59. Jg., Heft l 1, 1972 Kurze Or ig ina lmi t t e i lungen 517

Tabel le 1. Mor ta l i tg t (%) yon Lymantria monacha L.

Var ian te ,u R a u p e n s t a d i u m

L a L 4 L 5 L~

Gesam t - mor t a - l i ter

U n b e h a n d e l t 50 2 - - 2 CuSO 4 (0,06 %) 50 0 Virus (t05P/ml) 50 - - 26 34 - - 60 Virus (10~P/ml)

+ C u S O 4 (0,06%) 50 68 28 4 - - 100

Fig. 1. P a r t of a g y n a n d r o m o r p h o u s Malp igh ian tubuIe . S ta ined cells w i th X X cons t i tu t ion (real+/real) show a ldehyde oxidase ac t iv i ty , u n s t a i n e d cells are XO (real/O)

We have in fact found such mosaics in the g y n a n d r o m o r p h s . T h e y were composed of a reas wi th and w i t h o u t a ldehyde oxidase ac t iv i ty , and we in te rp re t this as due to X X / X O - mosa ic i sm.

I wish to t h a n k H. J. Becket , EY. H e c k m a n n , K. Miiller and D. R ibbe r t for cri t ical r ead ing of the manusc r ip t , and Miss A. T e r m a t h e for excel lent t echnica l ass is tance .

Received Sep tember 9, 1972

E1 ] Stern, C. : Genet ic Mosaics and Other Essays . Cambr idge : H a r v a r d Univ. Press 1968. - - ~2] Gehring, W., N6thiger , R., in: ~Vaddington, C. H., Counce, S. J. (Eds.): D e v e l o p m e n t a l Sys tems . Insects . New York -L ondon : Academic Press (in press). - - [3] Lindsley, D. L., GreI1, E. H. : Genet ic Var ia t ions of Drosophila meganogasler. Carnegie Ins t . YVash. Publ.627 ( t 9 6 8 ) . - [4] Fox, D. J . , Abgcherl i , E., Ursp rung , H. : Expe - r i en ta 27, 218 (~971). - - [5] Dickinson, W. J . : Genet ics 66, 487 ( t 9 7 0 ) . - [6] Dickinson, W. J . : Develop. Biol. 26, 77 (1971). - - [7] NOthiger, R., in : Ursp rung , H., N6thiger , R. (Eds.): Resu l t s and P rob lems in Cell Different ia t ion, Vol. 5. Ber l in -Heide lberg-New York : Spr inger 1972. - - E8~ Cour t r ight , J. B. : Genet ics S7, 25 (1967).

Bekfmpfung sch~idlicher Raupen mit insektenpathogenen Polyederviren und chemischen Stressoren G. Wel lens te in u n d R. Lt~hl

Fors tzoologisches I n s t i t u t der Un ive r s i t~ t F re iburg i. Br.

Viele R a u p e n p l a g e n l i nden ihr natf i r l iches E n d e du rch das Anf t r e t en einer a r t e igenen Virose. Diese is t bei der N o n n e (Lymantria monacha L.) als , , W i p f e l k r a n k h e i t " schon lunge bekann t . Die biologische Sch/~dl ingsbek~mpfung mi t HiKe i n s e k t e n p a t h o g e n e r Viren b e r u h t dahe r n u t au f der kt~nst- l ichen V o r w e g n a h m e eines natt~rl ichen Vorganges . U n t e r den ve r sch iedenen Ver fah ren der biologischen BekXmpfung ver- d ien t der E in sa t z i n s e k t e n p a t h o g e n e r Po lyederv i ren aber auch v o m hyg i en i s chen u n d be t r i ebswi r t seha f t l i chen S tand- p u n k t besondere B e a c h t u n g . Die in E insch l i eBungsk6rpe rn l iegenden Krankhe i t s e r r ege r s ind in h o h e m Grade ar t spezi f i sch u n d bleiben, bei 4 ~ au fbewahr t , j ah r e l ang w i r k s a m [1]. Sie werden in einer wgf3rigen Suspens ion yon t05 - - t07 Poly- edern je ml v o m Boden oder v o m F lugzeug aus verspr f ih t u u d werden d a n n yon den R a u p e n m i t d e m F u t t e r aufge- n o m m e n . Die I n k u b a t i o n s z e i t be t rgg t im a l lgemeinen 9 - 2 1 Tage [2]. U m den A u s b r u c h der K r a n k h e i t zu besch leun igen und die A u f w a n d m e n g e an Viren zu ver r ingern , wurde vor- geschIagen, der V i russuspens ion ein Insek t iz id in sub le ta le r Dosis be izumischen , das die Dispos i t ion der Schgdl inge s c h w g c h t [3]. Wi r h a b e n anstel le yon Insek t i z iden hyg ien i sch unbedenk l i ehe organische und ano rgan i sehe V e r b i n d u n g e n e rp rob t und fanden , dab sich besonders Kupfer - , Eisen- u n d Z inksu l fa te als S t ressoren eignen. 0,06% K u p f e r s u l f a t ver- ktirzte bet R a u p e n der Nonne die I n k u b a t i o n s z e i t der Kern - polyedrose (Borrelinavirus e//icieus Holmes) u m 5 - - 6 Tage. Die G e s a m t m o r t a l i t g t be t rug im L a b o r v e r s u c h t 00% gegent iber 60% ohne Stressor ; 68% der R a u p e n s t a r b e n i m 3. La rven - s t a d i u m (Tabelle 1). Da 4/5 des g e s a m t e n N a h r u n g s b e d a r f s der R a u p e n in den le tz ten be iden L a r v e n s t a d i e n a u f g e n o m m e n

