bepaa-organ systems a and p-nervous system (h.s. 10-12)

8/12/2019 BEPAA-Organ Systems A and P-NERVOUS SYSTEM (H.S. 10-12)

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Organ SystemsAnatomy and Physiology

NERVOUS SYSTEMPrepared and presented by

Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D.

Reference and source of graphics:Colbert BJ et. Al. Chapter 7 The Nervous System , An Integrated Approach to HealthSciences 2e, Delmar Cengage Learning 2012 :80-97

BEPAA Integrated Health Sciences Program


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Key Terms

acetylcholine ( ACh )( AS -eh-till- KOH -leen)acetylcholinesterase ( AChE )

( AS

-eh-till-KOH

-lin-ESSter-ase)action potentialaphasia (ah- FAY -zee-ah)arachnoid membrane(ah- RACK -noid)associative neuronsautonomic nervesaxon

brachial plexus( BRAY -kee-all PLECK -sus)brain

cell bodycentral nervous system ( CNS )central processing unit ( CPU )cerebellum (ser-eh- BELL -um)cerebral cortex(seh- REE -brawl)cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF )cerebrovascular accident ( CVA )( SER -eh-bro- VAS -kyou-lar)


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Key Terms (2)

cervical plexus ( SER -vih-kal)choroid plexus ( KOH -roid)conductivitycorpus callosum( KOR -pus; kah- LOW -sum)cranial nervesdendritediencephalon (die-in- SEF -ah-lawn)

dorsal rootdorsal root gangliadura mater ( DOO -rah MAY -ter)emboli ( EM -boh-lie)

encephalitis (en- SEF -ah- LYE -tis)epinephrine ( E -ih-NEF -rin)

fight-or-flight response

frontal lobeganglia ( GANG -glee-ah)glia cells ( GLEE -uh)gyri ( JIGH -rye)Heimlich maneuver ( HIME -lick)hemiplegia (hem-ee- PLEE -jee-ah)homeostasis( HOH -me-oh- STAY -sis)


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Key Terms (3)

hypothalamus(high-poh- THAL -ah-mus)irritabilitylumbar plexusmeninges (meh- NIN -jeez)meningitis (men-in- JIGH -tis)midbrainmotor cortexmotor neuronsmyelin sheath ( MY -eh-lin)nerve plexuses ( PLECK -us-sus)nerves

neuroglia (new- ROG -lee-ah)neuron ( NEW -ron)neurotransmitter substancenorepinephrine ( NE )occipital lobeolfactory (ol- FAK -toh-ree)

paraplegia (par-ah- PLEE -jee-ah) parasympathetic nervous system parietal lobe (pah- RYE -eh-tal)

peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) peristalsis (per-ih- STAL -sis) phagocytosis (fag-oh-sye- TOH -sis)


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Key Terms (4)

phrenic nerve ( FREN -ick) pia mater ( PEE -ah MAY -ter) piloerection ( PIE -low-ee- RECK -shun)

quadriplegia ( KWAD -rih- PLEE -jee-ah)sacral plexus ( SACK -ral PLEX -us)sensory neuronssomatic muscles (so- MAT -ick)somatic nerves

spinal cord ( SPY -nal)spinal nerves

stimulusstrokesubarachnoid space

(sub-ah-RACK

-noyd)sulci ( SUL -kye)sympathetic nervous systemsynapse ( SIN -apps)temporal lobethalamus ( THAL -ah-mus)ventral rootwhite matter


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The components of the nervoussystem with computer analogy



The divisions of the nervous system



Generic Neuron Anatomy
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Complete_neuron_cell_diagram_en.svg


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Types of neurons


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The neurochemical transmission of anerve signal or impulse


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Cutaway view showing the majordivisions of the brain


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Superior view of brain


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Structural areas of the brain and theirfunctions

Lateral view of brain Functional areas of cerebrum


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The spinal column


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Spinal cordnerve plexuses

and areas theyserve


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The knee jerk reflex


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Diseases of the CNS can affect the brain and/or spinal cord.An infection of the brain is called encephalitis (encephalo meaning brain, itismeaning inflammation).

These infections can be caused by viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and evenfungi.

Infection of the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord is calledmeningitis .One of the most common brain disorders is called a cerebrovascular accident(CVA) or stroke .

This is caused by a rupture of the blood vessels within the brain or somesort of blockage of blood flow.Blood clots, or emboli (blood clots that travel), can become lodged within thebrain and disrupt blood flow to tissue, thereby resulting in tissue damage ordeath.


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An MRI of a visible bleed of the brain

The pressure builds up rapidlybecause the brain, unlike other partsof the body, has very little give; it isencased within a rigid skull. Becauseit involves the brain and its bloodsupply, a stroke is also referred to asa cerebrovascular accident, or CVA.


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Symptoms of left and right CVASometimes a stroke causes paralysisto the half of the body (hemi)opposite to where the brain wasdamaged.This is because, generally speaking,the right side of the brain controls theleft side of the body, and vice versa.A right brain stroke, therefore, may

cause hemiplegia ( plegia meaningparalysis) to the left half of thebody.The stroke sufferer may alsoexperience aphasia (a meaningwithout, phasia meaning speech)and, thus, lose the ability to speak,write, or effectively communicateThere are many forms of aphasiadepending on the area of the brainaffected.


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Accidents, violence, andsports activities can lead toinjury of the spinal cord.When an injury to the spinalcord occurs, the result can beloss of sensation andmovement of body. If only thelower body is affected, this iscalled paraplegia; if all four

limbs are affected, it is calledquadriplegia (quadri meaningfour).


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Schematic representation of the CNS and the PNSshowing synapses and neurochemical transmitter


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The Actions of the Parasympatheticand Sympathetic Nervous Systems


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Following are some of the physiologic processes that occur during thefight or-flight response.

The pupils of the eyes dilate (become larger), thus allowing more light to bebrought in for enhanced vision.

The heart rate and force of contraction IncreaseThe airways of your lungs (bronchi) dilate to take in more oxygen from theatmosphere. Body metabolism is now at its peakNonessential areas are shut down; in this way all the energy can beconcentrated where it is needed most.

For example, your digestive, or gastrointestinal, tract is basically shutdown.

Finally, sweat gland production increases and the muscles attached to your haircontract, causing the hair to stand erect (a process known as piloerection ); youhave sweaty palms and you can feel the hair on the backof your neck stand up.

bepaa-organ systems a and p-nervous system (h.s. 10-12)

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