Bell-Ringer

Pick up Reformation and Enlightenment and turn to page 159. We will be reading “And Yet, it Does Move!” about Galileo and answering the discussion questions at the end as a class!

Chapter 22, Section 2

“The Enlightenment in Europe”

I. Two Views on Government A. Enlightenment

1. new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and

the power of individuals to solve problems B. Hobbes’s Social Contract

1. Thomas Hobbes a. published Leviathan

1. believed humans were naturally selfish and wicked

2. government was needed to keep order

b. social contract 1. to avoid miserable life, people

must hand over their rights to a strong ruler in

exchange for law and order 2. such government was an

absolute monarchy

Thomas Hobbes

C. Locke’s Natural Rights 1. John Locke

a. people learn from experience and improve themselves

b. favored idea of self-government c. all people are born free and equal with

3 natural rights 1. life, liberty, and property

d. purpose of government is to protect these rights

e. foundation of modern democracy

John Locke

II. The Philosophes Advocate Reason A. Philosophes

1. social critics of this period 2. believed people could apply reason to all

aspects of life 3. 5 concepts formed the core of their beliefs

a. reason: truth could be discovered through logical thinking

b. nature: what was natural was also good and reasonable

c. happiness: urged people to seek well-being on earth

d. progress: society and humankind could improve

e. liberty: called for liberties English won in Glorious

Revolution and Bill of Rights

B. Voltaire Combats Intolerance 1. Voltaire

a. often used satire against opponents b. targeted clergy, aristocracy, and

government c. Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom

of religious belief, and freedom of speech

d. “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the

death your right to say it.”

Voltaire

C. Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers 1. Baron de Montesquieu

a. published On the Spirit of Laws 1. separation of powers would

keep any individual or group from gaining total control

of the gov’t b. “Power should be a check to power.”

1. checks and balances 2. became basis for U.S.

Constitution

D. Rousseau: Champion of Freedom 1. Jean Jacques Rousseau

a. civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness

b. A good government was a direct-democracy

c. published The Social Contract 1. agreement among free

individuals to create society and a government

2. all people were equal; nobility titles should be abolished

E. Beccaria Promotes Criminal Justice 1. Beccaria

a. believed laws preserved social order b. advocated speedy trial c. torture should never be used d. capital punishment should be

abolished

Becceria

III. Women and the Enlightenment A. Mary Astell

1. published A Serious Proposal to the Ladiesa. addressed lack of educational

opportunities for women b. unequal relationship between men &

women in marriage B. Mary Wollstonecraft

1. published A Vindication of the Rights of Women

a. women needed educ. to become virtuous & useful

b. urged women to enter male-dominated jobs Mary Wollstonecraft

IV. Legacy of the Enlightenment A. Belief in Progress

1. growth of scientific knowledge quickened 2. argued for end to slavery & greater social

equality B. More Secular Outlook

1. mysteries of the universe can be explained mathematically

2. rid religious faith of superstition & fear 3. promote tolerance of all religions

C. Importance of the Individual 1. use individual ability to determine right or

wrong 2. gov’t was formed by individuals to promote

their welfare

Major Ideas and Thinkers of the Enlightenment

Thinker Idea ImpactLocke Natural Rights – Life, Liberty,

PropertyFundamental to the Declaration of Independence

Montesquieu Separation of power France, U.S., and Latin American nations use separation of powers in new constitutions

Voltaire Freedom of thought and expression

Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights & French Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen; European monarchs reduce or eliminate censorship

Beccaria Abolishment of torture Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights; torture outlawed or reduced in nations of Europe & the Americas

Voltaire Religious freedom Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights and French Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen; European monarchs reduce persecution

Wollstonecraft Women’s equality Women’s rights groups in Europe & North America

Daily Essential Questions

1. What are the natural rights with which people are born with, according to John Locke?

2. Who were the philosophes and what did they advocate?

3. What was the legacy of the Enlightenment?

Major Ideas and Thinkers of the Enlightenment

Thinker Idea ImpactLocke Natural Rights – ___________

_________________________Fundamental to the _____________ ______________________________

Montesquieu _________________________ ______________________________ nations use separation of powers in new constitutions

Voltaire Freedom of _______________ ________________________

Guaranteed in __________________ ________ & French Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen; _______ ______________________________

Beccaria Abolishment of _______________

Guaranteed in _________________; torture ________________________ in nations of Europe & the Americas

Voltaire _________________________ Guaranteed in __________________ _______ & French Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen; European monarchs _____________________

Wollstonecraft _________________________ ______________________________ in Europe & North America