Bellringer: 11/13• Pick up the papers by the door.

• Prepare for your notebook quiz today. Make sure you have your table of contents in order and you have all pages in your notebook in order.

• Please use my copy of the class notebook at the front to check if necessary.

Table of Contents Update: 11/13

• 56: Scientific Rev: They Said What? WS

• 57: Enlightenment Notes, Part 1• 58: Primary Sources:

Enlightenment Thinkers• 59: Notebook Quiz 2

HOMEWORK• Review for your Scientific

Revolution and Enlightenment Vocab Quiz NEXT CLASS (Tuesday 11/17).

• Your mini-test on this unit is Thursday, 11/19.

Philosophy in the Age of Reason

The Enlightenment

The Scientific Revolution Sparks the Enlightenment

1500s and 1600s: Reason (rather than religion) began to guide thinking.

Natural Law: rules discoverable by reason (such as gravity and magnetism)

If it works for science why can’t it work for Politics, Society and the Economy?

Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes is known for a book called Leviathan.

According to Hobbes, people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish.

Thus, they needed a strong (absolute) government to control themselves.

Hobbes, cont’d.Without laws, life “in the state of nature” would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”

People entered into a social contract, where they voluntarily gave up their freedom to the government in exchange for an organized and safe society. This would be an absolute monarchy.

  People are: Solution: Government:  Influenced:

Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679

naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish and will fight, rob, and oppress one another

Social Contract 

Absolute Monarchy could best impose order and compel obedience

 Rousseau

John LockeMore optimistic view of human nature

Locke is known for writing Two Treatises of Government.

People are basically reasonable and moral. (opposite to Hobbes)

Locke, cont’d.People have natural rights, which are rights they are born with.

These include life, liberty and property. (Dec of Ind?)

The best type of government had limited power and was accepted by all citizens.

Locke supported the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England.

  People are: Solution: Government:  Influenced:

John Locke1632-1704

basically reasonable and moral and have natural rights

people form a government to protect their natural rights

has limited power and is accepted by all citizens, if a government fails its people they have the right to overthrow that government

leaders of the American Revolution like Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison

The Philosophesphilosophers or people who applied the methods of science to understand and improve society

Baron de MontesquieuVoltaireDiderot

Rousseau

MontesquieuWrote The Spirit of Laws

Introduced the separation of government powers into three branches, executive, legislative, and judicial

Introduced checks and balances, where each branch had equal power and could check over each of the other two branches.

  Thoughts: Influenced:Montesquieu1632-1704

1. best way to protect liberty is to divide the functions of powers of government among three branches (legislative, executive, judicial)2. Each branch should be able to check the other two called Checks and Balances

The foundation of American Government

Voltaire“I disagree with what you say but I will defend to death your right to say it.”

His penned attacks offended the French government and the Catholic church.

By exposing corruption, he targeted the wealthy, the slave trade and religious prejudices

  Thoughts: Influenced:Voltaire1632-1704

1. “I disagree with what you say but I will defend to death your right to say it.”2. Detested corrupt officials, the slave trade, and religious prejudice

American 1st Amendment

DiderotPublished the Encyclopedia

28 volumes of philosophy, government, and religion

More than 4,000 copies were printed immediately and it helped to spread ideas across the globe.

The articles denounced slavery, praised freedom of expression, and education for all

  Thoughts: Influenced:Diderot1632-1704

1. edited a 28-volume set of books about government, philosophy and religion called Encyclopedia2. compiled articles in which philosophes denounced slavery, praised freedom of expression, urged education for all

spread Enlightenment ideas across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas

RousseauWrote The Social ContractPerhaps the most controversial of all the Enlightenment philosophers, he puts faith in the “general will” or the people.He suggests that government control be minimal, and only freely elected governments should impose any control.He would support a republic or democracy.

RousseauPeople were naturally good but were corrupted by the evils of society and the unequal distribution of property

the good of the community should be placed above individual interests

  Thoughts: Influenced:Rousseau1632-1704

1. People were naturally good but were corrupted by the evils of society and the unequal distribution of property2. some control of the people are necessary but should be limited 3. governments should only be freely elected in order to impose such limits4. the good of the community should be placed above individual interests

Thomas Paine and Marquis de Lafayette (American and French Revolutionaries)

Mary Wollstonecraft

Women were being left out of the social contract

equal education for boys and girls

  Thoughts: Influenced:Mary Wollstonecraft1759-1797

1. Women were being left out of the social contract2. equal education for boys and girls 

 

Primary Source ReadingRead the paragraph above the document excerpt plus the excerpt itself.Answer the questions pertaining to each document.This is due at the end of the block. Graded on ACCURACY.Work on front of Page 56 if you finish early.