NameSymbol

Word of origin

Meaning Symbol origin Description

Actinium Acἀκτίς (aktis)

beam Greekaktinos ἀκτίς, ἀκτῖνος (aktis; aktinos), meaning "beam (ray)".

Aluminium Al alumen alum (literally: bitter salt)[1] alumen Latin alumen means "alum" (literally "bitter salt").

Americium Am America theAmericasNamed for the Americas, because was discovered in the United States (by analogy with Europium)- (the name of the continent "America" is derived from the name of the Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci).

Antimony Sb

ἀντί + μόνος (anti monos);antimonium/antimonie[3]

various

" Possibly from Greek ἀντί + μόνος (anti monos), approximately meaning "opposed to solitude", as believed never to exist in pure form, or ἀντί + μοναχός (anti monachos) for "monk-killer" (in French folk etymology, anti-moine "monk's bane"), because many early alchemists were monks and antimony is poisonous. May also be derived from the Pharaonic (Ancient Egypt), Antos Ammon (expression), which could be translated as "bloom of the god Ammo".The symbol Sb is from Latin name Stibium which is derived from Greek Στίβι stíbi, a variant of στίμμι stimmi (genitive: στίμμεος or στίμμιδος), probably a loan word from Arabic or Egyptiansdm. Littré suggests the first form derives from *stimmida, a hypothetical alternativeaccusative of stimmi (the canonical accusative of the noun is the same as the nominative: stimmi). The Arabic word for the substance, as "mark" or "the cosmetic", can appear as وثمود وثمود، ثمود، " ithmid, athmoud, othmod or uthmod.[4] تحميض،

Argon Arἀργόν (argon)

inactive argon Greek argon means "inactive" (literally "lazy").

Arsenic Asἀρσενικόν (arsenikon)

orpiment Greekarsenikon

From Greek ἀρσενικόν (arsenikon) adapted from the Syriac  ܙܐܦܢܝܐ ܠܐ (al) zarniqa [5] and Persian, "زرنيخ" (zarnik), "yellow orpiment". Ἀρσενικόν (arsenikon) isparetymologically related to the Greek word ἀρσενικός (arsenikos) meaning "masculine" or "potent." These words were adapted into Latin: arsenicum and Old French arsenic which is the source for the English word: arsenic. [5]

Astatine Atἄστατος (astatos)

unstable Greekastatos "ἄστατος" (astatos) means "unstable".[6]

Barium Baβαρύς (barys)

heavy Greek barys"βαρύς" (barys) means "heavy". The oxide was initially called "barote", then "baryta", which was modified to "barium" to describe the metal. Sir Humphrey Davy gave the element this name because it was originally found in the mineral baryte which is of the same source.[7]

Berkelium Bk

University of California, Berkeley

Berkeley, California

Named for the University of California, Berkeley, where discovered. The city ofBerkeley, California was named in honor of George Berkeley. The name "Berkeley" is derived from Old English beorce léah meaning birch lea. [8]

Beryllium Beβήρυλλος (beryllos)

a blue-green spar, but possibly related to the name of Belur

beryl

βήρυλλος "beryllos", denoting beryl, which contains beryllium.[9] The word is derived (via Latin: Beryllus and French: Béryl) from the Greek βήρυλλος, bērullos, a blue-green spar, from Prakrit veruliya (वॆ�रुलि�य ), from Pāli veḷuriya (वॆ���रिय); veḷiru (भे�लि�रु) or,viḷar (भिभे� ), "to become pale," in reference to the pale semiprecious gemstoneberyl.[10] The word is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit word वॆ�डू�य� vaidurya- which might be related to the name of the city of Belur.[11]

Bismuth Bi bisemutum white mass bisemutum "bisemutum", derived from German "Wismuth", perhaps from "weiße Masse", means "white mass", due to its appearance.

Bohrium BhBohr, Niels

Niels Bohr Named in honor of Niels Bohr, who made fundamental understanding of atomic structure and quantum mechanics.[12]

Boron B العقشا(buraq)

borax referring to borax. These terms were adapted into Medieval (burah) "بورون" ,derived from the Persian (buraq) "العقشا"Latin baurach, Anglo-Norman boreis, and Middle English boras, which became the source of the English word boron.

