beyond resource acquisition? analyzing chinese-‐backed projects in africa, 2002-‐2012

Beyond Resource Acquisition? Analyzing Chinese-‐backed Projects in Africa, 2002-‐2012 Sabra Simmonds GOVT 451 Professor Karber December 7, 2012

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Abstract

The increasing number of Chinese-‐funded and Chinese-‐backed projects and

investments in Africa has received considerable international attention over the past

decade.1 While many studies have presented motivations and reasons behind China’s

African investment “pivot,” there have been no systematic detailed accounts of actual

Chinese involvement in the region. This can be attributed to a multitude of factors, most

notably the People's Republic of China (PRC) lack of transparency in reporting its

investments and projects in Africa, the inability of many of the host countries to accurately

account for all Chinese activity within their territory, and, perhaps, China’s desire to

conceal the true nature of its investments.

The goal of this paper is to identify Chinese-‐funded and Chinese-‐backed projects in

the African continent from 2002 to 2012. With this information, I will analyze and interpret

the trends in China’s African investment portfolio, the geographic distribution of these

projects, and the sectors in which they occur. Most scholarship on Chinese project trends in

Africa excludes projects smaller than $100 million2 and utilizes Chinese outward foreign

direct investment (OFDI) trends to highlight China’s increasing engagement and presence

in foreign countries.3 However, in relying solely on OFDI levels, smaller-‐level projects are

1 The term China refers to the People’s Republic of China (PRC). For the purposes of this paper, the PRC excludes the special autonomous regions of Hong Kong and Macau. The Republic of China (Taiwan) and regions with disputed borders are excluded from my definition of the PRC. 2 All monetary values are in United States dollars unless stated otherwise. 3 For example, the Heritage Foundation’s extensive data set excludes transactions smaller than $100 million because they “are not important in the totals.” See Derek Scissors, "China Global Investment Tracker: 2011," Heritage Foundation, (6 January 2012), <http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2011/01/China-‐Global-‐Investment-‐Tracker-‐2011> [accessed 3 November 2012]; Harry G. Broadman and Gozde Isik, Africa's Silk Road: China and India's New Economic Frontier, (Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, 2007); Peter Gammeltoft, "Emerging Multinationals:

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often ignored. For example, whereas China’s multi-‐billion dollar investments in Africa’s oil

and mineral sectors are widely cited, Chinese firms’ construction of telephone lines,

agricultural training, and building of hospitals receives little attention.

The first section of this paper provides a brief history of Sino-‐African economic

relations. The second section focuses on the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI),

highlighting both global and Chinese trends in OFDI on the international stage and on the

African continent. In the third section, I present my analysis of Chinese projects in Africa.

The fourth section concludes with an analysis of China’s involvement in the region and

suggestions for future research on Chinese-‐backed and Chinese-‐funded projects in the

region.

I. History of Sino-‐African Economic Relations

Sino-‐African economic relations are not a new development. In the Cold War era,

China provided economic aid, along with diplomatic and military support, to pro-‐Maoist

liberation and socialist movements in southern Africa to offset Soviet influences.4 During

the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s, the PRC continued to support ideologically similar

African nations, primarily through its Overseas Development Assistance (ODA) program.

The TamZam railway linking the port of Dar al-‐Salaam, Tanzania, to Kapiri Mposhi, a town

in Zambia’s copper belt, is a notable example of China’s ODA in action. Constructed by the

Chinese between 1970 and 1975, the decision to build the railway was not resource-‐

Outward FDI from the BRICS Countries," International Journal of Technology and Globalization, vol. 4, no.1 (2008): 5-‐22; and Xiaohui Liu, Trevor Buck, and Chang Shu, "Chinese Economic Development, the Next Stage: Outward FDI?" International Business Review, vol. 14, no.1 (2005): 97-‐115. 4 Chris Alden, China in Africa. (London, UK: Zed, 2007). 17.

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driven; it occurred at the direct request of former Zambian and Tanzanian presidents

Kenneth Kuanda and Julius Nyerere, both admirers of Mao’s leadership and strategy.5

Until the 1980s, most of China’s economic assistance to Africa was based primarily

on ideological motives rather than resource-‐driven. The first investments by state-‐owned

Chinese companies began in the early 1980s, when overseas investment was formally

permitted under Deng Xiaoping’s ‘Open Door’ policies.6 However, the PRC imposed highly

restrictive regulatory controls on all of its projects, thus limiting overseas engagement.

Foreign investment was not prohibited, but permission to engage in external markets was

approved by the central government on a case-‐by-‐case basis.

The major change in Sino-‐African relations occurred in 1993 with China’s transition

from oil exporter to oil importer. China could no longer rely on domestic oil resources and

production. With political instability compromising Middle Eastern sources of oil, China

turned to the continent of Africa.7 Whereas previous interactions between China and

African nations were rooted in ideological similarities, the PRC’s new policy emphasized

resource acquisition, assuring “sincerity, equality and mutual benefit; solidarity and

common development” in “China-‐Africa exchange and co-‐operation.”8 In the early 1990s,

China’s “equal-‐equal” approach to agreements set it apart from most other MNCs investing

in Africa, and it is this mutual parity that continues to set it apart today.

5 Ibid, 17. 6 See Chris Alden, China in Africa. (London, UK: Zed, 2007). 7 For other resource-‐rich areas targeted by Chinese companies, see David Zweig and Bi Jianhai, “China's Global Hunt for Energy,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 84, no. 5 (Sep.-‐Oct., 2005), pp. 25-‐38. 8 “China’s Africa Policy,” Embassy of China in South Africa, Pretoria, January 2006.

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In 1999, the PRC announced its ‘going global’ strategy. This initiative, which China

continues to promote today, aims to increase the international competitiveness of Chinese

firms through encouraging and facilitating outbound investment

“that can bring into play China’s comparative advantage, widen the areas, channels and methods of economic and technical cooperation, support the transnational operations of competitive enterprises to go abroad to develop processing trade and develop resources...”9

In Africa, China accelerated its engagement not only to open new markets for its booming

economy, exporting commodities such as clothing, footwear, and plastic products, but also

to extract the raw materials necessary to retain its position as the world’s factory.10

China has a pragmatic approach to its economic relations with Africa. Unlike

Western countries that refuse to directly engage with the ‘pariah regimes’ of countries such

as Sudan and the Congo, China does not attach conditions to its investments. Commonly

referred to as the ‘Beijing consensus,’ the PRC’s alternative policy of economic development

9 The first official reference to the ‘go global’ initiative was at the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee (CCPCC) Opinion on the Formulation of the 10th National Economic and Social Development Five Year Plan (the Opinion) adopted in December 2000. Article 12 of the Opinion states that one of the goals of the Five Year Plan should be to:

“Implement the ‘go global’ strategy, and strive to achieve new breakthroughs using domestic and foreign resources and markets. Encourage outward investment that can bring into play China’s comparative advantage, widen the areas, channels and methods of economic and technical cooperation, support the transnational operations of competitive enterprises to go abroad to develop processing trade and develop resources, and provide help in the areas of loans, insurance, etc. Grasp firmly the formulation and regulation of the system of supervision for domestic enterprises going abroad to invest, strengthen the administration of Chinese companies abroad and the coordination of investment services.”

See “Opinion on the Formulation of the 10th National Economic and Social Development Five Year Plan,” passed by the 5th Plenary Meeting of the 15th Session of the CCPCC on December 11, 2000; quoted in Duncan Freeman, “China’s Outward Investments: Challenges and Opportunities for the EU,” Brussels Institute of Contemporary China Studies Policy Paper, (2006). 10 For an understanding of China’s exporting sector to Africa, see Heidi Østbø Haugen, “Chinese Exports to Africa: Competition, Complementarity and Cooperation between Micro-‐Level Actors,” Forum for Development Studies, vol. 38, no. 2 (June 2011): pp.157-‐176.

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and overseas engagement emphasizes the sovereign status of each nation state.11 As such,

the ‘Beijing consensus’ appeals to many African leaders who do not want to, or cannot,

consent to Western demands aimed at economic, political, and social reform. African

countries, with their weak economies, abundant resources, primitive technology, and

rudimentary (or non-‐existing) democratic regimes, often welcome China’s unconditional

offers.

II. Foreign Direct Investment

Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a central role in the growth of global business

and trade. It provides the investing firm access to new markets, new products, and new

resources. It allows investing firms to bypass trade barriers, control the growth of foreign

markets, and gain competitive advantages. For the host country or foreign firm that

receives the investment, FDI can be an important vehicle for the transfer of technology,

contributing more to economic growth than domestic investment alone.12 It can provide

capital, knowledge, and skills not existing within the host country, and as such lead to

growth in economic development and domestic productivity.

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), defines FDI

as

“an investment involving a long-‐term relationship and reflecting a lasting interest and control by a resident entity in one economy (foreign direct investor or parent enterprise) in an enterprise resident in an economy other than that of the foreign direct investor (FDI enterprise

11 For more information on the ‘Beijing consensus,’ see Joshua Cooper Ramo, “The Beijing Consensus,” Foreign Policy Centre, (May 2004) < http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/244.pdf> [accessed 13 October 2012] and Stefan A. Halper, The Beijing Consensus: How China's Authoritarian Model Will Dominate the Twenty-‐first Century,(New York, NY: Basic Books, 2010). 12 Eduardo Borensztein, Jose De Gregorio, and Jong-‐Wha Lee. "How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth?" Journal of International Economics, vol. 45, no. 1 (1998): pp. 115-‐135.

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or affiliate enterprise or foreign affiliate). FDI implies that the investor exerts a significant degree of influence on the management of the enterprise resident in the other economy.”13

Whereas FDI represents the amount of investment flowing into a country, outward foreign

direct investment (OFDI) represents the amount of investment that flows out of a country.

For example, if China invests $1 billion into a copper mine in the Congo, this $1 billion is

accounted for in China’s OFDI statistics and the Congo’s FDI statistics, respectively.

A. Global Foreign Direct Investment Trends

Global FDI flows have steadily increased over time in spite of declining trade

barriers. With the globalization of the world’s economy, firms are able to treat the entire

world as a prospective market instead of focusing on their domestic audiences. However,

geopolitical uncertainties and political and economic changes can, and often do, affect the

nature of global investments. During the past decade, increasing global FDI trends were

significantly reduced by the 2008-‐2009 financial crisis.14 In 2007, FDI outflows (OFDI)

reached $1.97 trillion, dropping to $1.74 trillion in 2008, $1.18 trillion in 2009, and $1.29

trillion in 2010 (see Graph 1 below).

13 “World Investment Report 1997: Transnational Corporations, Market Structure and Competition Policy,” United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, (New York & Geneva: United Nations, 1997); < http://unctad.org/en/docs/wir1997_en.pdf> [accessed 24 October 2012]. 14 This paper utilizes FDI flow statistics as opposed to FDI stock numbers. FDI flow refers to the amount of FDI over a period of one year, whereas FDI stock is the total accumulated value of foreign-‐owned assets at a given point in time. See Leonard K. Cheng and Yum K. Kwan, “What are the Determinants of the Location of Foreign Direct Investment? The Chinese Experience,” Journal of International Economics, vol. 51, no. 2 (2000): pp. 379-‐400.

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Graph 1

Source: UNCTAD statistics, unctadstat.unctad.org. * UNCTAD estimate.

Despite the international drop in OFDI during 2007, 2008, and 2009, China’s overseas

investments have dramatically increased throughout the past decade, especially during this

three-‐year time period.

Graph 2

Source: Ministry of Commerce, People’s Republic of China statistics, english.mofcom.gov.cn/statistic/statistic As Graph 2 illustrates, China’s OFDI has been historically low compared to its FDI.

However, as part of its ‘going global’ initiative, Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs)

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

1990 2005-‐2007 pre-‐crisis average

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012*

Global FDI OutTlows, 1990-‐2012 (Billions of US Dollars)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

China's Total FDI and OFDI, 2002-‐2011 (Billions of US Dollars)

Total FDI

Total OFDI

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have been rapidly expanding and integrating into the global marketplace, resulting in

corresponding increases in China’s OFDI numbers. In the last decade, the total amount of

China’s overseas investments grew from $2.7 billion in 2002 to $74.65 billion in 2011.

According to China’s Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) statistics, China’s OFDI from 2007

to 2008 grew from $26.51 billion to $55.91 billion, an increase of 110 percent. In 2011,

China’s OFDI reached $74.65 billion, an 8.5 percent year-‐on-‐year increase from 2010,

which places China sixth worldwide in terms of OFDI figures.15

B. Foreign Direct Investment in Africa Africa is not a primary destination for global foreign direct investments. In recent

years, Africa’s share of global FDI accounted for, on average, only 3.5% of total foreign

direct investments (see table below). Compiling reliable data on African FDI is difficult. The

International Monetary Fund (IMF), UNCTAD, and World Bank provide the most thorough

analysis of investments in Africa. However, it is important to note the inconsistencies that

occur when comparing investment data between developed and developing countries.

15 “China’s ODI Slows in 2011,” China Daily, (30 August 2012) <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2012-‐08/30/content_15720945.htm> [accessed 14 October 2012].

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Africa receives the least amount of global foreign direct investment. In 2009, FDI inflows to

Africa peaked at 4.4% of the global share, but 2010 and 2011 saw declining values at 3.3%

and 2.8% respectively.16 Instability in the region, poor institutional structures,

international sanctions all contribute to restricting international firms from investing in

many parts of Africa.

III. Chinese Involvement in Africa

In order for foreign direct investments to be accounted for and actualized, there

must be observable projects within the host country. China has been increasingly investing

in the continent throughout the past decade, with a significant increase in 2008.17

16 The decrease in FDI inflows to Africa during 2010 and 2011 is primarily due to the unrest and uncertainty associated with the Arab Spring and the overthrow of governments in the resource-‐rich countries of Egypt and Libya. 17 See Graph 3, “China’s Outward Investment Flows to Africa, 2002-‐2010,” on page 17 in this paper.

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Accordingly, I would expect to see an increase in the reporting Chinese projects on the

African continent, mirroring the OFDI flows.

In order to obtain data on the number of Chinese-‐backed and Chinese-‐funded

investments and projects in Africa, I extensively researched and compiled a list of

references to such activities from newspaper articles, press reports, government

statements, and data from international organizations such as the United Nations

Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), and the World Bank from 2002 to

2012.18 The PRC’s annual statistical bulletin of OFDI does not detail information concerning

Chinese projects in Africa; it outlines the distribution of China’s OFDI by industry total, but

does not describe the composition of individual Chinese projects. Therefore, it does not

provide an accurate understanding as to the exact number and location of Chinese

investments.

A. Chinese Projects in Africa

There are many articles discussing the sectoral division of China’s OFDI as well as

the motivations behind China’s global expansion, but to date there does not appear to be

any detailed studies outlining all of Chinese-‐backed or Chinese-‐funded projects in the

African continent. Inaccurate or unclear reporting may fail to differentiate between

proposed and completed projects, whether the projects are financed with direct Chinese

investment or with loans from Chinese financial institutions, or if the projects ever actually

occurred. As such, there are potential inconsistencies with the data accumulated and the

18 See Appendix I for a detailed list of my project observations.

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following graphs should be primarily used for guidance in understanding trends associated

with Chinese projects in Africa rather than for hard data. In spite of the discrepancies, the

sum total of the data obtained reflects important Chinese project developments.

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The graph of reported Chinese-‐backed projects in Africa from 2002 to 2012 indicates an

overall increasing trend in Chinese investments in Africa. From 2005 to 2008, projects

increased, on average, at a rate of approximately 35% per year, while 2008 to 2009 saw a

248% increase in reported projects on the African continent. The years of 2010 and 2011

saw declining overall project numbers, and predictions for 2012 levels call for an increase

in Chinese-‐backed projects, but significantly below 2009 levels.

