedinarhythmicway,andchantedafterthemanneroftheold-time“singinggeography”classes.Answers were given in concert to help the memory, and personal examinations wereafterwardconductedtotest it.Theclassconstitutedan“idealcompanyoftourists tothefar East.” The course of lessons was divided into five sections, covering the whole ofBiblehistory.Aseachmember, passingapersonal examination,gaveproof thathehadthoroughlymastered“SectionOne,”hewasconstitutedaPILGRIM to theHolyLand,andgivenacertificatetothateffect.Havingstudied“SectionTwo,”andpassedasatisfactoryexamination,hewasmadeaRESIDENTinPalestine,andhisnamewasassociatedwithonetownormountain.Inthatwayeveryprincipalplaceonthemapwasassociatedwiththenameofsomemember,whowasheldresponsibletotheclassforinformationconcerningitshistoryandpresentcondition.Anexaminationin“SectionThree”madeour“pilgrim”and“resident”aDWELLERINJERUSALEM.Havingbeenexaminedin“SectionFour,”hewasmade anEXPLORER of otherBible lands, andwas located on somemountain, or city of

Egypt,Arabia,Chaldea,AsiaMinor,etc.AfinalexaminationmadehimaTEMPLAR.

The songs, concert exercises, responses and ideal pilgrimagegave enthusiasm to theclass, while the personal examinations guaranteed thoroughness. As I recall thoseSaturdayafternoonsofmyearlyministry,surroundedbyearnestwomenandwide-awakeboysandgirlsofallages,Iamamplyrewardedforallthelaborandtimeexpended.Theenthusiasmanddelight,theperceptiblegrowthinknowledge,thespiritofcatholicity,thesteadinesspromotedinthefrivolous, thegratificationaffordedontheoccasionofpublicexaminationsandreviews,theincreasedappreciationoftheSundaypreaching,visibleonthe faces of young and old, the gratefulwords that have come through the interveningyearsfromthosewhowerebythesestudiesincitedtoamoreintelligentandearnestBiblestudy—these are some of the results of those years of pastoral service. The plan ispracticableforeverypastor.ThebookwhichInowhavethehonorofintroducingtothepublic furnishes to everyminister a complete preparation for directing such classes—apreparationwhich,twenty-fiveyearsago,wouldhavebeenagreatbenedictiontome.

One of these Palestine classes reported its imaginary tour through the village paper.Thesearticlesgavelocalinteresttothemovement,delightingtheimaginarytourists,and(through no fault of ours) deceiving more than one simple-hearted reader in thecommunity.FromtheselettersImakeafewextracts.

“PALESTINECORRESPONDENCEOFTHE‘INDEPENDENTWATCHMAN.’

“DEARINDEPENDENT: Infulfillmentof thepromisemadethenightbeforeourdeparture,Isitdowntowritethefirstofaseriesoflettersdetailingthemost noteworthy incidents of our journey to the Holy Land, with suchhistoricalandgeographicalfactsasaresuggestedbythelocalitieswemaybepermittedtovisit.

“Asyouarewellaware,anassociation,whichhasforitsspecificobjectthestudyofBiblehistoryandgeography,wasorganizedinyourtownsomemonthsago.Afteracourseof thoroughpreliminary training,arrangementswere consummated for a tour of observation through Egypt, Arabia,Palestine,—the lands ofHebrew life and literature, the scenes of the earlyChristianhistory,and,later,thearenaofSaracenicinvasionanddomination.We are now on the way thither.While the tide of mighty immigration ispouringwestwardtowardtheAmericandesert,theRockyMountains,Pike’sPeakandCherrycreek,atinyrillofexplorationistricklingeastwardtowardthedesertofSinai, themountainsofEgypt, thepeaksofLebanon,and theriverofJordan.”*****

Aftercallingattentiontotwobookswhichhadjustthenappeared—“TheLandandTheBook,”byDr.Thomson,and“PalestinePastandPresent,”byDr.Osborn—thePalestinecorrespondentcontinued:

“Noclassof literature ismore refiningandexalting than the recordsofcultivatedmindsmadeamidthesacredscenesofPalestine,andthenotlessinterestingruinsofEgypt,AsiaMinorandGreece.Atasteforsuchmentalpabulum is abetter safeguardagainst thepopular andpolluting fictionsofthe day than all the mandates of the parent or the uncompromising

denunciationsofthepulpit.Preoccupybythegood,andtherewillbenoeviltoexpel.Createatasteforhealthfulliteratureinouryoungpeople,andtheywillnotcravethebloodandfirepotionsnowsomercilesslyprovidedbythecorruptpress.ThisisoneobjectofourpresentpilgrimagetoPalestine.Wewouldopenanewworld—thenewestandyettheoldestofworlds—totheirview.Wewouldunfurlbrightmapsandopennewbooks,anddelighttheminafieldofthoughtandresearch,inwhichhealthfulinfluencesprevail,afieldoffragrantandthornlessflowers,oflusciousandlife-givingfruit.*****The association to which I have referred is composed of about eightypilgrims.OnSaturdaymorning,the25th,weleftyourquietvillage,reachingChicago thesameevening.Tuesdaymorningfoundusonourway toNewYork,wherewearrivedearlythismorning.WeshallsailonSaturday,April2,fortheOrient.Inordertodiminishourexpenses,weforegothespeedoftheregularsteamroute,andhavecharteredthesailingvessel, theschooner‘StarofBethlehem.’Sheisanewvessel,anda‘brightlight’inherway.Wellrigged,andablymanned,sheispreparedforthebuffetingofoldocean.Hercaptain is the distinguished and experiencedHardstudy, withwhom, I amsure,youhavesomeacquaintance.He isa truegentleman,and, Iam told,has been an intimate companion of several Oriental travelers. HeaccompaniedDr.Robinsononbothhistours.The‘Star,’builtexpresslyforexcursionstotheMediterraneanwaters,isastoutboat,andisprovidedwiththe modern conveniences and luxuries of travel. She is about 150 tonsburden. I spent an hour on board of her this afternoon, and am muchgratifiedwith the neatness and elegance displayed in all her departments.The library and reading-room is a little palace. It contains about 1,500volumes, chieflyofEastern travel,which, togetherwithanumberofgoodmaps and paintings, will afford us every opportunity to prepare for theinterestingtourweareaboutmaking.Allthusfararewell.Rememberusinourwanderings,andsenduscopiesofyourpaper,directingto the‘careoftheUnitedStatesConsulatAlexandria.’PrepaytoNewYork,andsend‘ViaLiverpoolandBeyrout.’”

ThenextlettergivesanaccountofthevariouspilgrimageswhichhavebeenmadetoPalestinefromthedaysofAbrahamdowntothepresent.

“OffSandyHook,3.30P.M.,”ourcorrespondentwrote.“Thewideoceanisbeforeus.WehavepassedtheBattery,Brooklyn,StatenIsland,theruinsofoldquarantineandtheforts,—feebleprotectionincasesofinvasion,—andyondertotheeastisSandyHook.Thebellofthetugrings.Infiveminutesourfriendswhoaccompanyusdownwillreturntothecity,andweshallbealoneuponthewide,widesea.Thewatersappearquiet;afaintwestwindisrising;allthechildrenareingoodspirits.Iftheyareasbrightto-morrowitwillbestrange.Farewell,nativeland!Farewell!”

ThethirdletteropenedwithaquotationfromBrowning:

“‘InthedimmestnortheastdistanceDawnedGibraltar,grandandgray.’

“SCHOONERSTAROFBETHLEHEM,“HARBOROFGIBRALTAR,May4,‘59.

“DEAR INDEPENDENT:Thirty-twodaysagowe left theportofNewYork,and day before yesterday glided through the Straits of Gibraltar, castinganchorinthisharbor.Ourvoyagewasshortandagreeable,allthatcouldbedesired,with theexceptionof thesea-sickness thatprevailedamongusforthefirstfourorfivedays,andthealarmoccasionedbytheheavygaleoflastweek.For twodays thestormragedsoviolently thatour fearsweremuchexcited.On the evening of the 26th ult. thewindswere lulled, the cloudsbroke away, and the rays of the setting sun hurried swiftly across the yetragingwaves, tobrighten their foamingcrestswithgolden light,andbringhopetoourhearts.ReligiousserviceswereconductedeachSabbathbythechaplain,andourprogrammeofstudyandreadingwasfaithfullyobservedeveryday.Allthatwedid,andallthatwesaw,cannotbereportedinasingleletter. Our young friendsmust themselveswrite about thewonders of thesea,—whales, dolphins, icebergs; sunset, sunrise,midnight; calms, storms,water-spouts;andallothersourcesof joyor terror inocean life.YesterdaywasspentinanexcursiontothetownofGibraltar.”*****

AfteradescriptionofGibraltar,thewritersays:

“Thewhole juvenile forcesofourvesselhavebeen invited todine thisafternoonwith the officers ofH.M. S.Manchester, in companywith theBritishandAmericanconsulsofGibraltar, and left anhourago,under thechargeofCaptainHardstudy, tocomplywith thegracious invitation,andIremain to prepare this letter for the morrow’s steamer from Valetta toLiverpool. The sun is already sinking in the blue and gold waters of theMediterranean. A fresh breeze has startled the sleeping waves into livelygambols,andourflagpointseagerlywestwardandhomeward.Seeourpartyoflittletravelersjustoffforthe‘Manchester’!Howtheirboatsdanceupanddownoverthewater!‘Boom!’‘boom!’gothesignalgunsfromthekindoldship! Now hear the thunderous volleys from the batteries on the hugemountain,proclaimingthehourofsunset!”

