believing it gets better: the impact of a randomized controlled trial to reduce suicidality among...
TRANSCRIPT
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BELIEVING IT GETS BETTER:
The Impact of a
Randomized Controlled
Trial to Reduce Suicidality
among LGBTQ Youth
Catherine Griffith, Ph.DUniversity of Massachusetts Amherst
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Introductions
• Name
• Where are you from?
• What do you do?
• What brought you to this workshop?
• What are you hoping to learn?
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Agenda
• The Need for LGBTQ-Focused Groups
• Description of the Study
• Overview of Results
• Sample Activity
• Q&A
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Rationale
Suicide is the third leading cause of death among adolescents
LGBTQ+ individuals are especially at risk due to higher rates of hopelessness, peer isolation, and a lack of positive coping skills
LGBTQ+ youth experience much more frequent instances of homophobic remarks, verbal and physical harassment, and assault than their non-LGBTQ+ peers
LGBTQ+ youth are 2-7 times more likely to commit suicide
Void in the research: unable to identify any evidence-based group interventions for LGBTQ+ youth
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Relevance of the Study
• Knowledge as to the impact of a group counseling intervention on LGBTQ+ adolescents levels of hope, coping skills, and life attitudes
• Further understanding of the relationship between hope, coping skills, and suicidality
• Greater knowledge about the impact of group therapeutic factors on hope, coping, and life attitudes
• Curriculum will be disseminated to counseling practitioners and educators
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A Call for Action
• Much is known about the correlation between hopelessness, lack of coping skills, and suicide among LGBTQ+ youth (Hass et al., 2010; Liu & Mustanski, 2012; Spirito Esposito-Smythers, 2006)
• There is a significant gap between knowledge and practice, and much more research is needed regarding interventions that reduce suicide risk for this population (Haas et al., 2010)
• Essentially, the problem has been identified, but mental health professionals are left with few evidence-based practices to turn to in order to help their clients.
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Operational Definition of TermsLGBTQ+:
An umbrella term for the communities of individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or otherwise as a minority in terms of affectional orientation or gender identity and expression (e.g., questioning, intersex, hijra third gender, etc).
Older Adolescent: Broadly defined, an adolescent is an individual who is in the process of developing
from a child into an adult; there is no one scientific definition for adolescence. For the purpose of this investigation, an older adolescent is operationally defined as any individual between the ages of 18-20.
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Constructs of Interest
HOPE COPING
SUICIDALITYGROUP
THERAPEUTIC
FACTORS
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Primary Research Question
What is the impact of an eight-week group counseling intervention on LGBTQ+ older adolescents’ levels of hopefulness, coping skills, and suicidality as compared to LGBTQ+ older adolescents who do not receive the intervention?
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Exploratory Research Question 1
Are LGBTQ+ older adolescents self-reported levels of hopefulness and positive coping skills predictive of decreased suicidality?
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Exploratory Research Question 2
What is the relationship between the presence of group therapeutic factors and levels of hopefulness, coping skills, and in a sample of LGBTQ+ older adolescents?
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Exploratory Research Question 3
What is the relationship between LGBTQ+ older adolescents’ demographic information (i.e., age, ethnicity, biological sex, gender identity, affectional orientation, level of disclosure about one’s LGBTQ+ status, perception of peer support and perception of parental support) and their levels of hopefulness, coping skills, and suicidality?
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Research Design
Randomized Controlled Trial
Waitlist Groups
Repeated Measures
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Recruitment Procedures
RANDOM ASSIGNMENT TO THE INTERVENTION GROUP OR WAITLIST COMPARISON GROUP
Obtain IRB approval for the study
Posting Flyers
Visiting Organizations
Referrals
Conducting pre-screening interviews with potential participants
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The Intervention
• The Basics:– 8 weeks– 45-60 minutes, once per week– 5-8 members per group
• Foundation:• Psychoeducational/Counseling Mix• Experiential• Strengths-based
• A note on use of the word “intervention”...
