belinho 1 shipwreck -...

1

Belinho 1 Shipwreck Timber Catalogue

Esposende August 4 to 20, 2015

PITN-2013 GA607545, Marie Curie EU Grant

Filipe Castro

College Station, September 2015

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Team: Ana Almeida

Jemma Bezant

António Carmo (Samuel)

Filipe Castro

Ana Crespo

Isis Farias

Isabel Gonçalves

Peter Groenendijk

Ivone Magalhães

Adolfo Martins

Alexandre Monteiro

Nigel Nayling

António Santos

Koldo Trapaga

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Inventory

No. Description Size 1/10 3D Photo CHAM

01 Y-frame 212 - Adolfo Peter -

02 Plank 81 Flavio - Chris -

03 Floor timber 313 - Adolfo Peter 003

04 Plank 84 Peter - Peter -

05 Plank 117 - - Peter -





10 Plank fragment 66 - - Peter -

11 Stringer fragment? 106 - - Peter -

12 Fragment 26 - - Peter -

13 Plank repair? 38 Peter - Peter -

14 Frag. transv. timber? 40 - - Peter -

15 Plank fragment 21.5 - - Peter -



18 Fragment – ceiling? 24 - - Peter -






24 Plank fragment 77 - - Chris -

25 Plank fragment 128 - - FC -


4

27 Fragment 23 - - FC -





32 Y-Frame 177 - Adolfo Isis/PG -

33 Plank Fragment 140 - - Peter -

34 Frame frag. 112 FC - FC -

35 Frame frag. 102 FC - FC -

36 Y-Frame 140 - - Adolfo -

37 Y-Frame 223 - - Adolfo -

38 Deck knee? 153 FC - FC -

39 Y-Frame 220 - Adolfo Adolfo -


41 Floor timber 119 FC - FC -

42 Floor timber 321 FC - FC -


44 Floor timber 308 FC - FC 011

45 Floor timber 282 FC - FC 010

46 Fragment hard wood 139 - - FC -

47 Deck knee? 134 FC - FC -


49 Waterway 396 FC - FC -

50 Plank 213 FC - FC -

51 Mast steep 200 - - FC 008


53 Plank 332 FC - FC 004


55 Plank 280 FC - FC 005

56 Plank 301 P./Fl. - FC 002





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62 Wood Fragment 127 - - Peter/Isis -

63 Fragment 208 - - Peter/Isis -

64 Plank Fragment 93 - - Peter/Isis -

65 Fragment 130 - - Peter/Isis -

66 Stringer 190 - - Peter/Isis -

67 Fragment / Mast step? 61 - - Peter/Isis -

68 Fragment / Mast step? 80 - - Peter/Isis -

69 Frame Fragment 118 FC - FC 006

70 Wood Fragment 13 - - Peter/Isis -

71 Keel 879 - Adolfo Adolfo 007

72 Stern Knee 281 - FC 009

73 Stern Post 290 - Adolfo Adolfo 001

74 Plank Fragment 42 - FC -

This report follows up on a preliminary assessment made in 2014 by a team from the

Centre de História de Além Mar (CHAM) from Universidade Nova de Lisboa. The

drawings published by CHAM – describing 12 timbers – were included in this report

by courtesy of CHAM, to acknowledge this previous effort.

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Longitudinal Structure

Keel 071

Sternpost 073

Stern knee 072

Maststep 051

7

Timber: Keel section No. 071W

Figure 71.1 – Photomosaic of the timber (not to scale).

Length preserved: 879 cm.

Section: sided 22/24 cm, molded 19 cm.

Conversion: It is a standing tree, with the roots on the bottom and the branches forming the arms.

Tool Marks: All surfaces eroded.

Joinery: The rabbet occupies almost half of the keel molded dimension, and its angle doesn’t vary much along the 9 m of length preserved. No fore and aft scarves were preserved.

Fasteners: Planks fastened with iron nails (11 mm), sub-horizontal, all along the preserved length. Some frames fastened with iron bolts (27 mm, heads 55/60 mm, recesses 60/70 mm, 25 mm deep, on the bottom face). Every other frame not fastened to the keel.