Accounting for potential reporting discrepancies, the graph on Chinese reported

projects in Africa illustrates trends from which preliminary conclusions can be drawn.

First, Chinese firms have been increasingly investing in African countries throughout the

past decade. However, 2009 and 2010 saw a dramatic increase in year-‐on-‐year reported

projects. Second, the spike in reported projects does not directly correlate with China’s

trending OFDI in Africa, which saw a significant increase in OFDI during 2008, with 2009

and 2010 following the gradual trend. Third, while certain countries remain as important

targets of China’s OFDI, the graph shows China’s expanding, as well as deepening,

commitments in the region.

Increasing Sino-‐African Economic Relations

Unfettered by global financial constraints while continuing to emphasize overseas

investments, China has dramatically increased its presence in Africa over the past decade,

as illustrated by its growing number of projects in the region (see Graph 3, page 17). With

the PRC’s ‘going global’ strategy initiated to promote Chinese investments abroad, Sino-‐

African relations have gained significant momentum. In 2000, in an effort to institutionalize

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these relations, Chinese and African officials established the Forum on China-‐African

Cooperation (FOCAC). FOCAC, an official forum for promoting cooperation, has greatly

facilitated the growing number of projects and expanding Sino-‐African relations.19

FOCAC has held four summits since its inception in 2000, meeting first in Beijing

and alternating African capitals every three years.20 It is in these high-‐level ministerial

meetings that the PRC announces many of its future ventures in Africa, focusing on their

“mutual interests” and pursuing a strategy of “mutual benefit” and “win-‐win”

relationships.21

The spike in 2009 reported projects coincides with the fourth FOCAC summit in

2009. Held in Sharm el-‐Sheikh, Egypt, on the 8th and 9th of November, participants included

Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, and heads of states from

49 different African countries. During this conference, China committed itself to an

ambitious agenda in the form of the so-‐called Sharm el-‐Sheikh Action Plan (2010–2012).22

19 Ian Taylor, The Forum on China-‐Africa Cooperation (FOCAC), (New York, NY: Routledge, 2011). 20 The first FOCAC summit was held in Beijing, China, in 2000, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2003, Beijing, China, in 2006, Sharm el-‐Sheikh, Egypt, in 2009, and in Beijing, China, in 2012. 21 Taylor, 47. 22 See “Forum on China-‐Africa Cooperation Sharm el-‐Sheikh Action Plan (2010-‐2012),” Forum on China-‐Africa Cooperation, (12 November 2009) < http://www.focac.org/eng/dsjbzjhy/hywj/t626387.htm> [accessed 12 October 2012].

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The commitments pledged during the 2009 ministerial conference far exceed those

made in previous FOCAC summits.23 While it is difficult to monitor the implementation of

all of these promises, it is clear that China’s investments in Africa are increasing and having

a substantial impact. The increase in official PRC investment promises coupled with an

increase in media coverage surrounding the FOCAC event most likely account for the spike

in the 2009 reported projects data. The status and extent of these commitments are

unclear, but, regardless of political rhetoric, the graph shows China is increasing its

presence in the region through an increase in projects. Similarly, FOCAC 2009 attracted

more African heads of states than ever before. The bilateral interaction and strengthening

relationships between Chinese officials and their African counterparts helps account for the

increase and expansion of Chinese projects. 23 Michael Wines, “China Pledges $10 Billion to Africa,” New York Times, (8 November 2009), < http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/09/world/asia/09china.html > [accessed 16 October 2012].

FOCAC 2009 Date 8-‐9 November Location Sharm el-‐Sheikh, Egypt Participants China, 49 African countries Papers Issued Declaration of Sharm el-‐Sheikh; Sharm el-‐Sheikh Action Plan (2010-‐2012) China’s 2009 FOCAC Promises

• Establish 100 clean energy projects for Africa; • Enhance cooperation with Africa in science and technology. Launch a China-‐Africa science

and technology partnership, carry out 100 joint scientific and technological research demonstration projects, and accept 100 African post-‐doctoral fellows to conduct scientific research in China;

• Provide $10 billion concessional loans to African countries; set up a $1 billion special loan for small and medium African businesses;

• Cancel debts associated with interest-‐free government loans due to mature by the end of 2009;

• Give zero-‐tariff treatment to 95% of products from African LDCs; • Increase Chinese-‐built agricultural technology demonstration centers in Africa to 20, send 50

agricultural technology teams to Africa to train 2,000 African agricultural technicians; • Provide medical equipment and anti-‐malaria equipment worth RMB500 million to hospitals

and malaria prevention and treatment centers and train 3,000 doctors and nurses for Africa; • Build and teachers; increase Chinese scholarships to Africa to 5,500 by 2012; • Launch a China-‐Africa joint research exchange program.

Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People’s Republic of China, http://www.focac.org/eng/

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China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment

China’s actual overseas investments in Africa, measured in terms of outward foreign

direct investment (OFDI), surprisingly do not mirror the increase in projected Chinese

projects in the region. In fact, in spite of the PRC’s official commitments, MOFCOM’s

statistics present a different picture of actual Chinese investments.

Graph 3

Source: Chinese Ministry of Commerce, 2010 Statistical Bulletin of China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment.

* Official 2011 and 2012 data not available.

China’s OFDI trends in Africa are increasing. After looking at the graph on Chinese

projects in Africa (see page 13), I expected to see a similar spike in Chinese OFDI in 2009 or

2010 to account for the investment commitments made during the 2009 FOCAC summit.

Instead, while there is an increasing trend in OFDI flows, the spike occurred in 2008, not

2009 or 2010 as presumed.

What potentially accounts for this discrepancy in China’s OFDI flows and reported

projects? First, it is possible that the projects proposed in 2009, while reported, have yet to

be actualized. If this is the case, an increase in OFDI flows in 2011 and 2012 should occur in

order to account for China’s commitments. Second, 2008 saw the single largest direct

Chinese investment in Africa to date, which accounts for the atypical OFDI peak in 2008.

0

2

4

6

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) to Africa, 2002-‐2010*

(Billions of US Dollars)

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Unexpectedly, the investment was not an oil concession, for natural gas exploration, or

involving the mining sector. In 2008, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC)

purchased 20 percent of South Africa’s Standard Bank for over $5 billion, 92% of China’s

total OFDI to Africa that year.24 Third, as ICBC’s purchase attests, China is diversifying its

portfolio and pursuing projects outside the oil and energy sector. Many of China’s new

projects are in areas that do not require significant monetary investments, such as

infrastructure development independent of natural resource acquisition,

telecommunication projects, and agricultural training. As China expands its engagement in

Africa through smaller scale projects, the number of projects will increase but OFDI flows

may remain relatively low.

B. Chinese Project Sectors in Africa

Reasons for the increasing OFDI are often attributed to China’s desire for more

energy, more minerals, and more oil, made capable by its financial capital and holdings of

foreign reserves.25 As a result, most analyses focus on China’s role in Africa as a resource

and energy extractor, and disregard or pay little attention to Chinese investments in less

profitable sectors. The following graph compares the different areas in which Chinese

projects occurred.

24 In 2008, according to MOFCOM statistics, total Chinese OFDI to Africa was $5.49 billion. 25 For an understanding of the significance of China’s exports to Africa, see Deborah Brautigam, The Dragon's Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa, (Oxford, UK: Oxford University, 2009), and for the motivation behind China’s resource acquisition, see Kevin G. Cai, “Outward Foreign Direct Investment: A Novel Dimension of China’s Integration Into the Regional and Global Economy,” China Quarterly vol. 160: pp. 856–80.

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The data accounts for 750 different Chinese-‐backed or Chinese-‐funded projects in Africa.

While these numbers are not comprehensive and should not be taken as hard fact, they are

significant as a guide for understanding the diversification of China’s investment portfolio.

In order to better compare the projects, I classified them according to the following sectors:

Resource Orientated

My research confirms that the majority of Chinese projects in Africa are in the

natural resources sector, with most in mining and mineral extractions. Zambia, the

Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo), and the Congo receive the majority of these

projects. However, Chinese projects in Zambia, the DR Congo, and the Congo are not limited

to natural resource acquisitions. The following graphs illustrate the sectoral make-‐up of

Chinese projects in the countries.

Sectors of Chinese Projects in Africa • Agriculture: projects related to the practice of farming, including the cultivation and

production of crops; • Construction: projects related to the building of new structures or the rehabilitation of

damaged structures; • Cooperation agreements: projects related to the creation of special economic zones,

preferential trade agreements, and financial investments; • Forestry: projects related to timber logging, processing, and wood trade; • Infrastructure: projects related to investments into the private and civil sectors, as well as

education and health improvements; • Natural resources: projects related to the exploration, extraction, mining, and processing

of non-‐renewable resources such as fossil fuels (excluding oil), metal ores, and precious stones;

• Oil: projects related to oil exploration, production, and purchasing of stakes in African oil companies;

• Telecommunications: projects related to the construction of communication infrastructure and investments into the mobile phone sector;

• Tourism: projects related to aviation transportation, cultural exchanges, and memorandums of understandings on tourism implementation plans;

• Water sector: projects related to water supplies, water services and water institutional developments.

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Source: See Appendix I.



0

5

10

15

20

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Chinese Projects in Zambia, 2002-‐2011 Tourism

Natural Resources

Forestry

Cooperation Agreement Construction

Agriculture

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Chinese Projects in the DR Congo, 2003-‐2011

Water Sector

Natural Resources

Infrastructure

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Chinese Projects in Congo, 2002-‐2010

Oil

Natural Resources

Forestry

Cooperation Agreement

22

These three graphs are indicative of China’s investment behavior in resource-‐rich

African countries.26 First, when available, natural resources remain the central focus of

Chinese firms. Second, while one sector remains dominant, China is expanding into other

areas. In Zambia, where China is most invested in natural resources, there are many

projects in agriculture, forestry, and construction. In the DR Congo, mining has been the

primary industry, but firms are started to branch out. In the Congo, Chinese firms have

greatly increased their presence over time. Third, fewer projects are reported in 2011 and

2012. The reporting of Chinese projects in Africa is not reliable, and this raises questions as

to where Chinese OFDI is exactly directed and why projects either dramatically decreased

or were not announced during the past two years.

Not Only Natural Resources?

The majority of Chinese projects in Africa involve the exploration, extraction,

mining, and processing of non-‐renewable resources such as fossil fuels, metal ores, and

precious stones. These projects are also the most financially significant. For example, in

2008, CNPC invested $1.587 billion in Chad for a project in the coal, oil, and natural

resource industry.27 In 2010, Chinese firm Bosai Minerals Group Co., Ltd., signed a

memoranda of understanding with Ghana Bauxite Co. Ltd. for Bosai to establish a modern

alumina refinery plant in Ghana, valued at $1.2 billion.28

26 With complete data, the diversity of projects would most likely be greater. 27 Ken Davies, "Outward FDI from China and its Policy Context, 2012," Columbia Law School, (7 July 2002), <http://www.vcc.columbia.edu/files/vale/content/China_OFDI_-‐_FINAL_-‐_7_June_2012.pdf> [accessed 13 November 2012]. 28 Jeffrey Genota and Joseph Luk, “China Deals,” China Business Review, vol. 37, no. 6 (Nov/Dec 2010): 52-‐54.

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There are many cases of Chinese multi-‐million and multi-‐billion dollar investments

in the oil, mining, and natural resource sectors. However, because OFDI is measured in

monetary terms, relying on China’s OFDI flows in Africa does not accurately describe

China’s direct involvement with African countries. As China’s foreign investment increases,

so does its pursuit of other assets and diversification of its investment portfolio.29 These

projects may not have significant monetary value, but they are indicative of China’s

expansion throughout the continent.

Angola and Ethiopia are two countries that illustrate the China’s involvement in

non-‐fossil fuel rich countries.


29 Ping Deng, “Outward Investment by Chinese MNCs: Motivations and Implications,” Business Horizons, vol. 47, no. 3 (2004): pp. 8–16.

0

5

10

15

20

25

Chinese Projects in Angola, 2002-‐2012 Water Sector

Tourism

Telecommunications

Oil

Natural Resources

Infrastructure

Forestry


Construction

Agriculture

24


Both of these countries have natural resources. In Angola, Chinese firms have invested in

the exploration, extraction, and processing of oil and natural gas. In 2006, Chinese oil

company Sinopec and the Angolan oil company Sonangol formed Sonangol-‐Sinopec

International (SSI), a partnership that involved a $3 billion investment on Sinopec’s

behalf.30 In Ethiopia, mineral resource and natural gas exploration compose the majority of

China’s resource-‐based projects. From 2008 to 2009, Chinese firms initiated six different

projects in mining and mineral resource exploration, extraction and trade.31

However, projects in these countries are not limited those of resource acquisition. In

Angola, China is significantly involved in the construction sector through rehabilitating

roads and railway lines destroyed during the Angolan Civil War, constructing

infrastructure, and building new housing facilities. In 2012, China International Trust and 30 "China’s Interest and Activity in Africa’s Construction and Infrastructure Sectors," Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University, November 2006, <http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-‐content/uploads/2009/04/dfid-‐3rd-‐edition.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012]. 31 Huang Wenbin and Andreas Wilkes, "Analysis of Approvals for Chinese Companies to Invest in Africa’s Mining, Agriculture and Forestry Sectors," Center for International Forestry Research, Working Paper 81 (2011) <http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/WPapers/WP81CIFOR.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16 Chinese Projects in Ethiopia, 2004-‐2012

Water Sector

Tourism

Telecommunications

Oil

Natural Resources

Infrastructure

Forestry

Cooperation Agreement Construction

Agriculture

25

Investment Corporation (CITIC) signed a $3.5 billion deal with the Angolan government for

the construction of 750 eight-‐story apartment buildings, a dozen schools, and more than

100 retail units.32 Other notable investments in Angola include a $2 billion loan from

China’s Exim Bank for agricultural development33 and a $400 million investment by China’s

ZTE Corporation International in the telecommunications sector.34

Chinese firms in Ethiopia are heavily invested in the telecommunications sector. In

2012, Huawei Technologies Company and ZTE Corporation International won a bid for a

$1.3 billion government telecommunications contract. ZTE has been involved in Ethiopia’s

telecommunications sector for the past several years. For the past six years, ZTE has been

working with state-‐owned Ethio Telecom in improving phone and Internet services

throughout Ethiopia, Africa’s second most populous nation. This relationship is based on a

$1.5 billion contract ZTE won in 2007.35 Other notable projects include Sinohydro’s

construction of two 2,000 MW hydroelectric dams for the Ethiopian Electric Power

Authority, valued at $2.7 billion,36 Hebei Huatong Wires & Cables Group’s $1.157 billion

project directed towards expanding rural access to electricity,37 and China’s construction of

the African Union Convention Center, which was inaugurated in January 2012.38

32 "Angola," Centre for Affordable Housing Finance in Africa, <http://www.housingfinanceafrica.org/country/angola/> [accessed 15 November 2012]. 33 "China’s Interest and Activity in Africa’s Construction and Infrastructure Sectors." 34 J. Stephen Morrison, Jennifer G. Cooke, and Indira Campos, U.S. and China Engagement in Africa: Prospects for Improving U.S.-‐China-‐Africa Cooperation, Report of Conference cosponsored by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, China Institute for International Studies, and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, (5-‐6 December 2007). 35 “China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010.” 36 Ibid. 37 "World Bank Data," World Bank (2012) <http://data.worldbank.org> [accessed 27 October 2012]. 38 "African Union Opens Chinese-‐funded HQ in Ethiopia," BBC News, (28 January 2012) <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-‐africa-‐16770932> [accessed 15 October 2012].