The letterswhich follow are from “Alexandria, Egypt,May 28”; from the “SteamerRameses, River Nile, June 11”; from “Off Joppa, June 16”; from “Jerusalem, July 5”;from“Nablous, ‘theCityofSamaria,’ July12”; from“Beyrout,Syria, July23”;andonMondaymorning,July25,ourcorrespondentwriteshisfarewell,asfollows:

“Well,friendINDEPENDENT,ourtravelsareended.Wecameonboardthe‘Star of Bethlehem’ this morning. The steamer for Liverpool leaves thisafternoon,andweshallsendourlettersashoretobemailed.Bythe30thofSeptemberwehopetobewithyouagain.WehaveseentheearthlyCanaan,with its degradation and defilement. Our minds turn toward the betterCanaan.WithWattswesing:

“‘Lookup,oursouls,panttowardtheeternalhills;

Thoseheavensarefairerthantheyseem.Therepleasuresallsincereglideonincrystalrills;Therenotadregofguiltdefiles,NogriefdisturbsthestreamThatCanaanknows,—nonoxiousthing,Nocursedsoil,notaintedspring;Norosesgrowonthorns,norhoneywearsasting.’”

Suchdevicesasthesehelptoinspiretheyoungwithaninterestinsacredthings.Theymaynotyetbepreparedtoappreciatethenightofprayeronthemountain, theagonyoftheLordinGethsemane,ortherapturousexperiencesofSt.JohnonPatmos;buttheymaytake delight in the land, its customs, its wonderful histories, read with gratification anaccountof journeysfromDantoBeersheba,withperilsfromrobbers,andthepranksofnative children, the lonely horseback ride from Jerusalem down to Jericho, theencampmentbythe“Fountainofrobbers”northofJerusalem,thelovelinessofNazareth,thebeautyoftheSeaofGalilee,andthegloriesofLebanonandHermon.Findingdelightin thesemore human things, theymay, incidentally, under the leadership of the divineProvidence and Spirit, catch glimpses of his face who, by simile and word and spirit,sanctifiedthelandfromnorthtosouthandfromBashantothesea.

J.H.VINCENT.

PREFACETOTHEREVISEDEDITION.

DURING the fourteenyears since thisworkwaspreparedgreat advancementhasbeengainedinknowledgeoftheancientOrientalworld.Inthelightofrecentresearchesithasbecome necessary to revise the entire book. Thework has been donewith care, everylocationhasbeenreinvestigated,andthehistoricalallusionshavebeencomparedwiththelatestandbestauthorities. In this revision theauthorhasbeenmateriallyaidedbyProf.RobertW.RogersofMadison,N.J.,andProf.KarlP.HarringtonofChapelHill,N.C.,tobothofwhomthanksarerendered.Itispossiblethatsomeerrorsmayyetremain,andifanyappeartostudentswhomakeuseofthiswork,correctionsorsuggestionswithregardtothemwillbegratefullyreceived.

JESSEL.HURLBUT.

GENERALINDEX.

PAGE

AncientWorld,andtheDescendantsofNoah 23ApostolicHistory,Early 112BibleHistory,Chartof 13ConquestofCanaan 50EmpireofDavidandSolomon 68Illustrations,Listof 11IndextoDescriptiveMatter 157IndextoMapofOldTestamentWorld(Maponpp.18,19) 156IndextoMapofPalestine(Maponpp.152,153) 151Introduction 3IslesofGreeceandtheSevenChurches 132Jerusalem,Ancient 72Jerusalem,Environsof 82Jerusalem,Modern 77JourneysoftheApostlePaul 116JourneysofthePatriarchs 33KingdomofSaul 64LandsoftheSojournandWandering 41LifeofChrist,The 103MeasuresoftheBible,The 148NewTestamentPalestine(KingdomofHerodtheGreat) 100OldTestamentWorld,The 17OrientalEmpires,TheGreat 91PalestineAmongtheTwelveTribes 55PalestineBeforetheConquest 36Palestine,LessonsintheGeographyof 143PalestineUndertheJudges 60PhysicalPalestine 28RomanEmpire,The 97Solomon’sEmpire,TheDivisionof 86Tabernacle,The 135TableofContents 9Temple,The 138

TABLEOFCONTENTS.

PAGE

CHARTOFBIBLEHISTORY 13-16

I. GENERALPERIODS. II. SUBDIVISIONS. III. PERSONSANDRULERS. IV. EVENTSOFBIBLEHISTORY. V. BATTLESOFBIBLEHISTORY. VI. EVENTSOFRELIGIOUSPROGRESS. VII. THEBOOKSOFTHEBIBLE. VIII. GREATORIENTALEMPIRES. IX. EVENTSOFSECULARHISTORY.

THEOLDTESTAMENTWORLD 17-22

II. SEAS. III. MOUNTAINRANGES. IV. RIVERS. V. LANDS.

I.LandsoftheMountainSystem.1.Armenia;2.Media;3.Persia.

II.LandsofthePlain.1.Assyria;2.Elam;3.Mesopotamia;4.Chaldea;5.Arabia.

III.LandsoftheMediterranean.1.AsiaMinor;2.Syria;3.Phœnicia;4.Palestine;5.TheWilderness;6.Egypt.

ANCIENTWORLD,ANDDESCENDANTSOFNOAH 23-27

THEJAPHETICNATIONS.1.Gomer;

I.2.Magog;3.Madai;4.Javan;5.Tubal;6.Meshech;7.Tiras.

II.

THEHAMITICRACES.1.Cush;2.Mizraim;3.Phut;4.Canaan.

III.

THESEMITICRACES.1.Elam;2.Asshur;3.Arphaxad;4.Lud;5.Aram.

PHYSICALPALESTINE 28-32

I.

DIMENSIONS.1.Canaan;2.PalestineProper;3.TheLandofPromise.

II.

NATURALDIVISIONS.1.MaritimePlain;2.MountainRegion;3.JordanValley;4.EasternTable-Land.

III.

THEWATERSOFPALESTINE.1.TheRiverJordan;2.TheThreeLakes;3.TheBrooks.

IV.THEMOUNTAINSOFPALESTINE.1.WestoftheJordan;2.EastoftheJordan.

V.

THEPLAINSOFPALESTINE.1.Phœnicia;2.Sharon;3.Philistia;4.Esdraelon;5.Negeb;6.Jordan;7.Hauran.

THEJOURNEYSOFTHEPATRIARCHS 33-36

I.

THEJOURNEYSOFABRAHAM.1.UrtoHaran;2.HarantoCanaan;3.VisittoEgypt;4.RemovaltoHebron;5.PursuitoftheElamites;6.SettlementatBeersheba;7.OfferingofIsaac;8.BurialofSarah.

II.

THEJOURNEYSOFISAAC.Homes:1.Beer-lahai-roi;2.Gerar;3.Rehoboth;4.Beersheba;5.Hebron.

III.

THEJOURNEYSOFJACOB.1.FlighttoHaran;2.ReturntoCanaan;3.ResidenceinCanaan;4.DescentintoEgypt;5.BurialProcession.

PALESTINEBEFORETHECONQUEST 36-40

I.

THEEARLIESTINHABITANTS.1.TheRephaim;2.TheZuzim;3.TheEmim;4.TheHorim;5.TheAvim;6.TheAnakim.

II.

THETRIBESOFTHEPATRIARCHALERA.1.Zidonians;2.Canaanites;3.Philistines;4.Hittites;5.Girgashites;6.Hivites;7.Perizzites;8.Jebusites;9.Amorites.

III.THENATIONSATTHETIMEOFTHECONQUEST.1.Amorites;2.MoabitesandAmmonites.

THESURROUNDINGNATIONS.1.Hivites,Arkites,Sinites,Arvadites,Hamathites;

IV. 2.Ammonites;3.Amalekites,Kenites,Edomites.

LANDSOFTHESOJOURNANDWANDERING 41-49

I.

THELANDOFEGYPT.1.Names;2.BoundariesandDimensions;3.Divisions;4.TheNile;5.ThePeople;6.History;7.PrincipalPlaces.

II.

THEWILDERNESSOFTHEWANDERING.1.Situation;2.NaturalFeatures;3.Inhabitants.

III.

THELANDOFEDOM.1.Boundaries;2.Names;3.NaturalFeatures;4.History;5.Peculiarities.

IV.

THEWANDERINGINTHEWILDERNESS.1.RamesestotheRedSea;2.RedSeatoMt.Sinai;3.Mt.SinaitoKadesh-barnea;4,5,6.Kadesh-barneatoMt.Hor,Ezion-geber,andReturn;7,8.Kadesh-barneatoElathandJordan;TableofStations.

THECONQUESTOFCANAAN 50-54

I.

CONQUESTOFEASTERNPALESTINE.1.Gilead;2.Bashan;3.Midian.

II.

CONQUESTOFWESTERNPALESTINE.1.Central;2.Southern;3.Northern.

III.

SUPPLEMENTARYCONQUESTS.1.JudahandSimeon;2.CalebandOthniel;3.Dan.

PALESTINEAMONGTHETWELVETRIBES55-59

I. REUBEN. II. GAD. III. MANASSEH—EAST. IV. SIMEON. V. JUDAH. VI. BENJAMIN. VII. DAN. VIII. EPHRAIM. IX. MANASSEH—WEST. X. ISSACHAR. XI. ASHER. XII. ZEBULON. XIII. NAPHTALI.