Bolts at: 4, 42, 108, 181, 249, 319, 333, 392, 465, 576, 646, 712, 717, 783, 859 cm.

None of the distances between the holes fit the distance preserved in the maststep, suggesting – together with the shape of the rabbet and the timber assemblage washed ashore - that this is probably part of the after portion of the keel.

Comments: These timbers are similar to those of the 1559 Emanuel Point shipwreck. The scantlings are similar, and the timber shapes also.

Recording: CHAM 007. Full FARO Arm drawing (Adolfo).

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Details:

Fig. 071.2 – Bottom surface: bolt hole and recess. Note the mistaken hole opened nearby and abandoned, halfway through the height of the keel section. The two holes converge and only one appears on the keel upper surface.

Fig. 072.4 – Side face of the keel showing the almost rectangular rabbet and the almost horizontal nail holes.

Faro Arm drawings:

Figure 71.4 – FARO Arm 3D model of the timber (Adolfo Martins).

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CHAM image (2014):

10

Timber: Stern Post No. 073W


Length preserved: 290 cm

Section: sided 22/24 cm, molded 19 cm.

Conversion: It is a standing tree, with the roots on the bottom and the branches forming the arms.


Coatings: Not apparent in this timber.

Fasteners: Planks fastened with iron nails (11 mm) and treenails (25 mm). Three iron bolts connect it to the stern knee, (30 mm, heads 55/60 mm, recesses 60/70 mm, 25 mm deep) 53 and 70 cm apart. The after face has three protrusions difficult to explain. They were probably not used to receive the gudgeons because the best preserved one has two diagonal nail holes in the corners (Fig. 073.2). Planks were connected to the after face of the sternpost with square nails (11 mm).

On the starboard side there are four instances of two nails and what looks like carpenter marks (Fig. 073.3).

Bolts at: 26.5 cm, 80, 150 cm, counting from the base of the adjacent stern knee. The bottom 20 cm are missing.

Planks: On the starboard four plank hoods seem to fit the rabbet (059,060,056, gap 51 cm, 053). To port side three plank hoods fit the garboard (057, 054, 055).

Other timber associations: Nail holes on the after face of the sternpost suggest that there were timbers fastened to this face.


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Details:

Fig. 073.2 – Nail pattern and possible carpenter marks.

Fig. 073.3 – Protrusion on the after face of the sternpost and diagonal nails.

CHAM images (2014):

12

CHAM images (2014):

13

Timber: Stern Knee No. 072W



Section: sided 18 cm (narrower on the bottom), molded 56 to 15 cm.

Conversion: Portion of a trunk and a branch.

Tool Marks: Not apparent at a first inspection.

Joinery: This timber has a notch on the starboard side to receive a tenon from the foot of a Y-frame, possibly timber 043.

Fasteners: Planks fastened with iron nails (11 mm) and treenails (25 mm). Three iron bolts connect it to the sternpost (27 mm, heads 55/60 mm, recesses 60/70 mm, 25 mm deep) 26.5, 53 and 70 cm counting from its base.

This timber presents some grooves next to the recesses for the fastener’s heads that are similar to the ones found on the Pepper Wreck floor timbers.

The bolt pattern matches that of the sternpost.

Bolts at: 26.5 cm, 80, 150 cm, counting from the base.


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Transversal Structure

Y-Frame 037

Y-Frame 036

Y-Frame 039

Y-Frame 001

Y-Frame 040

Y-Frame 043

Y-Frame 032

Floor Timber 003

Floor Timber 042

Floor Timber 044

Floor Timber 045

Floor Timber (short) 041

Frame fragment 069

Frame fragment 034

Frame fragment 035

Knee 038

Knee 047

Fragment 014

19

Timber: Y-Frame No. 037W



Section: sided 21 cm, molded 21 cm.

Bottom bevel: Approx. 70o. The slope of the stern knee (072W) has a mark that may correspond to the base of this Y-Frame, which is possibly the aftermost frame of this ship.

