behavior population dynamics behavior directly governs individual demographic performance...
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Behavior Behavior Population Population DynamicsDynamics
Behavior Behavior Directly Governs Individual Demographic PerformanceDirectly Governs Individual Demographic Performance
Indirectly Effects Population DynamicsIndirectly Effects Population Dynamics
Population Growth Implies Chance of ExtinctionPopulation Growth Implies Chance of Extinction
Here, Take Behavior = Social OrganizationHere, Take Behavior = Social Organization
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ExtinctionExtinction
Population extinction processPopulation extinction process
Four general causes of extinctionFour general causes of extinction
1. Environmental stochasticity1. Environmental stochasticity
2. Demographic stochasticity2. Demographic stochasticity
3. Abiotic catastrophes3. Abiotic catastrophes
4. Lack genetic variation4. Lack genetic variation
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ExtinctionExtinction
Environmental stochasticityEnvironmental stochasticity
Random, temporal variation: Random, temporal variation: exogenousexogenous factor (s) factor (s)
Individuals’ experience Individuals’ experience samesame birth, death rates birth, death rates Temporal fluctuations, Temporal fluctuations, Between-generationBetween-generation scale scale
Good, Bad Years = Generations: food abundanceGood, Bad Years = Generations: food abundance
Small population & bad year Small population & bad year ExtinctionExtinction
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ExtinctionExtinction
Demographic stochasticityDemographic stochasticity
Random variation among individuals, Random variation among individuals,
Within-generationWithin-generation scale scale
Number offspring, survivalNumber offspring, survival
Individuals’ birth and death rates Individuals’ birth and death rates independentindependent,,
hence can differhence can differ
Important small populations: chance extinctionImportant small populations: chance extinction
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ExtinctionExtinction
Demographic stochasticityDemographic stochasticity
Fix time; Extinction PrFix time; Extinction Pr
declines with Initialdeclines with Initial
population izepopulation ize
Fix Pop size; Extinction PrFix Pop size; Extinction Pr
increases with timeincreases with time
MTE = (Extinction Pr)MTE = (Extinction Pr)-1-1
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ExtinctionExtinction
Abiotic (Physical) CatastrophesAbiotic (Physical) Catastrophes
Large, sudden density reductionLarge, sudden density reduction
Environmental, anthropogenicEnvironmental, anthropogenic
Climate changeClimate change
Time scale relative to generation timeTime scale relative to generation time
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ExtinctionExtinction
GeneticGenetic
Lack variation, Lack variation, populationpopulation fails to fails to adaptadapt
Rarest, but [again] global climate changeRarest, but [again] global climate change
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Behavior Behavior Population Population DynamicsDynamicsVucetich Vucetich et alet al. 1997. Effects of social structure and . 1997. Effects of social structure and
prey dynamics on extinction risk in gray prey dynamics on extinction risk in gray wolves. Conservation Biology 11:957.wolves. Conservation Biology 11:957.
1. Wolves: social behavior - group, pack1. Wolves: social behavior - group, pack
1 litter/year, dominant female1 litter/year, dominant female
amplify amplify demographic stochasticitydemographic stochasticity
2. Prey availability: fluctuate, source of 2. Prey availability: fluctuate, source of
environmental stochasticityenvironmental stochasticity
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Behavior Behavior Population Population DynamicsDynamics
Gray wolf (Gray wolf (Canis lupus)Canis lupus)
Isle Royale, MI; island in Lake SuperiorIsle Royale, MI; island in Lake Superior
National Park, > 500 miNational Park, > 500 mi22
Wolves feed on mooseWolves feed on moose
Abundance of old moose (> 9 yrs) keyAbundance of old moose (> 9 yrs) key
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Behavior Behavior Population Population DynamicsDynamics
Objective: Simulate wolf population dynamicsObjective: Simulate wolf population dynamics
Predict mean time to extinction (MTE)Predict mean time to extinction (MTE)
1. Age-dependent mortality in wolves1. Age-dependent mortality in wolves
1/3 pups die first year1/3 pups die first year
No wolves older than 11 yrsNo wolves older than 11 yrs
2. Random litter size in wolves, Mean = 12. Random litter size in wolves, Mean = 1
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Behavior Behavior Population Population DynamicsDynamics
3. Wolf packs:3. Wolf packs:
Some restructuring between yearsSome restructuring between years
When prey abundance falls,When prey abundance falls,
smallest pack disperses, mortality costsmallest pack disperses, mortality cost
Survivors join another packSurvivors join another pack
Number packs proportional to no. old-moose Number packs proportional to no. old-moose
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Wolf/Pack Count vs MooseWolf/Pack Count vs Moose
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Wolf, Pack, Moose DynamicsWolf, Pack, Moose Dynamics
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Behavior Behavior Population Population DynamicsDynamics
Mean Time to Extinction, Wolf PopulationMean Time to Extinction, Wolf Population
Weak dependence, initial Weak dependence, initial population sizepopulation size
Standard result not observedStandard result not observed
Strong effect, initial Strong effect, initial number of packsnumber of packs
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Simulation resultsSimulation results
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Behavior Behavior Population Population DynamicsDynamics
Reproductive unit is packReproductive unit is pack
Number packs, not population size criticalNumber packs, not population size critical
extinction processextinction process
Social organization, with dominance-based Social organization, with dominance-based breeding, amplifies effects of breeding, amplifies effects of
demographic stochasticitydemographic stochasticity on extinction on extinction
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Behavior Behavior Population Population DynamicsDynamics
No. old moose constant = 305No. old moose constant = 305
Wolves: MTE = 155 yrsWolves: MTE = 155 yrs
No. old moose cycles, mean = 305No. old moose cycles, mean = 305
Wolves: MTE = 105 yrsWolves: MTE = 105 yrs
Environmental stochasticityEnvironmental stochasticity
Standard resultStandard result
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Behavior Behavior Population Dynamics Population Dynamics
Social Social group sizegroup size Individual demographic performance Individual demographic performance
How might group size How might group size GG influence population dynamics? influence population dynamics?