26

IV. Conclusion

China’s growing presence in Africa has been attracting significant international

attention throughout the past decade. Since 2002, the number of Chinese investments in

African countries has, excluding the atypical increase in 2009 data, increased 970%. Much

research has focused on the motivations behind China’s expansion as well as its relations

with countries considered unfavorable by Western investors, but there have been few

studies on China’s involvement in smaller-‐scale projects. Many projects in the agriculture,

construction, and tourism sectors are financially less significant, but potentially much more

consequential for domestic African markets than the billion-‐dollar deals.

Resource acquisition has been a driving force behind China’s investments overseas

and Chinese-‐backed companies are involved in projects with unfavorable African nations.

However, these investments are also the primary ones reported. As Chinese firms continue

to invest in Africa, the diversification of their portfolios will increase. My preliminary

analysis of 750 Chinese-‐backed projects in Africa revealed over 65% of them were in

sectors other than natural resource acquisition. Understanding why and how Sinopec spent

$7.22 billion in acquiring Swiss Addax Petroleum39 is much more straightforward than

accounting for the allocation of Exim Bank’s $2 billion loan “destined to support the

projects in the fields of agriculture, energy and water, education and mass media.”40

Given China’s unreliable and vague statistical reporting, more research needs to be

39Chris Nicholson, "China’s Sinopec Offers $7.22 Billion for Oil Firm," New York Times, (24 June 2009) <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/25/business/global/25oil.html> [accessed 2 November 2012]. 40 "China’s Interest and Activity in Africa’s Construction and Infrastructure Sectors," Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University, November 2006, <http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-‐content/uploads/2009/04/dfid-‐3rd-‐edition.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].

27

directed into the smaller-‐sector projects that Chinese firms in Africa are investing in.

Perhaps Chinese firms in Africa are solely driven by resource acquisition, or perhaps

Chinese firms really are committed to the PRC’s FOCAC promises of “wholeheartedly and

sincerely support[ing] African countries [in] choosing their own development path, and …

wholeheartedly and sincerely support[ing] them to raise their development ability.”41 My

analysis of ten years of Chinese-‐backed and Chinese-‐funded projects in Africa suggests it is

a combination of the two. Chinese companies are motivated by oil and mineral wealth, but

are increasingly expanding into non-‐resource orientated sectors.

41 Former Chinese president Hu Jintao speaking at the Fifth Ministerial Conference of the Forum on China and Africa Cooperation in Beijing, China, on July 19, 2012. Quoted in Liu Youfa, “New Era for Ties with Africa,” Xinhua (24 July 2012) < http://www.focac.org/eng/ltda/dwjbzjjhys/hyqk/t954803.htm> [accessed 16 November 2012].

1

APPENDIX I: Data on Reported Chinese Projects in Africa, 2002-‐2012 Country

Chinese Company Year Project Description

Project Category Value Source

Algeria Sinopec 2002

Joined with Sonatrach to invest in a project to develop the Zarzaitine oil field in the Sahara Oil

$523 million

Cindy Hurst, "China’s Oil Rush in Africa," Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, July 2006, <http://www.iags.org/chinainafrica.pdf> [accessed 5 November 2012].

Algeria Sinopec 2002 Oil Oil $394 million

Frederik Balfour, "A Global Shopping Spree for the Chinese," Bloomberg Businessweek Magazine, (17 November 2002), <http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2002-‐11-‐17/a-‐global-‐shopping-‐spree-‐for-‐the-‐chinese> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Algeria N/A N/A Construction Construction

$62.5 (unit: 100 million)

"China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Algeria N/A 2009 Construction Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Algeria N/A 2008 Mining Natural resources N/A

Huang Wenbin and Andreas Wilkes, "Analysis of Approvals for Chinese Companies to Invest in Africa’s Mining, Agriculture and Forestry Sectors," Center for International Forestry Research, Working Paper 81 (2011) <http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/WPapers/WP81CIFOR.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].





Algeria N/A N/A Telecommunications Telecommunications N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Algeria Huawei Technologies N/A Telecommunications Telecommunications N/A


Algeria

Henan Hydrogeology Geology Exploration Institute 2009 Mining Natural resources N/A


Algeria

Henan Bureau of Geo-‐explanation and Mineral Development 2010 Mining Natural resources N/A


Algeria CNPC 2003 Contact to import Oil Oil $350 million


Algeria CNPC 2003 Oil Oil $31 million Shelly Zhao, "The Geopolitics of China-‐African Oil," China Briefing, (13 April 2011) <http://www.china-‐briefing.com/news/2011/04/13/the-‐geopolitics-‐of-‐china-‐african-‐oil.html> [accessed 13 November 2012].

Algeria Chinese company contracted N/A Water resources Water Sector N/A

Chris Alden and Martyn Davies, "Chinese Multinational Corporations in Africa," Center on China's Transnational Relations, Conference Paper, <http://www.cctr.ust.hk/materials/conference/china-‐africa/papers/Chris_Alden_Chinese_Multinational_Corporations.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].

Algeria

China State Construction Engineering Corp N/A Construction Construction N/A

"China Leads Algeria Construction Boom," Washington Times (27 January 2010), <http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/jan/27/china-‐leads-‐algeria-‐construction-‐boom/?page=all> [accessed 15 November 2012].

Algeria

China Petrochemical Corporation (Sinopec) N/A Natural gas Natural resources N/A

Shelly Zhao, "China’s Energy Strategy and the Role of Gov’t Oil in Africa," China Briefing, (3 May 2011), <http://www.china-‐briefing.com/news/2011/05/03/chinas-‐energy-‐strategy-‐and-‐the-‐role-‐of-‐govt-‐oil-‐in-‐africa.html> [accessed 13 November 2012].

Algeria

China National Oil and Gas Development and Exploration Co. 2003

Contract to construct an oil refinery near Adrar Oil N/A


Algeria

Anhui Shuangcheng Electric Wire and Electric Cable Co. Ltd. 2009 Mining Natural resources N/A


2

Algeria

50 Chinese firms, largely state-‐controlled N/A Construction Construction $20 billion

"China Leads Algeria Construction Boom," Washington Times (27 January 2010), <http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/jan/27/china-‐leads-‐algeria-‐construction-‐boom/?page=all> [accessed 15 November 2012].

Angola ZTE Corporation 2008 Telecommunications Telecommunications $400 million

J. Stephen Morrison, Jennifer G. Cooke, Indira Campos, U.S. and China Engagement in Africa: Prospects for Improving U.S.-‐China-‐Africa Cooperation, Report of conference cosponsored by the Center for Strategic and International Studies, China Institute for International Studies, and Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, (5-‐6 December 2007).

Angola ZTE Corporation N/A N/A N/A N/A "China’s Interest and Activity in Africa’s Construction and Infrastructure Sectors," Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University, November 2006, <http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-‐content/uploads/2009/04/dfid-‐3rd-‐edition.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].

Angola Sonangol-‐Sinopec International (SSI) 2006 Lobito Oil refinery Oil $3 billion

"China’s Interest and Activity in Africa’s Construction and Infrastructure Sectors," Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University, November 2006, <http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-‐content/uploads/2009/04/dfid-‐3rd-‐edition.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].

Angola Sinosteel Corporation N/A N/A N/A N/A


Angola Sinopec 2010 Oil Oil $2.46 billion

Shelly Zhao, "The China-‐Angola Partnership: A Case Study of China’s Oil Relations in Africa," China Briefing, (25 May 2011), <http://www.china-‐briefing.com/news/2011/05/25/the-‐china-‐angola-‐partnership-‐a-‐case-‐study-‐of-‐chinas-‐oil-‐relationships-‐with-‐african-‐nations.html> [accessed 10 November 2012].

Angola Sinopec 2004 Oil Oil

$2 billion line of credit offer


Angola Sinopec 2009

Will buy 20% stake in an oil-‐rich deep water exploration block in Angola from Marathon International Petroleum Angola Block 32 Ltd Oil $1.3 billion


Angola Sinopec 2004 Oil Oil N/A


Angola Sinohydro Corporation 2007

Contracted to build water supply network Water Sector $20 million "World Bank Data," World Bank (2012) <http://data.worldbank.org> [accessed 27 October 2012].

Angola Sinohydro Corporation 2012

Water Sector Institutional Development Water Sector

$5464851.41 "World Bank Data," World Bank (2012) <http://data.worldbank.org> [accessed 27 October 2012].

Angola Sinohydro Corporation 2010 Benguela Stadium Construction N/A


Angola N/A 2004 Loan Cooperation Agreement

$6.3 million


Angola N/A Since 2002 Loans


$3.19 billion


Angola N/A 2007 Vegetable production and sale Angola N/A


Angola N/A 2006 Rehabilitating and modernized the Moçamedes Railway Construction N/A


Angola N/A 2005 Power stations and transmission projects Construction N/A


Angola N/A 2009 Expansion of the Port of Lobito Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Angola N/A 2008 Timber processing Forestry N/A


Angola N/A 2004 Natural resources Natural resources N/A "China’s Interest and Activity in Africa’s Construction and Infrastructure Sectors," Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University, November 2006, <http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-‐content/uploads/2009/04/dfid-‐3rd-‐edition.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].

3

Angola N/A 2004 Natural resources Natural resources N/A "China’s Interest and Activity in Africa’s Construction and Infrastructure Sectors," Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University, November 2006, <http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-‐content/uploads/2009/04/dfid-‐3rd-‐edition.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].

Angola N/A 2008 Mining Natural resources N/A


Angola N/A 2009 Contract for power generation projections Natural resources N/A


Angola N/A 2004 Oil Oil N/A "China’s Interest and Activity in Africa’s Construction and Infrastructure Sectors," Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University, November 2006, <http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-‐content/uploads/2009/04/dfid-‐3rd-‐edition.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].



Angola

Led by the National Reconstruction Office, contracted to consortium of Chinese companies 2009

New international airport in Luanda Construction

$450 million


Angola Jiangsu International 2006

Contracted to complete the construction of the Palace of Justice building in Luanda Construction $41 million


Angola Jiangsu International N/A N/A N/A N/A "China’s Interest and Activity in Africa’s Construction and Infrastructure Sectors," Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University, November 2006, <http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-‐content/uploads/2009/04/dfid-‐3rd-‐edition.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].

Angola

Jiangsu Geology & Engineering Company Ltd. 2012

ANGOLA EMERGENCY MULTI-‐SECTOR RECOVERY -‐ PHASE 2 Infrastructure


Angola Huawei N/A N/A N/A N/A "China’s Interest and Activity in Africa’s Construction and Infrastructure Sectors," Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University, November 2006, <http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-‐content/uploads/2009/04/dfid-‐3rd-‐edition.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].

Angola Exim Bank 2007 Line of Credit Cooperation Agreement $2.5 billion


Angola Exim Bank 2005 Agriculture Angola $2 billion loan


Angola Exim Bank 2005 Loan Cooperation Agreement $2 billion



Shelly Zhao, "The China-‐Angola Partnership: A Case Study of China’s Oil Relations in Africa," China Briefing (25 May 2011) <http://www.china-‐briefing.com/news/2011/05/25/the-‐china-‐angola-‐partnership-‐a-‐case-‐study-‐of-‐chinas-‐oil-‐relationships-‐with-‐african-‐nations.html> [accessed 5 November 2012].


Shelly Zhao, "The China-‐Angola Partnership: A Case Study of China’s Oil Relations in Africa," China Briefing (25 May 2011) <http://www.china-‐briefing.com/news/2011/05/25/the-‐china-‐angola-‐partnership-‐a-‐case-‐study-‐of-‐chinas-‐oil-‐relationships-‐with-‐african-‐nations.html> [accessed 5 November 2012].

Angola Exim Bank 2006 Loan in exchange for oil Cooperation Agreement $1 billion




Angola Exim 2002 Construction Construction $90 million "China’s Interest and Activity in Africa’s Construction and Infrastructure Sectors," Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University, November 2006, <http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-‐content/uploads/2009/04/dfid-‐3rd-‐edition.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].

Angola Exim 2007 Extended loan for 50 projects Cooperation Agreement

$500 million

Mike Cohen, "China’s Exim Lend More to Sub-‐Sahara Africa Than World Bank, Fitch Says," Bloomberg News (28 December 2011) <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-‐12-‐28/china-‐exim-‐loans-‐to-‐sub-‐sahara-‐africa-‐exceed-‐world-‐bank-‐funds-‐fitch-‐says.html> [accessed 5 November 2012].

4


Angola Exim 2004 Loan Cooperation Agreement $2 billion

Indira Campos and Alex Vines, "Angola and China: A Pragmatic Partnership," Center for Strategic and International Studies, Working Paper Presented at a CSIS Conference, “Prospects for Improving U.S.-‐China-‐Africa Cooperation,” (5 December 2007), <http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/080306_angolachina.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].

Angola Exim 2007 Oil-‐backed loan for 100 projects Oil $2 billion



Angola CRBC 2005 Road repairs between Ondjiba and Huambo Construction $47 million


Angola CRBC 2006 Build a concrete bridge over the River Dande Construction N/A


Angola COVEC 2006 Luanda General Hospital completion Construction $8 million


Angola CNOOC and Sinopec 2009 Oil Oil $1.3 billion


Angola Citic Group 2008 Real Estate Construction $3535 million

Ken Davies, "Outward FDI from China and its Policy Context, 2012," Columbia Law School, (7 July 2002), <http://www.vcc.columbia.edu/files/vale/content/China_OFDI_-‐_FINAL_-‐_7_June_2012.pdf> [accessed 13 November 2012].

Angola

Chinese Group ZTE Corporation international 2004 Telecommunications Telecommunications $69 million


Angola Chinese government 2007 Loan to Rebuild roads destroyed in 1975-‐2002 civil war


$211 million loan


Angola Chinese government 2006

Assistance to over 100 projects in the areas of energy, water, health, education, telecommunications, fisheries, and public works

Cooperation Agreement N/A


Angola Chinese government 2009 Bilateral joint committee on trade and economic cooperation



Angola Chinese government 2009 Cooperation Agreement for Energy Natural resources N/A














5





Angola Chinese government 2009 Signed civil aviation transportation agreement Tourism N/A


Angola Chines Government 2005 Agriculture Angola $1 million "China’s Interest and Activity in Africa’s Construction and Infrastructure Sectors," Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University, November 2006, <http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-‐content/uploads/2009/04/dfid-‐3rd-‐edition.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].

Angola

China State Shipbuilding Corporation (CSSC) N/A N/A N/A N/A


Angola China Roads and Bridges Corporation 2007 private sector Infrastructure $1.1 billion

Campos, Indira and Alex Vines, "Angola and China: A Pragmatic Partnership," Center for Strategic and International Studies, Working Paper Presented at a CSIS Conference, “Prospects for Improving U.S.-‐China-‐Africa Cooperation,” (5 December 2007), <http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/080306_angolachina.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].

Angola

China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (Sinopec) N/A N/A N/A N/A


Angola

China Petrochemical Corporation (Sinopec) 2010

Exploration of oil, gas, and other chemical; transportation and processing of oil and gas Natural resources N/A


Angola

China National Overseas Engineering Corporation (COVEC) N/A N/A N/A N/A


Angola

China National Machinery Equipment Import Export Corporation N/A Fisheries Angola N/A


Angola

China National Machinery & Equipment Import & Export Corporation (CMEC) N/A N/A N/A N/A


Angola

China National Electrics Import & Export Corporation 2012

Water Sector Institutional Development Water Sector


Angola China Jiangsu 2007 private sector Infrastructure $5 million

Campos, Indira and Alex Vines, "Angola and China: A Pragmatic Partnership," Center for Strategic and International Studies, Working Paper Presented at a CSIS Conference, “Prospects for Improving U.S.-‐China-‐Africa Cooperation,” (5 December 2007), <http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/080306_angolachina.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].

