Bellwork: 10/18/2012Bellwork: 10/18/2012

Today – Complete Notes over Today – Complete Notes over Helminthes, Complete lab from Tuesday.Helminthes, Complete lab from Tuesday.

Friday – Weekly chemistry, begin Friday – Weekly chemistry, begin review, begin review quizreview, begin review quiz

Monday – Complete review, complete Monday – Complete review, complete review quizreview quiz

Tuesday – Unit #3 ExamTuesday – Unit #3 Exam

Microbial Contaminant Lab: Microbial Contaminant Lab: Station 6Station 6**Groups of 3 or fewer**Groups of 3 or fewer

1.1.Atrazine is an endocrine disruptor. What does that Atrazine is an endocrine disruptor. What does that mean? What type of product is atrazine found in? What mean? What type of product is atrazine found in? What threat does this pose to human & non-human life?threat does this pose to human & non-human life?

2.2.What is bioaccumulation? What types of chemicals tend What is bioaccumulation? What types of chemicals tend to bioaccumulate? Describe an environmental situation to bioaccumulate? Describe an environmental situation where this occurred.where this occurred.

3.3.What is thermal pollution? How/why does this occur? Is What is thermal pollution? How/why does this occur? Is this damaging to an environment? If so, how? In what way this damaging to an environment? If so, how? In what way have we prevented environmental damage while have we prevented environmental damage while maintaining factory/power plant output?maintaining factory/power plant output?

4.4.Write out the nitrogen cycle. Label the aerobic & Write out the nitrogen cycle. Label the aerobic & anaerobic reactions. Label the reaction that is responsible anaerobic reactions. Label the reaction that is responsible for fixing nitrogen. What does it mean to “fix” nitrogen? If for fixing nitrogen. What does it mean to “fix” nitrogen? If this reaction ceased to occur, what would the this reaction ceased to occur, what would the consequence be for higher-level organisms?consequence be for higher-level organisms?

HELMINTHESHELMINTHES

Water Born Flat worms and Water Born Flat worms and Round wormsRound worms

HELMINTHOLOGYHELMINTHOLOGYPhylum Platyhelminthes = Flat wormsPhylum Platyhelminthes = Flat worms

Class Trematoda = FlukesClass Trematoda = FlukesClass Cestoda = Tape wormsClass Cestoda = Tape worms

Phylum Ashelminthes = Round wormsPhylum Ashelminthes = Round wormsClass Nematoda Class Nematoda

Genus AscarisGenus AscarisGenus TrichinellaGenus TrichinellaGenus Necator, AncylostomaGenus Necator, AncylostomaGenus EnterobiusGenus EnterobiusGenus DranunculusGenus DranunculusGenus WucereriaGenus Wucereria

HELMINTHOLOGYHELMINTHOLOGYPhylum Platyhelminthes = Flat wormsPhylum Platyhelminthes = Flat worms

Class Trematoda = FlukesClass Trematoda = Flukes

Some flukes are single sex, some Some flukes are single sex, some are are hermaphroditic possessing both hermaphroditic possessing both ovaries ovaries and testes.and testes.

Hermaphroditic Flukes

FIGURE 13-45FIGURE 13-45    Schistosoma mansoniSchistosoma mansoni egg in a fecal specimen (X1000, D’Antoni’s iodine stain). egg in a fecal specimen (X1000, D’Antoni’s iodine stain). Schistosoma mansoniSchistosoma mansoni eggs are large (114 to 175 µm long by 45 to 70 µm wide) and contain a larva called eggs are large (114 to 175 µm long by 45 to 70 µm wide) and contain a larva called

a miracidium. They are thin-shelled, lack an operculum, and have a distinctive lateral spine (arrow).a miracidium. They are thin-shelled, lack an operculum, and have a distinctive lateral spine (arrow).

FIGURE 13-46FIGURE 13-46    Schistosoma mansoniSchistosoma mansoni egg in a fecal specimen (X1000). The lateral spine egg in a fecal specimen (X1000). The lateral spine may be oriented in such a way as to be difficult to see. In this specimen, the spine (arrow) may be oriented in such a way as to be difficult to see. In this specimen, the spine (arrow)

is above the egg and the egg may be misidentified as is above the egg and the egg may be misidentified as S. haematobiumS. haematobium..

