best practices to avoid ora-01555

Best Practices to avoid ORA-01555

Prepared by:Deiby GómezOracle Certified Master 11gPythian Oracle Consultant


WHAT IS UNDO DATA• Rollback an active transaction• Recover a terminated transaction• Provide read consistency• Recovery from logical corruptions• Perform some logical flashback operations


FLASHBACK AND UNDO


UPDATE PROCESS

Update…

Undo

Redo Log Buffer

Redo Record• Undo Change Vector • Data Change Vector

Table’s Data Blocks


CONSISTENT READ

Trans#3 – C - - SCN

Trans#4 – A - - SCN

1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’

Target SCN Current SCN


1 ‘A’ ‘A’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’


CONSISTENT READ



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’

Trans#4 SCN > SCN we are looking for?


CONSISTENT READ



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’

Extent

Segment



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’



1 ‘C’ ‘C’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’


CONSISTENT READ



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’


1 ‘C’ ‘C’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’

Extent

Segment



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’


CONSISTENT READ


1 ‘C ‘C’

2 ‘D’ ‘D’

3 ‘D’ ‘D’

4 ‘D’ ‘D’

Extent

Segment

Trans#3 SCN > SCN we are looking for? >



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’


CONSISTENT READExtent

Segment



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’


1 ‘B ‘B’

2 ‘D’ ‘D’

3 ‘D’ ‘D’

4 ‘D’ ‘D’


CONSISTENT READ


1 ‘B’ ‘B’

2 ‘D’ ‘D’

3 ‘D’ ‘D’

4 ‘D’ ‘D’

Extent

Segment



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’


CONSISTENT READ


1 ‘B’ ‘B’

2 ‘D’ ‘D’

3 ‘D’ ‘D’

4 ‘D’ ‘D’

Extent

Segment




1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’


CONSISTENT READExtent

Segment



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’


1 ‘A’ ‘A’

2 ‘D’ ‘D’

3 ‘D’ ‘D’

4 ‘D’ ‘D’


CONSISTENT READ


1 ‘A’ ‘A’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’

Extent

Segment



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’


CONSISTENT READ


1 ‘A’ ‘A’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’

Trans#1 SCN > SCN we are looking for? <



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’

1 ‘A’ ‘A’


SNAPSHOT TOO OLD



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’

Target SCN Current SCN


1 ‘A’ ‘A’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’


SNAPSHOT TOO OLD



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’

Trans#4 SCN > SCN we are looking for?


SNAPSHOT TOO OLD



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’

Extent

Segment



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’



1 ‘C’ ‘C’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’


SNAPSHOT TOO OLD



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’


1 ‘C’ ‘C’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’

Extent

Segment



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’


SNAPSHOT TOO OLD


1 ‘C ‘C’

2 ‘D’ ‘D’

3 ‘D’ ‘D’

4 ‘D’ ‘D’

Extent

Segment




1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’


SNAPSHOT TOO OLDExtent

Segment



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’


1 ‘B ‘B’

2 ‘D’ ‘D’

3 ‘D’ ‘D’

4 ‘D’ ‘D’


SNAPSHOT TOO OLD


1 ‘B’ ‘B’

2 ‘D’ ‘D’

3 ‘D’ ‘D’

4 ‘D’ ‘D’

Extent

Segment



1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’


SNAPSHOT TOO OLD


1 ‘B’ ‘B’

2 ‘D’ ‘D’

3 ‘D’ ‘D’

4 ‘D’ ‘D’

Extent

Segment




1 ‘D’ ‘D’

2 ‘A’ ‘A’

3 ‘A’ ‘A’

4 ‘A’ ‘A’

ORA-0600ORA-1555


UNDO MANAGEMENT

There are now two modes of rollback segments management and usage:

• AUTOMATIC• MANUAL

When undo_management=AUTO:• RDBMS creates undo segments when you create a new undo

tablespace• RDBMS alters undo segments ONLINE/OFFLINE when you choose a

specific undo tablespace• RDBMS drops undo segments when you drop an undo tablespace• DBA can not manage the undo segments

• You can only CREATE/DROP UNDO Tablespaces


UNDO MANAGEMENT

Undo tablespace uses the following schema for extents:

• Until segment size is 1M, 64K extents are allocated (16 such)• Until segment size reaches 64M, 1M extents are allocated (63 such)• Until segment size reaches 1G, 8M extents are allocated (120 such)• Beyond 1G, 64M extents are allocated.

Automatic Undo Management in RAC

• All instances within RAC must run in the same undo mode.• Same value of undo_management in all instance.

