Behavior

HAS 3150

Do People Choose?

Leading Causes of Death - 1900

• Pneumonia and influenza

• Tuberculosis

• Diarrhea

• Disease of the heart

• Intracranial lesions

• Nephritis

• All accidents

Leading Causes of Death - 1996

• Diseases of the heart

• Malignant neoplasms

• Cerebrovascular

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

• Unintentional injuries

• Pneumonia and influenza

• Diabetes

Actual Causes of Death in 1990• Tobacco (19%)• Diet/activity patterns (14%)• Alcohol (5%)• Microbial agents (4%)• Toxic agents (3%)• Firearms (2%)• Sexual behavior (1%)• Motor vehicles (1%)• Illicit use of drugs (<1%)

Purpose of the YRBSS

• Focus the nation on behaviors among youth causing the most important health problems

• Assess how risk behaviors change over time

• Provide comparable data

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System

• Monitors six categories of health-risk behaviors among high school students– behaviors leading to injuries– tobacco use– alcohol and other drug use– sexual behaviors– unhealthy dietary behaviors– physical inactivity

Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System

• Survey conducted by CDC

• National survey, state survey, 16 local surveys -- summary

Leading Causes of Death – Utah Youth

Leading Causes of Death—Utah Adults

Smoking

82% of adults started as teens50% were regular smokers before 18

Smoking

82% of adults started as teens50% were regular smokers before 18

Advertising

Camel’s share before “Joe Camel”0.5%

After “Joe Camel”32.8%

Advertising

Camel’s share before “Joe Camel”0.5%

After “Joe Camel”32.8%

Advertising

Industry spends $100/second

Advertising

Industry spends $100/second

Mind mapping

Substance Abuse

PeerGroup

Maladaptivecoping

SpiritualitySociety

Biological

Modeling

geneticPain

Bodymodification Depression

Glamour

Movies

Media

Guilt

Boredom

EscapeEsteem

Coverpain

Stress

Acceptance Pressure

Groupthink

Resiliency

Resiliency Process

Comfort Zone Comfort Zone

Recovery with loss

ResilientReintegration

Disruption

Spirit Core and expressions

INTUITION CHILD-LIKENATURE

MORALITY NOBILITY

LOVE

Creativity

Wisdom

Self-worth

Confidence Purpose oflife

Helpfulness

Humor

Affect/Emotion

Path of Shadows

Feelings

Act out

Guilt

Act Out

Shadows to Spirit

Feelings

Act out

Guilt

Act Out

Success

Confidence

Esteem

Success

STAGES OF CHANGE MODEL(Transtheoretical Model)

Adaptation of Presentation by Dr. Brad Neiger,Assistant Professor of Health Education, BYU

Basic Tenets of Behavior Change

• Behavior change represents a reciprocal web of biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors.

• People must believe that they can change.

• People change over time and they can learn and grow From unsuccessful attempts at change.

Basic Tenets of Behavior Change

• Positive impacts from change can be more influential than the temporary satisfaction derived from the “problem behavior”.

• People modify behavior most effectively when they see “change” in the context of factors that matter the most to them.

•Pre-contemplation•Contemplation•Preparation•Action•Maintenance

(Transtheoretical Model)

�There is no intention to change behavior in the foreseeable future (within six months)

�Unaware or denial of problem behavior.�Hallmark-resistance to becoming more informed.�Feel coerced into changing. When participate do so because of

pressure from others.�Tend to be defensive about habits or behaviors.

Not a ghostly chance for change

Õ Aware that a problem exists; seriously thinking about overcoming it, but not yet committed to taking action.

Õ Considering changing behavior in the next six months.

Õ Knowing where you want to go but not quite ready to do so.

Õ Serious consideration of how to resolve the “problem” is the central element of contemplation.

Õ Can remain stuck in contemplation for long periods.

I wanna get out of this place!

� Individuals intend to take action in the next month and have unsuccessfully taken action in the past year.

�Have a plan for action, but can also have a fair amount of anxiety about change.

�Often report some small behavior changes (looking at labels, buying stress management tapes, low fat ice cream instead of regular ice cream).

�Although may have made minor or subtle changes they have not reached a criterion for effective action such as a goal to quit smoking or to

exercise three times a week.

I’m starting to move now!

�Individuals modify their behavior or environment in order to change.�Movement in the correct direction is not preparation,

it is action!�Objectives are those recommended by respected

health agencies. It is not just any improvement, it is a high standard.�Stage can last from one day to six months.�This stage is the most demanding.

�Remaining free of the addictive or problem behavior for more than six months.

�This is the stage in which people work to prevent relapse and consolidate the gains attained during the first six months.

PROGRESSION THROUGH THE STAGES OF CHANGE

LIFE CYCLE

Precontemplation Contemplation

Contemplation Preparation

Preparation Action

Action Maintenance

HEALTH BELIEF

MODEL

Perceived threat of disease "X"

Likelihood of taking recommended preventive health action

Individual Perceptions Modifying Factors Likelihood of Action(Factors in perception of illness) (Factors in probability of

appropriate action)

Past utilization of medical servicesPerceived benefits of preventive action minus Perceived barriers to preventive action

Demographic variables (age, sex, race, religion,)variables (personality, socialclass, peer and reference group pressure, etc.)Structural variables (knowledge about the disease, prior contact with the disease, etc.)

Cues to ActionMass media campaignsAdvice from othersReminder postcard from physician or dentistIllness of family member/friendNewspaper or magazine article

Importance of the threat to the individualPerceived susceptibility to disease "X"Perceived seriousness (severity) of disease "

Consumer Behavior - problem recognition

• Motivation• Attitudes• Lifestyle• Learning

• Perception• Social class• Reference group• Culture

Consumer Behavior

• Internal search

• External search

• Alternative evaluation

• Purchase

• Post-purchase evaluation

• Influencing decisions

Four Ps of Marketing

• Product

• Price

• Place/Access

• Promotion

• Partners

Psychosocial Factors

• Minority Populations– Major disparities– Lower SES

• Stress and Social Support• Psychological Models

– Health Belief Model– Locus of Control– Self-efficacy

Psychosocial Factors

• Ecological Model– Intrapersonal– Interpersonal– Institutional– Community– Public Policy