between the wars
TRANSCRIPT
AFTER WWI
BEFORE WWII
Times were changing
U.S. President Woodrow
Wilson Came with his
14 points
David Lloyd George
Great Britain Wants to secure
their interests around the
world (imperial) Afraid of
economic Germany
George Clemenceau
France Wants to
punish Germany
Afraid of physical Germany
Vittorio Orlando Italy
They switched sides to f ight
with All ies, want land
Holds l itt le power at the conference
Japan there too; want land in Asia; Russia excluded
(Civil War) Germans were there, not involved in the discussions
America is now a power - t ipped balance in war
Wilson wants his 14 points
Wilson wants self-determination, where people could choose
their own govt. (in Europe)
World organization to guarantee peace in
the future (League of Nations)
Radical concepts (free trade, end arms
races, freedom of seas, etc.)
Germans are read the terms of the Treaty, as people fight to see their reaction.
Germany loses land to France, Poland, and its
overseas colonies German army
cannot exceed 100,000 men; no
troops in Rhineland
No navy, tanks, airplanes
Pay reparations - accept blame
Germany is given Treaty, told to sign
or be invaded Their borders were never compromised,
they feel cheated. How did they lose?
Germany calls it the ”Versail les Dictation”
German army returning to Berlin march proudly and defiantly through
Berlin’s Brandenbug Gate – traditional victory arch of the
Kaiser’s Empire.
The Treaty of Versail les did not resolve the
issues that had led to World War I.
Nationalism continued to be a cause of
confl ict in territories who did not receive self -determination.
German discontent would help lead to the
rise of fascism and WWII.
“The Peace to End All Peace”
Group of over 40 countries that
hoped to settle problems through
negotiation, not war Promise to take
cooperative economic & mil itary
action against aggressor states
No army; No U.S. (Henry Cabot Lodge) All bark, no bite
Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland
Czechoslovakia , Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia
Self-determination for some, not al l
Empire collapses, Austria & Hungary shrink, become independent countries
Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia become multinational states (broken today) Self-determination for some, not
for al l ! Italy & Romania gain land
Combined ethnicities (some sti l l l iving under “foreign rulers”) wil l
lead to future nationalist uprisings
Anatolia becomes Turkey (Ataturk) Former land
became mandates (colonies) of Britain
and France Supposed to be
prepared for independence
Really just added to their empires – until they couldn’t af ford it anymore
Germans hate it - feel cheated Italy didn’t get land they wanted Japan is viewed as second tier
country, don’t get land they want in China
China mad Japan gets former German spheres in China
Russia mad - their old land is now independent countries
Treaty does more harm than good
1921 German poster of “Michael” getting his entrails ripped out by the 5-headed monster of the U.S., Britain, France, Italy, and Japan.
A punitive (punishing) peace would “leave a sting, a resentment, a bitter memory upon which the terms of peace would rest, not permanently, but only as upon quicksand.”
By 1919 the prophecy was beginning to come true . . .
General, war hero of Turkey
Drives out western forces,
declares Turkey
republic Modernizes &
Westernizes Turkey
(approved by Brits and U.S.
Islamic law (sharia) replaced with secular (nonreligious) laws
Muslim calendar replaced with western one (No month of Ramadan)
Required western dress (banned the fez)
Arabic replaced with a Latin alphabet Women could vote, no veils
Turkey industrial ized Stil l Western & secular, though many
viewed transition as attack on Islam, and view Ataturk as a betrayer to his
people & faith
Was in Persian mil itary since 15
1925 overthrew shah of Iran, & with Brit ish help, proclaims himself Reza
Shah Pahlavi Modernized and westernized, just l ike
Ataturk Difference - 1979 an
Islamic Revolution overthrew secular govt. of his son, Mohammad Reza
Pahlavi – Iran becomes Islamic Republic led by
Ayatollah KhomeiniTop: Reza KhanAbove: Reza Shah with AtaturkNear Right: Mohammad Reza PahlaviFar Right: Khomeini
Arabs who fought on the side of the All ies were promised
independence, then got burned by Britain & France
1920s & 30s, movement to unify all Arabs to stand up to the West
Egypt’s Gamal Abdar Nasser became the face
of Pan-Arabism
Theodor Herzl Establish a Jewish
state in Palestine Both Arabs & Jews
promised control of same land during the
war, & Arabs l ive there already
Balfour Declaration, 1917 – Brit ish wil l
support an independent Jewish
state Jews start moving
there, Israel made after WWII
Known as 'Mahatma' (great soul), Gandhi
was the leader of the Indian nationalist movement against Brit ish rule, and is
widely considered the father of his country. His doctrine of non-
violent protest to achieve polit ical and social progress has
been hugely influential.
1920s & 30s, headed the Indian nationalist
movement. Civil Disobedience -
nonviolent refusal to obey unjust laws
Passive resistance – nonviolent noncooperation
Boycotted Brit ish goods, rejected the caste system ,
equal r ights for all India did not achieve independence unti l one
year before his death
Post WWI, China in disarray Sun Yat-sen (Chinese Republic)
steps down, economy collapses May 4th Movement - students
want westernization Communist par ty formed (Mao Zedong) with suppor t of Chinese
peasants Nationalists - Guomindang Chiang Kai-shek takes over
Nationalist forces - f ights Commies for 22 years
U.S. suppor ts him, he’s our boy!
WWI makes people lose faith in
humanity/science/old ways
Loss of hope, rejected former rules & moral
values Writers, ar tists,
musicians who survived the war expressed this
sentiment
F. Scott Fitzgerald, left, and
J.R.R. Tolkien, right
Ernest and Hadley Hemingway at a cafe with Lady Duff Twysden and
others, Pamplona, Spain, 1925. The Lost Generation is a term used to refer to the generation of writers
active immediately after World War I, especially expatriate writers whose work is characterized by a mood of
futility and despair.
WWI brought great progress
for women Women kept economy going
at home by taking jobs vacated by
soldiers Independence
gave them sense of pride & confidence
After war, women in various western democracies gained the
right to vote – Suffrage
Weak European economies,
coupled with the collapse of the American stock market in 1929, caused a global
economic collapse.
Demand for raw materials lessoned af ter WWI - prices fall with lowered
demand Suppliers of raw materials suf fer economic losses (miners, farmers,
herders)
Industrial workers win better wages -> increased prices for
goods Others who suf fer losses cannot af ford
goods Workers would get
laid of f when there was a surplus of
manufactured goods
People bought stock on credit (margin) -
inflated stock prices - when brokers tr ied
to collect loans, investors could not
pay Caused panic, stocks
crashed So . . .
Mill ions out of work as businesses closed
Countries raise tarif fs to protect their own businesses -
global trade drops People lose faith in capital ism
(victory for communists) Someone needs to provide
order!
Benito Mussolini’s Blackshirts
Can you find Hitler?
Loss of foreign markets due to the Great Depression Unemployment Pover ty among
peasants Demand for expanding their
empire Renewed interest
in traditions, emperor -> Mil itarism, imperialism