Masters Thesis Defense

Assessment of food security status of PSNP beneficiary households in Ethiopia: The case of Libokemkem woreda,

south Gondar zone.

Supervisor of thesis: Dr.Temesgen Tilahun

Behailu Shewangizaw

September, 2015

OUTLINEIntroduction

Background and statement of the problem Objectives of the study

Conceptual FrameworkMethodology

Selection of the study area Data type and source Method of data collection Sample size and sampling procedure Model specification and method of data analysis

Major Findings Household food security status Stunting (chronic malnutrition) Major coping strategies Determinants of household food security

Conclusion Recommendation

INTRODUCTION Food security recently applied to community, local,

household & individual level (Foster 1992).

Necessity to include nutrition into food security evolved over time (Quisumbing 1995) .

Food insecurity, malnutrition and vulnerability remain high in Ethiopia (WB 2014): 29 % absolute poor, 44 % suffer from chronic malnutrition, and 43 % vulnerable to absolute poverty.

CONT. Causes of food insecurity in Ethiopia?

poverty;weak institutions (market and land tenure); land degradation; insufficient landholding; low productivity rain fed agriculture; low off farm opportunities; population pressure; low literacy.

[Firehiwot 2007; Degefa 2002; Gebremedhin 2001; Devereux-2000; Masefield 2000; Hurni 1998]

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Previous food security studies focus on process indicators.

Studies on the nutritional status of children in PSNP woredas are not easily available

Attention to investigate the status of the linkage between food

security program (PSNP) and nutrition is not adequate .

Hence the main gap is to assess food security status of PSNP households using both process and outcome indicator: prevalence of food insecurity (access)prevalence of stunting (chronic malnutrition)

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

General Objective to assess the food security status of the PSNP beneficiary

households in Libokemkem district.

Specific Objectivemeasurement of prevalence of household food insecurity

(access);measurement of prevalence of stunting (chronic malnutrition);determinants of food insecurity; identify household coping strategies.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What does the PSNP beneficiary household food security (access to food) status look like in the study area?

What does the chronic malnutrition (stunting) rate of children under five look like in the area?

What are the factors affecting food security situation in the area? What are the main coping strategies in food shortage situation?

HYPOTHESES

Household food security status has a positive correlation with :-

use of chemical fertilizer, market distance, annual income, plough oxen, TLU,size of cultivated land, andsize of irrigated land;

while it is negatively associated with family size .

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Basic serviceExtensionMarket PSNPConditional cash transfer

Livelihood assetsCultivated landLivestock, OxenIncomeIrrigation

Demographic FactorFamily size Education

Household activities

On/off farm activities

Non-farm activities

Access

Food availability

Utilization

Household food security and nutrition status

Food intake

Health status

METHODOLOGY Selection of study area

selection of Libokemkem district was purposive:

CFI districts [targeted by PSNP program];

frequent visit RRM (Rapid Response Mechanism)

Data source; Ethiopian mapping agency

CONT. Sample size and sampling procedures

two clusters of PSNP kebeles (case load)two kebeles were selected randomly

 

CONT.

sample size (Yamane1967):- n = N/1+N*(e)²Where: n- sample size, N -population size, e –sampling error (5%)

however, sample size scaled up to 171 (all pw in Birkute)increase number of childmanageable

finally systemic random sampling to select respondents

Sample Kebeles Total PW - HH Sample size (PPS)Ginazana Selqisa 149 96Birkute 75 48 Total 224 144

CONT. Data type

Quantitative; & Qualitative .

Data source. Primary; Secondary.

Data collection methods: Household survey questionnaire; Focus group discussion; Key informant interview; Observation; & Analysis of relevant documents.

CONT. Model specification and analysis

Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS):to measure household food insecurity status

Child Anthropometry:to measure stunting (chronic malnutrition) status

Multiple Logistic Regression Model: flexible and easily used function; meaningful interpretation, and simpler in estimation (Nelson 1984). to identify the determinants of food security status.

CONT. Mixed data analysis method

Quantitative data analysis descriptive statistical techniques; inferential statistics (simple regression using T-test as

well as maximum likelihood estimate of logit model).

Qualitative data analysis narrated to substantiate quantitative findings;

qualitative data was reduced according to similar patterns of characteristics: major sources of food; households’ coping strategies; reasons to sell most of agricultural products...

MAJOR FINDINGS Household food security status

13.75 % (n=22) food secure86.25 % (n=138) food insecure

CONT. Measurement of Prevalence of Stunting

not stunted 17; moderately 4; and severely 41

CONT.

Stunning by food security status 11 food secure ; 34 food insecure

CONT. Stunting by sex

N = 62 [F 29, M 33] 2 out of 3 were admitted for Out Patient Therapeutic Feeding (Birkute HP).

CONT Major coping strategies

CONT. Distribution by Coping Stages

Source: Adopted from MOH (2011)

Coping Stages Marked by PercentStage 1 Insurance Strategies Reversible strategies 77.5

Stage 2 Crisis Strategies IMarked by the sale of non productive assets 16.88

Stage 3 Crisis Strategies IIMarked by sale of productive assets 5.63

CONT. Distribution by coping stages

CONTDeterminants of food security

The maximum likelihood estimate of logit model

*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Variable Estimated Coefficient Odds Ratio Std.

Err.

Significance Level

Family Size -.853 0.426 .17961 0.043**

Cultivable Land 6.775 875.724 2140.93

0.006***

Irrigated Land 16.707 61.222 1.5938 0.004 ***

Market Distance .572 1.772 .4058 0.012 **

Education -.737 .478 .2952 0.232

TLU .349 1.418 .8006 0.536

Annual Income .0001 1.000 .0003 0.63

CONCLUSION The farming systems is constrained by:

demographic, biophysical, socioeconomic , and technological factors

Lack of sources of employment opportunities other than on-farm activities was found one of the challenges;

The majority of study households are food insecure; &

The prevalence of chronic malnutrition is also higher.

RECOMMENDATION

Shift from short term support scheme to livelihood based and development oriented approach;

Improving productivity through technology based approach: ss irrigation...

Strengthening complimentarity between PSNP and other development initiatives;

Livelihood diversifications to improve food access through:on farm;off-farm;non-farm business; employment pathway in the local labor markets;

RECOMMENDATION Appropriate development interventions toward women:

increase women’s income earning opportunities;

reducing their work load;

IGS and decision making at household level.

Targeted intervention within the ongoing FSP [ PSNP] :pregnant and lactating mothers;and child.

RECOMMENDATION Linking the PSNP cash/food transfer with non food

contributors of nutrition:

social transformation process through

social behavioral change approach:family planning;nutrition promotion…

Thank y u!!!