Angola

China International Water & Electric Corp N/A N/A N/A N/A


Angola

China International Trust and Investment Corporation 2012 Social Housing Construction $3.5 billion "Angola," Centre for Affordable Housing Finance in Africa, <http://www.housingfinanceafrica.org/country/angola/. [accessed 15 November 2012].

Angola China International Fund Ltd 2005

Railways Rehabilitation: repairs to the Benguela Railway line Construction

$300 million


Angola China International Fund Ltd 2006

Contracted to build 44 fifteen-‐story apartment buildings Construction N/A


Angola

Chamber of Commerce for Chinese Companies in Angola (CCCCA) 2006

Deal with Chinese commercial presence in Angola



Angola CEIEC 2006

Renovation and widening of the water distribution network in Caxito, Bengo Construction $7 million


6

Benin N/A 2009 Construction of hospital Construction N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Benin N/A 2009 Wood floor manufacture Forestry N/A


Benin N/A 2010 Forest resource extraction Forestry N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Benin N/A 2009

Under FOCAC framework, construction of Chinese-‐aided agricultural technology demonstration center focusing on crop cultivation demonstration and farming technology training. Infrastructure N/A


Benin Chinese government N/A Confucius Institute Infrastructure N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Benin

China National Complete Plant Import and Export Corporation N/A Sugar association company Agriculture N/A


Botswana N/A 2009 Expansion of Muan Airport Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Botswana N/A 2009 Contract for power generation projections Construction N/A


Botswana N/A 2009

Contract for construction of Madierelo Training and Testing Center Construction N/A


Botswana N/A 2009 Mining exploration Natural resources N/A


Botswana N/A 2009 Mining Natural resources N/A


Botswana N/A 2009 Mineral resources exploration Natural resources N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Botswana N/A N/A Construction of a Wimax 3.5G network Telecommunications N/A


Botswana ICBC 2009

With Standard Bank of South Africa, jointly financed expansion of power plant in Botswana Construction

$825 million


Botswana

Fujian Zhongyu Investment Development Co. Ltd. 2009 Mining exploration and trade Natural resources N/A


Botswana Chinese government N/A Confucius Institute Infrastructure N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Botswana CCECC 2011 BW:Morupule Generation and Transmission Construction


Burundi N/A 2009 Construction of hospital Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Burundi N/A 2009 Kamenge Handicrafts Training Center Infrastructure N/A


7

Burundi CNME 2011 BI-‐Multisectoral Water & Electricity Inf Water Sector


Burundi

China Communications Construction Co. 2010

Economic Management Support Project Infrastructure


Cameroon Sinopec 2009

Acquired Swiss Addax Petroleum Corp and obtained its oil assets in Nigeria, Gabon, and Cameroon Oil

$7.22 billion

Chris Nicholson, "China’s Sinopec Offers $7.22 Billion for Oil Firm," New York Times, (24 June 2009) <http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/25/business/global/25oil.html> [accessed 2 November 2012].

Cameroon Sinohydro 2009 Hydro Water Sector $800 million

Derek Scissors, "China Global Investment Tracker: 2011, " Heritage Foundation, (6 January 2012), <http://www.heritage.org/Research/Reports/2011/01/China-‐Global-‐Investment-‐Tracker-‐2011> [accessed 3 November 2012].

Cameroon N/A 2009

Under FOCAC framework, construction of Chinese-‐aided agricultural technology demonstration center Agriculture N/A


Cameroon N/A 2010 Rice cultivation Agriculture N/A


Cameroon N/A 2002 Chicken farm Agriculture N/A


Cameroon N/A 2009 Chicken farm Agriculture N/A


Cameroon N/A 2010 Forest project investment Forestry N/A


Cameroon N/A 2008 Mining Natural resources N/A


Cameroon N/A N/A Installation of optical fiber transmission project Telecommunications N/A


Cameroon Harbin Long Engineer Co. Ltd. 2007

Mining exploration, production, and processing Natural resources N/A


Cameroon CWE 2011 CM -‐ Lom Pangar Hydropower Proj. (FY12) Water Sector


Cameroon Chinese government 2009 China-‐funded malaria research center Infrastructure $440,000

Raphael Mvogo, "Interview: Africa's First Malaria Research Center to Open in Cameroon," Xinhua Net News, (24 March 2009), <http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-‐03/24/content_11066083.htm> [accessed 9 November 2012].

Cameroon Chinese government 2009 Bilateral joint committee on trade and economic cooperation



Cameroon

China Railway Construction Corp. Ltd. 2010

Signed MOU to jointly establish the scope, cost, and delivery program for the railway and rolling stock for iron ore project in Cameroon and Congo Construction N/A Jeffrey Genota and Joseph Luk, “China Deals,” China Business Review, vol. 37, no. 6 (Nov/Dec 2010): 52-‐54.

Cameroon

China Communications Construction Co. Ltd. 2010

With Sundance Resources Ltd. (Australia), signed MOU to jointly establish the scope, cost, and delivery program for the proposed Lolabe Port Project Construction N/A Jeffrey Genota and Joseph Luk, “China Deals,” China Business Review, vol. 37, no. 6 (Nov/Dec 2010): 52-‐54.

Cape Verde N/A N/A Poilao Dam Water Sector N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Cape Verde Chinese government 2009 Joint committee on trade and economic cooperation



8

Cape Verde Chinese government 2009 Signed MOUs on tourism implementation plans Tourism N/A


Central African Republic N/A 2011 Power plant Construction

$30.6 million

"China to Build Power Plant in Central African Republic," How We Made it in Africa, (25 July 2011), <http://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/china-‐to-‐build-‐power-‐plant-‐in-‐central-‐african-‐republic/11329/> [accessed 2 November 2012].

Central African Republic N/A 2007

Install two new turbines at the Boali electric plant Construction

$117 million

"Chinese Engineers in Central African Republic," (25 November 2007), <http://globalvoicesonline.org/2007/11/25/chinese-‐engineers-‐in-‐central-‐african-‐republic/> [accessed 3 November 2012].

Central African Republic N/A N/A Hospital Construction N/A

"Health Diplomacy: In Africa, China's Soft Power Provides a Healing Touch," University of Pennsylvania News, (22 November 2011), <http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/arabic/article.cfm?articleid=2748> [accessed 3 November 2012].

Chad N/A N/A Oil Oil Pipeline Project

Shelly Zhao, "The Geopolitics of China-‐African Oil," China Briefing, (13 April 2011), <http://www.china-‐briefing.com/news/2011/04/13/the-‐geopolitics-‐of-‐china-‐african-‐oil.html> [accessed 13 November 2012].

Chad N/A N/A Hospital Construction N/A "Health Diplomacy: In Africa, China's Soft Power Provides a Healing Touch," University of Pennsylvania News, (22 November 2011), <http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/arabic/article.cfm?articleid=2748> [accessed 3 November 2012].

Chad CNPC (PetroChina) N/A Production of oil and gas; exploration of oil and gas Oil N/A


Chad CNPC 2008 Coal, oil and natural gas Natural resources 1587 million


Chad CNPC 2011 First refinery project in Chad -‐ N'Djamena Refinery -‐ completed Oil N/A

Wang Xiaohui and Yu Hai, "CNPC's Chad Project First-‐phase Up and Running, " China Petroleum Daily, (1 July 2011), <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t837641.htm> [accessed 27 October 2012].

Chad CNPC 2009

Began construction of oil exploration facilities, oil pipelines, and oil refineries Oil N/A


Comoros Chinese government N/A Malaria-‐related facilities Infrastructure N/A Charles W. Freeman III, "China’s Emerging Global Health and Foreign Aid Engagement in Africa," Center for Strategic and International Studies, (November 2011), <http://csis.org/files/publication/111122_Freeman_ChinaEmergingGlobalHealth_Web.pdf> [accessed 26 October 2012].

Congo N/A N/A N/A N/A $4 million investment


Congo N/A 2008 Timber logging and processing Forestry N/A


Congo N/A 2006 Rare wood trade Forestry N/A


Congo N/A 2009 Plywood Forestry N/A


Congo N/A 2009 Mining exploration and trade Natural resources N/A


Congo N/A 2010 Mining exploration and trade Natural resources N/A


Congo N/A 2010 Mining exploration and processing Natural resources N/A


Congo N/A 2010 Mining exploration Natural resources N/A


Congo N/A 2010 Mining exploration Natural resources N/A


9

Congo N/A 2005 Mining Natural resources N/A










Congo N/A 2008 Joint venture with Congo to mine copper and cobalt Natural resources N/A


Congo N/A 2005

Signed deal that would authorize Sinopec to explore off-‐shore block designated as Marine XII Oil N/A


Congo N/A 2005

Signed deal that would authorize Sinopec to explore off-‐shore block designated as High Sea C Oil N/A


Congo N/A N/A Imboulou Hydropower Station Water Sector N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Congo Henan Rebecca Holding Co. Ltd 2008



Congo Henan Rebecca Holding Co. Ltd 2008 Mining exploration Natural resources N/A


Congo Henan Quianli Machinery Co. Ltd 2008 Mining exploration and trade Natural resources N/A


Congo Han International Resources Group 2010



Congo Haining Droin Imp & Exp. Co. Ltd 2008 Processing Natural resources N/A


Congo

Guangzhou Longyuan Metal Co. Ltd. 2007 Mining exploration and trade Natural resources N/A


Congo Fuyang Shenneng 2008 Mining exploration, production, and processing Natural resources N/A


Congo

Fujiuan Benyuan Metal Material Co. Ltd. 2008 Mining exploration and trade Natural resources N/A


Congo Chinese government 2012 Loan Loan $1.1 billion "Republic of Congo to Borrow Over 1.1 bln USD from China," Xinhua News, (29 October 2012), <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t983072.htm> [accessed 4 November 2010].

Congo Chinese government 2009 Bilateral joint committee on trade and economic cooperation



Congo Chinese government 2002

Signed a deal to buy up to 20,000 bpd of crude oil from Congo Oil N/A


10

Congo

China Railway Construction Corp. Ltd. 2010

MOU to jointly establish the scope, cost, and delivery program for the railway and rolling stock for iron ore project in Cameroon and Congo Natural resources N/A Jeffrey Genota and Joseph Luk, “China Deals,” China Business Review, vol. 37, no. 6 (Nov/Dec 2010): 52-‐54.

Congo

Chenzhou Jinshan Metallurgy Chemical Co. Ltd. 2010 Mining exploration Natural resources N/A


Congo

Beijing Huayihuisheng Trade Co. Ltd. 2009

Mining exploration and extraction Natural resources N/A


Cote d'Ivoire N/A N/A Abidjan Palace of Culture Infrastructure N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Cote d'Ivoire N/A 2009 Resource extraction Natural resources N/A


Cote d'Ivoire N/A 2009 Mineral resources exploration Natural resources N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Cote d'Ivoire N/A 2004 Oil Oil N/A Cindy Hurst, "China’s Oil Rush in Africa," Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, July 2006, <http://www.iags.org/chinainafrica.pdf> [accessed 5 November 2012].

Cote d'Ivoire Exim Bank 2012 Loan for construction of a 275 megawatt hydro-‐power plant Water Sector

$556 million

"Cote d'Ivoire eyes $556m from China's Exim," China Daily, (8 October 2012) <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2012-‐10/08/content_15801677.htm> [accessed 1 November 2012].

DR Congo Sinohydro 2008 Metals Natural resources $850 million


DR Congo Shangdong Jieboze International 2012 Urban Water Supply Project Water Sector


DR Congo Shangdong Jieboze International 2012 Urban Water Supply Project Water Sector


DR Congo N/A 2010 Processing Natural resources N/A






DR Congo N/A 2006 Mining Natural resources N/A












11





















DR Congo N/A 2009 Mineral extraction Natural resources N/A


DR Congo CNME 2010 DRC Emergency Urban and Social Rehabilitation Project Infrastructure


DR Congo

China Railway Engineering and Sinohydro 2008 Metals Natural resources

$1200 million


DR Congo China Metalurgical 2008 Metals Natural resources $850 million


DR Congo China First Highway Engineering Co. 2012

DRC Emergency Urban and Social Rehabilitation Project Infrastructure


ECOWAS Chinese government 2012 Donation of $200 million state-‐of-‐the-‐art headquarter complex Construction

$200 million "China, ECOWAS Sign Development Pact," IGIHE News, (26 October 2012) [accessed 5 November 2012].

ECOWAS Chinese government 2012

Build a trans-‐West African highway (which will go through nine states) and the construction of the ECOWAS headquarters building extension in Abuja. Construction N/A

"China, ECOWAS Sign Agreement On Infrastructural Development," Ventures Africa, (26 October 2012), <http://www.ventures-‐africa.com/2012/10/china-‐ecowas-‐sign-‐mou-‐on-‐infrastructural-‐development/> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Egypt Sino-‐Thawra Drilling 2005 Drilling Natural Resources N/A "Sino-‐Tharwa Drilling Company," Economic and Commercial Counsellor's Office of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Arab Republic of Egypt," (26 April 2012) <http://eg2.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/biography/201204/20120408090575.html> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Egypt N/A N/A Trade and Economic Cooperation Zone



Egypt N/A N/A Suez Trade and Economic Cooperation ZOne



12

Egypt N/A 2009 Financial branch/office set up Infrastructure N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Egypt N/A N/A Cairo International Conference Center Infrastructure N/A


Egypt N/A 2009 China helped build a polyester fiber manufacturing plant Telecommunications N/A


Egypt

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology 2010

Signed MOU with Egyptian Ministry of Trade and Industry to further bilateral economic cooperation

Cooperation Agreement N/A Jeffrey Genota and Joseph Luk, “China Deals,” China Business Review, vol. 37, no. 6 (Nov/Dec 2010): 52-‐54.

Egypt Geely Holding Group 2012 Auto assembly Infrastructure N/A Xiao Han, "Geely to build cars in Egypt," China Daily, (27 February 2012), <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t909113.htm> [accessed 1 November 2012].

Egypt Chinese government N/A Confucius Institute (2) Infrastructure N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Egypt Chinese government N/A Confucius Institute Infrastructure N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Egypt Chinese government 2002

Egypt became first African country to be granted Approved Destination Status (ADS) for Chinese tourist groups (27 more since) Tourism N/A


Egypt

China State Construction Engineering Corporation (CSCEC) 2010 Coal, oil, natural resources Natural Resources

$2000 million


Egypt China Development Bank 2009 Set up representative office Infrastructure N/A


Egypt BYD Company Ltd. N/A Established automotive assembly plant Infrastructure N/A


Egypt

Brilliance China Automotive Holdings Ltd. 2009

In collaboration with other firms, investing in auto assembly lines Infrastructure

$120 million


Equatorial Guinea N/A 2005 Vegetable production and sale Agriculture N/A


Equatorial Guinea N/A 2009

Modification and expansion of the Port of Bata Construction N/A



Contract for power generation projections Construction N/A



Roundwood logging, plywood processing Forestry N/A


Equatorial Guinea CNOOC 2006 Oil Oil N/A

"CNOOC Inks Oil Deal with Equatorial Guinea," Xinhua, (19 February 2006) <http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Feb/158520.htm> [accessed 3 November 2012].