FLAT WORMSFLAT WORMSPhylum Platyhelminthes = Flat wormsPhylum Platyhelminthes = Flat worms

Class Cestoda = Tape wormsClass Cestoda = Tape wormsScolex contained in eggScolex contained in egg

holdfast structure with holdfast structure with hooks hooks and suckersand suckers

Proglottids major body of Proglottids major body of tapewormtapeworm

contains both ovaries and contains both ovaries and testes = hermaphroditictestes = hermaphroditic

Eggs can penetrate intestine of host and Eggs can penetrate intestine of host and form hydatid cysts in tissuesform hydatid cysts in tissues

FIGURE 13-57FIGURE 13-57    Taenia solium scolexTaenia solium scolex (X64). (X64). The The Taenia solium scolexTaenia solium scolex has two rings of hooks and four suckers. has two rings of hooks and four suckers.

ROUND WORMSROUND WORMS

Phylum Ashelminthes = Round wormsPhylum Ashelminthes = Round wormsClass Nematoda Class Nematoda

Genus Ascaris – most commonGenus Ascaris – most commonGenus Trichinella Biblical wormGenus Trichinella Biblical wormGenus Necator, Ancylostoma - Genus Necator, Ancylostoma -

hookwormshookwormsGenus Enterobius – pinworm 2Genus Enterobius – pinworm 2ndnd most most

common common Genus Dranunculus - GuinaeGenus Dranunculus - GuinaeGenus Wuchereria - Elephantiasis Genus Wuchereria - Elephantiasis

Mosquito Mosquito borneborne

HookwormsHookworms

► Ancylostoma duodenali:Ancylostoma duodenali:

Human phase of this worm begins with a Human phase of this worm begins with a filaform larvae penetrating the skin, enters filaform larvae penetrating the skin, enters circulation, carried to the lungs, coughed up circulation, carried to the lungs, coughed up and swallowed, develops to adulthood in and swallowed, develops to adulthood in small intestine. Adult worms lay between small intestine. Adult worms lay between 10,000 and 20,000 eggs per day. Daily 10,000 and 20,000 eggs per day. Daily blood loss 0.2ml/adult/day. Microcytic blood loss 0.2ml/adult/day. Microcytic hypochromic anemia develops.hypochromic anemia develops.

FIGURE 13-64FIGURE 13-64  Heads of adult hookworms.   Heads of adult hookworms. (a)(a) Ancylostoma duodenaleAncylostoma duodenale head (X64) showing the pairs of chitinous teeth (arrow). head (X64) showing the pairs of chitinous teeth (arrow).

(b)(b) Necator americanusNecator americanus head (X160) showing the cutting plates (arrow). head (X160) showing the cutting plates (arrow).

a b

Biblical wormBiblical worm

►Trichinella spiralis etiological agent of Trichinella spiralis etiological agent of trichinosistrichinosis. Infectious larva is present . Infectious larva is present in the striated muscle of carnivorous in the striated muscle of carnivorous and omnivorous mammals. Swine and omnivorous mammals. Swine most common organism to transmit to most common organism to transmit to humans. Encysted larvae live for humans. Encysted larvae live for many years. Polar bears and walruses many years. Polar bears and walruses are accounting for new human are accounting for new human infestations in our Alaskan artic infestations in our Alaskan artic regions.regions.

FIGURE 13-68FIGURE 13-68    Trichinella spiralisTrichinella spiralis larva in skeletal muscle (W.M., X260). larva in skeletal muscle (W.M., X260). The spiral juvenile and its nurse cell are visible in this preparation.The spiral juvenile and its nurse cell are visible in this preparation.

FIGURE 13-69FIGURE 13-69    Trichinella spiralisTrichinella spiralis larvae in skeletal muscle (sec., X260). Each larva has entered larvae in skeletal muscle (sec., X260). Each larva has entered a different skeletal muscle cell and converted it into a nurse cell that sustains it with nourishment.a different skeletal muscle cell and converted it into a nurse cell that sustains it with nourishment.

Ascaris LumbricoidesAscaris Lumbricoides

► Large worms 25cm – 45cm in length. Most Large worms 25cm – 45cm in length. Most common helminth with over a common helminth with over a billionbillion infested a infested a year. Prevalent in areas where sanitation is year. Prevalent in areas where sanitation is poor and human waste is used as fertilizer.poor and human waste is used as fertilizer.

► Ingested egg releases a larva that penetrates Ingested egg releases a larva that penetrates the duodenal wall and carried to the liver and the duodenal wall and carried to the liver and the heart, enters the pulmonary system, the heart, enters the pulmonary system, enters the alveoli where they molt and mature. enters the alveoli where they molt and mature. They are coughed up, swallowed and returned They are coughed up, swallowed and returned to the small intestine. Adults can be passed to the small intestine. Adults can be passed out into the feces.out into the feces.