Bell Ringer #1

Define the following:

a. Urban Society-

b. Secular-

*Use your textbook’s glossary!

Chapter 12 Section 1

The Renaissance

The Renaissance• Renaissance = rebirth• 1350-1550• Rebirth in ancient Greek and Roman beliefs• Began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe• Renaissance Italy was an urban society– A system in which cities are the center of political, economic, and

social life

Renaissance Characteristics1. Secular Viewpoint• Worldly• People enjoyed material

things• The power of the Church

declined• Stronger focus on the

individual

Secular or Not?

Not

Secular or Not?

Secular

Secular or Not?

Not

Secular or Not?

Secular

Secular or Not?

Not

Secular or Not? (Michael Jackson’s Funeral)

?

Renaissance Characteristics2. Humanism• Intellectual movement

based on the study of the humanities

• Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history

Renaissance Characteristics

3. Individualism• Philosophical idea

encouraging the potential of man and the development of their own beliefs

• The emphasis on individual ability

The Italian City States• Milan– Very wealthy– Used a tax system to supply the

government money• Venice– Link between Asia and western

Europe– Large trade empire

• Florence– Governed by the wealthy and

powerful– Faced with economic decline

Renaissance Thinkers• Individualist ideas influenced

Leonardo da Vinci– Painter– Sculptor– Architect– Inventor– Mathematician

• High regard for human worth and a realization of what individuals could achieve created a new social ideal

Renaissance Thinkers• Humanist ideas influenced

Niccolo Machiavelli– Author of The Prince, a book on

how to gain and keep political power

• Previous writers on political power stressed the ethical side of leaders

• The Prince encouraged leaders to abandon morality and promoted self-interest

The Prince

Would you rather be feared or loved?

The Prince

Do you think most people are selfish,

corrupt, and fickle?

The Prince

Do you think it is OK to trick your

enemies?

The Prince

Do you think it is OK to trick your

friends?

The Prince

Would you rather a politician be morally

right or politically effective?

Renaissance Society• 3 classes (estates)

1- Nobles (2-3% of population)• Athletic • Educated• Political• Advisors to the king

2- Peasants/Townspeople (85-90%)

• Poor • Workers

3- Clergy (7-12%)• Church leaders

Renaissance Society• Family– Father or husband was the

center of family and finances – Mother or wife was the keeper

of household• Marriage – Families arranged marriages to

strengthen family and business relations

– Daughters had a dowry (sum of money) that was given to the future husband’s family

Bell Ringer #2

• Define the following:

a. Humanism-

*Use your textbook’s glossary!

Chapter 12 Section 2

The Intellectual and Artistic Renaissance

Renaissance Humanism• Humanism- Intellectual

movement based on literary works of Greece & Rome– Philosophy, Poetry, History,

Grammar• Petrarch(PEH-trahrk)- Humanist– 1300s- Intellectual life of solitude

• No family, no life in communityVs.

– 1400s- Intellectual duty to live a civic life• Served the City State

Renaissance Literature• Vernacular- language spoken in

everyday life (English, Spanish, Slang) – Dante(DAHN-tay)

• Italian• Divine Comedy• Story of the soul’s journey to salvation

– Chaucer• English• The Canterbury Tales (Canterbury,

England)• Stories of 29 people’s pilgrimage

– Christine de Pizan• Frenchwoman• The Book of the City of Ladies• Women can learn like men

Renaissance Education• Education is life changing• “Liberal Studies” (humanist)– History, Philosophy, Grammar,

Poetry, Music• Physical Education– Strong in mind and body

• Goal was to create complete citizens – Mostly males– Women were not taught math or

rhetoric (study of language)

What is your perspective?

Old woman or young woman?

Is it moving?

Elderly Couple or Musicians?

A rabbit or duck?

Can you read this?• Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at Cmabrigde

Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a toatl mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.

Seal or Polar Bear?

Is it moving?

Where does it begin and end?

Sax player or woman?

Which center dot is bigger?

Is it moving?

http://www.theparafiles.com/igallery/illusions/igw4.jpg

Man or Liar?

