bell ringer how would you define the word “adventure”? explain. would you like to travel to the...
TRANSCRIPT
Bell Ringer
• How would you define the word “adventure”? Explain.
• Would you like to travel to the West via steamboat, wagon or railroad? Explain
The Great Westward Movement
ExpansionExpansion
SettlementSettlement
MovementMovement
Why did people move West? Push and Pull Factors
-events or conditions that either push people to move else where or strongly pull them to
do so
Push• Cheap land• Second chances• Religious freedom
– Mormons and European Immigrants
• Outlaws
Pull• Homestead Act• Morrill Land-Grant Act• Pacific Railroad Act• Private Property
Homestead Act 1862• Encouraged people to move West• 160 Acres• Must pay $10 registration fee• Must farm land 5 years• Promoted Easy Living
400,000 families claimed land
Morrill Land Grant 1862
• 30,000 Acres to establish colleges
• Agriculture and Technical Schools
• Need to improve Farming
• Increased movement West
Land Speculators
• People who bought up large areas of land in the hope of selling it later for a profit
• States would sell their land for the Morrill Land-Grant Act to these land speculators to help raise money for colleges specializing in agriculture mechanical arts
Pacific Railroad Act of 1862
• Authorized Railroad to be built– Land Grants & Subsidies– Made Railroad’s biggest land owners in West– Gave companies 10 miles of land on each
side of the track
• By 1872—Railroad given 170 Million Acres and ½ Billion dollars– More land than the size of Texas
Promontory Point, UTPromontory Point, UT(May 10, 1869)(May 10, 1869)
Promontory Point, UTPromontory Point, UT(May 10, 1869)(May 10, 1869)
Promontory Point
• On May 10, 1869, railroad officials, political leaders and work gangs converged at Promontory Point, Utah
• Drive in the last spike of the Pacific Railroad, the first of five transcontinental railroads built in the 19th century.
• The driving of the spike linked the Union Pacific line built from East to West with the Central Pacific, which had commenced construction in California.
Railroad’s continued…
• Railroads:– First transcontinental railroad to California was
completed in 1869– Built mostly by Chinese and Irish immigrants– Brought many settlers to the west– Telegraph system– Time zones– Refrigerated cars– Killed off a majority of the American Buffalo
• Why was the Homestead Act such significant factor in the westward migration?
• How did the Pacific Railways Act influence Western settlement?
James Fergus’ James Fergus’ Supply ListSupply List
James Fergus’ James Fergus’ Supply ListSupply List
• As a group, review James Fergus’ supply list he sent his wife.• As a group, select any 5 items in any quantity from each category that you feel
is a NEED!• Select 2 items from each category that you WANT but could do without.• These supplies will have to last you 1 year!• Think back to the modern day yearly consumption list as a guide…
• 1. What made you choose what you did?• 2. If you could pick any item that is not on the list, what would it be, and why?
Bell Ringer
• If you had been alive during the Westward Movement would you have been a miner, farmer, or rancher?`
Diversity
• European Immigrants arrived in the mid 1800s– Land to farm
• Germans settled in the Great Plains• Irish, Italian, European Jews, and Chinese
– West coast cities– Mining, railroad construction
• Mexicans– ranching
Exodusters
• Post Civil War: 1,000s of African Americans traveled west
• 1879 Benjamin “Pap” Singleton led groups of southern blacks on a mass “Exodus”
• 50,000+ Exodusters migrated west.