PALESTINEUNDERTHEJUDGES 60-63

I.

SUPPLEMENTARYTOTHECONQUEST.1.JudahandSimeon;2.DaniteMigration;3.CivilWar.

II.

OPPRESSIONSANDJUDGES.1.Mesopotamian(south)2.Moabite(central)3.EarlyPhilistine(south)4.Canaanite(north);5.Midianite(centralandnorth)6.Ammonite(east)7.Philistine(southandcentral).

III. BATTLESOFTHEPERIOD.

THEKINGDOMOFSAUL 64-67

I. SAUL’SAPPOINTMENTASKING. II. THEWARSOFSAUL. III. SAUL’SPURSUITOFDAVID. IV. SAUL’SDEATH.

THEEMPIREOFDAVIDANDSOLOMON 68-71

I. DAVID’SREIGNOVERJUDAH. II. THEUNIONOFPALESTINE. III. DAVID’SFOREIGNCONQUESTS. IV. THECALAMITIESOFDAVID’SREIGN. V. THECLOSEOFDAVID’SREIGN.

VI. THEREIGNOFSOLOMON.

ANCIENTJERUSALEM 72-76

I. NAMES. II. LOCATION. III. GEOLOGICFORMATION. IV. VALLEYS. V. MOUNTAINS. VI. WALLS. VII. HISTORY.

MODERNJERUSALEM 77-81

I. LOCATION. II. WALLS. III. GATES. IV. QUARTERS. V. FOUNTAINSANDPOOLS. VI. OUTSIDETHEWALLS.

THEENVIRONSOFJERUSALEM 82,85

I.

NORTHERNROAD.1.Mizpeh;2.Nob;3.Gibeah;4.Anathoth;5.Ramah;6.Michmash;7.Ai;8.Beeroth;9.Bethel;10.Rimmon;11.Ephraim.

II.

EASTERNROAD.1.Bethany;2.SteepDescent;3.Jericho.

III.

SOUTHERNROAD.1.PlainoftheRephaim;2.Rachel’sTomb;3.Bethlehem;4.ValleyofElah;5.Hebron;6.Jeshimon.

IV. SOUTHWESTERNROAD.“JerusalemtoGaza.”

V.WESTERNROAD.1.Emmaus;2.Kirjath-jearim.

VI.

NORTHWESTERNROAD.1.Ramah;2.Gibeon;3.Beth-horon.

THEDIVISIONOFSOLOMON’SEMPIRE 86-90

I.

KINGDOMS:1.Syria;2.Israel;3.Judah;4.Moab;5.Edom.

II.

PERIODS:1.PeriodofDivision;2.SyrianPeriod;3.RestorationofIsrael;4.FallofIsrael;5.FallofJudah.

III. BATTLESOFTHEPERIOD.

THEGREATORIENTALEMPIRES 91-96,99

I. THEEARLYCHALDEANEMPIRE. II. THEASSYRIANEMPIRE. III. THEBABYLONIANEMPIRE. IV. THEPERSIANEMPIRE.

THEDIVISIONOFALEXANDER’SEMPIRE,B.C.250.1.PersianSupremacy;2.MacedonianSupremacy;3.EgyptianSupremacy;4.SyrianSupremacy;5.MaccabeanIndependence;6.RomanSupremacy.

THEROMANEMPIRE 97-99

I. EUROPEANPROVINCES. II. INSULARPROVINCES. III. ASIATICPROVINCES. IV. AFRICANPROVINCES.

100-102

NEWTESTAMENTPALESTINE

I.

THEPROVINCESOFPALESTINE.1.Judea;2.Samaria;3.Galilee;4.Peræa;5.Decapolis.

II.

THEPOLITICALHISTORYOFPALESTINE,B.C.4-A.D.70.1.KingdomofHerodtheGreat;2.Tetrarchy;3.KingdomofHerodAgrippa;4.TheTwoProvinces.

THELIFEOFCHRIST 103-111

I.

PERIODOFPREPARATION.1.PresentationintheTemple;2.FlightintoEgypt;3.SettlementatNazareth;4.VisittotheTemple.

II.

PERIODOFINAUGURATION.1.Baptism;2.Temptation;3.MarriageatCana;4.FirstPassover;5.ReturntoGalilee.

III.

PERIODOFEARLYGALILEANMINISTRY.1.OpeningoftheMinistry;2.TourinEasternGalilee;3.SecondPassover;4.SermonontheMount.

IV.

PERIODOFLATERGALILEANMINISTRY.1.TourinSouthernGalilee;2.GadareneVoyage;3.TourinCentralGalilee;4.RetirementtoBethsaida.

V.

PERIODOFRETIREMENT.1.JourneytoPhœnicia;2.JourneytoDecapolis;3.JourneytoCæsareaPhilippi4.LastReturntoCapernaum.

VI.PERIODOFJUDÆANMINISTRY.1.GalileetoJerusalem;2.JerusalemtoBethabara.

PERIODOFPERÆANMINISTRY.

VII. 1.BethabaratoBethany;2.RetirementtoEphraim;3.JourneyinPeræa;4.JerichotoBethany.

VIII.

PERIODOFTHEPASSION.1,2,3.BethanytoTempleandReturn;4.BethanytoSupper;5.SuppertoGethsemane;6.GethsemanetoHouseofCaiaphas;7.CaiaphastoPilate;8.PilatetoHerodandReturn;9.PilatetoCalvary.

IX.

PERIODOFTHERESURRECTION—TheTenAppearancesofChrist:1.AtJerusalem;2.AtJerusalem;3.NearEmmaus;4.AtJerusalem;5.AtJerusalem;6.AtJerusalem;7.NeartheSeaofGalilee;8.OnaMountaininGalilee;9.AtJerusalem;10.NearBethany.

EARLYAPOSTOLICHISTORY 112-115

I. PHILIP’SJOURNEY. II. SAUL’SJOURNEY. III. PETER’SJOURNEY. IV. BARNABAS’JOURNEY. V. BARNABASANDSAUL’SJOURNEY.

JOURNEYSOFTHEAPOSTLEPAUL 116-131

I.

THEPROVINCESOFASIAMINOR.1.OntheBlackSea;2.OntheÆgeanSea;3.OntheMediterranean;4.IntheInterior.

II.

THEFIRSTMISSIONARYJOURNEY.1.AntiochinSyria;2.Seleucia;3.IslandofCyprus;4.Salamis;5.Paphos;6.Perga;

7.AntiochinPisidia;8.Iconium;9.Lystra;10.Derbe;11.Return,andAttalia.

III. THESECONDMISSIONARYJOURNEY.

I.AsiaticStations.1.Syria;2.Cilicia;3.Derbe;4.Lystra;5.Phrygia;6.Galatia;7.Troas.

II.EuropeanStations.1.Philippi;2.Amphipolis;3.Apollonia;4.Thessalonica;5.Berea;6.Athens;7.Corinth;8.Cenchrea.

III.StationsoftheReturnJourney.1.Ephesus;2.Cæsarea;3.Jerusalem;4.Antioch.

IV. THETHIRDMISSIONARYJOURNEY.

I.OutwardJourney.1.Antioch;2.Galatia;3.Phrygia;4.Ephesus;5.Troas;6.Macedonia;7.Greece.

II.ReturnJourney.1.Philippi;2.Troas;3.Assos;4.Mitylene;5.Chios;6.Samos;7.Trogyllium;

8.Miletus;9.Coos;10.Rhodes;11.Patara;12.Tyre;13.Ptolemais;14.Cæsarea;15.Jerusalem.

V.

THEVOYAGETOROME.1.Jerusalem;2.Antipatris;3.Cæsarea;4.Zidon;5.Myra;6.Crete;7.Melita;8.Syracuse;9.Rhegium;10.Puteoli;11.AppiiForum;12.Rome.

VI.

THELASTJOURNEYSOFPAUL.1.Colosse,Ephesus;2.Macedonia;3.Crete;4.Nicopolis;5.Troas;6.Ephesus;7.Rome.

THEISLESOFGREECEANDTHESEVENCHURCHES 132-134

I. PATMOS. II. ASIA.

III.

THESEVENCHURCHESOFASIA.1.Ephesus;2.Smyrna;3.Pergamos;4.Thyatira;5.Sardis;6.Philadelphia;7.Laodicea.

THETABERNACLE 135-137

I. ORIGIN.

II. HISTORY.

III.

DEPARTMENTSOFTHETABERNACLE.1.TheCourt;2.TheAltar;3.TheLaver;4.TheTent;5.TheHolyPlace;6.TheHolyofHolies.

THETEMPLE 138-142

I. COURTOFTHEGENTILES. II. SACREDENCLOSURE. III. COURTOFTHEWOMEN. IV. COURTOFISRAEL. V. COURTOFTHEPRIESTS. VI. THEHOUSEOFGOD.

LESSONSINTHEGEOGRAPHYOFPALESTINE 143-147

I. LINESANDWATERS. II. NAMESANDDISTANCES.

III.

NATURALDIVISIONS.1.Sea-CoastPlain;2.MountainRegion;3.JordanValley;4.EasternTable-Land.

IV. MOUNTAINS.

V.

PLACES.1.IntheSea-CoastPlain;2.IntheMountainRegion;3.IntheJordanValley;4.IntheEasternTable-Land.

VI.

PROVINCES.1.Judæa;2.Samaria;3.Galilee;4.Peræa;5.Bashan.