Equatorial Guinea N/A N/A

Transmission and distribution project of Djibloho Hydropower Station Water Sector



Equatorial Guinea N/A N/A Housing development Construction N/A


Eritrea ZTE Corporation 2009

Helped Eritrean Telecommunications Corporation with its environmental monitoring Telecommunications N/A


13

project

Eritrea Zhejiang Zhongda Group Co. 2011

ER Education Sector Investment Project Infrastructure


Eritrea N/A 2009 Mining Natural resources N/A








Ethiopia ZTE Corporation 2007

Contracts with Ethiopia Telecom for telecommunications network projects Telecommunications $1.5 billion


Ethiopia ZTE Corporation 2012 Public Sector Capacity Building Program Support Project Infrastructure


Ethiopia ZTE Corporation 2012 Public Sector Capacity Building Program Support Project Infrastructure


Ethiopia

Zhejian Holley International Co. Ltd. 2010

Electricity Access (Rural) Expansion Project Phase II Telecommunications


Ethiopia

Zhejian Holley International Co. Ltd. 2012 ENERGY ACCESS PROJECT Natural resources


Ethiopia Sinohydro Corporation 2009 Tekeze Hydropower Station Water Sector N/A

Sonal Patel, "Ethiopia Completes Construction of Africa's Tallest Dam," POWER Magazine, (1 July 2009) <http://www.powermag.com/renewables/hydro/Ethiopia-‐Completes-‐Construction-‐of-‐Africas-‐Tallest-‐Dam_2012.html> [accessed 5 November 2012].

Ethiopia

Sino-‐Ethiop Associate (Africa) PLC 2009

First medicinal capsule manufacturer in Ethiopia Construction N/A


Ethiopia Sino Hydro Corp., Ltd. 2009

Will construct two 2,000 MW hydroelectric dams in Ethiopia for the Ethiopian Electric Power Authority Water Sector $2.7 billion


Ethiopia

Shenzhen Mindray Biomedical Electronics Co. Ltd. 2012

Ethiopia Protection of Basic Services Program Phase II Proje Infrastructure


Ethiopia Shanghai Shenlong Bus Co. Ltd. 2010

General Education Quality Improvement Project -‐ APL 1 (GEQIP Infrastructure


Ethiopia Shanghai Shenlong Bus Co. Ltd. 2010

EFA FTI CF Grant 2 -‐ GEQIP APL 1 Infrastructure


Ethiopia Poly Technologies 2012 Construction of heavy truck assembly plant Construction N/A

"Ethiopia Inaugurates Wire, Cable Production Plant, Truck Assembling Factory," Xinhua New, (27 September 2012), <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t974927.htm> [accessed 3 November 2012].

Ethiopia Poly Technologies 2012 Wire and cable production factory Telecommunications N/A

"Ethiopia Inaugurates Wire, Cable Production Plant, Truck Assembling Factory," Xinhua News, (27 September 2012), <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t974927.htm> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Ethiopia N/A 2009 Addis Ababa-‐Adama turnpike Construction $349 million


14

Ethiopia N/A 2007 Organic vegetable production Agriculture N/A


Ethiopia N/A 2009 Light rail project Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Ethiopia N/A 2009 Cement Plant Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Ethiopia N/A 2011 African Union Convention Center Construction N/A

"African Union Opens Chinese-‐funded HQ in Ethiopia," BBC News, (28 January 2012) <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-‐africa-‐16770932> [accessed 15 October 2012].

Ethiopia N/A 2009 Addis Ababa-‐Adama Expressway Construction N/A


Ethiopia N/A 2011 Trade and Economic Cooperation Zone



Ethiopia N/A 2009 All kinds of paper Forestry N/A


Ethiopia N/A N/A Chinese-‐build vocational college Infrastructure N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Ethiopia N/A 2009 Aid to build Gotera flyover in Addis Infrastructure N/A


Ethiopia N/A 2008 Mining exploration and trade Natural resources N/A


Ethiopia N/A 2007 Mining Natural resources N/A





Ethiopia N/A 2009 Mineral resources exploration Natural resources N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Ethiopia N/A 2009 Contract for power generation projections Natural resources N/A


Ethiopia N/A 2004 Oil Oil N/A Cindy Hurst, "China’s Oil Rush in Africa," Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, July 2006, <http://www.iags.org/chinainafrica.pdf> [accessed 5 November 2012].

Ethiopia N/A N/A Power stations and transmission projects Telecommunications N/A


Ethiopia Jiangxi Coalfied Geo. General Ivestig. 2011 ET-‐Urban WSS SIL FY07) Water Sector


Ethiopia

Huawei Technologies Co and China’s ZTE Corp. 2012 Telecommunications contract Telecommunications $1.3 billion

William Davison, "ZTE, Huawei to Be Awarded Ethiopian Telecommunications Contracts," Bloomberg Business News, (11 October 2012) <http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-‐10-‐11/zte-‐huawei-‐to-‐be-‐awarded-‐ethiopian-‐telecommunications-‐contracts> [accessed 24 October 2012].

Ethiopia Huawei 2012 Launched Mobile Broadband (MBB) Road Show Telecommunications N/A

"China's Huawei Launches Mobile Broadband Road Show in Ethiopia," Xinhua News, (28 February 2002), <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t910382.htm> [accessed 3 November 2012].

15

Ethiopia Henan Zhengzhou 2010 Extraction Natural resources N/A


Ethiopia

Hebei Huatong Wires and Cables Manufacturing 2012

Accelerated Electricity Access (Rural) Expansion Natural resources


Ethiopia Dalian Ceramic Technic Co. Ltd. 2010

Electricity Access (Rural) Expansion Project Phase II Telecommunications


Ethiopia

Chonqing Yingang International Construction Corp. 2010

Sustainable Land Management Project Infrastructure $82162.80 "World Bank Data," World Bank (2012) <http://data.worldbank.org> [accessed 27 October 2012].

Ethiopia

Chonqing Yingang International Construction Corp. 2010

ET-‐Sustainable Land Management Program (FY08) Infrastructure $40468.24 "World Bank Data," World Bank (2012) <http://data.worldbank.org> [accessed 27 October 2012].

Ethiopia Chongqing Yingang International 2010 Rural Capacity Building Project Construction


Ethiopia Chinese government 2012

Money towards the maintenance of the African Union building Infrastructure $66 million

Munyaradzi Huni, "African Union Gets Majestic Complex From Chinese Government," Zimbabwe Sunday Mail, (28 January 2012), <http://panafricannews.blogspot.com/2012/01/african-‐union-‐gets-‐majestic-‐complex.html> [accessed 28 October 2012].

Ethiopia Chinese government 2009 Confucius Institute Infrastructure N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Ethiopia Chinese government 2009 Signed MOUs on tourism implementation plans Tourism N/A


Ethiopia Chinese government 2009 Signed civil aviation transportation agreement Tourism N/A


Ethiopia

China-‐Africa Overseas Leather Factory 2011 Leather processing factory Agriculture N/A

"Leather Processing Factory in Ethiopia Benefited from Tariff Free Policy of China," Xinhua News, (28 November 2011), <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t881865.htm> [accessed 2 November 2012].

Ethiopia

China Railway Group Limited (CREC) 2012 Railway construction Construction N/A

"Chinese, Ethiopian Firms Sign Railway Project Deal," Xinhua News, (26 October 2011), <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t870880.htm> [accessed 26 October 2012].

Ethiopia

China International Water & Electric Corp. 2011 ET-‐RSDP Stage IV APL (FY09) Construction


Ethiopia China Hyway Group Ltd. 2011 ET-‐RSDP Stage IV APL (FY09) Construction


Ethiopia China Gezhouba Group Company Ltd. 2011 ET-‐RSDP Stage IV APL (FY09) Construction


Ethiopia China First Highway Engineering Co. 2011 ET-‐RSDP Stage IV APL (FY09) Construction


Ethiopia CE Lighting Ltd. 2011 ET-‐Electricity Access (Rural) Expansion Telecommunications


Ethiopia

Bonle (Fuzhou) International Co. Ltd. 2011

ET-‐Electricity Access (Rural) Expansion Telecommunications


Ethiopia

Bonle (Fuzhou) International Co. Ltd. 2012

Accelerated Electricity Access (Rural) Expansion Natural resources


Ethiopia Beijing Catic Industry Limited 2010

Accelerated Electricity Access (Rural) Expansion Telecommunications


16

Ethiopia N/A 2009



Gabon Sinopec 2009

Acquired Swiss Addax Petroleum Corp and obtained its oil assets in Nigeria, Gabon, and Cameroon Oil N/A


Gabon N/A 2007

Crop cultivation, animal husbandry and related processing Agriculture N/A


Gabon N/A 2003 Forestry Forestry N/A






Gabon N/A 2008 Forestry Forestry N/A Shelly Zhao, "China’s Energy Strategy and the Role of Gov’t Oil in Africa," China Briefing, (3 May 2011), <http://www.china-‐briefing.com/news/2011/05/03/chinas-‐energy-‐strategy-‐and-‐the-‐role-‐of-‐govt-‐oil-‐in-‐africa.html> [accessed 13 November 2012].





Gabon N/A 2009 Forestry Forestry N/A Shelly Zhao, "China’s Energy Strategy and the Role of Gov’t Oil in Africa," China Briefing, (3 May 2011), <http://www.china-‐briefing.com/news/2011/05/03/chinas-‐energy-‐strategy-‐and-‐the-‐role-‐of-‐govt-‐oil-‐in-‐africa.html> [accessed 13 November 2012].

Gabon N/A 2010 Forestry Forestry N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Gabon N/A 2006 Sales service Infrastructure N/A


Gabon N/A 2005 Mining Natural Resources N/A








Gabon N/A 2009 Contract for power generation projections Natural Resources N/A


Gabon N/A N/A Oil Oil N/A Cindy Hurst, "China’s Oil Rush in Africa," Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, July 2006, <http://www.iags.org/chinainafrica.pdf> [accessed 5 November 2012].

Gabon N/A N/A Pubara Hydropower Station Water Sector N/A Cindy Hurst, "China’s Oil Rush in Africa," Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, July 2006, <http://www.iags.org/chinainafrica.pdf> [accessed 5 November 2012].

Gabon CNPC (PetroChina) N/A Production of oil and gas; exploration of oil and gas Oil

$11.8 billion

Ron Haruni, "Petrochina To Buy 50% Stake in CNPC for $11.8B," Seeking Alpha, (26 August 2008) <http://seekingalpha.com/article/92685-‐petrochina-‐to-‐buy-‐50-‐stake-‐in-‐cnpc-‐for-‐11-‐8b> [accessed 5 November 2012].

17

Gabon

China Petrochemical Corporation (Sinopec) 2004

Exploration of oil, gas, and other chemical; transportation and processing of oil and gas Oil N/A

"Sinopec Signs Evaluation Deal for Three Oil Blocks in Gabon," China Daily, (4 February 2004) <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2004-‐02/04/content_302948.htm> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Gabon

China National Offshore Oil Corporation Ltd (CNOOC Limited; China Oilfield Services) N/A

Offshore exploration and production of oil and gas; forming of JVs within foreign companies; conducting operations in territorial waters Oil N/A


Ghana Zheijian Kukun Group Co. Ltd. 2010

Ghana: Energy Development and Access Project Telecommunications


Ghana

Yancheng County Si Kai Er Daily-‐Use Chemical Industry Co. Ltd 2008 Crop and plant cultivation Agriculture N/A


Ghana Top International Engineering, Inc. 2011 GH-‐Urban Water SIL (FY05) Water Sector


Ghana Top International Engineering, Inc. 2011 GH-‐Urban Water SIL (FY05) Water Sector


Ghana Shenzhen Farad Electric Co. Ltd. 2010

Ghana: Energy Development and Access Project Construction








Ghana

Shanghai Electric Meter Works Corps. Ltd. 2010



Ghana Shaanxi Mining Development Co. Ltd 2009 Mining Natural Resources N/A


Ghana Phoenic Technology Group Co. Ltd. 2010

Ghana: Energy Development and Access Project Telecommunications $40863.00 "World Bank Data," World Bank (2012) <http://data.worldbank.org> [accessed 27 October 2012].

Ghana N/A 2009 Medicine plant cultivation Agriculture N/A


Ghana N/A 2009 Crop and plant cultivation Agriculture N/A


Ghana N/A 2012 Renewed deal with Chinese heavy equipment company Construction N/A

"Ghana's Heavy Equipment Company to Renew Deal with Chinese Firm," Xinhua News, (25 October 2012) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t982673.htm> [accessed 28 October 2012].

Ghana N/A N/A Power Plant Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Ghana N/A 2009 Contract for power generation projections Construction N/A


Ghana N/A 2009 Furniture manufacture Forestry N/A


Ghana N/A 2008 Mining exploration and trade Natural Resources N/A


Ghana N/A N/A Bui Hydropower Station Water Sector N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

18

Ghana JUSSK 2010 Mining exploration and processing Natural Resources N/A


Ghana

Jiangxi Zhongmei Engineering Construction 2011 GH-‐Urban Water SIL (FY05) Water Sector


Ghana HNA Group 2012 Purchase of large stake in Africa World Airlines Tourism N/A

"China's HNA Group, of Hainan Airlines, Invests in Africa World Airlines, Third New Start-‐up in Ghana," CAPA Centre for Aviation, (23 July 2012), <http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/chinas-‐hna-‐group-‐of-‐hainan-‐airlines-‐invests-‐in-‐africa-‐world-‐airlines-‐third-‐new-‐start-‐up-‐in-‐ghana-‐78748> [accessed 27 October 2012].

Ghana


GH-‐Energy Dev & Access SIL (FY08) Telecommunications


Ghana


GH-‐Energy Dev & Access SIL (FY08) Telecommunications


Ghana Exim Bank 2010 Loan Loan $260 million

Moses Mozart Dzawu and Paul Richardson, "Ghana Signs $10.4 Billion Infrastructure Loan Accord With China Exim Bank," Bloomberg Businessweek, (23 September 2010) <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-‐09-‐23/ghana-‐signs-‐10-‐4-‐billion-‐infrastructure-‐loan-‐accord-‐with-‐china-‐exim-‐bank.html> [accessed 8 November 2012].

Ghana Exim Bank 2010 Loan Loan $130 million

Moses Mozart Dzawu and Paul Richardson, "Ghana Signs $10.4 Billion Infrastructure Loan Accord With China Exim Bank," Bloomberg Businessweek, (23 September 2010) <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-‐09-‐23/ghana-‐signs-‐10-‐4-‐billion-‐infrastructure-‐loan-‐accord-‐with-‐china-‐exim-‐bank.html> [accessed 8 November 2012].

Ghana Chinese government N/A Malaria-‐related facilities Infrastructure N/A Charles W. Freeman III, "China’s Emerging Global Health and Foreign Aid Engagement in Africa," Center for Strategic and International Studies, (November 2011), <http://csis.org/files/publication/111122_Freeman_ChinaEmergingGlobalHealth_Web.pdf> [accessed 26 October 2012].

Ghana Chinese government 2009 Signed MOUs on tourism implementation plans Tourism N/A


Ghana China Jiangxi Corporation 2011 GH-‐Urban Water SIL (FY05) Water Sector


Ghana

China International Water & Electric Corp. 2010



Ghana




Ghana




Ghana




Ghana China Gezhouba Company Group 2010

Contract to build Accra Water project Water Sector

$260 million

"Ghana, China to sign $270m Agreement for Kpong Water Project," Ghana Broadcasting Company, (2010) <http://gbcghana.com/index.php?id=1.116724> [accessed 6 November 2012].

Ghana Bosai Minerals Group Co., Ltd. 2010

Signed MOU with Ghana Bauxite Co. Ltd. for Bosai to establish a modern alumina refinery plant in Ghana Natural Resources $1.2 billion Jeffrey Genota and Joseph Luk, “China Deals,” China Business Review, vol. 37, no. 6 (Nov/Dec 2010): 52-‐54.

Guinea N/A 2008 Timber and timber products extraction Forestry N/A


Guinea N/A 2010 Market research Infrastructure N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Guinea N/A 2011 Aluminum Natural resources N/A


Guinea

China National Agricultural Development Group Corporation N/A

Established farms and sisal plantations Agriculture N/A


19

Guinea-‐Bissau N/A 2009

Provided agricultural technical advice Agriculture N/A

"Health Diplomacy: In Africa, China's Soft Power Provides a Healing Touch," University of Pennsylvania News, (22 November 2011), <http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/arabic/article.cfm?articleid=2748> [accessed 3 November 2012].