Bromine Brβρόμος (brómos)/"brome"[13]

dirt or stench (of he-goats)[14] Greekbromos "βρόμος" (brómos), means "stench (lit. clangor)", due to its characteristic smell.

Cadmium Cdκαδμεία (cadmia)

calamine or Cadmean earth GreekkadmiaFrom Latin cadmia, derived from Greek καδμεία (kadmeia), means "calamine", a Cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals. Cadmium is named after Cadmus (in Greek: Κάδμος Kadmos), a character in Greek mythology and Calamine is derived from Le Calamine, the French name of the Belgian town of Kelmis.

Caesium Cs caesius blue-gray[15]or sky blue LatincaesiusFrom Latin "caesius", means "sky blue". Its identification was based upon the bright blue lines in its spectrum and it was the first element discovered by spectrum analysis.

Calcium Ca χάλιξ/calxχάλιξ means "pebble"; calxmeans limestone[16] Latin calx

From Latin "calx", means "lime". Calcium was known as early as the first century when the Ancient Romans prepared lime as calcium oxide.

Californium Cf CaliforniaState and University ofCalifornia

Named for California, the U.S. state of California and for the University of California, Berkeley. (The origin of the state's name is disputed.)

Carbon C charbone charcoal carboFrom the French, "charbone", which in turn came from Latin "carbō", means "charcoal" and is related to "carbōn-" meaning "a coal." (In the German and theDutch, Kohlenstoff and Koolstof, respectively, both literally mean "coal-stuff") These words were derived from the PIE base *ker- meaning heat, fire, or to burn. [17]

Cerium Ce Ceres grain, bread CeresNamed after the asteroid Ceres, discovered two years earlier. (The asteroid, now classified as a dwarf planet, was named after "Ceres", the goddess of fertility in mythology) [18] Ceres is derived from PIE *ker-es- from base *ker- meaning to grow.[19][20]

Chlorine Clχλωρός (chlorós)

pale green[21] Greekchloros From Greek "χλωρός" (chlorós), means "yellowish green" or "greenish yellow", because of the color of the gas.

Chromium Crχρῶμα (chróma)

color GreekchromaFrom Greek, χρῶμα (chróma), "color", because of many colors of compounds. This word was adapted into French chrome and adding the suffix -ium to the end of it created the English word Chromium.[22]

Cobalt Co Kobold evil spirit Germankobold

From German Kobold, means "evil spirit", the metal being so called by miners, because it was poisonous and troublesome (polluted and degraded the other mined elements, like Nickel). Other sources cite the origin as stemming from silver miners' belief that cobalt had been placed by "Kobolds" who had stolen the silver. Some also think the name may be derive from Greek κόβαλος kobalos, means "mine", and which may have common roots with kobold, goblin, and cobalt.

Copernicium CnNicolaus Copernicus

Polish surname, literally: "copper nickel"

NicolausCopernicus

Named in honor of Nicolaus Copernicus.

Copper CuΚύπριος (Kyprios)?

who/which is from Cyprus LatinCuprum

Possibly ultimately derived from Greek "Κύπριος" (Kyprios) (which comes from Κύπρος Kypros, the Greek name of Cyprus) via Latin "cuprum," West Germanic "*kupar," Old English "coper"/"copor," and Middle English "coper." In Latin (during the Roman empire), aes cyprium, ("aes" being the generic Latin term for copper alloys such as bronze). Cyprium means "Cyprus" or "which is from Cyprus", where so much of it was mined; it was simplified to cuprum and then eventually Anglicized as copper(Old English coper/copor).

Curium CmCurie, Marie and Pierre

Pierre andMarie Curieand the -umending

Named in honor of Marie and Pierre Curie, who discovered Radium and researchedradioactivity.