THEMEASURESOFTHEBIBLE 148-150

I. SMALLERMEASURESOFLENGTH. II. LARGERMEASURESOFLENGTH. III. DRYMEASURESOFCAPACITY.

IV. LIQUIDMEASURESOFCAPACITY. V. MEASURESOFWEIGHT. VI. MEASURESOFVALUE.

INDEXTOANDMAPOFPALESTINE 151-155

INDEXTOMAPOFOLDTESTAMENTWORLD 156

INDEXTODESCRIPTIVEMATTER 157,158

LISTOFILLUSTRATIONS.

MAPS. PAGE

Alexander’sEmpire,Divisionof 94AncientJerusaleminNewTestamentPeriod 72AncientWorld,andDescendantsofNoah 24AssyrianEmpire 92BabylonianEmpireanditsSurroundings 92Beth-horonandVicinity 50ConquestofCanaan 50CorinthandVicinity 123DamascusandVicinity 114DivisionofSolomon’sEmpire 86EarlyApostolicHistory 112EmpireofChedorlaomer 34EmpireofDavidandSolomon 68EnvironsofJerusalem 82IslandofCyprus 119IslesofGreeceandtheSevenChurches 132IsleofPatmos 134JourneysofthePatriarchs 36Kadesh-barneaandVicinity 48KingdomofEgyptatitsgreatestextentunderRamesesII 42KingdomofHerodtheGreat 100KingdomofSaul 64LandsoftheSojournandWandering 44ModernJerusalem 81ModernPalestine 152,153ModernWorldandBibleLands facingtitle.MountSinai,Vicinityof 44NaturalFeaturesofJerusalem 75NinevehandVicinity 96OldTestamentWorld 18,19OrientalWorldintheTimeofDavid 70OutlineMapforReview 26OutlineMaps(GeographyofPalestine) 143-146PalestineamongtheTribes 58

PalestineasPromisedandPossessed 53PalestinebeforetheConquest 36PalestineduringtheMinistryofJesus 102PalestineundertheJudges 60PalestineundertheMaccabees,B.C.100 96Paul’sFirstMissionaryJourney 116Paul’sSecondMissionaryJourney 120Paul’sThirdMissionaryJourney 124Paul’sVoyagetoRome 126Paul’sLastJourneys 130PeriodofPreparation. (LifeofChrist) 104PeriodofInauguration. “ 104PeriodofEarlyGalileanMinistry. “ 106PeriodofLaterGalileanMinistry. “ 107PeriodofRetirement. “ 107PeriodofJudæanMinistry. “ 108PeriodofPeræanMinistry. “ 109PeriodofthePassion. “ 109PersianEmpire 94Peter’sJourney 112Philip’sJourney 112PhysicalPalestine 28PlainofEsdraelon 60RestorationofIsrael,B.C.800 89RomanEmpireinNewTestamentPeriod 98Saul’sLastBattle 64SaulofTarsus’andBarnabas’Journeys 112St.Paul’sBay,Malta,enlarged 128SyrianPeriod,B.C.884-840 88TheTwoProvinces,A.D.44-70 102

ENGRAVINGS.AncientCoins 149,150AntiochinSyria 117ArchesunderTempleArea 147AreopagusatAthens 121AssyrianPalace 91Babylon 95Bashan,ViewintheEasternTable-Land 55

Bethany 150Bethlehem 105

BibleMeasures 148,149BirsNimroud(supposedTowerofBabel) 23BlackObelisk 93BrazenAltar 137CapernaumandtheSeaofGalilee 101ChurchoftheAscension 54ChurchoftheHolySepulchre 16ChurchofNativity,Bethlehem 71ColosseumatRome 97Damascus 113David’sTomb 73DefilebetweenJerusalemandJericho 83DomeoftheRock(SiteoftheTemple) 139EgyptianTemple 41EntryofPilgrimsintoBethlehem xiiGardenofGethsemane 49Gethsemane 85GrottoofJeremiah 99Hebron 39Jericho 67JerichoandtheJordan 37Jews’WailingPlaceatJerusalem 27LaodiceafromHierapolis 133MoabiteStone 88ModernJerusalem,PanoramaandDescriptionof 78,79MosqueElAska 90MountArarat 20MountTabor 61MountZion 115Mugheir(supposedtobeUroftheChaldees) 33Nazareth 110PoolofSiloam 103RâsesSufsafeh(MountSinai) 43RiverJordan 30RoundaboutJerusalem 59Shechem 51Solomon’sPools 84

Tabernacle 135TowerofDavid 69TableofShewBread 136ViaDolorosa 111

CHARTS.BibleHistory 14,15ChronologicalChartofKingsofIsraelandJudah 87Paul’sFirstJourney,Review 119TableofNations,Review 27

COMPARATIVEDIAGRAMS.AgeofthePatriarchs,beforeandaftertheDeluge 34AreasofAsiaMinorandTexas,U.S. 118AreaofEgypt 42AreasofPalestineandNewEngland 29AreaofPalestineatDifferentPeriods 70AreasofAssyrian,BabylonianandPersianEmpires 93HeightofBibleMountains 17HeightofMountainsinPalestine 32PopulationoftheTwelveTribesatEntranceintoCanaan 57SizeoftheTerritoryoftheTribes 56UnitedStatesandOldTestamentWorld 17

PLANS.Antioch,Ancient 114Athens,Ancient 122Babylon 93CampofIsrael 47EphesusandVicinity 125Rome,Ancient 129SacredEnclosure(Herod’sTemple) 141SectionofPalestine,NorthtoSouth 31SectionofPalestine,EasttoWest 31SectionThroughtheMiddleofTemple,EasttoWest 140Solomon’sTemple 71TempleintheTimeofChrist(Herod’s) 138

ENTRYOFPILGRIMSINTOBETHLEHEM.

CHARTOFBIBLEHISTORY.

THEGeographyandtheHistoryoftheBiblearesocloselyunitedthatneithersubjectcanbestudiedtoadvantagewithouttheother.WethereforepresentattheopeningofourworktheChartofBibleHistory,uponwhichtheleadingeventsofBibleHistoryandthoseoftheancientworldingeneralarearrangedinparallelcolumns.ThebluelinesextendingacrossthepagerepresentthecenturiesbeforeChrist,eachspacebetweenthembeing100years.Until recently the commonchronology found in all referenceBibles andBiblicalworks,wasthatpreparedbyArchbishopUssher,whodiedin1656,longbeforethepresentsourcesof informationfrom“themonuments”hadbeendiscovered.Hischronologyhasnotbeenregardedastrustworthybyscholarsforthirtyyearspast;butuntilrecentlyithasbeenretainedbecausestudentsofBiblicalandAncientHistorywerenotagreedastothedates which should be given in place of it. But there is now a substantial, though notcompleteagreementamongscholars;andwethereforediscardtheUssheriansystem,andadoptthatobtainedfromtheinformationgivenintheinscriptionsofAssyria,Babylonia,andEgypt,whencomparedwithstatementsintheBible.

Webeginat thedate2500B.C.astheeventsofBibleHistoryearlier than2500B.C.cannotbefixedwithanycertainty.Anditmustbeadmittedthatnoneofthedatesearlierthan1000B.C.canberegardedasestablished.

I.GeneralPeriods.InthefirstcolumnwenotethefivegreatperiodsofBibleHistory.ThesearethenaturaldivisionsoftheeventscontainedintheBiblestory.

1.ThePeriodoftheEarlyRaces,fromtheDeluge,atadateunknown,totheCallofAbraham,B.C.2280.Before theCallofAbraham, thehistory in thebookofGenesis isintroductory.

2. The Period of the Chosen Family, from the Call of Abraham, B.C. 2280, to theExodusfromEgypt,about1250B.C.

3.ThePeriodoftheIsraelitePeople,fromtheExodus,1250B.C.,totheCoronationofSaul,about1050B.C.

4.ThePeriodoftheIsraeliteKingdom,fromtheCoronationofSaul,1050B.C.,totheCaptivityinBabylon,B.C.587.

5.ThePeriodoftheJewishProvince,fromtheCaptivityinBabylon,587B.C.,totheDestructionofJerusalembytheRomans,A.D.70.

II.InthesecondcolumnthelargerperiodsarebrokenupintoSubdivisions.1.InthePeriodoftheEarlyRaces thelineofdivisionismadeattheDispersionoftheRaces,towhich no date is assigned. 2. The Period of the Chosen Family is subdivided at theDescent into Egypt by Jacob and his family, about 2060 B.C. 3. The Period of theIsraelitishPeoplehasthreesubdivisions.(1.)TheWanderingintheWilderness,fromtheExodus, B.C. 1250, to the Entrance into Canaan, B.C. 1210. (2.) The Settlement,extendingtotheMesopotamianOppression,B.C.1180.(3.)TheRuleoftheJudges,totheCoronationofSaul,B.C.1050.4.ThePeriodoftheIsraelitishKingdomnaturallydividesitself into three sections. (1.) Unity, to the Division of the Kingdom, B.C. 935. (2.)

Division,totheCaptivityoftheTenTribes,B.C.721.(3.)Decay,thestageofthekingdomof Judah alone, from B.C. 721 to 587, the Babylonian Captivity. 5. The Period of theJewishProvincehasfivesubdivisions.(1.)ChaldeanRule, totheReturnfromCaptivity,B.C.536.(2.)PersianRule,totheConquestbyAlexandertheGreat,B.C.330.(3.)GreekRule,underthekingdomsofAlexander’ssuccessorstotheRevoltofMattathias,B.C.168.(4.)JewishIndependence,totheAnnexationofJudæatotheRomanEmpire,A.D.6.(5.)RomanRule,tothefinalDestructionofJerusalem,A.D.70.