Guinea-‐Bissau N/A 2009

Established 11 rice production demonstration areas Agriculture N/A


Guinea-‐Bissau N/A N/A Hospital Construction N/A


Guinea-‐Bissau N/A 2009 Construction of hospital Construction N/A


Guinea-‐Bissau Chinese government 2009

Joint committee on trade and economic cooperation



Kenya Xinhua News Agency 2011 First-‐ever mobile newspaper in sub-‐Saharan Africa Telecommunications N/A

"Xinhua Mobile Newspaper Delivers Soft-‐Launch in Kenya," Xinhua News, (19 April 2011) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t816730.htm> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Kenya Sinopec 2012 Electricity Expansion Telecommunications $143244286.53 "World Bank Data," World Bank (2012) <http://data.worldbank.org> [accessed 27 October 2012].

Kenya Sinohydro Corporation 2012

Northern Corridor Transport Improvement Project Construction


Kenya Sinohydro Corporation 2010

WATER AND SANITATION SERVICE IMPROVEMENT PROJECT Water Sector


Kenya N/A 2009

Rebuilt road between Joma Kenyatta International Airport and downtown Nairobi Construction N/A


Kenya N/A N/A Power stations and transmission projects Construction N/A


Kenya N/A N/A Moi International Sports Center Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Kenya N/A 2009 Construction of a rung road Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Kenya N/A 2012 infrastructure projects Infrastructure N/A "Kenya Lauds Chinese Financial, Technical Assistance," Xinhua News, (7 October 2011) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t865500.htm> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Kenya

Jiangxi Zhongmei Engineering Construction Co. Limited 2011

KE-‐Water & Sanitation Srv Impr (FY08) Water Sector


Kenya

Jiangxi Zhongmei Engineering Construction 2011



Kenya Jiangxi Nonferrous Engineering Co. Ltd. 2010

Water and Sanitation Service Improvement Project Water Sector


Kenya Jiangx Nonferrous Engineering Co. Ltd. 2011



Kenya Hexing Electrical Co. Ltd. 2011

KE-‐Energy Sec Recovery Prj (FY05) Natural resources


Kenya

Hebei Water Conservancy Eng. Bureau 2012

Kenya -‐ Natural Resource Management Project Agriculture


20

Kenya Foton 2011 Construction of auto assembly plant Infrastructure N/A

David Musyoka, "China, Kenya to Expand Areas of Economic Cooperation," Xinhua News, (9 April 2011) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t814209.htm> [accessed 3 November 2012].

Kenya CNOOC N/A Oil Oil

transport infrastructure

Shelly Zhao, "The Geopolitics of China-‐African Oil," China Briefing, (13 April 2011) <http://www.china-‐briefing.com/news/2011/04/13/the-‐geopolitics-‐of-‐china-‐african-‐oil.html> [accessed 3 November 2012].

Kenya Chinese government 2012 Aid Infrastructure $20 million "Kenya Lauds Chinese Financial, Technical Assistance," Xinhua News, (7 October 2011) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t865500.htm> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Kenya Chinese government N/A Malaria-‐related facilities Infrastructure N/A Charles W. Freeman III, "China’s Emerging Global Health and Foreign Aid Engagement in Africa," Center for Strategic and International Studies, (November 2011), <http://csis.org/files/publication/111122_Freeman_ChinaEmergingGlobalHealth_Web.pdf> [accessed 26 October 2012].

Kenya Chinese government N/A Confucius Institute (2) Infrastructure N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Kenya Chinese government N/A Confucius Institute (1) Infrastructure N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Kenya China UnionPay Co., Ltd. 2010

Agreement with Equity Bank Ltd., (Kenya) allowing Equity Bank customers to access their accounts globally from China UnionPay ATMS



Kenya China Road-‐Bridge Co 1986 N/A Construction N/A

Li Lianxing, "Chinese Firms Build Bridges With Communities in Africa," China Daily (3 November 2011), <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t873548.htm> [accessed 27 October 2012].

Kenya

China National Aero-‐technology International 2010

Northern Corridor Transport Improvement Project Construction


Kenya Chery 2011 Auto assembly Infrastructure $50 million "Kenya: Local Factory to Assemble Chinese Vehicles," All Africa News, (10 August 2011), <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t848579.htm> [accessed 28 October 2012].

Kenya Beiqi Foton Motors N/A N/A Infrastructure N/A "Kenya: Local Factory to Assemble Chinese Vehicles," All Africa News, (10 August 2011), <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t848579.htm> [accessed 28 October 2012].

Kenya

Beijing Holley-‐Cotec Pharmaceuticals Company Ltd. Aid

Scholarship program to support impoverished local medical students Infrastructure N/A


Kenya

Beijing Holley-‐Cotec Pharmaceuticals Company Ltd. N/A

Fund to protect local wild animals Infrastructure N/A


Liberia N/A N/A Iron ore (aid and development projects) Natural resources

$10 million agreement of debt cancelation and $25 million agreement for various development projects

Shelly Zhao, "The Geopolitics of China-‐African Oil," China Briefing, (13 April 2011) <http://www.china-‐briefing.com/news/2011/04/13/the-‐geopolitics-‐of-‐china-‐african-‐oil.html> [accessed 3 November 2012].

Liberia N/A 2009

Under FOCAC framework, construction of Chinese-‐aided agricultural technology transfer, training, development of plant varieties. Agriculture N/A


Liberia N/A 2009 Construction of hospital Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Liberia N/A 2009 Built road from Monrovia to Roberts International Airport Construction N/A


Liberia N/A 2009 Timber logging and trade Forestry N/A


21

Liberia N/A 2009 Forestry Forestry N/A


Liberia Chinese government N/A Confucius Institute Infrastructure N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Liberia

China-‐Africa Development Fund, Wuhan Iron and Steel, and China-‐Union Investment Co., Ltd. 2009

Restart building of Bong Iron Mine Natural resources N/A


Liberia China Union 2008 Metals Natural resources $2600 million


Liberia

China Henan International Cooperation Group Co. Ltd. 2011

LR-‐Urban and Rural Infra. Rehab. Project Infrastructure


Liberia


Emergency Infrastructure Project Infrastructure


Liberia

China Henan Engineering Company 2011

LR-‐Agric. & Infra. Dev. Proj. ERL (FY08) Infrastructure


Liberia

China Chongqing International Corporation 2012

Liberia Road Asset Management Project -‐ LIBRAMP Construction


Libya N/A N/A Surt-‐Tripoli section of the coastal railway Construction



Libya N/A 2009 Khoms-‐Tripoli railway project Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Libya Chinese government 2009 Initialed civil aviation transportation agreement Tourism N/A


Libya

China State Construction Engrg. Corp. Ltd 2007

Off-‐shore construction outsourcing company Construction

$2.67 billion

"China's Leading Construction Company Halts Projects in Libya Amid Unrest," Xinhua, (28 February 2011) <http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2011-‐02/28/c_13754516.htm> [accessed 5 November 2012].

Madagascar Sinohydro Corporation 2012 Integrated Growth Poles Water Sector


Madagascar N/A N/A Hybrid rice demonstration center Agriculture N/A


Madagascar

Hainan Non-‐Ferrous Mining Development Co. Ltd. 2010 Mining exploration Natural resources N/A


Madagascar Foshan Ruima Mining Investment 2010 Mining investment Natural resources N/A


Madagascar Chinese government N/A Confucius Institute Infrastructure N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Madagascar



Malawi

Shandong International Trading Group 2012

Project to Improve Education Quality in Malawi Infrastructure


22

Malawi

Chinese companies and China-‐Africa Development Fund 2009

Project for cotton cultivation and processing Agriculture $20 million


Malawi Bank of China 2009 Established relationships with Nigerian banks



Mali SUKALA S.A. N/A Production of Cane Sugar Agriculture N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Mali N/A 2009 Embroidery training Infrastructure N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Forum on China-‐Africa Cooperation, (22 June 2011) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zxxx/t832788.htm> [accessed 8 November 2012].

Mali HNA Group N/A "Brightness Action" Infrastructure N/A Charles W. Freeman III, "China’s Emerging Global Health and Foreign Aid Engagement in Africa," Center for Strategic and International Studies, (November 2011), <http://csis.org/files/publication/111122_Freeman_ChinaEmergingGlobalHealth_Web.pdf> [accessed 26 October 2012].

Mali Chinese government 2009 Joint committee on trade and economic cooperation



Mali Chinese government N/A Malaria-‐related facilities Infrastructure N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Mali Chinese government 2009 Signed MOUs on tourism implementation plans Tourism N/A


Mauritania Top Group Hong Kong 2011

MR-‐Education for All -‐ EFA/FTI (FY08) Infrastructure


Mauritania Poly Technologies 2010 Agriculture Agriculture $100 million


Mauritania N/A 2009 Construction of hospital Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Mauritania N/A N/A

Facilitated commercial application of Mauritania's first 3G network Telecommunications N/A


Mauritius Sinohydro Corporation 2011 MU-‐Infrastructure Project Infrastructure


Mauritius N/A 2004 Grape production Agriculture N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Mauritius N/A 2005 Cotton production Agriculture N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Mauritius N/A 2002 Cotton manufacturing Agriculture N/A "China Investment in Mauritius Cotton," BBC News, (10 January 2002) <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1753601.stm> [accessed 28 October 2012]/

Mauritius N/A N/A Port of Mauritius Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Mauritius N/A 2009

Construction of a new terminal at the Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport Construction N/A


Mauritius N/A N/A Airport Construction N/A "China UnionPay Expands Online Payment Service in Mauritius," Xinhua News, (2 November 2012) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t986208.htm> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Mauritius N/A N/A Trade and Economic Cooperation Zone

Cooperation agreement N/A


23

Mauritius N/A 2004 Paper manufacture Forestry N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Mauritius Group of Shanxi Companies 2009 Property Infrastructure

$750 million


Mauritius Chinese government 2009 Bilateral joint committee on trade and economic cooperation



Mauritius Chinese government 2009 Signed MOUs on tourism implementation plans Tourism N/A

"China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Forum on China-‐Africa Cooperation, (22 June 2011) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zxxx/t832788.htm> [accessed 8 November 2012].

Mauritius China UnionPay 2012 Relations with State Bank of Mauritius



Morocco N/A 2009 Chinese experts did extensive work in the agriculture sector Agriculture N/A


Morocco N/A 2009 Mining Natural resources N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Morocco N/A 2004 Oil Oil N/A Cindy Hurst, "China’s Oil Rush in Africa," Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, July 2006, <http://www.iags.org/chinainafrica.pdf> [accessed 5 November 2012].

Morocco N/A N/A Strategic partnership with Maroc Telecom Telecommunications N/A


Morocco Chinese government N/A Confucius Institute Infrastructure N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Morocco

China National Agricultural Development Group Corporation N/A Fishing sector Agriculture N/A


Mozambique Sinohydro Corporation 2010

Water Services and Institutional Support Project Water Sector



MZ-‐Water Services & Inst. Support Water Sector














Mozambique N/A 2009

Under FOCAC framework, construction of Chinese-‐aided agricultural technology demonstration center. Agriculture N/A


Mozambique N/A 2009 Construction of hospital Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Mozambique N/A N/A Industrial or textile park Infrastructure N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

24

Mozambique N/A 2011 Aluminum Natural resources N/A


Mozambique Jiangsu Geology and Engineering Co. Ltd. 2011



Mozambique HNA Group N/A "Brightness Action" Infrastructure N/A "HNA Group Received 2012 South-‐South Awards for its Excellency in CSR," HNA Group, (26 September 2012) <http://www.hnagroup.com/en/zxzx/mtdt/201209/t20120926_17626.html? [accessed 14 November 2012].

Mozambique Chinese government 2012 Donation for construction of Military hospital Construction

$3.2 million

"Mozambique: Chinese Donation for Military Hospital," All Africa News, (28 February 2012) <http://www.sinoafrica.org/en/node/1677? [accessed 13 November 2012].

Mozambique China New Era Group Corporation 2012



Mozambique

China Jiangxi Corporation for International Economic and Technology 2012



Namibia N/A N/A Trade and Economic Cooperation Zone



Namibia N/A 2009 New facilities for the Port of Walvis Bay Construction N/A


Namibia N/A 2009 Contract for construction of 5-‐star NEN Hotel Construction N/A


Namibia N/A 2009 Construction of hospital Construction N/A


Namibia N/A 2009 Mining exploration, production, processing, and trade Natural resources N/A


Namibia N/A 2009 Mining exploration and trade Natural resources N/A


Namibia N/A 2009 Mining Natural resources N/A










Namibia

Henan Bureau of Geo-‐explanation and Mineral Development 2006 Mining exploration Natural resources N/A


Namibia China Guangdong Nuclear Power Corp 2012 Building of Husab uranium mine Natural resources N/A


Niger N/A 2012 Loan for hospital construction Construction $25.6 million

"Niger: China Gives Niger U.S.$25.6 Million for Hospital Construction," All Africa News, (29 October 2012) <http://allafrica.com/stories/201210290158.html? [accessed 5 November 2012].

25

Niger N/A 2009 Assisting in building Niger River Second Bridge Construction N/A


Niger CNPC 2008 Oil Oil $5000 million


Niger CNPC 2008 Coal, oil and natural gas Natural Resources $1587 million


Niger CNPC 2009

Began construction of oil exploration facilities, oil pipelines, and oil refineries Oil N/A


Niger Chinese government 2009 Bilateral joint committee on trade and economic cooperation



Niger

China First Highway Engineering Company 2011

NE-‐Loc Urb Infrastructure Dev SIL (FY08) Infrastructure


Nigeria

Zhengzhou Cangxi Industry and Commerce Development Co. Ltd 2008 Palm oil Agriculture N/A


Nigeria Wuhan Industrial Co. Ltd 2010

Mining exploration, production, and processing Natural Resources N/A


Nigeria Sinopec 2012

Set to acquire holdings valued at $2.4 billion, in Nigerian onshore exploration blocks operated by energy giant Total Oil $2.4 billion

"China’s Sinopec To Acquire $2.4b Total Oil Stake," Ventures Africa, (7 November 2012) <http://www.ventures-‐africa.com/2012/11/chinas-‐sinopec-‐to-‐buy-‐2-‐4b-‐total-‐nigeria-‐stake/> [accessed 10 November 2012].

Nigeria Sinopec 2004 Oil agreement Oil N/A Cindy Hurst, "China’s Oil Rush in Africa," Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, July 2006, <http://www.iags.org/chinainafrica.pdf> [accessed 5 November 2012].

Nigeria Sinopec 2009

Acquired Swiss Addax Petroleum Corp and obtained its oil assets in Nigeria, Gabon, and Cameroon Oil N/A


Nigeria Shenzhen Energy Group 2008 Coal, oil and natural gas Natural Resources

$2400 million


Nigeria PetroChina 2005

Signed its first significant oil deal in Nigeria, securing 30,000 barrels a day for the next five years Oil N/A Jeffrey Genota and Joseph Luk, “China Deals,” China Business Review, vol. 37, no. 6 (Nov/Dec 2010): 52-‐54.