Trainor, K.E. & T. Caraco. 2006. Group size, energy Trainor, K.E. & T. Caraco. 2006. Group size, energy budgets and population dynamic complexity. budgets and population dynamic complexity.
Evolutionary Ecology ResearchEvolutionary Ecology Research 8:1173-1192. 8:1173-1192.
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Model Assumptions (1)Model Assumptions (1)
Foragers search in groups, Foragers search in groups, GG individuals individuals Rate food-clump discoveryRate food-clump discovery
1/(population density)1/(population density)
Density dependenceDensity dependence GG; interference, mutualism; interference, mutualism
Energy consumption randomEnergy consumption random Number clumps, clump sizeNumber clumps, clump size
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Model Assumptions (2)Model Assumptions (2)
StarvationStarvation Consumption Consumption energy requirement energy requirement Variation between groupsVariation between groups
Predation while foragingPredation while foraging Random independent attacksRandom independent attacks Increases with consumer densityIncreases with consumer density
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Survival & Survival & ReproductionReproduction Surviving non-breeding seasonSurviving non-breeding season
Avert starvationAvert starvation Avoid predationAvoid predation
Reproduction: Reproduction: RR fixed fixed Survivor + (Survivor + (RR-1) offspring-1) offspring
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Return Map (1)Return Map (1)
nnt+t+11 = F(n = F(ntt) n) ntt
F(nF(ntt)): Density-dependent reproduction: Density-dependent reproduction
FF = = R R x x pp(avert starvation |(avert starvation |GG,,nn) )
x x pp(avoid predation |(avoid predation |nn))
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Stable dynamics: stable Stable dynamics: stable nodenode
For For αα > 1, > 1, QQ = 8, = 8, VcVc = 1.0; = 1.0; GG = 28 = 28
t
nt
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Stable dynamics: stable nodeStable dynamics: stable node
αα > 1 (mutualism ?) > 1 (mutualism ?)
Individual encounters clumps faster as Individual encounters clumps faster as GG increases increases
Mean energy intake may IncreaseMean energy intake may Increase
Energy intake variance declinesEnergy intake variance declines
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Stable CycleStable Cycle
For For αα = 1.0, = 1.0, QQ = 10, = 10, VcVc = 0.5; = 0.5; GG = 32 = 32
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Stable CycleStable Cycle
αα = 1.0 = 1.0
Individual encounters clumps independently of Individual encounters clumps independently of GG
Mean energy intake independent of Mean energy intake independent of GG
Energy intake variance declinesEnergy intake variance declines
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Complex dynamicsComplex dynamics
For For αα = 0.8, = 0.8, QQ = 12, = 12, VcVc = 0.5; = 0.5; GG = 20 = 20
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Complex dynamicsComplex dynamics
αα < 1 (interference) < 1 (interference)
Individual encounters clumps slower as Individual encounters clumps slower as G increasesG increases
Mean energy intake declines with Mean energy intake declines with GG
Chaotic dynamics; often near extinctionChaotic dynamics; often near extinction
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Behavior Behavior Population Population DynamicsDynamics
Interactions among individual group membersInteractions among individual group members
Interference, independence, mutualismInterference, independence, mutualism
Survival through non-breeding seasonSurvival through non-breeding season
Complexity of population dynamicsComplexity of population dynamics
Likelihood of extinctionLikelihood of extinction