Mining• Gold Rush 1849
– Thousands go to California—led to state hood
• 1858 Pike’s Peak– Rumors of gold “everywhere you stick your
shovel”
• 1859 Comstock Lode– Richest discovery of gold and silver– $400 million of 30 years
• Boom-Bust Towns– Towns that sprung up overnight because of gold,
then dried up overnight when gold was gone
Mining• Colorado Territory formed out of western
Kansas after gold strike in Kansas
• Homestake Mine– Opened in 1877 in the Black Hills of Dakota– The richest single mine ever uncovered in the
world• $1 billion worth of ore
• “The Atlantic and Pacific coasts, instead of being, as they are now, divided countries will become part of compact whole, joined and cemented together by bonds of mutual interest
Mining Centers: Mining Centers: 19001900
Mining Centers: Mining Centers: 19001900
Mining Frontier
• Almost all men• Crude life with almost no comforts• Lots of violence• Some mining camps grew into mining towns• Successful mining required:
– Hydraulic mining or hard rock mining• Both were very expensive and replaced placer mining
• Led to big companies who hired workers• Dangerous work and low pay
Mining (“Boom”) Towns--Mining (“Boom”) Towns--Now Ghost TownsNow Ghost Towns
Mining (“Boom”) Towns--Mining (“Boom”) Towns--Now Ghost TownsNow Ghost Towns
Calico, CACalico, CACalico, CACalico, CA
Cowboys and Cattle Ranching
• Americans learned how to cattle ranch from Mexican cattlemen
• Texas Longhorns– Texas longhorn-survived easily in harsh climate– Open Range-restriction free grazing, free
• Railroads led to rounding up of cattle to sell east• Dodge City and Abilene (Chisholm Trail)• Cattle ranching grew after Civil War
Ranch Life• Centered on Roundup
– Cattle Drives (long) to take cattle to Railroad• Spring round up from open range• Ranchers go north w/herds to RR• Adopted Mexican clothing style and
ranching techniques• Danger of drowning and stampedes• Dirty and hard work• About ten cowboys and a cook• Ended in places like Abilene, Kansas
TheThe
CattleCattle
TrailsTrails
TheThe
CattleCattle
TrailsTrails
• Cow towns grew from cattle drives• Overgrazing, low prices, and barbed wire would end
cattle boom• Modern cattle ranches• Limited size • Fed cattle hay in winter• Barb Wire
– made it possible for farmers & ranchers tocheaply and efficiently fence in their livestock- Used to keep cattle in– Ends long drive
Joseph Joseph GliddenGliddenJoseph Joseph GliddenGlidden
Land Use: 1880sLand Use: 1880sLand Use: 1880sLand Use: 1880s
Frontier Settlements: 1870-Frontier Settlements: 1870-18901890
Frontier Settlements: 1870-Frontier Settlements: 1870-18901890
What is the Message of this What is the Message of this Picture?Picture?
What is the Message of this What is the Message of this Picture?Picture?
The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, South DakotaSouth DakotaThe Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, The Realty--A Pioneer’s Sod House, South DakotaSouth Dakota
Farming out West
• Soil and climate very different than from the east.
• Lack of trees• Lack of water• High temperatures
• Had to develop:– Dry Farming techniques—plant seeds deep to absorb
moisture– New Technology
• Steel Plow• Seed drills• Reapers• Windmills• Built Sod Housing
Life of Farms
• Life on farms for homesteaders:– Sod houses dirty and not rainproof
• Many lived in sod houses b/c trees were not abundant and prairie sod was
– Winter blizzards– Summer heat– Tornadoes– Grasshoppers– Hard work and poor– Often very lonely and isolated
• Better equipment and technology led to more production but lower prices
• Dependent upon railroads– Had to have railroad to get crops to market– Railroads overcharged and set
unreasonable rates– Gave rebates to special customers– Charged more for short haul than long
haul
• What technologies gradually replaced placer mining?
• Why did cattle ranching become so successful after the Civil War?
• What hardships did homesteaders face?
• Describe the rise of cow towns.
• What kinds of stereotypes were created about the West?
• Describe the impact of new technologies and factors on small entrepreneurs in mining, ranching, and farming.
Bell Ringer
• List the three Acts and/or Grants we have talked about that helped motivate people to move west.