Nigeria N/A 2009

Donated money for construction of the Sino-‐Nigerian Friendship Primary School Construction

RMB 3.5 million


Nigeria N/A Aid

496 Chinese agricultural experts and technicians to offer guidance on water resource management, agricultural mechanization, agricultural product processing, fisheries, and aquaculture Agriculture N/A


Nigeria N/A N/A Industrial or textile park Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Nigeria N/A 2009 First and third phases of the Lagos Light Rail Construction N/A


Nigeria N/A 2009 Abuja Metroline/Light Rail System Construction N/A


Nigeria N/A N/A Trade and Economic Cooperation Zone



26

Nigeria N/A 2009 Furniture manufacture Forestry N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Nigeria N/A 2009 Furniture manufacture Forestry N/A


Nigeria N/A N/A Power stations and transmission projects Infrastructure N/A


Nigeria N/A 2009 Mining Natural Resources N/A


Nigeria Linyi Zhongba Food Co. Ltd 2006 Forestry Forestry N/A


Nigeria Linyi Millioner Bio-‐Industry Co, Ltd 2007 Forestry Forestry N/A


Nigeria Linyi Jiuli Food Co. Ltd 2008 Forestry Forestry N/A


Nigeria Linyi Jiuli Food Co. Ltd 2008 Mining Natural Resources N/A


Nigeria

Jiangxi Baofeng Mining Industry Co. Ltd 2007 Mining Natural Resources N/A


Nigeria Jiangsu Pan Pacific Development Co. Ltd 2009 Mining exploration and trade Natural Resources N/A


Nigeria Huawei Technologies N/A

Contract to build the infrastructure for Nigeria’s lucrative cellphone market Telecommunications

$800 million

Vivienne Walt, "China's African Safari," CNN Money News, (7 February 2006) <http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/02/20/8369164/index.htm> [accessed 11 November 2012].

Nigeria Henan Coal Field Geology Institute 2007 Mining exploration Natural Resources N/A


Nigeria Hegang City DiMei Co. Ltd 2008 Mining exploration Natural Resources N/A


Nigeria

Dongguan Zhongzhan Mining Co. Ltd. 2009

Mining exploration, production, and processing Natural Resources N/A


Nigeria CNPC (PetroChina) N/A Production of oil and gas; exploration of oil and gas Natural Resources N/A


Nigeria CNOOC 2005 Bought a 45% stake in an offshore Nigerian oil field Oil $2.7 billion

Chris Alden and Martyn Davies, "Chinese Multinational Corporations in Africa," Center on China's Transnational Relations, Conference Paper, <http://www.cctr.ust.hk/materials/conference/china-‐africa/papers/Chris_Alden_Chinese_Multinational_Corporations.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].

Nigeria CNOOC 2007 Oil agreement Oil N/A Cindy Hurst, "China’s Oil Rush in Africa," Institute for the Analysis of Global Security, July 2006, <http://www.iags.org/chinainafrica.pdf> [accessed 5 November 2012].

Nigeria Chinese government 2012 Donation for construction of hospital Construction

$25.6 million

"Niger: China Gives Niger U.S.$25.6 Million for Hospital Construction," All Africa News, (29 October 2012) <http://allafrica.com/stories/201210290158.html> [accessed 3 November 2012].

Nigeria Chinese government 2009 Bilateral joint committee on trade and economic cooperation



Nigeria Chinese government N/A Confucius Institute (2) Infrastructure N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].

27

Nigeria Chinese government N/A Confucius Institute (1) Infrastructure N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Nigeria

China State Construction Engineering Corporation (CSCEC) 2010 Coal, oil and natural gas Natural Resources

$1913 million


Nigeria

China National Offshore Oil Corporation Ltd (CNOOC Limited; China Oilfield Services) N/A N/A Oil N/A


Nigeria

China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation 2012

Railway technology training center Infrastructure N/A

"China Opens Railway Technology Institution In Nigeria," Ventures Africa (9 November 2012) <http://www.ventures-‐africa.com/2012/11/china-‐opens-‐railway-‐technology-‐institution-‐in-‐nigeria/> [accessed 15 November 2012].

Nigeria

China Banking Regulatory Commission 2009

MOU on bilateral cooperation in banking regulation



Nigeria

Changzhou Pangu Economy and Technology Development Co. Ltd. 2006 Mining exploration and trade Natural Resources N/A


Nigeria CGCOC Group Co. Ltd 2007 Farm Agriculture N/A


Nigeria CGCOC Group Co. Ltd 2009 Farm Agriculture N/A


Nigeria CCECC N/A Railway technology training center Construction N/A

"Chinese Firm Sets Up Railway Technology Training Center in Nigeria," Xinhua News, (5 November 2012) <http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/counselorsreport/asiareport/201211/20121108420119.html> [accessed 12 November 2012].

Nigeria Beijing Yuhongxing Co. Ltd. 2008

Mining exploration and extraction Natural Resources N/A


Nigeria

Beijing Comfort Technology & Development 2011 NG-‐Nat’l Energy Dev SIL (FY06) Natural Resources


Nigeria Bank of China 2009 Established relationships with Nigerian banks



Rwanda N/A 2009

Established training base that offers comprehensive training on bamboo cultivation, process, and marketing Agriculture N/A


Rwanda N/A 2009 Mining Natural resources N/A


Rwanda FOCAC 2009

Founded Rwanda Agriculture Technology Demonstration Center Agriculture N/A

"Mushroom Farming Changes Lives in Huye," Forum on China-‐Africa Cooperation, (2 November 2012) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t984680.htm> [accessed 5 November 2012].

Rwanda Chinese government 2011

Signed six economic and technical cooperation agreements


Yuan 150 million

"Rwanda: Country, China Sign Co-‐operation Agreements," All Africa News, (19 August 2011) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t859689.htm> [accessed 19 November 2012].

Rwanda Chinese government 2009 Bilateral joint committee on trade and economic cooperation



Rwanda Chinese government N/A Confucius Institute Infrastructure N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Rwanda

China's Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University 2006

Technical advice on mushroom farming Agriculture N/A

"Mushroom Farming Changes Lives in Huye," Forum on China-‐Africa Cooperation, (2 November 2012) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t984680.htm> [accessed 5 November 2012].

28

Senegal Chinese government 2009 Joint committee on trade and economic cooperation



Senegal

China National Agricultural Development Group Corporation N/A Fishing sector Agriculture N/A


Seychelles Chinese government 2009 Initialed civil aviation transportation agreement Tourism N/A


Sierra Leone N/A N/A

Construction of key buildings, including the Youyi Building, National Stadium, Parliament building, and Police headquarters. Construction Aid


Sierra Leone N/A 2009 Rebuilding Bintuamani Hotel Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Sierra Leone N/A 2010 Mining Natural resources N/A


Sierra Leone N/A N/A

With preferential loans for Chinese govt, rural CDMA network put into operation Telecommunications N/A


Sierra Leone

Henan Guoji Industry and Development Corporation 2003

Exploring possibility of constructing a large-‐scale development, which has controversial environment concerns Construction

$100 million


Sierra Leone

Global Trading (subsidiary of Beijing Urban Construction Group) 2001

Renovate government-‐owned Bintumani Hotel Construction $10 million


Sierra Leone Chinese government 2009 Joint committee on trade and economic cooperation



Sierra Leone Chinese government 2009 Bilateral joint committee on trade and economic cooperation



Sierra Leone Chinese government N/A Malaria-‐related facilities Infrastructure N/A Charles W. Freeman III, "China’s Emerging Global Health and Foreign Aid Engagement in Africa," Center for Strategic and International Studies, (November 2011), <http://csis.org/files/publication/111122_Freeman_ChinaEmergingGlobalHealth_Web.pdf> [accessed 26 October 2012].

Sierra Leone

China State Enterprise Construction

1980s-‐1990s N/A Construction N/A


Sierra Leone China Railway Materials 2010 Iron Natural resources

$260 million


Sierra Leone



Sierra Leone

China National Complete Plant Import & Export Corporation 2003

Renovated Magabass Sugar Complex Agriculture N/A


Sierra Leone

Anhui Foreign Economic Construction Corporation N/A

Renovation of the Chinese Embassy which will become the new Economic and Trade Council and building of new embassy Construction N/A


Somalia N/A N/A Belet Uen-‐Burao Highway Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Somalia CNOOC 2006

Production-‐sharing contract with the interim Somali government


Barney Jopson, "Somalia Oil Deal for China," Financial Times, (13 July 2007) <http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/20a8a430-‐3167-‐11dc-‐891f-‐0000779fd2ac.html#axzz2CmXZM8MS> [accessed 6 November 2012].

29

Somalia Chinese government 2011

Donated to World Food Program to support Somalia in dealing with famine Infrastructure $16 million

"China Urges Promotion of Peace Process in Somalia," China Daily, (15 September 2011) <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2011-‐09/15/content_13690878.htm> [accessed 5 November 2012].

Somalia China Hono Group (CHG) 2012

Deal with the Somaliland Ministry of Civil Aviation & Air Transportation in Hargeisa. Tourism $4,436,000

"Somaliland: China Hono Group brings some equipment after a month for Egal Airport," Somaliland Press, (May 2012) <http://somalilandpress.com/somaliland-‐china-‐hono-‐group-‐brings-‐some-‐equipment-‐after-‐a-‐month-‐for-‐egal-‐airport-‐31513> [accessed 5 November 2012].

Somalia China International Oil and Gas (CIOG) 2006

Production-‐sharing contract with the interim Somali government


Barney Jopson, "Somalia Oil Deal for China," Financial Times, (13 July 2007) <http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/20a8a430-‐3167-‐11dc-‐891f-‐0000779fd2ac.html#axzz2CmXZM8MS> [accessed 6 November 2012].

South Africa Sinosteel Corporation 2009 Mineral resources exploration Natural resources N/A


South Africa Sinosteel 2006 Purchase of 50% stake in Samacor Chrome Natural resources

$200 million

Matthew Hill, "Samacor Chrome to Sell Tubatse and Tweefontein to Chinese," Mining Weekly, (7 November 2006) <http://www.miningweekly.com/article/samacor-‐chrome-‐to-‐sell-‐tubatse-‐and-‐tweefontein-‐to-‐chinese-‐2006-‐11-‐07> [accessed 9 November 2012].

South Africa N/A 2006



South Africa N/A 2009 Cotton production Agriculture N/A


South Africa N/A N/A Industrial or textile park Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

South Africa N/A N/A Heavy-‐duty Truck Assembly Plant Construction N/A


South Africa N/A 2009 Financial branch/office set up Cooperation agreement N/A


South Africa N/A 2010 Forestry Forestry N/A


South Africa N/A 2009 Juncao training Infrastructure N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

South Africa N/A 2009 Contract for power generation projections Infrastructure N/A


South Africa N/A N/A Cement Plant Infrastructure N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

South Africa N/A 2008 Processing Natural resources N/A


South Africa N/A 2009 Mining exploration, production, and processing Natural resources N/A


South Africa N/A 2007 Mining Natural resources N/A








30





South Africa N/A N/A Strategic partnership with MTN (telecommunications) Telecommunications N/A


South Africa

Jinchuan Group and China-‐Africa Development Fund 2010 Metals Natural resources

$230 million


South Africa

Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) 2008

Bought a 20% share of the Standard Bank of South Africa

Cooperation agreement

$5.46 billion


South Africa ICBC 2009 Loan Loan $1 billion "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

South Africa

Hisense South Africa Development Enterprise (Pty), Ltd. N/A

Products sold in over 2,400 chain stores and 500 home appliance stores in South Africa Infrastructure N/A


South Africa First Auto Works 2010 Autos Infrastructure $100 million


South Africa CSR Corp. Ltd. 2012

Contract to supply freight electric locomotives to South African logistics firm Transnet. Telecommunications

$400 million

"Chinese Train Maker Signs South Africa Contract," Xinhua, (10 September 2012) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t968482.htm> [accessed 10 November 2012].

South Africa Chinese government N/A Confucius Institute (4) Infrastructure N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].




South Africa Chinese government 2009 Signed MOUs on tourism implementation plans Tourism N/A


South Africa Chinese government 2009 Signed civil aviation transportation agreement Tourism N/A


South Africa

Shenhua Coal Liquification & Ningxia Luneng Energy and High Chemistry Investment N/A

Partnered with Sasol Synfuels International to establish coal-‐to-‐oil plants in Shaanxi and Ningxia provinces Oil N/A

Chris Alden and Martyn Davies, "Chinese Multinational Corporations in Africa," Center on China's Transnational Relations, <http://www.cctr.ust.hk/materials/conference/china-‐africa/papers/Chris_Alden_Chinese_Multinational_Corporations.pdf> [accessed 7 November 2012].

South Africa Chery Automobile Company, Ltd. N/A N/A Automotive N/A


South Africa Chery N/A Auto assembly Automotive N/A


South Africa Baosteel Resources Co. Ltd. 2010 Mining exploration and trade Natural resources N/A


South Sudan

Pan-‐China Construction Group Co. Ltd. 2012

Southern Sudan -‐ Water Supply and Sanitation Project Water Sector


31

South Sudan China New Era Group Corporation 2012















Sudan Zhonghao Overseas Construction 2010

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Water Sector


Sudan Zhonghao Overseas Construction 2010

Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Water Sector


Sudan Sinohydro Corporation 2009

Merowe Hydroelectric Power Station Water Sector N/A

"Hydropower," Power Construction Corporation of China, (25 October 2011) <http://www.zhongguodianjian.com/g519/s1557/t2299.aspx> [accessed 9 November 2012].

Sudan N/A N/A Merowe Dam Water Sector



Sudan N/A 2008 Vegetable and crop production Agriculture N/A


Sudan N/A 2009



Sudan N/A 2009

Sino-‐Sudan Forum, seven letters of intent pertaining to agricultural investment and cooperation Agriculture N/A


Sudan N/A 2010 Cotton production Agriculture N/A


Sudan N/A 2009 China exported 400 combined harvesters to Sudan Agriculture N/A


Sudan N/A 2009 Agricultural products processing Agriculture N/A


Sudan N/A 2009 Loans for construction of a bridge and six roads Construction N/A


Sudan N/A 2009 Construction of hospital Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Sudan N/A N/A Al Fula power station Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Sudan N/A N/A Power stations and transmission projects Infrastructure N/A


Sudan N/A 2009 Mining Natural Resources N/A


32







Sudan N/A 2011 Oil exploration activities in three areas Oil N/A

"Sudan: Gov't Grants China Oil Exploration Rights in 'Promising' Areas," All Africa News, (9 August 2011) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t848477.htm> [accessed 10 November 2012].

Sudan

Henan Hydrogeology Geology Exploration Institute 2008 Mining exploration Natural Resources N/A


Sudan CNPC (PetroChina) N/A Production of oil and gas; exploration of oil and gas Oil N/A


Sudan CNPC N/A

Aid for construction of hospitals, schools, boreholes, roads and bridges Infrastructure $50 million


Sudan CNPC 2009

Over 90% of the managerial and technical staff of CNPC's Sudan oil investment projects were local Oil N/A


Sudan CNPC 2009 Khartoum Refinery Corporation with Sudanese Company Oil N/A


Sudan CNPC 2012 Boost oil production Oil N/A "Sudan: Gov't Grants China Oil Exploration Rights in 'Promising' Areas," All Africa News, (9 August 2011) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t848477.htm> [accessed 10 November 2012].

Sudan Chinese NANTONG Company 2011

Loan for establishment of Africa Technological City Infrastructure $90 million

"Africa: China to Extend Loan 90 Million Pounds for Establishment of Africa Technological City," Sudan News Agency, (21 June 2011) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t839891.htm> [accessed 8 November 2012].

Sudan Chinese government 2009 Bilateral joint committee on trade and economic cooperation



Sudan Chinese government 2008 Arms Cooperation Agreement N/A

Hilary Andersson, "China 'is Fuelling War in Darfur,'" BBC News (13 July 2008) <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7503428.stm> [accessed 5 November 2012].

