BELLWORKBELLWORK1.1. In five words or less, why did Germany lose WWI? (Does In five words or less, why did Germany lose WWI? (Does

not necessarily have to be a sentence…… be creative!)not necessarily have to be a sentence…… be creative!)2.2. In his 14 points speech, Wilson addresses the future of In his 14 points speech, Wilson addresses the future of

Belgium, Austria-Hungary, Serbia, Turkey & Poland. What Belgium, Austria-Hungary, Serbia, Turkey & Poland. What does he argue about these countries?does he argue about these countries?

3.3. In points 1-5, Wilson suggests solutions to the problems In points 1-5, Wilson suggests solutions to the problems that started WWI. Summarize these arguments. What that started WWI. Summarize these arguments. What should the countries do in order to prevent another should the countries do in order to prevent another conflict?conflict?

4.4. What does Wilson argue in point 14?What does Wilson argue in point 14?5.5. After analyzing Wilson’s 14 points, which do you feel was After analyzing Wilson’s 14 points, which do you feel was

the the mostmost important in ensuring a permanent peace? Was important in ensuring a permanent peace? Was there anything you feel there anything you feel should haveshould have been included? been included?

6.6. THINKER: In the conclusion of his speech, Wilson states: THINKER: In the conclusion of his speech, Wilson states: “We do not wish to injure her [Germany] or to block in any “We do not wish to injure her [Germany] or to block in any way her legitimate influence of power. We do not wish to way her legitimate influence of power. We do not wish to fight her either with arms or with hostile arrangements of fight her either with arms or with hostile arrangements of trade…” How do you interpret this statement? Do you trade…” How do you interpret this statement? Do you think Wilson intended to punish Germany? If not, why is think Wilson intended to punish Germany? If not, why is Germany punished post-WWI? Germany punished post-WWI?

The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles

The establishment of a The establishment of a permanent peace………. Or so permanent peace………. Or so

they thoughtthey thought

The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of VersaillesJune 1919June 1919

Paris Peace ConferenceParis Peace Conference Paris Peace Conference: Paris Peace Conference:

January 1919; 27 nations January 1919; 27 nations Having been defeated, Having been defeated,

Germany, Austria & Germany, Austria & Hungary were excluded Hungary were excluded

Russia formed their own Russia formed their own peace with the Central peace with the Central PowersPowers

Until March 1919, Until March 1919, controlled by “Council of controlled by “Council of Ten:” leaders & foreign Ten:” leaders & foreign ministers from England, ministers from England, France, US, Italy & JapanFrance, US, Italy & Japan

Most of Japan’s & Italy’s Most of Japan’s & Italy’s ideas were rejected, which ideas were rejected, which left the “Big Three” to left the “Big Three” to solidify agreementssolidify agreements

The Big FourThe Big Four

Woodrow Wilson (US)Woodrow Wilson (US)

Georges Clemenceau Georges Clemenceau (France)(France)

David Lloyd George David Lloyd George (Great Britain)(Great Britain)

Vittorio Orlando (Italy)Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

The Big Four at Versailles in 1919The Big Four at Versailles in 1919

DiscussionDiscussion

Make a prediction Make a prediction What do the What do the allied countries want out of the allied countries want out of the Treaty?Treaty?

Do you think all countries should Do you think all countries should have been included, even if they have been included, even if they were on the losing side?were on the losing side?

Do you think the losing side should Do you think the losing side should be punished for their acts/crimes be punished for their acts/crimes during the war? during the war?

What did France Want?What did France Want?

SecuritySecurity RevengeRevenge ReparationsReparations

Germany should Germany should pay for the damage pay for the damage caused by invasion!caused by invasion!

Clemenceau Clemenceau wanted to make wanted to make sure that Germany sure that Germany could not invade could not invade France in the France in the future. future.

What did Britain Want?What did Britain Want? Publically, Lloyd-George Publically, Lloyd-George

said he wanted to punish said he wanted to punish the Germans. The British the Germans. The British public was very anti-public was very anti-German at the end of the German at the end of the war.war.

Privately, he realized that Privately, he realized that Britain needed Germany Britain needed Germany to recover because she to recover because she was an important trading was an important trading partner.partner.

He was also worried He was also worried about the “disease from about the “disease from the east…….”, the east…….”, communism. Lloyd-communism. Lloyd-George believed that the George believed that the spread of communism spread of communism had to be stopped. A had to be stopped. A strong Germany would strong Germany would be a barrier against itbe a barrier against it..

What did America want?What did America want? Wilson wanted the treaty Wilson wanted the treaty

to be based on his 14 to be based on his 14 Points.Points.

He believed Germany He believed Germany should be punished, but should be punished, but not severely. He wanted not severely. He wanted a fair settlement that a fair settlement that would not leave Germany would not leave Germany feeling resentfulfeeling resentful

The American public & The American public & government did not government did not support him. They were support him. They were fed up with involvement fed up with involvement in European affairs (leads in European affairs (leads to a period of to a period of isolationism)isolationism)

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles On June 28, 1919 the Allied leaders signed the On June 28, 1919 the Allied leaders signed the

Treaty of Versailles.Treaty of Versailles. Made up of 440 articles (15 sections)Made up of 440 articles (15 sections) Section I; Articles 1-26: Established the League Section I; Articles 1-26: Established the League

of Nationsof Nations The remaining 414 articles were dedicated to The remaining 414 articles were dedicated to

punishing Germanypunishing Germany ReparationsReparations (payment for damages) - (payment for damages) - later

fixed at 132 billion marks (~ $442 billion in 2013)

Germany signed the “War Guilt Clause” Germany signed the “War Guilt Clause” requiring them to take entire blame for the warrequiring them to take entire blame for the war

"The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies."