Indian Wars and Government Policy
• What were the clashes over?– The killing of the Buffalo– Taking of land
• How did the US government handle the wars and clashes?– Treaties would be negotiated that prevent the
Indians from moving or forced them to live in reservations
• These treaties would be frauds and not what had been agreed on between the Indians and White man
Battlefield Challenges
• Conflicts had been going on since Europeans arrived in the New World
• 1871 – US gov’t declared it would no longer make treaties with the Indians
• US spread thin to monitor the South during Reconstruction
• Could not get volunteers because– Low pay, disease, duties, clothing
Key Battles
• Sand Creek Massacre– Cheyenne Indians occupied central plains and parts
of the Colorado Territory– Had attacked wagons and trains near Denver– Chief Black Kettle took orders to camp at Sand
Creek – US Colonel John Chivington attacked the Cheyenne
and killed 300, mostly women and children– The following year the Cheyenne argreed to move to
reservations
Key Battles
• Build up to The Battle of Little Bighorn– Sioux Indians – northern plains – Dakota,
Wyoming, and Montana territories– US gov’t decided to build the Bozeman Trail
through prime hunting ground• After a two standoff between the two sides signed
the Fort Laramie Treaty– Ended the Bozeman Trail and set aside a large
reservation that is off of South Dakota today
Gold Found in Gold Found in the Black the Black
Hills of the Hills of the Dakota Dakota
Territory!Territory!
18741874
Gold Found in Gold Found in the Black the Black
Hills of the Hills of the Dakota Dakota
Territory!Territory!
18741874
The Battle of Little Bighorn• Colonel George Custer was sent to
investigate the rumor of gold in the Black Hills– Said there was gold “from the grass roots down”
• 1876 - US offered to buy the Black Hills from the Sioux but declined– Custer was sent back to round up the Indians to
clear the land for gold mining– Custer divided his troops in hopes to easily defeat
the Indians– He instead was met with the largest ever
gathered on the Plains
The Battle of Little Bighorn
• 2,000 Sioux fought and killed Custer and his troops
• Became known as Custer’s Last Stand
• The US Army quick arrived at the Black Hills and forced the Sioux back to the reservation– Sitting Bull and others escaped to Canada
The Battle of Little Big The Battle of Little Big HornHorn18761876
The Battle of Little Big The Battle of Little Big HornHorn18761876
Chief Sitting Chief Sitting BullBull
Gen. GeorgeGen. GeorgeArmstrong Armstrong
CusterCuster
The Battle of Wounded Knee
• Sitting Bull returned from Canada and encouraged Sioux to leave the reservation
• After Ghost Dancing in the snow the Army was called and Sioux were once again rounded up
• Sitting Bull resisted arrest and was killed along with 350 other Indians
• The last major episode of violence in the Indian Wars
New Policies Towards Native Americans
• Attempts to change Native Americans– People wanted them civilized– Assimilation – when one society becomes a part of
another, more dominant society by adopting its culture
• Dawes Act – divided reservations into individual plots and the head of each family would receive 160 acres– These land owners would now have to pay local,
federal, and state taxes
Chief JosephChief JosephChief JosephChief Joseph
Nez Percé Nez Percé tribal tribal
retreat (1877)retreat (1877)
“…“…Hear me, my Hear me, my chiefs, my heart is chiefs, my heart is
sick and sad. From sick and sad. From where the sun now where the sun now stands I will fight no stands I will fight no
more against the more against the white man.”white man.”
Helen Hunt JacksonHelen Hunt JacksonHelen Hunt JacksonHelen Hunt Jackson
A Century of DishonorA Century of Dishonor (1881)(1881)
A Century of DishonorA Century of Dishonor (1881)(1881)
“It makes little
difference . . . where one opens the
record of the history of the Indians; every
page and every year has
its dark stains.”
Crazy Horse Monument:Crazy Horse Monument:Black Hills, SDBlack Hills, SD
Crazy Horse Monument:Crazy Horse Monument:Black Hills, SDBlack Hills, SD
Lakota ChiefLakota ChiefLakota ChiefLakota Chief
Mt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SDMt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SDMt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SDMt. Rushmore: Black Hills, SD
Destruction of the Buffalo Destruction of the Buffalo HerdsHerds
Destruction of the Buffalo Destruction of the Buffalo HerdsHerds
The near extinction of the buffalo.The near extinction of the buffalo.
