Bell Work 04/13/15The Puritans founded theMassachusetts Bay Colony toescape persecution.

Roger Williams wasbanished from theMassachusettsBay Colony and formeda new colony that didnot have a statechurch.

Anne Hutchinsonwas expelled from theMassachusettsBay Colony fordissenting againstchurch doctrine

This diagram describes events in colonial America that are related to —F. the eventual adoption of the U.S. ConstitutionG. the formation of a government controlled by religious officialsH. the creation of a national system of checks and balancesJ. the establishment of the principle of religious freedom

Reconstruction and the Changing

South, 1863–1896

18-1: Early Steps to Reunion

• After the Civil War, the country had to repair the damage done by the fighting and find a way to rebuild.

Postwar problems were more severe in the South

than in the North.• The North

• Employment – for returning

soldiers

• The South

• Widespread Destruction

• Economic ruin • A changed society

First Efforts at Reconstruction

First efforts at ReconstructionTen Percent Plan (1863)Wade-Davis Bill

How did the assassination of Lincoln and the inauguration of a new President lead to conflict?

The Ten Percent Plan• 1863- Lincoln Proposes Ten Percent Plan• Used as Confederate areas fell to the Union

during the Civil War.• A southern state could form a new

government after 10 percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States.

• The new government had to abolish slavery. Voters could then elect members of Congress.

• The plan offered amnesty to Confederates who swore loyalty to the Union. But no amnesty for Former Confederate leaders.

Wade-Davis Bill

• 1864- Republicans pass less generous Wade-Davis Bill

• a rival Republican plan - which Lincoln refused to sign.

• A majority of white men in each southern state had to swear loyalty to the Union.

• Anyone who had volunteered to fight for the Confederacy would be denied the right to vote or hold office.

The Freedmen’s BureauBefore the war was over, Congress and the President passed the bill to create this agency to help former slaves and poor whites.– food and clothing to former slaves.– Tried to find jobs for freedmen.– medical care.– Set up schools. Most of the teachers were

volunteers from the North.– The Bureau created colleges for African

Americans, including Howard, Morehouse, and Fisk.

Lincoln’s Assassination

• Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, 5 days after Lee’s surrender.

• Ford’s Theatre• John Wilkes Booth

Johnson’s Inauguration Leads to Conflict

• Andrew Johnson became President. He proposed a mild Republican Reconstruction plan: – A majority of voters in each

southern state had to pledge loyalty to the Union.

– Each state had to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, which banned slavery throughout the nation.

• The southern states quickly met Johnson’s conditions. The President approved their new state governments in late 1865.

• Southern voters elected representatives to the Senate and House.

Johnson’s Inauguration Leads to Conflict

• Republicans in Congress were outraged that many of former Confederate officials were elected

• No southern state allowed African Americans to vote.

• Congress refused to let southern representatives take their seats in Congress.

• Instead, Republicans set up a Joint Committee on Reconstruction to form a new Reconstruction plan for the South

Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction

• Johnson was seen as too soft and forgiving to former Confederate officials.

• He did not support rights for freedmen – he believed in states’ right to decide.

• Many Republicans in Congress took steps to make changes. Since their majority was large, they were able to over-ride Presidential vetoes.

Black CodesPassed by southern state legislatures–Black codes granted some rights - to marry and to own some property.

–Black codes prevented freedmen from gaining political and economic power. They could not vote, own guns, or serve on juries.

–In some states, they limited the work that a freedman could do.

Black CodesHow did Congress react to black codes?–angered by them & Republicans blamed Johnson’s lenient Reconstruction plan.

–Republicans were also angered by southern white violence against freedmen.

–To combat the black codes, the Civil Rights Act was passed in April 1866. It gave citizenship to African Americans.

Congress Reacts to Black Codes

• The Joint Committee on Reconstruction accused the South of trying to “preserve slavery . . . as long as possible.”

• When President Johnson ignored the report of the Joint Committee, members of Congress who were called Radical Republicans vowed to take control of Reconstruction.

Radical Republicans Gain Power

• Radical Republicans had two main goals.– Break the power of wealthy planters

who had long ruled the South.– Ensure that freedmen received the right

to vote.• Radical Republicans needed the support of

moderate Republicans. • Republicans controlled both houses after

many southern Democrats were barred/refused to vote.

Fourteenth Amendment

• Republicans proposed the Fourteenth Amendment, which granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States.

• It guaranteed citizens “equal protection of the laws” and said that no state could “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.”

Radical Republicans Gain Power

• President Johnson opposed the Fourteenth Amendment.

• Southern violence convinced northerners that strong measures were needed, so they backed the Republicans.

• Republicans won majorities in both houses of Congress.

Radical Reconstruction

• The period that followed the 1866 election is often called Radical Reconstruction.

• Congress passed the first Reconstruction Act in March 1867.

• It threw out state governments that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.

• It imposed military rule in the South – divided the region into 5 districts and gave the Army power to enforce Reconstruction.

Reconstruction PlansPlan Ten Percent Plan Wade-Davis Bill Johnson Plan Reconstruction

Act

Proposed by

Conditions for FormerConfederate States to Rejoin Union

President Abraham Lincoln (1863)

• 10 percent of voters must swear loyalty to Union

• Must abolish slavery

Republicans in Congress (1864)

• Majority of white men must swear loyalty

• Former Confederate volunteers cannot vote or hold office

President Andrew Johnson (1865)

• Majority of white men must swear loyalty

• Must ratify Thirteenth Amendment

• Former Confederate officials may vote and hold office

Radical Republicans (1867)

• Must disband state governments

• Must write new constitutions

• Must ratify Fourteenth Amendment

• African American men must be allowed to vote

Andrew Johnson Impeached

• Because Johnson tried to limit the effect of Radical Reconstruction, Congress tried to remove him from office.

• Feb 1868 the House of Representatives voted to impeach, or bring formal charges against, Johnson.

• If two thirds of the Senate found him guilty of “high crimes and misdemeanors.” – the President could be removed from office

• In the end, the Senate vote was 35 to 19 against Johnson—just one vote shy of the two thirds needed to convict him.

• political differences – not high crimes

The Civil War Amendments

Thirteenth Amendment • Bans slavery throughout the United States.

Fourteenth Amendment • Grants citizenship to all persons born in the United States.

• Guarantees citizens equal protection of the laws. No state can deprive any person of life, liberty, or property with due process of law.

Fifteenth Amendment • Forbids any state to deny any citizens the right to vote because of race.