Darmstadtium Ds Darmstadt proper name, literally: "intesine city" toponymNamed for "Darmstadt", where discovered (GSI, located in Wixhausen, a small suburb north of Darmstadt).It has also been called 'Eka-platinum.[24][25]

Dubnium DbДубна (Dubna)

toponymNamed for "Dubna", where discovered (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna,U.S.S.R.). Researchers of Berkeley proposed Hahnium (Ha), named in honor of Otto Hahn, who pioneered to radioactivity and radiochemistry, but the proposal was rejected.[12]

Dysprosium Dy

δυσπρόσιτος (dysprositos)

hard to get at descriptive Derived from Greek "δυσπρόσιτος" (dysprositos), means "hard to get at".

Einsteinium EsEinstein, Albert

German surname, literally: "one stone" eponym Named in honor of Albert Einstein, for his work on theoretical physics including thephotoelectric effect.

Erbium Er Ytterby proper name, literally: "outer village" toponymNamed after the village of Ytterby in Sweden, where large concentrations of Yttria and Erbium are located. Erbia and Terbia were confused in at this time. After 1860, what had been known as Terbia was renamed Erbia, and after 1877, what had been known as Erbia was renamed Terbia.

Europium EuΕὐρώπη ("Europe")

broad-faced or well-wateredtoponym;mythological

Named for Europe, the continent where discovered. Europe was named after the fictional Phoenician princess Europa.

Fermium FmFermi, Enrico

Italian surname, from ferm- "fastener" and-i[26] eponym

Named in honor of "Enrico Fermi", who developed the first nuclear reactor, quantum theory, nuclear and particle physics, and statistical mechanics.

Fluorine F fluor a flowing From the "Fluorspar", one of its compounds.

Francium Fr Franceproper name (literally: Land of the Franks)

toponym Named for "France", where discovered (Curie Institute (Paris)).

Gadolinium GdGadolin, Johan

eponymNamed in honor of Johan Gadolin, who was one of the founders of Nordic chemistry research, discovered Yttrium, and pioneered laboratory exercise teaching. (Gadolinite, the mineral, is also named for him.)

Gallium Ga Gallia Gaul (Ancient France) toponym

" From Latin Gallia, means Gaul (Ancient France), and also gallus, means "rooster". The element was obtained as free metal by Lecoq de Boisbaudran, who namedGallium after France, his native land, and also, punningly, after himself, as Lecoq, means "the rooster", or in Latin, gallus.Gallium was called Eka-aluminium by Mendeleev who predicted its existence.[25]

Germanium Ge Germania Germany toponym From Latin "Germania", means "Germany". Germanium has also been called Eka-silicon by Mendeleev.[25]

Gold Au gold Latin aurumFrom the Anglo-Saxon, "gold", from PIE *ghel- meaning "yellow/ bright"Au is from Latin Aurum, means "shining dawn".[27]

Hafnium Hf Hafnia Copenhagen toponym From Latin "Hafnia", means "Copenhagen" of Denmark.

Hassium Hs Hassia Hesse toponymNamed derived from Latin "Hassia", means Hesse, the German state where discovered (Institute for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt).[12] It has also been called 'Eka-osmium.[25]

Helium Heἥλιος (hélios)

sun mythological Named after the Greek, "ἥλιος" (Helios), means "the Sun" or the mythological sun-god .[18]

Holmium Ho Holmia Stockholm toponym Named derived from Latin "Holmia", means Stockholm.

Hydrogen H

ὕδωρ (root: ὑδρ-) + -γενῆς (-genes)

water + begetter descriptiveFrom French hydrogène[28] and Latin hydro- and -genes, derived from the Greek, "ὕδωρ γείνομαι" (hydor geinomai), meaning "Ι beget water".

Indium In indigo descriptiveNamed after "indigo", because of indigo spectrum line. The English word indigo is from Spanish indico and Dutch indigo (from Portuguese endego), from Latin indicum"indigo," from Greek ἰνδικόν, indikon "blue dye from India".