Article 231

The War Guilt Clause

GERMANY ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR

Terms of the Treaty of VersaillesTerms of the Treaty of Versailles Legal restrictionsLegal restrictions

former German Emperor, former German Emperor, Wilhelm II, is to be tried Wilhelm II, is to be tried with war crimes with war crimes

Establishment of Establishment of Provisional GovernmentProvisional Government

Military restrictionsMilitary restrictions Territory restrictionsTerritory restrictions

Loss of debated territoriesLoss of debated territories created nine new created nine new

countries out of the countries out of the former Russian, German, former Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian and Austro-Hungarian territories.territories.

Military RestrictionsMilitary Restrictions

Army reduced to 100,000 men Army reduced to 100,000 men Prohibited to have tanks or poison gas.Prohibited to have tanks or poison gas. No air forceNo air force The German navy was to have no submarines The German navy was to have no submarines

or large battle-shipsor large battle-ships Import & export of weapons is prohibitedImport & export of weapons is prohibited Manufacturing of rifles & machine guns was Manufacturing of rifles & machine guns was

limitedlimited The area known as the Rhineland was to be The area known as the Rhineland was to be

de-militarized.de-militarized. The Allies were to occupy the debated The Allies were to occupy the debated

territories for fifteen years.territories for fifteen years.

Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria

Military RestrictionsMilitary Restrictions

Territory RestrictionsTerritory Restrictions

Territory RestrictionsTerritory Restrictions

Territory Territory RestrictionsRestrictions

Germany lost Germany lost all of her all of her overseas overseas coloniescolonies

Make a prediction…..Make a prediction….. How do you think German citizens How do you think German citizens

responded to the Treaty? responded to the Treaty? Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Most Germans believed that the War Guilt

Clause was unjustified. The French and Clause was unjustified. The French and British had done just as much to start the British had done just as much to start the warwar

The loss of territory and population The loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that angered most Germans who believed that the losses were too severe.the losses were too severe.

Many felt this would cripple the economyMany felt this would cripple the economy How do you think Americans responded to How do you think Americans responded to

the Treaty?the Treaty?

German ResponseGerman Response

German protests outside the Reichstag

American ResponseAmerican Response

Wilson believed all Wilson believed all nations should nations should cooperate to cooperate to achieve world peaceachieve world peace

Afraid if Germany Afraid if Germany was punished too was punished too harshly, they may harshly, they may retaliateretaliate

Wilson’s plans for Wilson’s plans for peace were rejected peace were rejected by Congressby Congress

American American ResponseResponse

Wilson’s personal advisor: Colonel Wilson’s personal advisor: Colonel Edward House said the following,Edward House said the following,

““I am leaving Paris, after eight I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting fateful months, with conflicting emotions. Looking at the conference emotions. Looking at the conference in retrospect, there is much to in retrospect, there is much to approve and yet much to regret. It is approve and yet much to regret. It is easy to say what should have been easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have done, but more difficult to have found a way of doing it. To those found a way of doing it. To those who are saying that the treaty is bad who are saying that the treaty is bad and should never have been made and should never have been made and that it will involve Europe in and that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it. To create new I feel like admitting it. To create new boundaries is to create new troubles. boundaries is to create new troubles. The one follows the other. While I The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different should have preferred a different peace, I doubt very much whether it peace, I doubt very much whether it could have been made, for the could have been made, for the ingredients required for such a ingredients required for such a peace as I would have were lacking peace as I would have were lacking at Paris” at Paris”

Why did the U.S. reject Wilson’s Why did the U.S. reject Wilson’s plans for peace???plans for peace???

At the peace conference in Versailles, the leaders did not accept At the peace conference in Versailles, the leaders did not accept many of his 14 points--especially France. Wilson was more many of his 14 points--especially France. Wilson was more concerned with preventing future conflicts and establishing concerned with preventing future conflicts and establishing lasting peace, France (and to a lesser extant, Britain) wanted a lasting peace, France (and to a lesser extant, Britain) wanted a to pay back Germany. to pay back Germany.

Wilson realized he would have to compromise, so he prioritized Wilson realized he would have to compromise, so he prioritized the creation of the League of Nations, which they agreed on. the creation of the League of Nations, which they agreed on.

Then, when Wilson came back to the US to try to get the Senate Then, when Wilson came back to the US to try to get the Senate to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, and join the League of Nations, to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, and join the League of Nations, he faced a lot of opposition from Republican senators. he faced a lot of opposition from Republican senators.

Some, the Reservationists just opposed Article X of the League Some, the Reservationists just opposed Article X of the League Covenant because they did not want the United States bound to Covenant because they did not want the United States bound to enter wars, and these Reservationists would have passed the enter wars, and these Reservationists would have passed the Treaty if Article X was amended. Others, called Irreconcilables Treaty if Article X was amended. Others, called Irreconcilables were simply political opponents of Wilsons, and wouldn't have were simply political opponents of Wilsons, and wouldn't have ever passed the treaty just because they didn't like Wilson. ever passed the treaty just because they didn't like Wilson.

There wasn't really back and forth with the Democratic There wasn't really back and forth with the Democratic congress. The Democrats supported Wilson, the problem was congress. The Democrats supported Wilson, the problem was the Republican senators.the Republican senators.

External AssessmentsExternal Assessments

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Paper 2Paper 2

Paper 3Paper 3