Conversion: Almost round section. Looks like the top of a standing tree, with the roots on one side and the branches on the other. Sapwood is missing.


Fasteners: Planks fastened with treenails (27 mm and 22 mm) and iron nails (11 mm).

Recording: Peter Photogrammetry, Full FARO Arm drawing (Adolfo).

20

Faro Arm drawing:


Sketch:

21





Bottom bevel: approx.. 45o.




Recording: Peter Photogrammetry, Full FARO Arm drawing (Adolfo).

22

Faro Arm drawing:


Sketch:

23





Bottom bevel: 20o (to be confirmed).




Recording: Full FARO Arm drawing (Adolfo).

24

Faro Arm drawing:


Sketch:

25





Bottom angle: too destroyed to be accurately measured.

Conversion: It is a standing tree, with the roots on the bottom and the branches forming the arms. Sapwood is missing.



Faro Arm drawing:

26


Sketch:

27


Figure 40.1 – Photomosaic of the timber (not to scale and picture taken at an angle).


Section: sided 26.5 cm, molded 18 cm.

Bottom bevel: around 15o? (3/26.5=6.5o).

Conversion: It is a standing tree, with the roots on one side and the branches on the other. Sapwood is missing.




28

Faro Arm drawing:


Sketch:

29





Bottom bevel: 10/23 = 23o.

Conversion: It is a standing tree, a branches forming the arm.



Joinery: This timber has a protrusion in the base that fits (should fit) the upper layer of the stern knee.


30

Faro Arm drawing:


Sketch:

31





Conversion: It is a standing tree, a branch forming the arm.


Fasteners: Planks fastened with iron nails (11 mm) and treenails (25 mm). Three iron bolts connect it to the stern knee, (30 mm, heads 55/60 mm, recesses 60/70 mm, 25 mm deep) 53 and 70 cm apart. The after face has three protrusions probably to receive the gudgeons. Planks were connected to the after face of the sternpost with square nails (11 mm).


32

Faro Arm drawing:


33

Sketch:

34

Timber: Floor Timber No. 003W




Bottom bevel: None.



Fasteners: Fastened to the keel with one iron bolt. Planks fastened with treenails (27 mm and 22 mm) and iron nails (10-11 mm). It looks like 2 iron nails per treenail. Sometimes it seems that the holes are larger than the iron nails.

Joinery: dovetail scarves, carved, 16, 26 cm, carved, 2 treenails, 2/3 nails. There is no pronounced reduction of the section on the ends, although they slope and are longer on the face that contacts with the futtocks.

Recording: CHAM 003; Full FARO Arm drawing (Adolfo).

Figure 03.2 – Detail of the dovetail scarf.

35

Faro Arm drawing:


CHAM images:

36

CHAM images:

37

Timber: Floor Timber (marked “II”) No. 042W



Section: sided 17 cm, molded 18 cm. Foot = 5 cm.

Bottom bevel: None.




Joinery: dovetail scarf on one of the sides, carved, 23, 28 cm, 2 treenails (1 missing), 2 nails from the futtock side. One of the sides shows a stepped, pronounced reduction of the floor timber section. At least one nail was inserted on the futtock through this step,

Recording: 1/10 (FC).

1/10 Drawing:

38





Bottom bevel: None.

Conversion: It is a standing tree, with the roots on one side and the branches on the other. About 30 rings maximum. Sapwood is missing.



Joinery: dovetail scarves, carved, 16, 26 cm, 3 treenails, 2 nails inserted from the futtock. One of the sides shows a stepped, pronounced reduction of the floor timber section. At least one nail was inserted on the futtock through this step,

Recording: CHAM 011; 1/10 (FC).

1/10 Drawing:

39

CHAM images:

40





Bottom bevel: A few centimeters (1.5 cm).



Fasteners: Planks fastened with treenails (27 mm and 22 mm) and iron nails (10-11 mm).

Joinery: not apparent, 3 treenails, 2 nails from the floor and 2 from the futtock. The preserved side showed a stepped, pronounced reduction of the floor timber section. At least one nail was inserted on the futtock through this step,


1/10 Drawing:

41

CHAM images:

42

Timber: Floor Timber fragment No. 041W



Section: sided 21.5 cm, molded 16.5 cm.