• Each instance requires its own undo tablespace.• Set UNDO_TABLESPACE for the right undo tablespace for

each instance• If UNDO_TABLESPACE parameter is not set, each instance uses

the first available undo tablespace.


Oracle strongly recommends leaving the database in automatic undo management mode.

if manual undo management: Note 69464.1 Rollback Segment Configuration & Tips


UNDO_RETENTION PARAMETER

Undo retention period is the minimum amount of time that Oracle Database attempts to retain old undo information before overwriting it.

• ACTIVE (Uncommitted transaction)• UNEXPIRED ( current time - transaction’s commit time<=retention period)

• EXPIRED ( current time - transaction’s commit time>retention period)

The undo data is not required after a transaction is committed Undo data is used for consistent reads Undo data is used for some Flashback features

DBA_UNDO_EXTENTS--->STATUS


UNDO TABLESPACE AUTOEXTENDABOUT RETENTION TIME

• Autoextend=YES• Undo_retention is ignored. • RDBMS tunes the retention time based on statistics gathered.

• Autoextend=NO• RDBMS tunes the retention to the highest possible value • The value could be significantly greater than the duration of the longest-

running active query.• If the undo tablespace is so big, then the undo retention time will so

large.

Note: It is NOT recommended to have a mix of AUTOEXTENSIBLE and NON-AUTOEXTENSIBLE files within an UNDO tablespace as this can cause tuned undo retention to miscalculate



In some cases with undo tablespace is non-autoextensible, especially with large undo tablespace, This will make it to be calculated so large.

To fix this behaviour, Set the following instance parameter:

Set the parameter: _smu_debug_mode=33554432

With this setting:

• Tuned undo retention time is not calculated based on a percentage of the fixed size undo tablespace.

• Tuned undo retention time is set to the maximum of (MAXQUERYLEN secs + 300) and UNDO_RETENTION.



How do I know what is the current tuned retention time ?

TUNED_UNDORETENTION column of the V$UNDOSTAT view. • The statistics are gathered each 10 minutes. (only 4 last days.)• Beyond 4 days, the data is available in the DBA_HIST_UNDOSTAT view.• TUNED_UNDORETENTION is given in seconds.

select to_char(begin_time, 'DD-MON-RR HH24:MI') begin_time,to_char(end_time, 'DD-MON-RR HH24:MI') end_time, tuned_undoretentionfrom v$undostat order by end_time;

BEGIN_TIME END_TIME TUNED_UNDORETENTION--------------- --------------- -------------------07-FEB-05 23:31 07-FEB-05 23:41 8670007-FEB-05 23:41 07-FEB-05 23:51 8670007-FEB-05 23:51 07-FEB-05 23:52 86700


_UNDO_AUTOTUNE PARAMETER

If _undo_autotune=true (The default)• RDBMS will tune the retention time and it will ignore undo_retention

parameter. Oracle uses autoextensible properties and statistics of long running queries, etc.

• undo_retention parameter is set as the minimum value but this is not always true, DML’s has higher priority in the RDBMs and if one tracsaction needs more undo data even unexpired extents will be overwriten.

If _undo_autotune=false • RDBMS will not tune the retention time. undo_retention parameter

sets the retention time. This


UNDO TABLESPACE AUTOEXTENDABOUT UNEXPIRED OVERWRITING

A New Extent is needed:

If autoextend=falseif a new extent can be created?

create new extent and use it. End.else if there is Expired extents to overwrite?

Overwrite Expired extentselse if there is Unexpired extents to overwrite?

Overwrite Unexpired Extentselse

Fail. Undo tablespace needs more space.else - - autoextend=true

....next slide.


UNDO TABLESPACE AUTOEXTENDABOUT UNEXPIRED OVERWRITING

A New Extent is needed:

else - - autoextend=trueif a new extent can be created?

create new extent and use it. End.else if undo tablespace’s size = maxsize property?

if there is Expired extents to overwrite?Overwrite Expired extents

else if there is Unexpired extents to overwrite?Overwrite Unexpired Extents

elseFail. Undo tablespace needs more

space.else

Autoextend a datafile The real differenceCreate a new extent and use it.


Oracle recommends to have autoextensible undo tablespace.

Health Check Alert: Consider using AUTOEXTEND for UNDO tablespaces (Doc ID 957424.1)


RETENTION UNDO GUARANTEE

WARNING:Enabling retention guarantee can cause multiple DML operations to fail. Use with caution.