Yellowstone National ParkYellowstone National ParkYellowstone National ParkYellowstone National Park
First national First national park established park established
in 1872.in 1872.
National ParksNational ParksNational ParksNational Parks
Conservation MovementConservation MovementConservation MovementConservation Movement
John MuirJohn Muir
With President With President Theodore Theodore RooseveltRoosevelt
Bell Ringer
•Use your phone to answer the Edmodo question
Populism
Setting the Scene
• Farmers always struggled against nature and the economy
• Since the end of the Civil War farm production had risen
• Farmers had to barrow more money to pay for new equipment to keep up with production
• More production = price decline
• Economic nosedives in 1873 and 1893
The Farmers Complaint• Farmers and Tariffs
– Tariffs increased farming manufacturing and kept foreigners from earning US money to buy American Crops
– Tariffs were always raised to help industry• Farmers believed the gov’t didn’t care about them
• The money issue– After the Civil War the US was experiencing
deflation– Monetary policy became a major political issue
The Farmers Complaint• Gold Bugs
– 1873 – worst economic panic to its time. Money was put on the gold standard
• Limited the money supply in circulation
– Pleased the “Conservatives”
• Silverites– Bland-Allison Act – required the gov’t to purchase and
use silver coins– Sherman Silver Purchase Act – increase the amount of
silver the gov’t was required to purchase each month (repealed in 1893)
Alliance Movement
• Poor farmers gathered together to discuss hardships
• Organization took shape and began many local alliances
• Merged regional organizations• Members attended rallies, read alliance
newspaper, listened to speakers
• Began to recognize political power
Organizing Farmer Protests
• The Grange– Founded by Oliver H. Kelley– Began by helping farmers create corporations– Primary purpose was to buy less, produce more to
make farms more self sustaining– Set up discounts with farm machinery dealers– Pressured state legislators to regulate businesses
that farmers depend on • Ex. Grain elevators for storage, and railroads for shipping
– Granger Laws
Farmer Protests
• The Farmers’ Alliances– Began in the 1880s by attacking monopolies– Women served as officers
• Mary Elizabeth Lease urged farmers to raise “less corn and more Hell”
• Colored Farmers Alliance– Formed in 1886, by 1891 there were 250k
members
Interstate Commerce Act
• 1887 Congress passed Interstate Commerce Act– Outlawed secret rebates– Couldn’t charge more for short hauls– Rates had to be reasonable and just– Created Interstate Commerce Commission to
oversee it– Did not stop monopolies
Populism
• Replaced grange and farmer’s alliance– Strong support in Midwest
• Reform based party– Wanted:
• Graduated income tax• Bank regulation• Government owned telegraphs and railroads• Free coinage of silver• Immigration restrictions• Secret ballots • Supported by farmers, labor leaders, and reformers• 8 hour work day
Populism Con’t • 1892 saw need for 3rd party because reps
ignored agenda once in office• Populist platform
• Same as Grange and Farmers’ Alliance goals
• RR slowed• Industry affected • Rural America—declining prices• Populists gain momentum 1896 Election- Bimetallism big issue
– William McKinley R (Goldbugs)– William Jennings Bryan D (Silverites)
Election of 1896 Continued
• Cross of Gold Speech – William Jennings Bryan• “you shall not press down upon the brow of labor a crown of
thorns, you shall not crucify humanity on a cross of Gold”
• Populist knew if ran, would ensure Republican victory
• Endorsed Bryan
• McKinley won b/c of fierce campaigning • Warned people of problems with Silver
• Bryan’s Defeat was downfall of populism—but start of new movement with Democrats taking on some of their platform
• The end of Populism leads to Progressivism.