III. Next, we notice the prominent Persons and Rulers in Sacred History. Theperpendicularlinesoppositethenamesofthepatriarchsindicatethedurationoftheirlives,accordingtothecommonchronology.OnlythemostimportantoftheJudgesarenamed,andwitheachisgivenhisnumberintheorderofthelist.Thecrownsshowthekings,andtheyearsshowtheperiodoftheirreigns.ThechronologyduringtheageoftheJudgesisveryuncertain,andthedatesareonlyconjectural.

IV.TheEventsofBibleHistory,giveninthefourthcolumn,aretoonumeroustoberecapitulated. The student should divide them according to the Subdivisions of thePeriods,alreadygiven.

V.The History of Egypt occupies the fifth column. The opinions of scholars aregreatlyatvariancewithregardtothedatesof thefirsteighteendynasties,someof themdifferingbyathousandyears.TheancienthistoryofEgyptisdividedintothreesections.(1.) The Old Kingdom, founded by Menes perhaps 4700 B.C., and governed by tendynasties insuccession. (2.)TheMiddleKingdom,fromabout2900B.C. to1570B.C.,DynastiesXI. toXVII. (3.)TheNewKingdom, from1570B.C. to525B.C.,DynastiesXVII. toXXVII.Egyptwaspartof thePersianEmpirefrom525to332B.C.After323B.C. itwasgovernedbya lineofGreekkings,whobore thenameofPtolemy,until30B.C.,whenitbecameaRomanprovince.

VI.TheKingdomsoftheEast,BabyloniaandAssyria,appearon thesixthcolumn;beginningwithanumberofstates inBabylonia;becominganempireunderHammurabiabout 2280 B.C.; by turns strong and weak until about 1100 B.C., when the Assyrianempire arose,overpoweringBabylon.TheAssyrianEmpire lasteduntil 625B.C.,whenBabylonagainarosetopower,thoughtheChaldeanEmpiredidnotbeginuntil606B.C.In536B.C. it fellbefore thePersianconquerors,and thewholeworldof theBiblewasunderPersiancontroluntil330B.C.,whenAlexandertheGreatwonit.Noworld-empirearoseafterthedeathofAlexander,untiltheRomanperiod.

ChartofBibleHistory

Transcriber’sNote:AsthecolorversionoftheChartismostlyunreadable,blackandwhitecopieshavebeenincludedbelow.Ifalineoftextorparagraphiscutoff,thenitwillappearonthefollowingpageinitsentirety.

ChartOne ChartTwoChartThree ChartFourChartFive ChartSix

B.C.I.

GENERALPERIODS

II.SUB-DIVISIONOFGENERALPERIODS.

III.PERSONSANDRULERSIN

BIBLEHISTORY.

IV.THEHISTORYOFISRAEL.

[Allthedatesin

2500

I.PERIODOFTHEEARLYRACES,FROMTHE

DELUGE.

I.THEUNITED

RACESTOTHE

DISPERSION.

thiscolumnareuncertainabove1000B.C.,andaregivententatively.Thedatesarenotsufficientforacompleteandsurechronology].

2400

I.

PERIOD

OFTHE

EARLY

I.

THE

DISPERSED

RACESTO

2300

RACES

totheCallof

Abrahamc.2280

THECALLOF

ABRAHAM.

c.2355Abraham.

2280B.C. c.2280 c.2280(?)—CallandmigrationofAbraham.

c.2270(?)—Abraham’sVictoryovertheFiveKings.

2200 JOURNEYS

c.2256Isaac.

[Gen.14]

c.2232(?)—TheOfferingofIsaaconMountMoriah.

2100 II.

OFTHE

PATRIARCHS

c.2195Jacob.c.2180

c.2103Joseph.

c.2180(?)DeathofAbraham.

c.2120(?)—Jacob’sVisionandJourneytoPadan-aram.c.2103(?)—Jacob’sReturntoCanaan.

PERIOD c.2060B.C. c.2075.

c.2084(?)—JosephSoldintoEgypt.c.2073(?)—JosephRulerinEgypt.c.2060B.C.c.2060(?)—JacobandhisFamilygodowntoEgypt;BeginningoftheSOJOURNOFTHEISRAELITES.

2000 c.2045.

c.2045(?)—DeathofJacobinEgypt.

1500OFTHE

THEc.1993.

1993(?)—DeathofJosephinEgyptTheIsraelitesremainintheLandofGoshen,betweenEgyptandtheWilderness,fromabout2062to1250B.C.[datesveryveryuncertain].DuringmostofthisperiodtheHyksosorShepherd-Kings,friendlytotheIsraelites,wererulinginEgypt.

1500—TheIsraelitesstillinEgypt.

1400 CHOSENSOJOURNIN

1300

FAMILY

EGYPT.c.1330Moses.

About1330(?)beginstheOppressionoftheIsraelitesunderDynastyXIX.inEgypt.Aboutthesametime1330(?)Moseswasborn.Allthedatesofthisperiodareuncertain.

1250B.C. 1250 c.1260Joshua.1250(?)—TheExodusoftheIsraelitesfromEgypt.Endofthe

III.WANDERING

c.1210

Sojourn;BeginningoftheHistoryof

1210 IsraelasaPeople.DeathofMoses.

1200 PERIOD CONQUEST

1210(?)—TheIsraelitesentertheLandofCanaan,andbegintheConquestofCanaan.BattleofBeth-horon,1210(?).

1180 c.1180 1180(?)—DeathofJoshua.

OF

ISRAELITE

RULE

OFTHE

c.p1170.Othniel,Judge.

c.1130.Gideon,Judge.

1170(?)—AgeoftheJudgesinIsraelbegins.

1130—GideonrulinginIsrael.

1100 PEOPLE JUDGES c.1100.Jephthah,Judge.

1050B.C. 1050

c.1080—Samuel,Judge.

c.1050.Saul,King.

1080—Samuel,thelastoftheJudges.

1050—CoronationofSaul,KingofIsrael.

1000 IV. UNITY c.1010David 1010—DavidKing

overJudah.

1003—DavidKingoverIsrael.

935

970.Solomon,King.

KINGSOFISRAEL.

KINGSOFJUDAH.

935.Jeroboam. 935.Rehoboam.

990—DavidconquersSyria,Moab,andEdom.

970—Solomon,KingofIsrael,Syria,Moab,andEdom.

935—DivisionoftheKingdom.Jeroboam,KingofTenTribes(Israel).Rehoboam,KingofJudah.

900 PERIOD

800 OF DIVISION

875.Ahab(Isr.) 870.Jehoshaphat.

(Jud.)

875—WorshipofBaalIntroducedintoIsraelbyJezebel.

870—ElijahtheProphet.

842—JehuKingof

842.Jehu(Isr.)

842.Athaliah,usurper.(Jud.)836.Jehoash.

Judah.AthaliahusurperinJudah.

836—RevolutioninJudahunderJehoiada,thePriest.

ISRAELITE 721

799.Joash.(Isr.)783.JeroboamII.(Isr.)

741.Menahem.(Isr.)

730.Hoshea.(Isr.)

783.Uzziah.(Jud.)

735.Ahaz.(Jud.)

799—Joash,KingofIsrael.

783—JeroboamII.,KingofIsrael.Israelitepower;ProphetAmos.

769—Uzziah,KingofIsrael;AgeofProsperity.

748—ProphetHoseainIsrael.

738—ProphetIsaiahbeginshisMinistry.Jotham,KingofJudah.

730.Hoshea.(Isr.)

700 719.Hezekiah.(Jud.)

721—FallofSamaria.IsraelcarriedcaptivebySargonII.ofAssyria.

701—Sennacherib’sinvasionofJudah.

KINGDOM DECAY

690.Manasseh.(Jud.)

639.Josiah.(Jud.)

647—ManassehacaptiveatBabylon;butreleasedlater.

628—ProphetJeremiahbeginsMinistry.

600

608.Jehoiakim.(Jud.)

621—Josiahbeginsgreatreforms.FindingoftheBookoftheLaw.

608—DeathofJosiahinbattleatMegiddo.NechoofEgyptinvadesJudah.Jehoiakim,KingofJudah.

606—FirstvisitofNebuchadnezzartoJudah;firstgroupofCaptivestoBabylon.

587B.C. 587597.Zedekiah.

598—ChaldeansinvadeJudahasecondtime.

592—ProphetEzekielinChaldea.

PERIODOF

CHALDEANRULE536

936.Zerubbabel,Prince.

586—FallofJerusalem;endofKingdomofJudah;JewstakentoBabylon

536—DecreeofCyrus,KingofPersia,

500THE

JEWISHPROVINCE

permittingreturnofExiledJews.

535—RebuildingofTemplebegun.522—Discontinued.

520—ProphetsHaggaiandZechariah.

515—SecondTemplecompleted.

478—Esther’s

400

PERIOD

(ENDOFOLDTESTAMENT)

PERSIAN

458.Ezra.

444.Nehemiah.

deliverance.

458—Ezra’svisittoJerusalem.

444—NehemiahrebuildstheWallofJerusalem.

440—SeparationofSamaritansfromJews.

400(?)—Malachi,lastofOldTestamentProphets.

OF 330B.C.

350.Jaddua,HighPriest.

330.Onias,HighPriest.

350—Jaddua,HighPriest.

332—VisitofAlexandertheGreattoJudea.

