behavior, part 2
DESCRIPTION
Slides for discussion of The Living World, 7th edition chapter 37, adapted from a compilation by Amy.TRANSCRIPT
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Behavioral Ecology
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How evolutionshapes behavior
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Optimality
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Organisms behave to maximize benefit and minimize cost
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Optimal Foragingmaximize nutritional benefits minimize energetic/survival costs
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Zach, 1978
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Zach, 1978
Crows generally fly5 meters high
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Zach, 1978
Higher than 5 meters does not increase the chance of the shell breaking
Benefits < Costs
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Territory
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TerritoryBenefits: exclusive access to food, matesCosts: energy required to defend
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Reproductive Behavior
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Optimized Reproductionmaximize offspringminimize energetic/survival costs
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Energetic/survival costs are typically unequal between males and females
“Battle of the vs Sexes”
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Mate Choice
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Parental Investment TheoryThe sex with the most energetic costs from parenting
will be more selective
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Which sex has higher parental costs?
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Birds female produce large eggsand may lay 50 to over 100% of their body weight eachseason
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Mammalsonly females can becomepregnant and lactate
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Generally, females invest more in eggs than males do in sperm
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Females are usually more selective
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Mate Choice causes Sexual Selection
Intrasexual: traits that give a competitive advantage
Intersexual: traits that are preferred by the chooser sex
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Intrasexual Selection
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Intersexual Selection
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Fig. 37.12Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Nu
mb
er
of
mat
es
0
5
Number of eyespots in tail feathers
160150140
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Mating systems
Polyandry: multiple malesPolygyny: multiple femalesPromiscuous: multiple males & femalesMonogamy: one male, one female
Jacana
Elephant seal Dunnock
Black vulture
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Clumped food (fruit tree): Polygyny/Polyandry
Random/uniform food (insects): Monogamy
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Socialbehavior
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From simple social groups………
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…. To complex societies
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Altruism
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Behavior that benefits others at a cost to the individual
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Cost may be minor…
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…or extreme!
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Optimality
maximize benefitminimize cost
So how could altruism evolve?
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Reciprocity
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“You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.”
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Vampire bats
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Benefit = survival (as a recipient)Cost = small amount of food loss (as a donor)
Benefit > Cost in the long term
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Kin Selection
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Helping your relatives
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Siblings: share 1/2 of your genesCousins: share 1/8 of your genes
"Would I lay down my life to save my brother?
No, but I would to save two brothers or eight cousins.”
-J.B.S. Haldane
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Fig. 37.17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
0
Pro
babi
lity
of h
elpi
ng (p
erce
nt)
0
(cousin) (half-sibling) (full-sibling)Degree of genetic relatedness
1/21/41/8
100
80
60
40
20
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Belding’s ground squirrels
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Benefit = protect relatives who share genesCost = increased predation risk to self
Benefit > Cost if relatives near by
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Communication
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Fig. 37.15
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
012345678
01Fr
eque
ncy
(kilo
cycl
espe
r se
cond
)
Freq
uenc
y (k
ilocy
cles
per
seco
nd)
2345678
(a) (b)
0.5 secondsLeopard
0.5 secondsEagle
a: © S. Osolinski/OSF/Animals Animals-Earth Scenes