If retention guarantee is enabled• The specified minimum undo retention is guaranteed• The database never overwrites unexpired undo data even if it means

that transactions fail due to lack of space in the undo tablespace.• This option is disabled by default.

If retention guarantee is not enabled:The database can overwrite unexpired undo extents when space is low

Note: RDBMS never overwrites active undo extents.


RETENTION UNDO GUARANTEE

If you have ( and you are really sure) enough undo space, you can use undo

retention guarantee but if you use it then I recommend you to use it with _undo_autotune=false and a well tuned undo_retention parameter value.


LOBS: IN-ROW & OUT-OF-ROW

In-row• LOBs should be utilizing normal UNDO algorithms in the UNDO

tablespace.

Out-of-row• Use of PCTVERSION• Use of RETENTION (current method for use with AUM)


HOW TO IDENTIFY IF IT IS LOB?

ORA01555:snapshot too old: rollback segment number 9 with name "_SYSSMU9$" too small

ORA01555:snapshot too old: rollback segment number 9 with name “" too small

Master Note for ORA1555 Errors (Doc ID 1307334.1)


LOBS: PCTVERSION & RETENTION

Use of PCTVERSION (old method)• Specify the maximum percentage of overall LOB storage space

used for maintaining old versions of the LOB. • The default value is 10

o Older versions of the LOB data are not overwritten until they consume 10% of the overall LOB storage space.

o Frequent updates or deletes impacts tables with LOBs using pctversion

Use of RETENTION (current method for use with AUM)• Oracle Database uses the value of the UNDO_RETENTION to

determine the amount of committed undo data to retain in the database.


RecommendationCheck if your Tables with Lobs have so frequent modifications


LOBS: UNDO_RETENTION NO UPDATED

SQL> show parameters undo_retention

NAME TYPE VALUE----------------------- ----------- ------------------------------undo_retention integer 60

SQL> create table LobWithRetention (col1 number, col2 blob) LOB ( col2 ) STORE AS ( retention);

Table created.

select table_name, segment_name, pctversion, retention from dba_lobs where owner='DGOMEZ' and retention is not null;

TABLE_NAME SEGMENT_NAME PCTVERSION RETENTION-------------------------- ------------------------- ---------- ----------LOBWITHRETENTION SYS_LOB0000087573C00002$$ 60


SQL> alter system set undo_retention=120 scope=both;

System altered.

SQL> show parameters undo_retention

NAME TYPE VALUE---------------------- ----------- ------------------------------undo_retention integer 120SQL>

SQL> select table_name, segment_name, pctversion, retention from dba_lobs where owner='DGOMEZ' and retention is not null;

TABLE_NAME SEGMENT_NAME PCTVERSION RETENTION------------------------ --------------------------- ---------- ----------LOBWITHRETENTION SYS_LOB0000087573C00002$$ 60




SQL> alter table LobWithRetention modifyLOB ( col2 ) ( pctversion 5);

Table altered.

SQL> alter table LobWithRetention modifyLOB ( col2 ) ( retention); Table altered.

SQL> select table_name, segment_name, pctversion, retention from dba_lobs where owner='DGOMEZ' and retention is not null;

TABLE_NAME SEGMENT_NAME PCTVERSION RETENTION------------------------ --------------------------- ---------- ----------LOBWITHRETENTION SYS_LOB0000087573C00002$$ 120


LOBS: UNDO_RETENTION IGNORED

• if the LOB resides in a tablespace using MANUAL space management (MSSM) the Lob Retention parameter is ignored.

• Automatic Segment Space Managemetn (ASSM) should be used in order to honour the lob retention parameter.

select tablespace_name, extent_management, segment_space_managementfrom dba_tablespaceswhere tablespace_name in(select tablespace_name from dba_segmentswhere owner=’<owner>' and segment_name=’<segmentName>');


SCRIPT - UNDO INFORMATIONScript - Check Current Undo Configuration and Advise Recommended Setup (Doc ID 1579035.1)


THE UNDO ADVISOR PL/SQL INTERFACE

Output:Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor in Enterprise ManagerDBA_ADVISOR_*

• DBA_ADVISOR_TASKS• DBA_ADVISOR_OBJECTS• DBA_ADVISOR_FINDINGS• DBA_ADVISOR_RECOMMENDATIONS• ETC.


Questions?

Twitter: @hdeibyFacebook: /HDeibyEmail: [email protected]: www.oraclefromguatemala.com.gt

best practices to avoid ora-01555

Software

scn scn

d d extent segment trans

target scn current scn

old trans

pythian confidential3

pythian confidential2

g pythian oracle consultant

read consistency recovery