Bottom bevel: Not apparent.

Conversion: Straight grain.




1/10 Drawing:

43

Timber: Frame fragment No. 069W




Bottom bevel: 2.5 cm on one of the ends.

Conversion: The grain seems to run diagonally to the edges of the timber in this area.



Joinery: dovetail scarf, salient, 14-20 cm, 2 treenails, 1 nails. One of the sides shows a stepped, pronounced reduction of the floor timber section.

Comments: The salient dovetail scarf may indicate this is part of a futtock.


Details:

Figure 69.2 – Partially preserved step on the end of the timber.

Figure 69.3 – Scarf and fasteners preserved.

44

1/10 Drawing:

45

CHAM Images:

46




Section: sided 16 cm, molded 19.5 cm.


Conversion: The grain rains across the piece in this area.

Tool Marks: All surfaces eroded. Two parallel lines on one of the faces may be design lines, although it seems that one of the lines passes over a broken treenail, in which case the lines could have been done somehow in the process of recovery.


Joinery: Dovetail scarf, salient, 10-24 cm, 2 treenails, 2 nails.

Comments: The salient dovetail scarf may indicate this is part of a futtock. One of the sides shows a stepped, pronounced reduction of the floor timber section.


Details:

Figure 34.2 – Photomosaic of the upper face, showing the step

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Figure 34.3 – The wood grain pattern in this extremity of the timber is curved against the timber shape and has large knots.

Figure 34.4 – Wood grain and fasteners: the treenail connecting the planking to the frame runs through the treenail connecting the floor and futtock, indicating the presence of pre-assembled frames.

Figure 34.5 – Lines scratched on the side face of timber 034W.

Figure 34.6 – Detail of the parallel lines.

48

Figure 34.7 – Another detail of the parallel lines, showing the broken treenail section where, under certain light angles, it seems that the lines may go over it.

1/10 Drawing:

49






Conversion: The grain is not parallel to the timber.

Tool Marks: All surfaces eroded. There are two spoon auger holes unfinished on the bottom face.



Details:

Figure 35.2 – The two blind holes on the lower face of timber 035W.

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Figure 35.3 – Blind hole near a through hole on the upper face of timber 035W.

Figure 35.4 – Nail hole over a treenail on the upper face of timber 035W.

Figure 35.5 – Broken treenail section with vestiges of a scratch line, like the ones observed on timber 034W.

51

1/10 Drawing:

52

Timber: Deck knee No. 038W




Bottom bevel: None.

Conversion: It is a standing tree, with the roots on one side and the branches on the other. Sapwood is mostly missing.


Fasteners: Planks fastened to the top surface with and iron nails (10 mm). Two large fore and aft iron nails (20 mm) fastened this timber to the deck beams (?) and an iron bolt (25 mm) fastened it diagonally to the frames/wales (?).

Joinery: Very eroded. A small notch could correspond to the position of a clamp.


Details:

Figure 38.2 – Angle of the bolt that presumably connected this timber to the ship hull.

53

Sketch:

54

1/10 Drawing:

55

Timber: Deck knee No. 047W




Bottom bevel: Not preserved.

Conversion: It is a log with a branch. Sapwood is mostly missing.


Fasteners: Planks fastened to the top surface with and iron nails (10 mm). Two large iron nails (20 mm) fastened this timber to the deck beams (?) and an iron bolt (25 mm) fastened it diagonally to the frames/wales (?).


Sketch:

56

1/10 Drawing:

57

Timber: Fragment of transversal timber No. 014W

Figure 14.1 – Image of the timber.


Section: not preserved.

Bottom bevel: Not preserved.

Conversion: Too small a fragment to allow retrieval of much information.


Fasteners: Iron nails (10-11 mm) and treenails (25 mm).

Recording: Photographed and sketched.