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The Intervention (cont.)• Session One: Intros & Icebreaker
• Sessions Two-Five: Positive Coping Skills– Wellness Wheel– Free Writing– Breathing– Positive Reframing
• Sessions Five-Seven: Hope Building– Hope as a Coping Skill– Hopes in a Hat– Letter From a Future You– Always My Son Documentary
• Session Eight: Reviewing Progress & Goodbyes
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Data Collection Procedures
• Intervention and waitlist comparison groups complete pre, mid, and post assessments
• Provided in hard copy packets
• 10-15 minutes to complete
• Alpha-numerical codes rather than identifying information
• Data is stored in a locked desk in the researchers office, and data analysis software is password protected
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InstrumentationDemographic Questionnaire (created by researcher)
Age, ethnicity, biological sex, gender identity, affectional orientation, level of disclosure about one’s LGBTQ+ status, rating of perceived peer and parental support.
Herth Hope Index (HHI; Herth, 1992)
12 items on a four-point Likert agreement scale; 3 factors; Cronbach’s alpha = .97, indicating internal consistency, with a .91 test/re-test reliability at two weeks indicating stability over time
Brief COPE (Carver, 1997)
28 items on a four-point Likert frequency scale; 9 factors; Cronbach’s alpha for factor varies from .52- .90; Test re-test reliability over the course of three administrations ranged from .50 to .90
Life Attitudes Schedule –Short Form (LAF-SF; Rohde et al., 1996)
24 true/false items; 4 factors; Cronbach = .84; no test-retest
Therapeutic Factors Inventory Short Form (TFI-S; Joyce et al, 2011)
19 items on a seven point Likert scale; 4 factors; Cronbach’s alpha for factor varies from .71 - .91; test re-test ranges from .28 - .93
Exit Survey (created by researcher)
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Data Analysis
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Data Analysis• Independent Variable (1): intervention or comparison group; demographic data
• Dependent Variables (5): hope, coping skills (2 subscales), life attitudes, and group therapeutic factors
• Primary Research Question (differences between groups): – Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)– Repeated Measures
• Exploratory Research Question 1 (relationship between hope, coping, and life attitudes):– Multiple Linear Regression (MLR)– Pearson Product Moment Correlation (one-tailed)
• Exploratory Research Question 2 (effect of group therapeutic factors on hope, coping, and life attitudes):– Pearson Product Moment Correlation (two-tailed)
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Results• 34 Participants
• No differences at pre-test• Waitlist group no pos. difference through pre, mid, and post• Intervention group pos. differences at mid and post
– Strong significance, power, and effect sizes
• Four Outcome Variables: Strong Correlations– e.g., Hope & Suicidality .886; others .303 - .707
• TFI: Only correlated w/ Adaptive Coping (.528)• Intervention group more likely to seek additional resources
– IG: 52% ( n= 11), WG: <1% (n = 1)
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Potential Implications
• Availability of an evidenced-based intervention specifically tailored for LGBTQ+ youth to:– Increase hopefulness– Increase positive coping strategies– Increase life attitudes/decrease suicidal ideation and proneness
• Provide support for group counseling as a preferred treatment modality for this population– Based on the influence of group therapeutic factors on participants’ adaptive coping skills
• Important information for counselor educators in educating students on “what works” in addressing LGBTQ+ issues
• Further evaluation of the psychometrics of the instruments
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Potential Implications
• Availability of an evidenced-based intervention specifically tailored for LGBTQ+ youth
• Important information for counselor educators in educating students on “what works” in addressing LGBTQ+ issues
• Provide support for group counseling as a preferred treatment modality for this population
• Further evaluation of the psychometrics of the instruments
• General contribution of intervention research to the counseling field
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Potential Limitations• Treatment fidelity
– Ensuring the group curriculum is adhered to– Each group had their own unique characteristics
• Novelty effect may present a threat to internal validity– Participants alter their behavior because the intervention produces
excitement and enthusiasm
• Data collection measures are all self-report– Not always the most accurate method
• Population and ecological validity• Attrition
– High number of waitlist group dropouts
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Future Research
• Mixed methods research– Sequential explanatory design in particular, would be helpful in
determining the qualitative, lived experiences of the participants– Given that this is a newer intervention, it would also help identify
which elements of the intervention are the most and least helpful.
• Replication of the study – Younger age groups (13-19 years old)– Different geographical groups– Groups of any population that was underrepresented by the
current study (e.g., bisexual clients, transgender clients, etc.)
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QUESTIONS?
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Thanks!