Iodine Iἰώδες (iodes)

violet descriptiveNamed after the Greek, "ἰώδες" (iodes), means "violet", because of the color of the gas. This word was adapted into French iode which is the source of the English wordiodine.[29]

Iridium Irἴρις (genitive: ἴριδος)

of rainbows descriptiveNamed after the Latin noun "iris", meaning "rainbow, iris plant, iris of the eye", because many of salts are strongly colored; "Iris" was originally the name of the goddess of rainbows and a messenger in Greek mythology.[18]

Iron Fe

īsern (earlier: īren/īsen)/yren/yron

holy metal or strong metal[30] Anglo-Saxon

From the Anglo-Saxon īsern which is derived from Proto-Germanic isarnan meaning "holy metal" or "strong metal" which in its turn may derive from the Etruscan, aisar, meaning "the god(s)", because the earliest iron to be worked (by the Sumerians andEgyptians, around 4000 BC) was obtained from meteorites, and meteorites fall from the sky.[31]

The symbol Fe is from Latin ferrum, meaning "iron".

Krypton Krκρυπτός (kryptos)

hidden descriptiveFrom Greek "κρυπτός" (kryptos), means "hidden one", because of its colorless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous properties (like other noble gases).

Lanthanum La

λανθάνειν (lanthanein)

to lie hidden From Greek lanthanein, "to lie (hidden)".

Lawrencium LrLawrence, Ernest O

eponymNamed in honor of "Ernest O. Lawrence", who was involved in the development of thecyclotron.The symbol is Lr since 1963; formerly Lw was used. Unniltrium was used as a temporary systematic element name.[12]

Lead Pb lead The symbol Pb is from Latin name, Plumbum, hence the English, "plumbing".[18][32]

Lithium Liλίθος (lithos)

stoneFrom Greek "λίθος" (lithos) "stone", because it was discovered from a mineral while other common alkali metals (sodium and potassium) were discovered from plant tissue.

Lutetium Lu Lutetia Paris toponym Named after the Latin, Lutetia, the city of "Paris".[12]

Magnesium MgΜαγνησία (Magnesia)

toponym From the Ancient Greek, "Μαγνήσια" (Magnesia) (district in Thessaly), where discovered.

Manganese Mn

Μαγνησία (Magnesia; Latin: magnetum)

Magnesia descriptive From Latin Magnesia ultimately from Greek; Magnesia evolved into Manganese inItalian and into Manganèse in French.

Meitnerium MtMeitner, Lise

eponym Named in honor of Lise Meitner, who shared discovery of nuclear fission.[12] It has also been called 'Eka-iridium.[25]

Mendelevium MdMendeleyev, Dmitri

eponym Named in honor of Dmitri Mendeleyev, who invented periodic table.[33] It has also been called 'Eka-thulium.[25]

Mercury Hg Mercurius Mercury mythologicalNamed after "Mercury", the god of speed and messenger of the Gods, as was the "planet Mercury" named after the god.The symbol Hg is from Greek name, ὕδωρ and ἀργυρός (hydor and argyros), which became Latin, Hydrargyrum; both mean "water-silver", because it is a liquid like water (at room temperature), and has silvery metallic sheen.[18][34]

Molybdenum Moμόλυβδος (molybdos)

lead-like descriptive From Greek "μόλυβδος" (molybdos), "lead".

Neodymium Nd

νέος δίδυμος (neos didymos)

new twin descriptiveDerived from Greek "νέος διδύμος" (neos didymos), means "new twin", becauseDidymium separated into Praseodymium and Neodymium, when they gave salts of different colors.[35]

Neon Neνέος (neos)

new From Greek "νέος" (neos) "new".

Neptunium Np Neptunus Neptune mythological Named for "Neptune", the planet. (The planet was named after "Neptune", the god of oceans in mythology) [18]

Nickel Ni

Kopparnickel/Kupfernickel

copper-coloured ore descriptive From the Swedish, Kopparnickel, meaning "copper-colored ore"; this referred to the ore niccolite from which it was obtained.[37]

Niobium NbΝιόβη (Niobe)

snowy mythological Named after "Niobe", daughter of Tantalus in Classical mythology.[12][18]

Nitrogen N

νίτρον (Latin: nitrum) -γενῆς (-genes)

native-soda begetter descriptiveFrom French "nitrogène"[38] and Latin "nitrum -genes", derived from Greek "νίτρον γείνομαι" (nitron geinomai), meaning "I form/beget native-soda (niter)".[39]

Nobelium NoNobel, Alfred

eponym Named in honor of Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite and instituted the Nobel Prizes foundation.