330—Onias,HighPriest.

300 300.SimontheJust,HighPriest.

305—JerusalemtakenbyPtolemyLagus,ofEgypt.Judeasubjectto

Egypt.

300.SimontheJust,HighPriest.

200 JEWISH

GREEK

RULE

275(?)—TranslationoftheOldTestamentintoGreekbegun(Septuagint.)

168B.C.

197—PalestineannexedtokingdomofSyriaunderAntiochusIII.

168—PersecutionoftheJewsbyAntiochusIV.(Epiphanes).

168—RevoltofMattathiasagainstSyrianrule.

166—JudasMaccabeus,LiberatorandRulerofJudea.

100 PROVINCE JEWISHINDEPENDENCE 166.JudasMaccabeus 107—Aristobulus

assumestitleofKingofJudea.

105—RiseofSects,PhariseesandSadducees.

63.Antipater.

63—JerusalemtakenbyPompey;RomansinterveneinJudea.

63—Antipater,Ruler,underRomanauthority.

43B.C.43.Herod,theGreat.

43—HerodtheGreatmadeKingbyRomanSenate.

A.D.

458.Ezra.

444.Nehemiah.

4B.C.—JesusbornatBethlehem.4B.C.—DeathofHerod.

26.PontiusPilate,Procurator.

26—MinistryofJohntheBaptist.

30—Crucifixion,Resurrection,andAscensionofChrist.

37—ConversionofSt.Paul.

1 ROMAN 41.HerodAgrippaI.KingofJudea.

52.Felix,Procurator.

60.Festus,Procurator.

50—CouncilofChristianChurchatJerusalem.

68—RevoltofJewsagainstRomanEmpire.

68—MartyrdomofSt.Paul.

70—DestructionofJerusalembyTitus.

100 RULE

VII.TheOrientalEmpiresareindicatedupontheseventhcolumnofthechart.Whilethey follow in regular succession, there were brief periods of anarchy and confusionbetweenthem,whichcannotbeindicated.(1.)TheEarlyBabylonianEmpire,2280-1120B.C.Muchofthetimethiswasnotanempire,butrathertheleadingstateintheorientalworld. (2.) The Assyrian Empire, 1120-626 B.C.; its capital at Nineveh on the TigrisRiver, itspeoplefiercewarriors,butnotablerulers.(3.)TheChaldeanEmpire,606-536B.C., established by Nebuchadnezzar, and passing away soon after his death. (4.) ThePersianEmpire,536-330,foundedbyCyrus,andrulingoveralltheOldTestamentlands.(5.)TheKingdoms (notempire)ofAlexander’sSuccessors,330-60B.C.TheempireofAlexander theGreat lasted only seven years (330-323), andwas followed bywar until301, when the four generals of Alexander made a division of his conquests. (6.) TheRomanEmpirebecamedominantintheeastabout60B.C.,andcontinuedsupremeuntilaftertheNewTestamentperiod.

VIII.The World in General. We arrange on the last column events showing thegeneralprogressoftheworldoutsideoftheBiblelands.ThestudentwillnotethatBibleHistoryantedatestheannalsofGreeceandRomebymanycenturies.

THECHURCHOFTHEHOLYSEPULCHRE.

THEOLDTESTAMENTWORLD.

I.Extent.TheOldTestamentWorldembracestheseasandlandsbetween30°and54°eastlongitude,orfromthemouthoftheNiletothatofthePersianGulf;andbetween27°and 40° north latitude, from the parallel south ofMount Sinai to that north ofMountArarat.Thetotalextentofterritoryisabout1,400milesfromeasttowestand900milesfromnorth to south, aggregating1,260,000squaremiles.Deducting from this the spaceoccupiedbytheMediterraneanSeaandotherlargebodiesofwater,thelandwillincludeabout 1,110,000 square miles, or one-third the extent of the United States, excludingAlaska.UnliketheUnitedStates,however,nearlytwo-thirdsofthisextentisavastdesert,anduninhabitable,sothattheportionactuallyoccupiedbymanislessthananeighthofthatincludedintheAmericanUnion.

ApproximateScale,909milesto1inch.COMPARATIVEVIEWOFUNITEDSTATESANDOLDTESTAMENTWORLD.

II.Seas.Thisworldof theOldTestament embraces several largebodiesofwater.1.TheCaspianSea,thelargestbodyofwatersurroundedbylandontheglobe,occupiesitsnortheasterncorner.2.ThePersianGulf,theoutletofthegreatriversoftheOldTestamenthistory,isinitssoutheasternborder.3.ThetwoarmsofthenorthernendoftheRedSea,the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Akaba, are on its southwestern side. 4. TheMediterraneanSea,“thegreatseatowardthegoingdownofthesun”(Josh.1:4),formsapartof itswesternboundary.Theseare its largestseas;butbesides thesemaybenamedthreeothers,allsalt lakes, imbeddedin itsmountainsystem.5.TheDeadSea,called intheBible “Seaof thePlain,” and“SaltSea,” lying1,290 feetbelow theMediterranean,andsituated in the landofPalestine;6.LakeVan, ancientlyArsissa, inArmenia;and7.LakeUrumiyeh,inMedia.NeitherofthelasttwoarereferredtointheBible.

COMPARATIVEHEIGHTOFBIBLEMOUNTAINS.

III.MountainRanges. The nucleus of themountain system is found in the land ofArmenia,onthenorthofthemap.Herefivegreatrangesofmountainshavetheirorigin.1.TheAraratMountainsare loftymasses, lyingbetweentheCaspianSeaandAsiaMinor.Theyarearrangedinthreesections,nearlyparallel:MountMasius,onthesouth;MountNiphates,northofLakeVan;andMountAbus,stillfarthernorth.Oneofthepeaksofthislattersectionisthetraditionalrestingplaceoftheark(Gen.8:4),andisthesummitofthegroup,17,750feethigh.2.TheCaspianMountains,branchingfromArarat,bendaroundthesouthernendoftheCaspianSeaandextendeastward,formingthenorthernboundaryof Media. 3. The Zagros Mountains also start from Ararat, and follow a directiongenerally southeast, to the northern shore of the Persian Gulf. They form the easternwatershed of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. 4. The Lebanon Range starts from thewesternsideoftheAraratgroup,andfollowstheMediterraneancoastthroughSyriaandPalestine,thendowntheSinaiticpeninsula.Itsgeneraldirectioniswestofsouth.InSyriaand Palestine it is divided into two parallel branches, Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon, thelatterontheeast.ItshighestpeakisMountHermon,about9,000feetabovethesea.SouthofPalestineitformstheremarkableSinaiticgroupofmountains,upononeofwhichtheLawwasgiven.5.ThelastrangeisMountTaurus,whichalsobranchesfromArarat,inawesterlydirection,andformsthesoutherncoastlineofAsiaMinor.

THEOLDTESTAMENTWORLD.

IV.Rivers.Passingbymanyunimportantstreams,wenoticethefollowing,thelargestofwhichhavetheirriseinthemountainsystemofArmenia.1.TheAraxes,notnamedintheBible,butimportantasaboundary,risesinthenorthernsectionoftheAraratRange,andflows, inageneraldirection,eastwardinto theCaspianSea.2.TheTigris,called inthe Bible Hiddekel, rises in Mount Niphates, of the Ararat Range, and flows in asoutheasterlydirection,followingthelineofMountZagros,uniteswiththeEuphrates,andthence flows into the PersianGulf. Its length to the unionwith the Euphrates is 1,146miles;beyondtheuniontothegulf,atpresent,100miles,thoughancientlymuchless;andatatimewithinthelimitsofhistorythetworiversdischargedbyseparatemouths.Theirunited stream is now called the Shaat el Arab. 3.The Euphrates, or the Frat (a wordmeaning“abounding”),isthegreatriveroftheBibleworld.Ithastwoimportantsources,bothinArmenia:oneataplacecalledDomli;theother,themoredistantandtruesource,atDiyadin,atthefootofamountaincalledAlaTagh,20mileswestofMountArarat. Itflowswestward400miles, thensouthwardaboutasfar, theninasoutheasterlydirection1,000miles,unitingat lastwith theTigris toformtheShaatelArab. It isnavigable for1,100miles,andhasinallagesformedtheprincipalmeansoftravelbetweenEasternandWesternAsia.AtBabylon, it isnearlyamile inwidth, thoughfor800miles itdoesnotreceiveasingle tributary,as it flowsthroughadesert. Itoverflowsitsbankseveryyear,risingashighastwelvefeet.4.TheOrontesrisesinMountLebanon,andflowsnorthwardparallelwith theMediterraneanuntil, justbeforereachingAsiaMinor, itbreaks throughthemountains and empties into the sea. 5.The Jordan, least yetmost important of all,flowssouthwardfromthefootofMountHermonintotheDeadSea.ItwillbedescribedinconnectionwiththePhysicalMapofPalestine.6.TheNile,thegreatriverofAfrica,risesinthecentreofthecontinentandflowsnorthwardintotheMediterraneanSea,turningthedesertthroughwhichitpassesintoagarden.

V.The Lands. These are not easy to determine since their boundaries and namesvariedatdifferentperiodsofthehistory.Yettheirlocationsmaybegiven,andtheirnaturallimitsaregenerallyknown.Theymaybeclassifiedasfollows:1.LandsoftheMountain

System,allnorthandeastoftheZagroschainofmountains:Armenia,Media,andPersia.2. Lands of the Plain: Assyria, Elam, Mesopotamia, Chaldea, Arabia. 3. Lands of theMediterranean:AsiaMinor,Syria,Phœnicia,Palestine,TheWilderness,Egypt.