werden, is t ein Abs t e rben in j f ingeren S tad ien von grol3er wi r t schaf t l i eher Bedeu tung . Die Un te r sch iede ill der G esam t - mor ta l i t / i t s ind n a c h d e m z2-Test m i t 99,9 % s ign i f ikan t . Gr613ere Sa lzkonzen t ra t ionen f i ihr ten bei den L a r v e n der Nonne (Lymanlria monacha L.), des S c h w a m m s p i n n e r s (Lyma~lria dispar L.) u n d der Ro t en K i e f e r n b u s c h h o r n b l a t t - wespe (1Veodiprion serti/er Geoffr.) zu einer ve r r inger t en F rag - t / i t igkei t u n d V i r u s a u f n a h m e und zu einer E r h 6 h u n g der Sterb l ichkei t ohne Virose.

Mit U n t e r s t i i t z u n g der S t i f tung Volkswagenwerk

E ingegangen am 28. A u g u s t 1972

Et ] Krieg, A. : Grund lagen der Insek tenpa tho log ie . D a r m s t a d t : Ste inkopff 1 9 6 1 . - [2] VVellenstein, G.: E P P O - B u l l e t i n (ira D r u c k ) . - [3] Vasiljevid, L. : Rev. Appl. En tomol . 59, 71 t (197t).

Circadian Rhythm in Lizard Critical Minimum Temperature I an F. Spellerberg* and Klaus H o f f m a n n

M a x - P l a n c k - I n s t i t u t ft~r Verha l tensphys io logie , Er l ing-Andechs , G e r m a n y

T e m p e r a t u r e to le rance is an i m p o r t a n t ecological a spec t in ec to the rms . Critical m a x i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e has been inves t i - ga ted in a n u m b e r of repti le species, b u t cold responses a n d cri t ical m i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e s have only recen t ly received more t h o r o u g h cons idera t ion [1 ]. S h o r t - t e r m acc l imat ion to cold has been found in severa l l izard species I l l so d iurna l var ia- t ions in the crit ical m i n i m u m would be expec ted unde r na tu ra l condi t ions . Locomoto r ac t iv i ty in l izards shows a pe r s i s t en t c i rcadian r h y t h m even unde r c o n s t a n t condi t ions [2], so t h a t concu r r en t r h y t h m i c changes in o ther func t ions seemed probable. Critical m i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e (loss of r i gh t ing reflex) was de t e rmined a t four equal ly spaced in te rva ls in a d u l t male l izards (Lacerta sicula) kep t t . unde r n a t u r a l condi t ions (ND) ; 2. in an art if ical l igh t -da rk cycle a t c o n s t a n t t e m p e r a t u r e (LD) ; an d 3. unde r c o n s t a n t condi t ions (LL) . T e m p e r a t u r e was m e a s u r e d wi th t he rmoeoup le s (for detai ls of m e t h o d see [1]). E a c h group, compr i s ing 8 - -15 l izards, was kep t unde r t he expe r im en t a l condi t ions for no t less t h a n a week before m e a s u r e m e n t s s ta r ted , and a t least 5 days e lapsed be tween two de t e rmina - t ions in the s ame lizard. M e a s u r e m e n t s were m a d e wi th in • t .2 hour s of the t imes g iven in Fig. 1. Locomoto r ac t iv i ty was con t inuous ly recorded in group L D and L L (for m e t h o d see E2]). A c learcut da i ly r h y t h m was found in l izards exposed to na tu r a l va r i a t ions of l igh t and t e m p e r a t u r e (Fig. I a), t he four va lues differing s ign i f ican t ly (12 h ve r sus t 8 h : p < 0.05; all o the r s p < 0.001). A dai ly r h y t h m of smal le r a m p l i t u d e was seen in the L D group (Fig. 1 b) where the va lue is s igni f icant ly h igher a t the end of t he l igh t period (p < 0.0f or < 0.001). A s imi lar resu l t was ob ta ined unde r c o n s t a n t condi t ions (Fig. I c). Here t he r h y t h m of locomotor ac t iv i ty was free- r u n n i n g w i th per iods be tween 23.7 a n d 25.5 h ; t h u s t he phys io- logical t i m e of t he ind iv idua l could dev ia te cons iderably f rom the norm. To ob ta in resu l t s comparab l e wi th those of t h e o ther two groups, m e a s u r e m e n t s were pe r fo rmed a round t h e beginning , the middle, and t he end of ac t iv i ty t ime, an d in the middle of res t t ime. The va lue a t the end of ac t iv i ty t ime is s igni f icant ly h igher t h a n the o ther th ree ( p < 0 . 0 0 t , <0 .005 , and < 0.02), and t he va lue a t t he beg inn ing of ac t iv i ty is s ign i f ican t ly lower t h a n du r ing res t t ime (p < 0.05). These resul ts show t h a t t he cri t ical m i n i m u m t e m p e r a t u r e has a smal l b u t s igni f icant endogenous c i rcadian var ia t ion . The curves for LD and L L show no s igni f icant differences; t h e ND curve has a b o u t t he s ame va lues a t 12 and 18 h b u t shows m a r k e d l y lower va lues a t m i d n i g h t and in the ear ly m o r n i n g