Osmium Osὀσμή (osme)

a smell descriptive From Greek ὀσμή (osme), means "a smell".

Oxygen O

ὀξύ γείνομαι (oxy geinomai)/oxygène

to bring forth acidFrom Greek "ὀξύ γείνομαι" (oxy geinomai), meaning "Ι bring forth acid", as it was believed to be an essential component of acids. This phrase was corrupted into French "oxygène" which became the source of the English word "oxygen." [40]

Palladium Pd Παλλάς little maiden[41] astrological/ Named after "Pallas", the asteroid discovered two years earlier. (The asteroid was named after "Pallas Athena", goddess of

(genitive: Παλλάδος) (Pallas)

mythologicalwisdom and victory.)[18] The word Palladium is derived from Greek Παλλάδιον and is the neutral version of Παλλάδιος meaning "of Pallas." [42]

Phosphorus P

φῶς + -φόρος (phos + -phoros)

light-bearer descriptiveFrom Greek φῶς + -φόρος (phos + -phoros), means "light bearer", because "White Phosphorus" emits a faint glow upon exposure to oxygenThe word "phosphorus" was ancient name for the "Venus" (the planet as Hesperus(Morning Star).[18]

Platinum Ptplatina (del Pinto)

little silver (of the Pinto River)[44] descriptiveFrom the Spanish, "platina", means "little silver", because it was first encountered in Silver mine. Platina can also mean "stage (of a microscope)" and the Modern Spanish version of the word is Platino. Platina is a diminutive of Platina "silver" and is a loan word from French plate or Provençal plata "sheet of metal" and is the origin of the English word "plate."[45]

Plutonium PuΠλούτων (Ploutōn) via Pluto

god of wealth[46] astrological;mythological

Named after "Pluto", the dwarf planet, because it was discovered directly afterNeptunium and is higher than Uranium on periodic table, so by analogy with the ordering of the planets. (The planet Pluto was named after "Pluto", a Roman god of the dead) [18] Πλούτων (Ploutōn) is related to the Greek word πλοῦτος (ploutos) meaning "wealth."

Polonium Po Polonia Poland toponym Named after "Poland", homeland of discoverer Marie Curie. Was also called Radium F.

Potassium K

potassa; potasch viapotash[48]

pot-ash

From the English, "potash", means "pot-ash" (Potassium compound prepared from an alkali extracted in a pot from the ash of burnt wood or tree leaves).Potash is a literal translation of the Dutch loan word "potaschen" meaning "pot ashes."[47] The symbol K is from Latin name, Kalium, from Arabic "القلي" (al qalīy), meaning "calcined ashes".

Praseodymium Pr

πράσιος δίδυμος (prasios didymos)

green twin descriptiveFrom Greek "πράσιος δίδυμος" (prasios didymos), meaning "green twin", becausedidymium separated into Praseodymium and neodymium, with salts of different colors.

Promethium Pm

Προμηθεύς ("Prometheus")

forethought[49] mythological Named after "Prometheus", who stole the fire of heaven and gave it to mankind (in Classical mythology).[18]

Protactinium Paπρῶτος + ἀκτίς

first beam element descriptive?Derived from former name Protoactinium, from the Greek prefix proto- "first" + Neolatin "actinium" from Greek ἀκτίς (gen.: ἀκτῖνος) "ray" + Latin -ium.[50]

Radium Ra radius ray descriptive From Latin radius meaning "ray", because of its radioactivity.

Radon Rn RadiumContraction of Radium emanation, since the element appears in the radioactive decay of radium.An alternative, rejected name was Niton (Nt), from Latin nitens "shining".

Rhenium Re Rhenus Rhine toponym From Latin Rhenus, the river Rhine.

Rhodium Rhῥόδον (rhodon)

rose From Greek "ῥόδον" (rhodon), means "rose".