Sudan Chinese government N/A Confucius Institute Infrastructure N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Sudan Chinese government 2009 Signed civil aviation transportation agreement Tourism N/A


Sudan

China Petrochemical Corporation (Sinopec) N/A

Exploration of oil, gas, and other chemical; transportation and processing of oil and gas Oil N/A


Sudan China National Petroleum (CNPC) 2009 Coal, oil, natural gas Natural Resources

$1701 million


Sudan

China National Chemical Engineering 2010 Agriculture Agriculture

$500 million


Sudan

Beijing Yongxinghongshen Co. Ltd 2009

Mining exploration and extraction Natural Resources N/A


Tanzania

Yuetan Engineering and Construction Ltd. N/A N/A Construction N/A


33

Tanzania Yuejing Truck Company Ltd. N/A N/A Infrastructure N/A


Tanzania Wasion Group Ltd. 2011 TZ-‐Energy Development & Access Expansion Natural resources


Tanzania Sinohydro Corporation 2010 Water Sector Support Project Water Sector


Tanzania Sinohydro Corporation 2012

TRANSPORT SECTOR SUPPORT PROJECT Construction


Tanzania Sinohydro Corporation 2012

TRANSPORT SECTOR SUPPORT PROJECT Construction


Tanzania Sinohydro Corporation 2012 Tanzania Strategic Cities Project Water Sector


Tanzania

Sino-‐Tanzanian Joint Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. N/A N/A Infrastructure N/A


Tanzania N/A Since 1960s Aid Aid

Over $2 billion


Tanzania N/A 2009



Tanzania N/A N/A Sisal Plantation Agriculture N/A


Tanzania N/A 2010 Sisal hemp production and processing Agriculture N/A


Tanzania N/A 2010 Sisal hemp production Agriculture N/A


Tanzania N/A 2010 Ramie yam products production Agriculture N/A


Tanzania N/A 2008 Agricultural products production Agriculture N/A


Tanzania N/A 2009 Twiga Cement Production Plant Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Tanzania N/A 2009 Issuna-‐Manyony Road Project Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Tanzania N/A 2007 Mining Natural resources N/A








34

Tanzania N/A N/A National trunk optical fiber transmission network Telecommunications N/A


Tanzania N/A N/A Chalinze Water Supply Project Water Sector N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Tanzania MCC 20 -‐ Hainan International Ltd. N/A N/A Construction N/A


Tanzania

M/S Zhonghao Overseas Construction Co. 2011 TZ-‐Water Sector Support SIL Water Sector


Tanzania Jiefang Truck Company Ltd. N/A N/A Infrastructure N/A


Tanzania

International Securities Consultancy Ltd. 2012 Financial Sector Support Project



Tanzania

Henan Geology and Mapping General Institute 2010 Mining exploration Natural resources N/A


Tanzania Henan Coal Field Geology Institute 2010 Mining exploration Natural resources N/A


Tanzania

Henan Bureau of Geo-‐explanation and Mineral Development 2007 Mining exploration Natural resources N/A


Tanzania

Guizhou Geo-‐mineral Resources Group 2010 Mining exploration and trade Natural resources N/A


Tanzania

Diying Tian Mining Development Co. Ltd. 2010



Tanzania Chinese government N/A Interest-‐free loan for building of Tanzara (TANZAM) Railway Construction

Interest-‐free loan of $500 million


Tanzania Chinese government 2004 Dar es-‐Salaam National Stadium Construction $20.5 million


Tanzania Chinese government 2001 Debt cancellation Infrastructure $19.2 million


Tanzania Chinese government 2001 Chalinize Water Supply Project Water Sector $11.73 million


Tanzania Chinese government 2006 Aid Aid $1 million "China’s Interest and Activity in Africa’s Construction and Infrastructure Sectors," Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University, November 2006, <http://www.ccs.org.za/wp-‐content/uploads/2009/04/dfid-‐3rd-‐edition.pdf> [accessed 12 November 2012].

Tanzania Chinese government N/A Malaria-‐related facilities Infrastructure N/A Charles W. Freeman III, "China’s Emerging Global Health and Foreign Aid Engagement in Africa," Center for Strategic and International Studies, (November 2011), <http://csis.org/files/publication/111122_Freeman_ChinaEmergingGlobalHealth_Web.pdf> [accessed 26 October 2012].

Tanzania Chinese government 2009 Signed civil aviation transportation agreement Tourism N/A


Tanzania Chinese company contracted 2005 Mozambique-‐Tanzania Bridge Construction $24 million


Tanzania

Chinese Agricultural Development Company Ltd. N/A N/A Agriculture N/A


35

Tanzania China's Preferential Tariff agreement N/A N/A



Tanzania

China Sichuan International Cooperation Co. Ltd. N/A N/A Construction N/A


Tanzania

China Road and Bridge Corporation Ltd. N/A N/A Construction N/A


Tanzania

China Railway Jianchang Engineering Co. Tanzania Ltd. N/A N/A Construction N/A


Tanzania




Tanzania

China Jiangsu International Economic-‐Technical Cooperation N/A

Built the new Chinese Economic and Commercial Consular building Construction N/A


Tanzania

China Investment and Trade Promotion Center N/A N/A



Tanzania

China Huashi Enterprises Corporation N/A Renovate Zanzibar Airport Construction N/A


Tanzania

China Huashi Enterprises Corporation N/A N/A Construction N/A


Tanzania

China Henan International Cooperation Group Co. Ltd. N/A N/A Construction N/A


Tanzania

China Geo-‐Engineering Corporation N/A N/A Natural resources N/A


Tanzania

China Civil Engineering and Construction Corporation 2004 Shinyanga Water Project Water Sector

$77.2 million


Tanzania

China Civil Engineering and Construction Corporation N/A N/A Construction N/A


Tanzania CADASP Tanzania Ltd. N/A

Works as a sub-‐contractor specializing in interior design Construction N/A


Tanzania

Beijing Holley-‐Cotec Pharmaceuticals Company Ltd. N/A

Scholarship program to support impoverished local medical students Infrastructure N/A


Tanzania Anhui Geoscientific Investment Co. Ltd. 2010



Tanzania

14 out of 31 registered foreign companies in Tanzania are Chinese and SOEs N/A N/A Infrastructure N/A


Togo N/A 2010



Togo Chinese government N/A Confucius Institute Infrastructure N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].

36

Togo



Togo

Alcatel-‐Lucent Shanghai Bell Company Ltd. N/A

Contract to expand Togo's mobile networks Telecommunications N/A


Tunisia N/A 2009 Provided aquaculture training Agriculture N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Tunisia N/A N/A Mashta al Anad -‐ Ben Jarw Canal Construction N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Tunisia Chinese government 2009 Signed MOUs on tourism implementation plans Tourism N/A


Uganda Shenzhen Puxin Technology Co. Ltd. 2012

BEIA-‐Promotion of Bioelectricity in Uganda Natural resources $72706.00 "World Bank Data," World Bank (2012) <http://data.worldbank.org> [accessed 27 October 2012].

Uganda N/A 2009



Uganda N/A 2008 Cotton and its products production Agriculture N/A


Uganda N/A 2009 Construction of hospital Construction N/A


Uganda N/A 2009 Mineral resources exploration Natural resources N/A Charles W. Freeman III, "China’s Emerging Global Health and Foreign Aid Engagement in Africa," Center for Strategic and International Studies, (November 2011), <http://csis.org/files/publication/111122_Freeman_ChinaEmergingGlobalHealth_Web.pdf> [accessed 26 October 2012].

Uganda M/S China Solar (Zhejiang) Co. Ltd. 2012

Uganda: Energy for Rural Transformation APL-‐2 Natural resources








Uganda CNOOC 2011

Signed with Tullow Oil and French-‐based company Total for oil production Oil N/A

"Uganda: Tullow Seals Oil Deal With Total and China Company," Forum on China-‐Africa Cooperation, <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t858363.htm> [accessed 9 November 2012].

Uganda Chongquing Int'l Construction Corp. 2011

UG:Transport Sector Development Project Construction


Uganda Chinese government 2009 Bilateral joint committee on trade and economic cooperation



Uganda Chinese government N/A Malaria-‐related facilities Infrastructure N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Uganda Chinese government 2009 Initialed civil aviation transportation agreement Tourism N/A


Uganda

China National Offshore Oil Corporation Ltd (CNOOC Limited; China Oilfield Services) N/A N/A Oil N/A


37

Uganda


UGANDA TRANSPORT SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Construction


Zaire Chinese government N/A Malaria-‐related facilities Infrastructure N/A Charles W. Freeman III, "China’s Emerging Global Health and Foreign Aid Engagement in Africa," Center for Strategic and International Studies, (November 2011), <http://csis.org/files/publication/111122_Freeman_ChinaEmergingGlobalHealth_Web.pdf> [accessed 26 October 2012].

Zambia

Zamchin Construction Co. (Private) N/A N/A Construction N/A "World Bank Data," World Bank (2012) <http://data.worldbank.org> [accessed 27 October 2012].

Zambia N/A 2008 Crop cultivation and processing Agriculture N/A


Zambia N/A 2006 Crop and plant cultivation Agriculture N/A


Zambia N/A 2009 Cotton and edible oil production Agriculture N/A


Zambia N/A 2009

Chinese companies are now working on the design and construction of 12 major grain storage facilities Agriculture N/A


Zambia N/A 2006 Chicken farm Agriculture N/A


Zambia N/A 2006 Animal husbandry and forage processing Agriculture N/A








Zambia N/A 2006 Agricultural products production Agriculture N/A


Zambia N/A 2011 Ndola Stadium Construction N/A "Chinese investment energizes Zambia's development," Xinhua, (22 August 2011) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t850291.htm> [accessed 9 November 2012].

Zambia N/A 2008 Trade Cooperation Agreement N/A


Zambia N/A 2009 Financial branch/office set up Cooperation Agreement N/A


Zambia N/A 2009 Forestry Forestry N/A






Zambia N/A 2005 Processing Natural resources N/A


38





Zambia N/A 2010 Mining exploration, production, and processing Natural resources N/A


Zambia N/A 2010 Mining exploration, production and processing Natural resources N/A


Zambia N/A 2010 Mining exploration Natural resources N/A


Zambia N/A 2005 Mining Natural resources N/A






























39





















Zambia N/A 2009 Mineral resources exploration Natural resources N/A "China-‐Africa Trade and Economic Relationship Annual Report 2010," Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, <http://www.fahamu.org/downloads/China-‐Africa_Trade_and_Economic_Relationship_Annual_Report_2010.pdf> [accessed 16 November 2012].

Zambia N/A 2008 Bio-‐energy production Natural resources N/A


Zambia Jiangxi Corporation N/A Chinese Trade Center Construction N/A


Zambia Hebei Jidong Construction 2010 Mining exploration and trade Natural resources N/A


Zambia

Guangdong Chemical Industry Geology Exploration Institute 2010 Mining exploration Natural resources N/A


Zambia Chinese government 2008 Zambia-‐China Trade and Economic Cooperation Zone


Commenced with investment of over $400 million


Zambia Chinese government 2005 Special Preferential Tariff Treatment



Zambia Chinese government N/A Confucius Institute Infrastructure N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Zambia Chinese government 2009 Signed civil aviation transportation agreement Tourism N/A


Zambia

China Nonferrous Metal Mining Company Ltd. N/A

Purchased Zambian firm Luanshya Copper Mine Natural resources N/A


40

Zambia

China Nonferrous Metal Mining Company Ltd. N/A Chambishi Copper Mine Natural resources N/A


Zambia

China Nonferrous Metal Mining Co. Ltd. 2009 Copper Natural resources

$450 million


Zambia

China Nonferrous Metal Mining Co. Ltd. 2008 Copper Natural resources

$150 million


Zambia

China Nonferrous Metal Mining Co. Ltd. N/A

Investment for projects on preventing diseases such as AIDS, malaria and polio, and on employment of women and education of children Infrastructure $1 million


Zambia

China Nonferrous Metal Mining Co. Ltd. N/A

China-‐Zambia Friendship Hospital Construction N/A


Zambia




Zambia

China Henan International Cooperation Group Co. Ltd. N/A Lumwana Power Project Construction $23 million


Zambia

China Geo-‐Engineering Corporation N/A

Invested in Zambia's construction sector, currently involved in rehabilitation work on the Lundazai-‐Chama road Construction $20 million


Zambia

China Building Materials Construction Tangshan Installation Engineering Company (CBMI) 2006

Contracted for construction of Lafarge Cement Plant Construction $85 million


Zambia

China Building Materials Construction Tangshan Installation Engineering Company (CBMI) N/A N/A Construction N/A


Zambia Chambishi Copper Smelter Ltd. 2009 Went into production Natural resources N/A


Zambia Catic Beijing Co. Ltd. 2010

Support for Economic Expansion and Diversification (SEED) Construction $12684.27 "World Bank Data," World Bank (2012) <http://data.worldbank.org> [accessed 27 October 2012].

Zambia

Beijing Yongtongchang Mining Co. Ltd. 2009



Zambia

Beijing Huayihuisheng Trade Co. Ltd. 2007 Mining exploration and trade Natural resources N/A


Zambia

"more than 160 different Chinese companies"; 20 of them construction N/A N/A Construction

$316 million


Zambia Zhonghui Mining 2009 Copper Natural resources $3600 million


Zimbabwe Sinosteel 2007 Zimasco Consolidated Enterprises Ltd Natural resources

$292 million

"Sinosteel Snaps up 67% in Zimbabwe Ferrochrome Producer," Xinhua, (21 December 2007) <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2007-‐12/21/content_6338629.htm> [accessed 9 November 2012).

Zimbabwe N/A 2012

loan agreement for upgrading of Victoria Falls Airport and for neonatal equipment


$164 million

"China Extends Economic Assistance to Zimbabwe," Xinhua, (7 April 2012) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t925720.htm> [accessed 8 November 2012].

41

Zimbabwe N/A 2011 Loan for mining industries Natural resources $10 billion "Understanding Chinese investment in Africa," Daily Nile News, (26 August 2012) <http://dayniilecom.com/August2012/26August3.htm> [accessed 9 November 2012].

Zimbabwe N/A 2012

Agreement for provision of an outside broadcasting van for the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation Telecommunications 715000

"China Extends Economic Assistance to Zimbabwe," Xinhua, (7 April 2012) <http://www.focac.org/eng/zfgx/jmhz/t925720.htm> [accessed 8 November 2012].

Zimbabwe N/A N/A Hospital Construction N/A "Health Diplomacy: In Africa, China's Soft Power Provides a Healing Touch," University of Pennsylvania News, (22 November 2011), <http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/arabic/article.cfm?articleid=2748> [accessed 3 November 2012].

Zimbabwe HNA Group N/A "Brightness Action" Infrastructure N/A Charles W. Freeman III, "China’s Emerging Global Health and Foreign Aid Engagement in Africa," Center for Strategic and International Studies, (November 2011), <http://csis.org/files/publication/111122_Freeman_ChinaEmergingGlobalHealth_Web.pdf> [accessed 26 October 2012].

Zimbabwe Chinese government 2012 grant on economic and technical cooperation


$12.7 million

"China Extends Economic Assistance to Zimbabwe," CRI English News, (7 April 2012) <http://english.cri.cn/6826/2012/04/07/191s691906.htm> [accessed 10 November 2012].

Zimbabwe Chinese government 2009

Zimbabwe used preferential loans to import Chinese agricultural equipment Agriculture N/A


Zimbabwe Chinese government N/A Confucius Institute Infrastructure N/A "Confucius Institutes Around the World," <http://confuciusinstitute.unl.edu/institutes.shtml> [accessed 4 November 2012].

Zimbabwe Anjin Investments 2011 Mining Natural resources N/A "Zimbabwe: ANJIN Investments Opens Maiden Diamond Sales," All Africa News, (6 December 2011) <http://allafrica.com/stories/201112060226.html> [accessed 9 November 2012].

28

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