BELLWORK1. In 3-5 sentences, explain how the League of Nations operated. (members,

structure, decisions, punishment, etc.)2. Why did the League use sanctions? Do you think this is an effective form of

punishment?3. Even though the LofN was President Wilson’s idea, the U.S. does not

join….why? How did this weaken the League?4. Besides the U.S., which other nations were excluded from the League?

Why? How did their absence impact the strength of the League?5. Analyze the documents on page 91 – what are the most significant

problems caused by the absence of major powers?6. Describe the attempts made by France to strengthen the League. Why did

these attempts fail?7. THINKER: What similarities do you see between the League of Nations and

the United Nations? Are there similar problems?

A new Canadian PM!• Justin Trudeau and the

liberals take over Parliament!

• Ends the conservative party and Stephen Harper’s 10 year rule in Canada

http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/19/world/canadian-election/index.html

Are sanctions effective?• Do you know of any current US sanctions?

• http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Programs/Pages/Programs.aspx

What similarities do you see

between the League of

Nations and the United Nations? Are there

similar problems?

Successes/Failures of the League• With a partner,

analyze the list of disputes on page 93.

• List which ones could be considered successes and which ones were failures.

• Are there any common factors that help explain the successes and failures?

• What lessons could be drawn for the 1930’s from the challenges that had faced the League in the 1920’s?

The Failure of Collective Security

A League working together to promote security or an alliance of

victors???

Group Activity – Failures of the League• Today, the class will be divided into five groups. Each group will be

assigned a different crisis that showed the failure of “collective security” and ineffectiveness of the League.

• Your task: Read/research your crisis and organize a presentation to teach the class– Ruhr Crisis – The Locarno Era – Manchurian Incident– Abyssinian Crisis – Failure of Disarmament

• You may make reference to the reading – pictures, documents, graphs, etc.

• As you present, the class will fill in the note sheet, so make sure all points are addressed!

Ruhr Crisis - 1923

Ruhr Crisis - 1923

The Ruhr Crisis - 1923• In your opinion, what should the League

have done to prevent this crisis?

The Rapallo Treaty • Ratified 10/26/23• Signed by Germany and Soviet Union• Introduced diplomatic relations and

pledged future cooperation• Denounced reparations• Close economic cooperation• Included Germany’s relations with Soviet

republics – Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, & Georgia.

• Military cooperation allowed Germany to rearm and train secretly in Russia

• Made Allies more determined to win over Germany

• Failure of League to prevent alliances

Chancellor of Germany Joseph Wirth (2nd from left) with Krassin, Georgi Chicherin and Joffe from

the Russian delegation

The Locarno Conference - 1925

• From left to right, Gustav Stresemann (Germany), Austen Chamberlain

(England) and Aristide Briand (France) during the Locarno negotiations

The Locarno Conference - 1925

Three Plans = Possible Diplomacy?• Dawes Plan (1924) – US economist Charles Dawes produced a report on

German reparations: – Reparations guaranteed by German railways and industries– US reparations agent would reside in Germany– Payments were reduced

• Young Plan (1929) – Attempt to redress some of the problems of Dawes Plan:– Reduced total sum to be repaid by Germany– Set date for completion of payments – 1988– Continued US involvement in reparation payments

• Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) – Secretary of State William Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand– Said war was NOT an instrument of national policy– War is NOT a solution encouraged diplomacy– Signed by 62 of the 64 invited countries (Brazil & Argentina declined)

The Depression’s Effect on the League of Nations

Manchurian Incident - 1932

Manchurian Incident -

1932

Japanese Expansion

The Manchurian Incident - 1932• In your opinion, what should the League

have done to prevent this crisis?

Review: Manchurian Incident• Why did Japan invade Manchuria?• How did the League attempt to stop Japan’s

expansion? How did Japan respond?• Why did the League fail to resolve the crisis?• How did the Manchurian incident impact

Japanese militarism?• Could the League have done anything differently?

Abyssinian Crisis - 1935

Emperor Selassie inspecting troops prepared

for the invasion

Abyssinian Crisis - 1935

Abyssinian Crisis - 1935

Emperor Selassie’s Plea to the League – June 1936

• “I ask the fifty-two nations, who have given the Ethiopian people a promise to help them in their resistance to the aggressor, what are they willing to do for Ethiopia? And the great Powers who have promised the guarantee of collective security to small States on whom weighs the threat that they may one day suffer the fate of Ethiopia, I ask what measures do you intend to take?”

Violations to the Covenant of the League of Nations• Article X: Assistance will be given to any member nation that

experiences external aggression. • Article XV: Disputes will be settled through arbitration• Article XVI: Should any member resort to war, it shall be deemed to

have committed an act of war against all other Members of the League, which hereby undertake immediately the severance of all trade or financial relation (collective security)

• “What real assistance was given to Ethiopia by the fifty two nations who had declared the Rome Government guilty of a breach of the Covenant and had undertaken to prevent the triumph of the aggressor?”

• “Should it happen that a strong Government finds it may with impunity destroy a weak people, then the hour strikes for that weak people to appeal to the League of Nations to give its judgment in all freedom. God and history will remember your judgment.”

The Abyssinian Crisis - 1935• In your opinion, what should the League

have done to prevent this crisis?

Failure of Disarmament• Washington

Conference – 1921 • London Naval

Conference – 1930 • London Naval Treaty

– 1936 • Geneva

Disarmament Conference – 1932 Scrapping Battleships

Failure of Disarmament

Failure of Disarmament

Review• With a partner, list FIVE main reasons the

League of Nations failed. Then, rank them from 1 – 5 (1 is the biggest problem!)

• Be ready to discuss!