Roentgenium RgRöntgen, Wilhelm Conrad

eponym Named in honour of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who produced and detected x-rays. It has also been called Eka-gold.[25]

Rubidium Rb rubidus deepest red descriptive From Latin "rubidus", means "deepest red", because of color in spectroscope.

Ruthenium Ru Ruthenia Russia toponym From Latin "Ruthenia", means "Russia".

Rutherfordium RfRutherford, Ernest

eponymNamed in honor of Baron Ernest Rutherford, who pioneered the Bohr model of theatom. Rutherfordium has also been called Kurchatovium (Ku), named in honor ofIgor Vasilevich Kurchatov, who shared discovered fundamental understanding of theUranium chain reaction and the nuclear reactor.[12]

Samarium SmSamarsky-Bykhovets, Vasili

eponymNamed after "Samarskite", the mineral. ("Samarskite" was named after "ColonelVasili Samarsky-Bykhovets", a Russian mine official.)

Scandium Sc Scandia Scandinavia toponym Named from Latin "Scandia", means "Scandinavia"; formerly Eka-boron.[25]

Seaborgium SgSeaborg, Glenn Teodor

Swedish surname, literally: "Lake Mountain"

eponymNamed in honor of "Glenn T. Seaborg", who discovered the chemistry of thetransuranium elements, shared discovered and isolated 10 elements, developed and proposed the actinide series. Other names: Eka-tungsten[25] and temporarily by IUPAC Unnilhexium (Unh).[12]

Selenium Seσελήνη (seléne)

moonastrological/ mythological

From Greek, "σελήνη" (selene), means "Moon", and also moon-goddess Selene.[18]

Silicon Si silex, -icis flint descriptive From Latin "silex" or "silicis", means "flint", a kind of stone.

Silver Ag

𒊭𒁺𒁍/𒊭𒅈𒇥; siolfor/seolfor

to refine, smelt Latinargentum

From the Anglo-Saxon, "seolfor" which was derived from Proto-Germanic *silubra-; compare Old High German "silabar"; ultimately from Akkadian 𒊭𒅈𒇥 sarpu "refined silver" and related to 𒊭𒁺𒁍 sarapu "to refine, smelt".[52]

The symbol Ag is from Latin name Argentum, which is derived from PIE *arg-ent- or from Ancient Greek ἀργήεντος (argēentos), genitive of ἀργήεις (argēeis), "white, shining".[53]

Sodium Na soda

From the English, "soda", used in names for Sodium compounds such as caustic soda, soda ash, and baking soda.The symbol Na is from Modern Latin noun natrium, derived from Greek "νίτρον" (nítron), "natural soda, a kind of salt" + Latin -ium.[54] Its original source being either the Arabic word نطرون natrun or the Egyptian wordnetjeri.

Strontium SrSròn an t-Sìthein; Strontian

proper name (literally: nose [ie. 'point'] of the fairy hill)

toponymNamed after "Strontianite", the mineral. ("Strontianite" was named after "the town ofStrontian", the source of the mineral in Scotland.)

Sulfur S صفرا(sufra)

yellow descriptiveAlmost certainly from Arabic "صفرا" (sufra), "yellow", the bright color of the naturally occurring form. The word passed into Sanskrit, "गन्धक" (sulvere or sulvari), the Latin, "sulpur", the Old French "soufre,"[60] the English, "sulphur" or "sulfur", and also was commonly referred as "brimstone" in English translations of the Bible.

Tantalum TaΤάνταλος (Tantalus)

Tantalus; possibly "the bearer" or the sufferer"[61] mythological

Named after the Greek, "Τάνταλος" (Tantalus), who was punished after death by being condemned to stand knee-deep in water, if he bent to drink the water, it drained below the level he could reach (on Greek mythology). This was considered similar to tantalum's general non-reactivity because of the inertness (it sits among reagents and is unaffected by them).[18]

Technetium Tcτεχνητός (technetos)

artificial descriptiveFrom Greek τεχνητός (technetos), means "artificial", because of the first predominantly artificial element. Technetium has also been called Eka-manganese.[25]

Tellurium Te Tellus Earth mythological From Latin "Tellus", means "Earth" and also "Terra Mater", the goddess personifying the Mother Earth in Roman mythology [18]

Terbium Tb Ytterby Proper name (literally: outer village) toponym Named after "Ytterby", the village in Sweden where the element was first discovered.