Sketch:

58

Planking

Waterway 049

Portside plank w/ stern hood 057



Starboard plank w/ stern hood 059




Plank fragment 050

Plank fragment 052

Plank fragment 004

Plank fragment 061

59

Stern timbers, positioned after analyzing the fastener’s marks near the hoods and on

the sternpost.

Tentative arrangement of the port side planking, matching the fastener’s holes near

the plank hoods to those on the preserved section of the sternpost.

60

Same tentative arrangement of the starboard side planking.

Preserved planks and their tentative positions.

61

Timber: Waterway No. 049W




Bottom bevel: None.

Conversion: Straight grain. Sapwood is missing.


Fasteners: Fastened with iron nails (10 mm). Fastening pattern probably one nail // 15 cm on the planking, and // 30 cm to the side.


1/10 Drawing:

62

Timber: Plank Port Side No. 057W

Figure 57.1 – Photomosaic of the timber outboard (not to scale).



Bottom bevel: edges eroded.

Tool Marks: Deep (1-2 cm) grooves carved on the outboard surface, together with triangles.

Fasteners: Patterns vary, mostly in the sternpost area. There are several clusters of close spaced nails, sometimes in pairs, as observed in the sternpost and elsewhere. In the extension preserved the pattern is, counting from the sternpost: 2 treenails / 4 nails; 1 treenail / 7 nails; 1 treenail / 3 nails; 2 treenails / 3 nails; 3 nails; and 3 nails. There are two nails closely placed in between the positions of two y-frames, perhaps indicating the presence of a first futtock.

Sheathing: Small (4 mm) nails, probably used to secure lead sheathing (lead straps were found on the site).


Figure 57.2 – Photomosaic of the timber inboard with the fastening pattern (not to scale).

63

Fig. 57.3 – Grooves and triangles carved on the outer surface of the hull planks.

Fig. 57.4 – Saw marks on the outer surface of the hull planks.

64

1/10 Drawing:

65






Tool Marks: Deep (1-2 cm) grooves triangles carved on the outboard surface. We decided not to clean this plank and sample the coating for analysis.

Fasteners: Treenails (27 mm) and nails (10 mm). Countersink holes (50 mm) in every nail head. Patterns vary, mostly in the sternpost area. There are several clusters of close spaced nails, sometimes in pairs, as observed in the sternpost.



Fig. 54.4 – Detail of the outboard surface, the chisel marks made to wedge a

treenail.

66

Fig. 54.2 – Detail of the outboard surface, showing the grooves and triangular

notches carved on the outer surface of the hull planks.

Fig. 54.3 – Detail of the outboard surface, showing saw marks.

67

Fig. 54.5 – Detail of the

outboard surface, showing the

treenail hole with the original

treenail shape. Treenails were

probably made with an ax and

did not have circular sections.

1/10 Drawing:

68


Figure 55.1 – Photomosaic of the outboard face of the timber (not to scale).




Tool Marks: Deep (1-2 cm) grooves triangles carved on the outboard surface and possible saw marks.

Fasteners: Patterns vary, mostly in the sternpost area. There are several clusters of close spaced nails, sometimes in pairs, as observed in the sternpost.



Fig. 55.2 – Inboard surface of plank 055 (mosaic, not actual picture).

Fig. 55.3 – Grooves and triangular

notches carved on the outer surface of

the hull planks and full of a thick white

coating.

69

Fig. 55.4 – Possible saw marks on the

outboard face of the plank.

Fig. 55.5 – Sheathing nail holes preserved.

1/10 Drawing:

70

CHAM Images:

71

Timber: Plank Starboard No. 059W






Fasteners: Treenails (27 mm) and nails (10 mm). Countersink holes (50 mm) in every nail head. Patterns vary, mostly in the sternpost area. There are several clusters of close spaced nails, sometimes in pairs, as observed in the sternpost.



Fig. 59.2 – Grooves and triangles carved on the outer surface of the hull planks.

72

1/10 Drawing:

73







Fasteners: Treenails (27 mm) and nails (10 mm). Countersink holes (50 mm) in every nail head. Patterns vary, mostly because only the sternpost area survived.



