Responses of Growth, Yield and Capsaicinoids in 14 Cultivars of Hot

Pepper (Capcicum spp.) at Two Different Elevations

Bhalang SuriharnSungcom TechawongstienSuchila Techawongstien

Department of Plant Science and Agricultural Resources,

Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University,

Thailand

Tulsi Gurung

TICA

Without hot pepper… without Thai food

Hot pepper in Thailand

Production area ~ 75,000 ha, yield 4 ton/ha.

Thai daily consume hot pepper more than 1.5 million US$

Annually export hot pepper products (mainly paste and sauce) ~ 80 million US$Annually import (mainly dry fruit) ~ 35 million US$

“Thai bird

chilli”

Thai pepper productionProduction system

In-season: rain-fed

Off-season: garden

Net-house

SituationSmall scale farmer:

low input.. low income

Diseases and insects: anthracnose, virus and fruit worm etc.

Environmental conditions: high temperature, soil, water etc.

Technological management: low to high; varieties, fertilizer, pesticide etc.

Capsaicinoids is now popular used in health

food and pharmaceutical

industries.

Rationale

Factors affecting; -Lots of variations on pungency among species, varieties, and within varieties.-Genetic and environment affected growth, fruit yield and also pungency (Harvel and Bosland, 1997; Zewdie and Bosland, 2000; Senapati and Sarkar, 2002).Environment;- high temperature increased capsaicinoid contents- poorer soil type and water stress produce low yield of hotter fruit (Sung, 2005)- Capsaicinoids increased with increasing elevations (Tewksbury, 2006)

G x E interaction effectsGenotype may change when tested over number of environment (Senapati, 2002; Wani et al., 2003)

Rationale

Understand the role of genotype and environment interaction would be useful for evaluation and improvement of the superior chili varieties for specific location (Yan and Hunt, 2001)

Year I (2008-9): Rainy season

Year II (2009-10): Rainy season2 locations in

ThailandKhon Kaen : Chiangmai

200 : 680 m (asl)

2 locations in Bhutan

Lobesa : Thinleygang1,400 : 1,650 m (asl)

Year: III (2010-11) Dry season2 locations in

Thailand Khon Kaen : Chiangmai

200 : 680 m (asl)

G x E interaction : 3 experiments

G x E analysisunder different

locations/seasons

To evaluate the effects of environments at different elevations on growth, yield and capsaicinoids contentTo identify the suitable chili varieties with high yield and capsaicinoids under different elevations

Objective

Chiang Mai

Khon Kaen

680 m asl.

200 m asl.

asl. =above sea level

16o 28´ N &102o 48´ E

18o 51´ N &98o 45´ E

Materials and Methods

Materials: 14 varieties based on differentorigins, Species, Growth habits, Pungency levels etc.Entry

No.Variety/Code Origin Fruit type Pungenc

ySpecies Characteristics

1 Baegup emaBhutan

long cayenne

Naannuum

Large fruit, elongated big shape, pointed end.

2Sha ema Bhutan

long cayenne

Naannuum

Large fruit, elongated big shape, blunt end.

3KKU-P-11012 Thailand

long cayenne

Lowannuum

Medium fruit, elongated, pointed end.

4KKU-P-21005 Indonesia

long cayenne

Highannuum

Large fruit , elongated and pointed end.

5KKU-P-31108 Hungary

long cayenne

Naannuum

Large fruit, elongated and pointed

6KKU-P-21041 India

long cayenne

Naannuum

Large fruit, elongated and pointed

7 KKU-P-11015 Thailandlong cayenne medium annum

Medium fruit, elongated and pointed end.

8KKU-P-21003

Bangladesh

long cayenne

mediumannuum

Small fruit, elongated, pointed end.

9 KKU-P-22006 Taiwan bird chilli High annuum Small fruit, elongated, blunt end.10 KKU-P-12010 Mainmar Bird chilli High

frutescens

Small fruit, elongated, pointed end.

11KKU-P-11175 Thailand

long cayenne

Highannuum

Large fruit , elongated and pointed end.

12KKU-P-31141 Thailand chilli

High frutescens

Small fruit, elongated. Pointed end.

13 KKU-P-11003 Thailand chill High annuum Small fruit, elongated, pointed end.14 Dallay

khorsaney Bhutan Bird chilliNa

chinenseBig round fruit

Data recorded and analyzed: Soil properties, weather conditions

plant growth, fruit yield and capsaicinoids (Collin et al., 1995)

Randomized complete block design using 14 varietal treatments, 3

replications with 10 plants each were used.

Methodology

Data from 2 elevations were combined for analysis.