Renaissance Art• Artists sought to imitate nature

(reality)• Humans were the center of

attention• Artists used geometry, space,

light, anatomy, perspective (point of view)

The Virgin and Child

By Masaccio

Renaissance Art

• Fresco- painting on wet plaster with water based paint– Causes a 3D effect– Raphael

The TrinityBy Masaccio

Renaissance Art

DavidBy Donatello

Mary MagdaleneBy Donatello

Brunelleschi Dome

Renaissance Art

Renaissance Art

• High Renaissance-– 1490-1520– Last stage of Renaissance

painting

Marriage of the VirginBy Raphael

Renaissance Art• Leonardo da Vinci-

realistic paintings– Show perfection of

nature/person

Female By da Vinci

Renaissance Art• Raphael- beauty that surpassed reality– Madonnas (paintings of Virgin Mary)

School of AthensBy Raphael

Madonna and ChildBy Raphael

Madonna of the MeadowsBy Raphael

Madonna and Child Enthroned with SaintsBy Raphael

Renaissance Art• Michelangelo- sculptor, painter,

architect– Reflection of divine (Godly) beauty

David By Michelangelo

Sistine ChapelBy Michelangelo

Sistine ChapelBy Michelangelo

Sistine ChapelBy Michelangelo

Northern Renaissance• Belgium, Netherlands,

Luxembourg• Illustrated books• Painted on wooden panels • Extremely detailed• Oil based paint• Realism through watching

reality

The Arnolfini PortraitBy Jan van Eyck

Bell Ringer #3

• Identify the following:

a. Martin Luther-

b. Lutheranism-

*Use Chapter 12, Section 3 in your textbook!

Chapter 12 Section 3

The Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation• The Protestant

Reformation was a religious reform movement– Called for change and

separation from the Catholic Church

– Divided Church into Catholic and Protestant

Christian Humanism• Italian humanism spread

north– Christian Humanism- humans

can reason and improve themselves• Use humanism to reform the

Catholic Church• Use the Humanism goals

(education) to bring yourself closer to salvation/God.

• Study literary works of Christianity

Christian Humanism• Desiderius Erasmus (ih

RAZ muhs)

– “the philosophy of Christ”

– Wrote The Praise of Folly• Encouraged people to live

good lives on a daily basis• Promoted education

– Criticized abuses of the Church• Special treatment to

wealthy• Corrupt Monks

Criticisms of Catholicism• Popes between1450-1520– Corrupt – Not meeting spiritual needs– Used office to advance

careers/wealth• Didn’t help with salvation

(getting to heaven)– Indulgence- release from all

or part of punishment for sin– Sold to Catholics wanting to

spend less time in purgatory– Relics (trinkets/certificates)

Martin Luther• Martin Luther was a monk &

professor in Wittenberg, Germany

• Rejected faith and good works for salvation– Salvation by faith alone

• Protestant Reformation’s chief teaching

• Bible was only source of religious truth– Not Papal (Pope) declarations

Martin Luther• In 1517, Luther sent 95

Theses (criticisms) to church superiors– Attacked sale of

indulgences– 1,000s of copies were

made and spread across Germany (printing press)

• 1520- called for overthrow of Catholic Church

Martin Luther• Wanted to keep only

2 sacraments (Catholic traditions)

– Baptism and Communion

• Wanted clergy (priests/pastors) to marry

• Excommunicated

(removed from Catholic Church) in 1521

The Edict of Worms• Decree issued on 25 May 1521 by

Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire.– Made it illegal to support Martin Luther in any way.• Declaring, "For this reason we forbid anyone from this time

forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favor the said Martin Luther…”

The Edict of Worms• Edict of Worms made Luther an

outlaw• Lutheranism Movement became a

revolution• New services– Bible readings, preaching, songs

German Revolution• Holy Roman Empire– Spain, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary,

Low Countries, Milan, Naples• Charles V- emperor of Holy

Roman Empire– Wanted HRE to be Catholic– Germany rebelled

• Led by Lutherans

– Peace of Augsburg, 1555• Resulted in German regions (not

individuals) being able to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism

Bell Ringer #4

• Describe the criticisms the Catholic Church faced during the Protestant Reformation.