Fig. 60.2 – Photomosaic of the inboard face of the timber (not to scale).

74

Fig. 60.3 – Groove near the countersink hole of the nail head. Similar grooves have

been found on the frames of the Pepper Wreck. Their function or cause are

unknown.

Fig. 60.4 – Nail hole plugged.

75

Fig. 60.5 – Square blind

hole on the outboard

surface of timber 060.

Fig. 60.6 – Another two

square blind holes on the

outboard surface of timber

060.

76

1/10 Drawing:

77






Conversion: Tangential.


Fasteners: Treenails (27 mm) and nails (10 mm). Countersink holes (50 mm) in every nail head. Patterns vary: 2 treenails and 2/3 nails.


Coatings: White resinous substance inserted in all grooves and triangles (sampled).


Fig. 56.2 – Pattern of the 4 mm square tacks used to secure the lead sheathing.

78

1/10 Drawing:

CHAM Image:

79





Bottom bevel: Edges eroded.


Fasteners: Treenails (27 mm) and nails (10 mm). Countersink holes (50 mm) in every nail head. Patterns vary: 2 treenails and 2/3 nails. The fastening pattern in the first five frames is 2 treenails / 3 nails. As the sided dimension tapers towards the bow, the sixth frame is fastened with 1 treenail / 2 nails.


Coatings: White resinous substance inserted in all grooves and triangles (sampled).


Fig. 53.2 – Photomosaic of the inboard face of the timber (not to scale).

80

1/10 Drawing:

CHAM Images:

81

Timber: Plank No. 050W





Conversion: Tangential.

Tool Marks: No grooves carved on the outboard surface, nor triangles.

Fasteners: Only nails (10 mm). Countersink holes (50 mm) in every nail head. Patterns vary: one or two nails per frame. Again, the nail holes seem bigger than the nail sections.


1/10 Drawing:

82

Timber: Plank fragment No. 011W





Tool Marks: No grooves carved on the outboard surface, nor triangles.

Fasteners: Only nails (10 mm). Countersink holes (50 mm) in every nail head. Pattern: one nail per frame. Again, the nail holes seem bigger than the nail sections.

Recording: Just pictures and sketch.

Sketch:

83


Figure 52.1 – Photomosaic of the inboard face of the timber (not to scale).




Tool Marks: Too eroded. Vestigial grooves carved on the outboard surface, together with triangles.

Fasteners: Only nails (10 mm). Countersink holes (50 mm) in every nail head. Pattern seems to be 2 iron nails per frame.




1/10 Drawing:

84




Section: sided 44 cm, molded 6.5 cm (eroded).

Shape: Hood, parallel edges.

Tool Marks: Deep (1/2 cm) grooves with traces of a white coating. Both surfaces eroded.

Fasteners: Treenails (25 mm) and iron nails (9-10 mm). No pattern discernable. Sometimes it seems that the holes are larger than the iron nails.

Recording: 1/10 Peter.

1/10 Drawing:

85




Section: sided 41 cm, molded 6 cm (eroded).


Fasteners: Treenails (27 mm) and iron nails (11 mm). No pattern discernable. Sometimes it seems that the holes are larger than the iron nails.

Samples: This timber was sampled for dendrochronology.

Recording: 1/10 FC.

Figure 61.2 – Photomosaic of the inboard face of the timber (not to scale).

86

Figure 61.3 – Photomosaic of the outboard face of the timber (not to scale), showing the sample removed for dendrochronological analysis.

Fig. 061.4 – Grooves and triangles carved on the planks outboard face.

87

1/10 Drawing:

88

Planking Fragments

Plank fragment 002

Plank fragment 058

Plank fragment 005

Plank fragment 006

Plank fragment 007

Plank fragment 008

Plank fragment 009

Plank fragment 010

Plank fragment 012

Plank fragment 013

Plank fragment 015

Plank fragment 016

Plank fragment 017

Plank fragment 018

Plank fragment 019

Plank fragment 020

Plank fragment 021

Plank fragment 022

Plank fragment 023

89

Plank fragment 024

Plank fragment 025

Plank fragment 062

Plank fragment 064

Plank fragment 066

Plank fragment 029

Plank fragment 031

Plank fragment 033

90




Section: sided 26 cm, molded 5 cm (eroded).