Results and Discussion

Environmental condition

Chiang Mai;Temp.; Max. = 30.42

Min. = 22.18%RH = 70-75

Khon Kaen;Temp.; Max. = 34.8

Min. = 23.6% RH = 60-75

Max temp. at Khon Kaen > Chiangmai

~ 5° C

Environmental condition

CM; 200-330 mm

KK; 20-180 mm Light intensity between KK and CM were quite similar

Rain fall at CM>KK

CM; red clayKK; Sandy loamBulk density (gm/cm3) = 0.104

EC (1:5) (ds/m)0

0.020.040.060.08

0.10.120.140.160.18

pH w (1:2:5)5.25.45.65.8

66.26.46.66.8

OM (%)0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Total N (%)0

0.010.020.030.040.050.060.070.080.09

0.1

Extr.P (ppm)0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Excha.K (ppm)0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Sufficiency standard

>2 ds/mdeficiency

KK CM

Soil Properties

Soil nutrients : Sufficient at Chiangmai Deficient at Khon Kaen

-Most of the varieties at CM gave better plant growth than KK.-i.e. plant high, plant canopy and stem diameter-Days to flowering and 1st harvest of almost varieties at CM were late, compared to KK.

Plant growth responses

-Four varieties, i.e. Dally Khorsaney, KKU-P11175, KKU-P21031 and KKU-P32024 gave high fruit yield at CM (>150 g/plant).- Six varieties, i.e. Dally Khorsaney, KKU-P11012, KKU-P11015, KKU-P11175, KKU-P21041 and KKU-P31141 gave high fruit yield at KK.

Yield performances

Baeq

up e

ma

Dalla

y Kh

orsa

ney

KKU-

P110

03

KKU-

P110

12

KKU-

P110

15

KKU-

P111

75

KKU-

P120

10

KKU-

P210

03

KKU-

P210

31

KKU-

P210

41

KKU-

P220

06

KKU-

P311

41

KKU-

P320

24

Sha

ema

0.0020,000.0040,000.0060,000.0080,000.00

100,000.00120,000.00140,000.00160,000.00180,000.00200,000.00220,000.00240,000.00260,000.00

Capsaicinoids (SHU) KKCapsaicinoids (SHU) CM

-Four varieties gave high capsaicinoids contents (>100,000 SHU) and high capsaicinoids yield (~20 kg/pt.) at both locations, (i.e. Dally Khorsaney, KKU-P21041, KKU-P22006 and KKU-P31141).-KKU-P31141 gave similar capsaicinoids contents for both locations, while the others gave higher contents at CM.

Capsaicinoids responsesSHU

- High variations in the variety : % sum square for growth (47.0-91.7%), yield (42.4-97.4%) and pungency (80.0-84.7%). - Indicated that genotypic differences among varieties could be classified into groups, especially based on pungency levels.

G x E interaction effects

- Interactions between varieties and elevations were found in most of the traits except for fruit weight, fruit length and placenta length.

-Categorized the 14 vars. based on their pungency into 3 groups; low = 8 vars., medium = 2 vars. and high = 4 vars.

Capsaicinoids

-The medium and high pungency varieties gave high capsaicinoids contents at high elevation.-Capsaicinoids of low pungency varieties were fluctuated, some high pungency at low or high elevations; or some gave the similar pungency for both locations.

Baequp em

a

KKU-P11012

KKU-P11015

KKU-P11175

KKU-P12010

KKU-P21031

KKU-P32024

Sha e

ma

KKU-P11003

KKU-P21003

Dallay K

horsaney

KKU-P21041

KKU-P31141

KKU-P220060.00

25,000.00

50,000.00

75,000.00

100,000.00

125,000.00

150,000.00

175,000.00

200,000.00

225,000.00

250,000.00

275,000.00

LowMedium

High

Most of the medium and high pungency varieties, except KKU-P31141 gave high capsaicinoids at high elevation, while low pungency varieties fluctuated.

Low elevation at KKHigh elevation at CM

Low <50,000, Medium 50,000-100,000, High >100,000 SHU

SHU

Conclusion

Interactions between varieties and elevations were found in most of the characteristics

studied.

KKU-P21041, KKU-P22006, KKU-P31141 and Dally Khorsaney gave high capsaicinoids yield at both

elevations.

KKU-P22006KKU-P21041 KKU-P31141 Dally Khorsaney

Most of the high pungent varieties gave higher pungency at higher elevation.

Further studies

The Royal University of Bhutan

The high fruit yield and capsaicinoids yield varieties will be further evaluated under different elevations and seasons in Bhutan (May-Septempber 2010) and Thailand (October 2010-February2011).

Thank you

TICA