Thallium Tlθαλλός (thallos)

green twig descriptive From Greek, "θαλλός" (thallos), means "a green shoot (twig)", because of its bright green spectral emission lines.

Thorium ThÞōrr (Thor)

thunder mythologicalNamed after "Thor", the god of thunder on Norse mythology.[18]

The former name Ionium (Io) was given early in the study of radioactive elements toTh-230 isotope.

Thulium TmΘούλη, Θύλη[62] a mythical country mythological

Named after "Thule", an ancient Roman and Greek name (Θούλη, Θύλη) for a mythical country in the far north, perhaps Scandinavia. By the same token, Thulia, its oxide.

Tin Sn tinBorrowed from a Proto-Indo-European language, and has cognates in severalGermanic and Celtic languages.[63]

The symbol Sn is from its Latin name Stannum.

Titanium Ti

Τιτάν (gen.: Τιτάνος; Titan)

Earth mythological From Latin "titan", means "Earth", and also "Titans", the first sons of Gaia in Greek mythology.[18]

Tungsten W tung sten heavy stone descriptive

From the Swedish and Danish, "tung sten", means "heavy stone". The symbol W is from scientific name, Wolfram. The element and its ore, "Wolframite", was named in honor of "Peter Woulfe", who discovered its existence. The names Wolfram orVolfram are still used in Swedish and several languages.[12]

Ununoctium Uuo systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 118. It is sometimes called Eka-radon.[25]

Ununhexium Uuh systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 116. It is sometimes called Eka-polonium.[25]

Ununpentium Uup systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 115. It is sometimes called Eka-bismuth.[25]

Ununquadium Uuq systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 114. It is sometimes called Eka-lead.[25]

Ununseptium Uus systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 117. It is sometimes called Eka-astatine.[25]

Ununtrium Uut systematic IUPAC systematic element name based on Latin for 113. It is sometimes called Eka-thallium.[25]

Uranium UΟὐρανός (Ouranos); Uranus

skyastrological;mythological

Named after the planet "Uranus", which had been discovered eight years earlier. The planet was named after "Uranus", the god of sky and heaven on Greek mythology [18]

Vanadium V Vanadís "Dís of theVanir" mythologicalFrom Vanadís, one of the names of the Vanr goddess Freyja in Norse mythology, because of multicolored chemical compounds deemed beautiful.[18]

Xenon Xeξένος (xenos)

foreign From the Greek adjective "ξένος" (xenos), means "foreign, a stranger".

Ytterbium Yb Ytterby proper name, literally: "outer village" toponymNamed after Ytterbia, the compound of Ytterbium. (The compound Ytterbia was named after Ytterby, the Swedish village (near Vaxholm) where found the mineralsGadolinite) [12]

Yttrium Y Ytterby proper name, literally: "outer village" toponymNamed after Yttria, the (oxide) compound of Yttrium. (The compound Yttria was named after Ytterby, the village where found the minerals Gadolinite) [12]

Zinc Zn Zink Cornet[64] From German "Zink" which is related to Zinken "prong, point." May be derived from Old Persian

Zirconium Zr

 ܙܐܪܓܥܢܥzargono[65]

زرگون(zargûn)/ ئشقنعى(zarkûn)/zirkon

gold-likeFrom Arabic "ئشقنعى" (zarkûn). Derived from the Persian, "زرگون" (zargûn), means "gold like". Zirkon is the German variant of these and is the origin of the English word "Zircon." [66]

Evaporation that occurs on earth is the change from the liquid state of water to a water vapor. Though it looks very simple, water is not only the most abundant compound on earth, it is also very complex. The quantity of water on the earth never changes; it simply changes form as it passes through what is known as the water cycle. This cycle has four stages, one of which is evaporation. Each stage entails different processes that are required to change water to a new form.Water has three different states: liquid, vapor, and ice. Evaporation of water is the process by which water changes from liquid water to a water vapor. To evaporate, water requires one of several conditions to be in place. For a body of water such as a lake, river, or ocean to allow some of its water molecules to switch from a liquid and be released as a water vapor into the air, heat from the sun must be present to initiate the process. A change in energy or pressure is always required from some source for this process to occur.