Shape: Only one edge preserved.

Conversion: Parallel lines, looks like a radial plank.



Recording: 1/10 Flavio

1/10 Drawing:

91

Timber: Plank fragment No. 058 W




Tool Marks: All surfaces eroded. Deep (1/2 cm) grooves with traces of a white coating.



Figure 58.1 – Photomosaic of the timber with the caulking tacks marked (not to scale).

92

1/10 Drawing:

93


Figure 05.1 – Photomosaic of the timber.



Shape: No edges.

Conversion: Grain curved.

Tool Marks: Deep (1-2 cm) grooves with traces of a white coating.

Fasteners: Treenails (27 mm) and iron nails (11 mm). No pattern discernable. Sometimes it seems that the holes are larger than the iron nails.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

94





Shape: No edges.

Conversion: Grain curved.

Fasteners: Treenails (25-27 mm) and iron nails (10-11 mm).

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

95





Shape: No edges.


Fasteners: Treenails (25-27 mm) and iron nails (9-11 mm). No pattern discernable. Sometimes it seems that the holes are larger than the iron nails.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

96





Shape: No edges.

Tool Marks: Deep (1-2 cm) grooves on outboard face.

Fasteners: Treenails (25-27 mm) and iron nails (9-11 mm). No pattern discernable.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

97





Shape: No edges.

Tool Marks: Deep (1-2 cm) grooves with traces of a white coating. Blind treenail hole in the shape of a spoon auger.


Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

98





Shape: No edges.



Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

99





Shape: No edges.

Fasteners: Iron nail (19 mm). No pattern discernable.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

100





Shape: Looks like a repair.

Tool Marks: Countersink holes for nail heads.

Fasteners: Two iron nails (9-11 mm). No pattern discernable. Sometimes it seems that the holes are larger than the iron nails.

Recording: Sketched.

Samples: Sampled for dendrochronology.

1/10 Drawing:

101





Shape: No edges.

Fasteners: Iron nails (9-11 mm). No pattern discernable. It seems that the holes are larger than the iron nails.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

102





Shape: No edges.


Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

103





Conversion: Curved grain.

Shape: No edges.


Fasteners: Treenails (25-27 mm).

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

104





Shape: One edge preserved.

Fasteners: Iron nails (9-11 mm). No pattern discernable. Sometimes it seems that the holes are larger than the iron nails.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

105



Wood: Soft wood.



Shape: No edges.

Fasteners: Iron nails (3 mm). No pattern discernable.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

106





Shape: No edges.


Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

107





Shape: No edges.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

108




Section: not preserved.

Shape: No edges.

109





Shape: No edges.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

110





Shape: Hood, angle 95o.


Fasteners: Iron nails (9-11 mm): two near the hood, one, one, one.


Sketch:

111





Shape: No edges.



Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

112





Shape: No edges.



Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

113





Shape: No edges.



Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

114





Shape: No edges.



Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

115





Shape: No edges.



Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

116





Shape: No edges.



Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

117





Shape: No edges.



Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

118

Wood Fragments

Wood fragment 026

Wood fragment 027

Wood fragment 028

Wood fragment 030

Wood fragment 067

Wood fragment 068

Wood fragment 070

Wood fragment 065

Wood fragment 063

Wood fragment 048

Wood fragment 046

119

Timber: Wood fragment No. 026W




Shape: No edges.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

120





Shape: No edges.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

121





Shape: No edges.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

122





Shape: No edges.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

123





Shape: No edges.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

124





Shape: No edges.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

125





Shape: No edges.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

126





Shape: No edges.

Fasteners: None.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

127





Shape: No edges. Could be a stanchion.

Fasteners: Iron nails.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

128





Shape: No edges.

Recording: Sketched

Sketch:

129





Shape: No edges.

Fasteners: Only one nail hole.


Samples: sampled for dendrochronology.

Sketch:

belinho 1 shipwreck -...

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