Chapter 12 Section 4

The Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response

Zwinglian Reformation• Peace of Augsburg

divided the Church– Protestant and Catholic

• Protestantism started to divide into different denominations

Zwinglian Reformation• Ulrich Zwingli– Priest in Switzerland– Founder of new Protestant

group– Joined forces with Luther

and Germany– Relics and paintings

forbidden – Scripture readings, prayer,

sermons– In 1531, Zwingli was killed

in a religious war

Calvinism• John Calvin – Protestantism in

Switzerland• Predestination- God

determined in advance who is going to Heaven and Hell

• Mid 16th c- Calvinism replaces Lutheranism as most practiced form of Protestantism

The Reformation in England• King Henry VIII – Had 6 wives– Pope would not annul

(declare invalid) marriages• 1534- Act of Supremacy– Made the King head of

new Church of England– No longer had to get

permission from Pope to obtain a divorce

The Reformation in England• Anglican Church (Church of England)– Henry VIII

• Mostly Catholic ideologies• Adopted some Protestant ideologies

– Edward VI (Henry VIII’s son)• Protestant ideologies• Died young

– Mary Tudor (Henry VIII’s oldest daughter)

• Catholic ideologies• Burned 300 protestants for heresy

– Elizabeth I (Henry VIII’s youngest daughter)

• Protestant ideologies• Allowed more religious freedom

Protestant Anabaptists• Anabaptists rejected state

(government) in church affairs• Only baptized adults• Considered all members

priests• Persecuted by both Catholics

and Protestants• Ex: Amish

Protestantism and Women• Rejected celibacy (no intercourse)

• Women were to bear children• Women were still subordinate

to men

The Catholic Reformation• 3 Factors influenced the Catholic

Reformation1. Jesuits– Took a vow of absolute obedience to

the Pope– Restored Catholicism to Eastern

Europe and spread to the Americas– Ignatius of Loyola- founder

2. Pope Paul III appointed a Reform Commission in 1537 Ignatius of Loyola

The Catholic Reformation 3. 1545- Council of Trent– Kept faith and good works

for salvation– Kept 7 sacraments– Kept purgatory – Outlawed selling

indulgences– Catholic Church was

unified under the Pope

Bell Ringer #5

• Locate the following:

a. Portugal is located on the ____ continent, immediately west of ____.

*Use Chapter 13, Section 1!

Chapter 13 Section 1

Exploration and Expansion

Motives and Means• Portugal and Spain– First European empires to

explore new sea routes• Dutch Republic (the

Netherlands), France, and England– Second group of European

empires to explore new worlds

Motives and Means• Europe was stationary for

1,000 years• Fantasized about the

“exotic East” (Asia- spices/silks)

• 1300s- Ottoman Turks restricted Europe’s travels west– Controlled the only land

route– Europeans were forced to

find a new route

Motives and Means• God- Convert Natives– Catholicism or Protestantism

• Gold- Economic Gains– Expand trade to Asia– Spices, silks, precious metals

• Glory- Fame– Adventure– Secular (worldly) desires

The Portugal Trading Empire• 1420- Prince Henry the

Navigator– Fleets sailed South down

the coast of West Africa– Gold Coast

• 1488- Bartholomeu Dias – Sailed around the tip of

Africa– Cape of Good Hope

The Portuguese Trading Empire• By the early 1500s, the

Portuguese made it to the Southeast Asian Island

• China would not let Portugal colonize Asia– Treaty that allowed

Portugal to export spices

Voyages to the Americas • Christopher

Columbus- Believed he could reach Asia by sailing West (Portugal sailed East, around Africa)– 1492- landed in the

“Indies”• Cuba/Caribbean

Voyages to the Americas• 1494- Treaty of Tordesillas (TAWR-duh-SEE-yuhs)

– Spain and Portugal divided world with imaginary line– Portugal-East (controlled trade route around Africa to

Asia)– Spain- West (North and South America)

Voyages to the Americas• John Cabot- Explored

the New England coast for England

• Amerigo Vespucci (veh-SPOO-chee)- Named the New World America

Ptolemy: world map, copy from 1482

Bell Ringer #6

• Define the following:

a. Plantation-

b. Triangular Trade-

*Use Chapter 13, Section 2!