Crystallization is the (natural or artificial) process of formation of solid crystals precipitating from a solution,melt or more rarely deposited directly from a gas. Crystallization is also a chemical solid-liquid separation technique, in which mass transfer of a solute from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase occurs. In chemical engineering crystallization occurs in a crystallizer. Crystallization is therefore an aspect ofprecipitation, obtained through a variation of the solubility conditions of the solute in the solvent, as compared to precipitation due to chemical reaction. The crystallization process consists of two major events, nucleation and crystal growth. Nucleation is the step where the solute molecules dispersed in the solvent start to gather into clusters, on thenanometer scale (elevating solute concentration in a small region), that become stable under the current operating conditions. These stable clusters constitute the nuclei. However, when the clusters are not stable, they redissolve. Therefore, the clusters need to reach a critical size in order to become stable nuclei. Such critical size is dictated by the operating conditions (temperature,supersaturation, etc.). It is at the stage of nucleation that the atoms arrange in a defined and periodicmanner that defines the crystal structure — note that "crystal structure" is a special term that refers to the relative arrangement of the atoms, not the macroscopic properties of the crystal (size and shape), although those are a result of the internal crystal structure.

The crystal growth is the subsequent growth of the nuclei that succeed in achieving the critical cluster size. Nucleation and growth continue to occur simultaneously while the supersaturation exists. Supersaturation is the driving force of the crystallization, hence the rate of nucleation and growth is driven by the existing supersaturation in the solution. Depending upon the conditions, either nucleation or growth may be predominant over the other, and as a result, crystals with different sizes and shapes are obtained (control of crystal size and shape constitutes one of the main challenges in industrial manufacturing, such as for pharmaceuticals). Once the supersaturation is exhausted, the solid-liquid system reaches equilibrium and the crystallization is complete, unless the operating conditions are modified from equilibrium so as to supersaturate the solution again.

Filtration is a technique used either to remove impurities from an organic solution or to isolate an organic solid. The two types of filtration commonly used in organic chemistry laboratories are gravity filtration and vacuum or suction filtration. Gravity filtration is the method of choice to remove solid impurities from an organic liquid. The "impurity" can be a drying agent or an undesired side product or leftover reactant. Gravity filtration can be used to collect solid product, although generally vacuum filtration is used for this purpose because it is faster.

A filtration procedure called "hot gravity filtration" is used to separate insoluble impurities from a hot solution. Hot filtrations require fluted filter paper and careful attention to the procedure to keep the apparatus warm but covered so that solvent does not evaporate. Hot gravity filtrations are no longer included in the routine procedures for the experiments in the organic chemistry teaching labs, they used to be used in the teaching labs to remove powdered Norite from a hot solution; since we switched to pelletized Norite, hot filtrations are not used.

FILIPINO

1.dayalektoAng dayalekto ay batay sa lugar, panahon at katayuan sa buhay. Nakikita ito kaugnay ng pinanggagalingang lugar ng tagapagsalita o grupo ng tagapagsalita sa isa sa tationg dimension: espasyo, panahon at katayuang sosyal.Halimbawa:Tagalog-BulacanTagalog-BatangasTagalog-Laguna

2. Idyolek- isang varayti na kaugnay ng personal na kakanyahan ng tagapagsalita o wikang ginagamit ng partikular na indibidwal.- Ang mga tanda ng idyolek ay maaaring idyosinkratiko tulad ng paggamit ng partikular na bokabularyo nang madalas.- Ayon pa rin kay Catford, permanente nang matatawag ang idyolek ng isang taong may sapatna gulang.

3. sosyolek ay ang sosyal na varayti ng wika. Ito ay tumutukoy sa mga register o jargon na salitang nabubuo. Kabilang dito ang mga salitang balbal