MOUNTARARAT.

I.LANDSOFTHEMOUNTAINSYSTEM.

1.ArmeniaisanamenowhereusedintheoriginalScriptures,butinourversionisatranslationof theword“Ararat,”whichwordproperlyappears inplaceof“Armenia” inthe Revised Version. The province embraces the lofty plateau and mountain groupbetweentheCaspianandBlackSeas,andnorthofMesopotamiaandAssyria,thesourceof fourgreat rivers, theAraxes,Tigris,Euphrates,andAcampsis, the latterpouring intotheBlackSea. Itsboundariesare:upon thenorth, theCaucasusMountains;on theeast,MediaandtheCaspianSea;onthesouth,Media,fromwhichitisseparatedbytheAraxes,andAssyria,fromwhichitisdividedbyMountMasius;andonthewest,theEuphrates,separatingitfromAsiaMinor.TraditionstatesthatitwassettledbyHaïk,agrandsonofJaphet;and theearliesthistorynames itas tributary toAssyria.Excepting therestingofNoah’sarkupononeofitsmountains,feweventsofScriptureareassociatedwithit.

2.MediaisintheoriginalthesamewordasMadai,thesonofJaphet.(Gen.10:2.)ItsboundariesaretheriverAraxesandtheCaspianSeaonthenorth,thegreatsaltdesertofIram on the east, Persia on the south, and the Zagros Mountains, separating it fromAssyriaandArmenia.AbranchoftheZagrosMountains,runningeastward,dividesitintotwo portions, anciently known as Media Atropatene (the one northward) and MediaMagna.IneachoftheseprovincestheprincipalcitywascalledEcbatana.TheMedeswereof the Aryan or Japhetic stock, and were always a warlike and independent people.Though conquered by Assyria, their land was never formally annexed to the Assyrianempire.InB.C.633theMediankingdomwasestablished,andsoonbecamesupremeoverAssyria,Armenia,andPersia,andformedtheMedo-Persianempire,whichsucceededtothepowerofBabylonintheEast,B.C.536.AfterthatdatethehistoryofMediaislostinthatofPersia.

3.PersiawasoriginallyasmallprovinceonthePersianGulf,stillknownasFars.ButPersiaProperincluded,besidesthesandyplainonthegulf,amountainousplateaunorthofit,andwasboundedbyMediaonthenorth,byCarmaniaontheeast,bythePersianGulf

on the south, and byElam on thewest. Its peoplewere of theAryan race, and at firstsubject to theMedes.They revoltedunderCyrus theGreat, andbecame the controllingpower in the conquest of Nebuchadnezzar’s dominion. The Persian empire arose togreatness at the fall ofBabylon,B.C.536, conquered and ruledover all the lands fromIndia to Ethiopia, andwas by far the greatest of the great Orientalmonarchies. It wassubjectedbyAlexandertheGreat,B.C.330.ThecapitalofthePersianempirewasSusa,calledintheBible“ShushanthePalace”(Esther1:2);whichwas,however,situatednotinPersiaProper,butinElam.ThemostimportantplacesintheprovincewerePersepolis(itscapitalatoneperiod),Pasargada,andMesambria,noneofwhicharenamedintheBible.

II.LANDSOFTHEPLAIN.

Ofthese,twoaresituatedmainlybetweentheZagroschainofmountainsandtheTigrisriver, Assyria and Elam; two are between the Tigris and Euphrates, Mesopotamia andChaldea;andoneisthevastArabiandesert.

1.Assyria, in theHebreweverywhereAsshur,wasproperly theprovincenowcalledKurdistan,lyingonthewesternslopeoftheZagrosMountains,andextendingacrosstheTigris to the Sinjar hills and the border of the Mesopotamian desert. The mountainsseparateitfromArmenia;andthelineofdivisionfromElam,onthesoutheast,wasnearthe placewhere the Tigris and Euphrates approach nearest before their separation. Thelandwasoccupiedbypeople of various races, ofwhich theSemiticwere predominant.TheearliestcitywasatAsshur,supposedtobeKilehSherghat,whereadynastyofkingsbegan to rule about 1800 B.C., while the Israelite tribes were in Egypt. The seat ofgovernmentwasafterwardtransferredtoCalah,orHalah(Nimrud),northofAsshur;andfinallyapermanentlocationofthecapitalwasmadeatNineveh,whichbecamethecentreof the great Assyrian empire. This will be described more fully with the map of thatempire,onpage91.TheAssyriankingdomwas long in itsduration,butpassed throughmany vicissitudes, several times ruling all the lands of the Euphrates, and again, in afeeblecondition.Itsprincipalcities,besidesNineveh,wereCalah,Resen(whichmayhavebeen at Selamiyeh, three miles south of Nineveh), and Rehoboth. There is reason tobelieve that all the four cities named inGen. 10:11, 12,were combined in thewalls ofNineveh.

2.Elam, called Susiana by theGreeks, lay southeast ofAssyria andwest of PersiaProper, between the Zagros chain ofmountains and the Tigris river. It included both amountainousandalowlandtract,thelatterveryfertile.Shushan(Susa),thecapitalofthePersianempire,laywithinthisprovince,andwasitsprincipalcity.TheearliestconquerornamedintheBible,Amraphel,wasthekingofElam,andhelddominionovermostofthelandsasfarwestasCanaan.(Seethemapofhisempire,onpage34.)Thiskingdomwasnotoflongcontinuanceasanindependentstate,butsoonfellunderthepowerofAssyria,thoughmaintainingitsownorganizationasavassalstateuntilthePersianperiod,whenitbecameaprovinceoftheempire.

3.Mesopotamia,calledinScriptureAram-naharaim,or“Syriaofthetworivers,”wasalandofindefiniteboundaries.Thenamemeans“betweentherivers,”andhenceitwasoftenapplied to all theplainbetween theTigris andEuphrates, includingevenChaldeaand a part ofAssyria.Amore frequent use of the name restricts it to the northwestern

portionoftheregionbetweentherivers,abovetheplacewheretheyapproachandseparateagain. The Sinjar hills, crossing, divide it into two sections, a higher and a lower, theformermountainous,andthelattermostlyagreatdesert.Theuppersectioncontainedthecities ofOrfa (Edessa), formerly supposed to be the birthplace ofAbraham;Haran, thepatriarch’s resting place on the way to Canaan; Nisibis and Amida, now Nisibin andDiarbekr.TheonlytimewhenMesopotamiaappearsinBiblehistoryasakingdomwasabriefintervalduringtheperiodoftheJudges.(Judg.3:8.)Earlierithadbeenoccupiedbyseparateandwarringtribes;lateritwasapartofAssyria.

4. Chaldea is also called Shinar and Babylonia. The name Chaldea, in its mostaccuratesense,belongstothesouthernportionoftheprovince,butisgenerallyusedwithreference to all theMesopotamian plain south ofBaghdad. It is perfectly level, and bynatureoneofthemostfertileplacesonthewholeearth.Itsearliestinhabitants,atleasttherulingportionof them,wereCushites,of the stockofHam.AnearlyOrientalkingdombeganatUr(Mugheir)aboutB.C.3900.It lasted,withvaryingfortunes,untilB.C.538.Babylonafterwardbecame thecapital, and in a laterperiodwas thegreatest cityof theEast.(Seediagramonpage93.)OthercitiesofChaldeawereErech(Orchoë),Calneh,andSepharvaim. Further details of its political history are given in the account of theBabylonianempireofNebuchadnezzar,onpage92.

5. The desert ofArabia occupies more than half of the map of the Old TestamentWorld.Thatportionofitincludeduponthemapisavasttriangle,havingforitsbasethe28th parallel of latitude, from the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea, the Euphrates on itsnortheasternside,andtheborderoftheLebanonchainofmountainsforitswestern.ItiscalledintheBible“thelandofKedar.”Itisahigh,undulating,dryplain,withfewoases,and almost impenetrable to travelers. From the days of Abraham until the present, thecaravans have gone around it upon the north, following up the Euphrates to Tiphsah(Thapsacus),andthenturningsouthwardratherthanfaceitsterrors.Onlyonceinhistoryis it related that an army crossed it. This was when Nebuchadnezzar, while ravagingPalestine, learned of his father’s death, and crossed this great desert by themost directroute,inordertotakepossessionofthethrone.

III.LANDSOFTHEMEDITERRANEAN.

These landswill receivemore extended treatment in connectionwithothermaps, sothatwegivethemonlyabriefmentionhere.

1.AsiaMinorscarcelyentersthefieldoftheOldTestament,exceptasthe“landoftheHittites.”ItwillbenoticedunderthetopicoftheJourneysoftheApostlePaul,page117.