The Spanish Empire• Conquistadors- Spanish “conquerors” of America– 1500s- Spain established colonies

(settlements/communities)– 1533- Spain controlled most of South America – 1550- Spain controlled all Mexico – Natives were used as slave labor on sugar plantations

and in gold/silver mines• Depleted population due to forced labor, starvation, and

disease• Example: Mexico’s Population- 1519, 25 million; 1630, 1 million

New Spain (Spanish Empire)

New World Competition• Early 1600s

– Dutch Colony- New Netherland• Present day New York

– French Colonies- Northern N. America and Louisiana Territory• Present day Canada and Louisiana,

Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana

– English Colonies- Atlantic Seaboard• Present day Georgia, South Carolina,

North Carolina, Virginia (1st), Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts (2nd), Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire.

New World Economics• Gold and Silver• Plantations- Large farms that used slave labor– Sugar and Tobacco (mainly)– Columbian Exchange- extensive trade of plants and

animals between the Old and New Worlds• Also brought European diseases to the New World

New World Economics• Colony- Settlement of people living in a new

territory– Politically and economically linked with parent

country• Mercantilism- 17th c. economic principle

– The prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver

– Fueled by trade of natural resources found in the New World

– Balance of Trade- difference in value of exports v. imports• Goal- export more than import (sell more than buy)

• Colonies provided raw materials and a market for manufactured goods

Chapter 13 Sec 2

Africa in an Age of Transition

The Slave Trade• Africa– African slaves

• Southwest Asia– Domestic servants

• Europe– Domestic servants

• Americas– Increased demand– Plantation- large agricultural estates

• Sugar Cane- difficult to grow/harvest; required more slaves• 1st - Brazil & Caribbean Islands

Growth of the Slave Trade• 1518- 1st ship of slaves brought to

the Americas• Triangular Trade- New global

economy– Africa to the Americas- Slaves– Americas to Europe- Raw Materials

(tobacco, molasses, sugar, cotton, etc)

– Europe to Africa- Manufactured Goods (guns, cloth, rum)

• Early 16th to late 19th c.– 10 million slaves

• Middle Passage- Africa to America– Many slaves died

Effects of the Slave Trade• 1st African slaves were prisoners

of war• Europeans traded with Slave

Traders– Africans who kidnapped other

Africans– Coastal regions and inland

• Impact on African Societies– Depopulation

• Youngest/Strongest men and women

– Increase in war– Lost faith in gods– Deterioration of art– Increase in human sacrifice

Bell Ringer #7

• Name the 5 European nations that colonized the New World (in order)!

*Use Chapter 13

Not in Textbook

Colonization in North America

Spanish• New Spain – Central America– Built a new empire– Spanish churches and homes

SpanishDate Explorer Area Reason

1492 Christopher Columbus

Western sea route to Asia (Indies)

Trade

1513 Juan Ponce de Leon

Explored Florida

Keep out the FrenchFountain of Youth

1519 Hernando Cortes

Central America

GoldGod (Religion)

Columbus’ Route

Cortes’ Route

Portuguese• Brazil• 1500• Portugal's side of the Treaty of

Tordesillas– Divided the world in half (western-

Spain, eastern- Portugal)

• Used for trade and plantations

French• New France –

North America• Goals – Trade (fur) – Catholicism (convert Natives)– No towns or families

• Good relations with Native Americans Military alliances

FrenchYear Explorer Area Reason

1534 Jacques Cartier St. Lawrence River (Canada/US border)

Trade

1608 Samuel de Champlain

Quebec, Canada Permanent settlement

1682 Robert Cavelier Mississippi Valley (Louisiana Territory)

Trade with Spanish

Robert Cavelier

English• 3 Colonial Regions– New England• Focused on Puritan religion• Manufacturing/Trade

– Middle (Mid Atlantic)• Religious diversity• Some farming and trade

– Southern• Concerned only with economy

– Plantation system, cash crops, slavery

EnglishDate Name Region Significance

1607 John Smith Southern •Ship Captain•Helped found Jamestown, Va

1612 John Rolfe Southern Brought tobacco to English Colonies- primary cash crop

1630 John Winthrop New England Founded Massachusetts for Puritans

1681 William Penn Middle (Mid Atlantic)

Founded Pennsylvania for Quakers

Bell Ringer #8

1. Turn in completed Bell Ringer chart.

2. Turn in Study Guide (if completed).

3. Turn in map from Friday.

4. Get out extra credit (hold it until I collect them).

5. Prepare for your 1st test!!!!!