2. Syria, in the Hebrew Aram, is a name of indefinite signification, sometimesembracing all the territory north of The Wilderness of the Wandering, and thereforeincludingPalestineandtheprovincesaroundit.ButSyriaProperseemsonlyto indicatetheterritoryboundedbytheAmanusandTaurusrangesofmountainsonthenorth,bytheEuphratesandthedesertontheeast,byPalestine,beginningwithMountHermon,onthesouth,bytheMediterraneanandPhœniciaonthewest.ItreachestheMediterraneanonlynearthemouthoftheOrontes.Itconsistsofthreeportions:Onthenorthanelevatedtract,neverthicklypopulated,havingCarchemishandSamosataasitsprincipalcities;between

the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges of mountains a great valley, called Cœle-Syria,“hollowSyria,”formingthebedoftheOrontes,flowingnorth,andtheLeontes(Litany),flowingsouth;andontheeastalevelcountryreachingtothedesert,containingthecitiesofDamascusonthesouth,Tiphsah(Thapsacus)onthenorth,andTadmor(Palmyra)inthedesert.During the timesfromJeroboamtoJehoash,Syriawasan independentkingdom,therivalofIsrael,withwhichitspoliticalrelationsmaybeseenonthemaponpage86.IntheOldTestamentperiod,Damascuswasitsprincipalcity,andexercisedsovereignty;butlater, Antioch, in the north, became more prominent, and was the Greek and Romancapitaloftheprovince.

3.Phœnicia isanarrowstripof territorybetween theMediterraneanSeaandMountLebanon,northofPalestineandsouthoftheOrontes.Itstwogreatcitieswere,Zidon,themother ofMediterranean commerce; andTyre, her daughter. Its boundarieswere neverextensive;but itsvessels tradedwithevery land,and itscolonieswereplantedallalongtheshoresoftheMediterranean.

4.Palestine liessouthofPhœnicia,betweentheMediterraneanandthedesert.Itwillbedescribed inconnectionwith thePhysicalMapofPalestine,page29, andMoabandEdom,nearit,onpages39and45.

5. South of Palestine isTheWilderness, a part of Arabia, in which the Israeliteswanderedduringfortyyears.Itsdescriptionmaybefoundonpage42.

6.EgyptliesinthenortheasterncornerofAfrica.Seeitsdescriptiononpage41.

OUTLINEFORTEACHINGANDREVIEW.

1.LettheteacherstatetheEXTENToftheOldTestamentWorld,anditscomparisoninsizewiththeUnitedStates,asgiveninthedescription;theclasstakingdownthefiguresintheirnote-books.

2.Let the teacherdrawupon theblackboard theSEAS of themap, inpresenceof theclass,describingeachasitisdrawn.Ifdrawninadvancewithanordinaryslatepencil,themarkcannotbeseenbytheclass,butcanbetracedbytheteacherwithwhitechalk.Donottrytomakethelinesexact.Ageneralsketchwillanswerfarbetterthanfinishedwork.Writeuponeachitsinitialletter,butlettheclassgiveitsfullname;andatthesametimefollowtheteacherbydrawingthemaponslatesorinnote-books.Reviewthenamesoftheseas:Caspian, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Mediterranean or Great Sea, Dead Sea, LakeArsissaorVan,LakeUrumiyeh.

3.DrawnextthemostimportantoftheMOUNTAINRANGES,showingtheirgenerallines,inblueorgreencolor,namingeachasdrawn,requiringtheclasstorepeatitsname,andtoreview at the close all the names:Ararat (includingMasius,Niphates,Abus),Caspian,Zagros,Lebanon,Taurus.

4.DrawtheRIVERSinwhitechalk,anddrilltheclassupontheirnamesasthecourseofeach is shown:Araxes,Tigris,Euphrates,Orontes, Jordan,Nile. Review the names ofseas,mountains,andrivers,beforebeginningthenextsubject.

5. Show the LANDS in their three classes, and drill the class upon their names. (1.)

MOUNTAIN LANDS: Armenia, Media, Persia. (2.) LANDS OF THE PLAIN: Assyria, Elam,Mesopotamia,Chaldea,Arabia. (3.) LANDS OF THEMEDITERRANEAN:Asia Minor, Syria,Phœnicia,Palestine,Wilderness,Egypt.

Reviewtheentiremap,fromthebeginning;theneraseit,andcallfortheclasstogivethenamesastheyareindicatedbythepointerwithoutmarking.

ANCIENTWORLD,ANDDESCENDANTSOFNOAH.

ONEofthemostancientandvaluableaccountsoftheracesofmankindisfoundinthetenthchapterofGenesis.Itstatesthelocationand,inlargedegree,therelationshipofthevariousfamiliesupontheearth,astheywereknowntothedescendantsofAbraham.

BIRSNIMROUD(SUPPOSEDTOWEROFBABEL).

In the interpretation of this “Table ofNations” certain facts and principles are to beborneinmind.1.Itisincomplete;notundertakingtonamealltheracesofmankind,butonly those in theHebrew,Egyptian,andAssyriansphereof interest.Neither theyellow,thebrown,ortheblackracesarerepresenteduponit,andonlyaportionoftheruddyorwhiterace.2.Itispopularandnotscientific.TheOrientalsneverwrotewiththeprecisionof modern students. Hence find in this document terms employed in a general andindefinitemanner.3.Itis,inreality,geographicalratherthanracial.Forexample,whenitsays“thesonsofCanaan,”wearenotalwaystoinferaliteraldescent,butalocationinthelandofCanaan.Thenamesuponthistablearegenerallynotthoseofindividuals,butoftribes. In some instances relationship may be indicated; but generally propinquity ofsettlement is all that can positively be affirmed. 4. It arranges the nationsaccording tozones, in a general direction from northwest to southeast; not by continents, as wasformerlysupposed.ThenationsoftheJapheticfamilyarefoundinAsiaandEurope;theShemites,orSemites, inAsia; theso-calledHamiticraces, inAsiaandAfrica.After thedeluge an instinct ofmigration took possession of the human family. From the originalhome(longsupposedtobeneartheCaspianSea,butnowuncertainastolocality)clansmovedinalldirections,andnationsarose,occupyingdifferentlands.

I.THEJAPHETICNATIONS.

Thesebelongedtosevenfamilies,whoarecalled“sonsofJapheth”inGen.10:2;and

sevenothers,whoarespokenofashisgrandsonsinGen.10:3,4.Thesestatementsarenotnecessarily tobeunderstoodliterally.TheremayhavebeenothersonsandgrandsonsofJapheth;buttheseweretheoneswhosenamesarerememberedasthefoundersofnations.ThepeoplesdescendedfromJaphethbelongtowhatiscalledtheAryanorIndo-Europeanrace.

1.Gomer is named, in Ezek. 38:2-6, as a race opposed to Israel after the captivity.They were probably the people whom the Assyrians calledGimirrai, and the GreeksKimmerioi.Theirname isperpetuated in theCrimea, theirearlyhome.Abranchof thisracemovingwestwardbecametheCimbri,whowereformidableenemiesofRome;andprobably another, theCymry, settled in the British Isles, andwere the ancestors of theWelshand the Irish.TheCeltic races, towhich theFrenchpartlybelong,aredescendedfromthisfamily.

Three of the families descended fromGomer formed separate tribes, named, in thetable of nations inGen. 10:3, afterAshkenaz,Riphath andTogarmah.All of these hadhomesaroundorneartheBlackSea.

(1.)AshkenazisthenameofapeoplespreadoutofMysiaandPhrygiainAsiaMinor.“Ascanios,” aGreek form of theword, occurs inHomer as the name of aMysian andPhrygian prince. It is, however, true that, in Jer. 51:27,Ashkenaz is located inWesternArmenia,whitherthispeoplehadlatermigrated.Here,also,theAssyrianslocatedthem.

(2.)Riphath was formerly supposed to point to theRiphænMountains, north of theDanubeandwestoftheBlackSea,butthisisverydoubtful.

(3.)Togarmah(Ezek.27:14;38:6)isidentifiedwiththelandofArmenia,whosepeoplehaveatraditionthattheyaredescendedfromTargom.

2.Magog (called, in Ezek. 38 and 39,Gog, the prefixMa being thought to signify“land”)isgenerallyunderstoodtodesignatetheScythians.

THEANCIENTWORLDANDTHEDESCENDANTSOFNOAH.

3.MadaiiseverywhereinScripturethewordtranslatedMedes,whoseearlyhomewassouthoftheCaspianSea,whencetheymarchedwestward,andconqueredthelandsasfarastheMediterranean.

4.JavanistheHebrewtermfortheGreeks,asisindicatedbyvariousreferencesintheOld Testament. It is especially applied to the Ionians (originally called Iafon-es, thedescendantsof Iafon,orJavan),whowere theGrecianpeople,withwhomtheIsraeliteswerebroughtintocommercialrelations.

FivelandsandracesarenamedassubdivisionsofthefamilyofJavaninGen.10:4,allofwhichweresituatedneareachother.

(1.)Elishah (or, as inEzek. 27:7, “the isles ofElishah,”) is supposed to refer to theÆolians, inhabiting the isles of the Ægean Sea, from which came the purple dyementionedinEzekiel’sreference.

(2.)TarshishwasformerlysupposedtorefertoTarsusinCiliciaofAsiaMinor,ontheauthorityofJosephus,butisnowidentifiedwithTartessusinSpain,embracingthecoastlandfromGibraltartotheGuadalquiver.

(3.)Kittim,orChittim,wasthenameappliedtotheislandofCyprus,ofwhichoneofthecitieswascalledKitium.ThenameChittimwasalsolooselygivenbytheHebrewstotheshoresandislesoftheMediterranean.

(4.)Dodanim(or,asinsomecopiesof1Chron.1:7,Rodanim).IfthereadingDodanimbepreferred,thismaypointtotheDardanians,anameoftenappliedintheclassicstothepeopleofTroy,thefamouscityofHomer.Theotherreading,Rodanim,whichispreferredbysomecritics,issupposedtopointtotheisleofRhodes,intheÆgeanSea,ahomeoftheancientGreeks.ThusbothJavanandallhissonswhofoundedfamilieswereconnected