begoneevidence nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 begoneevidence nihilist! primary care...

25
20181017 1 Begone Evidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk Relationships with financial sponsors: Grants/Research Support: N/A Speakers Bureau/Honoraria: Alberta College of Family Physicians Consulting Fees: N/A Patents: N/A Other: Employee of Alberta Health Services

Upload: others

Post on 27-Jun-2020

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

1

Begone Evidence Nihilist!Primary care interventions that really work

Faculty/Presenter Disclosure

• Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk

• Relationships with financial sponsors:• Grants/Research Support: N/A

• Speakers Bureau/Honoraria: Alberta College of Family Physicians

• Consulting Fees: N/A

• Patents: N/A

• Other: Employee of Alberta Health Services

Page 2: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

2

Disclosure of Financial Support

• This program does not receive financial support.• This program is presented by the ACFP without financial support.

• The ACFP provides a speaker fee and expense support for presenting at the event.

• This program does not receive in‐kind support. • This program is presented by the ACFP without in‐kind support.

Mitigating Potential Bias

• Material/Learning Objectives and/or session descriptions were developed and reviewed by the Planning Committee composed of experts/family physicians/allied care professionals responsible for overseeing the program’s needs assessment and subsequent content development to ensure accuracy and fair balance.

• Consideration was given by the Planning Committee to identify when speakers’ personal or professional interests may compete with or have actual, potential, or apparent influence over their presentations.

• Information and/or recommendations in the program are evidence‐ and/or guidelines‐based, and the opinions of the independent speakers will be identified as such.

Page 3: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

3

Quick Shout Out

• A significant portion of this presentation, particularly the latter half, was generously provided to me by Dr. Mike Allan

• Exercise evidence resources provided by Dr. Aric Sudicky and Dr. Yoni Freedhoff

Law of Diminishing Returns

Source: Gapminder Data Available at: https://www.gapminder.org/data/, Presenter’s calculations

Page 4: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

4

Law of Diminishing Returns

Source: Gapminder Data Available at: https://www.gapminder.org/data/, Presenter’s calculations

Importance of Public Health

• Of the roughly 30 years of life expectancy gained in the United States over the course of the 20th century it’s estimated that:• ~25 were due to public health advances1

• ~5 were due to medical care2

1. MMWR. 1999 Apr 2. 48(12):241‐642. Milbank Q. 1994;72(2):225‐58

Page 5: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

5

Importance of Public Health

• As the new millennium approached, the CDC published a list of what they considered the top 10 public health achievements of the 20th

century

1. Vaccination 6. Food safety

2. Motor‐vehicle safety 7. Maternal/perinatal care

3. Workplace safety 8. Family planning

4. Infectious disease control 9. Municipal water fluoridation

5. CVD mortality reduction 10. Tobacco use reduction

MMWR. 1999 Apr 2. 48(12):241‐64

Maternal and Perinatal Care

• 1945: Infant mortality rate in Canada 51 per 1000 live births1

• 2016: 4.5, a 91% reduction2; equates to ~18,000 fewer infant deaths per year

• 1945: Maternal mortality rate 2.92 per 1000 live births3

• 2011: 0.06, a 98% reduction4

1. Statistics Canada historical statistics. Available at: https://goo.gl/GYHZuB2. Statistics Canada, Infant deaths and mortality rates, by age group. Available at: https://goo.gl/95jgo53. Marianopolis College, Collation of Statistics Canada historical data. Available at: https://goo.gl/uHTpkr4. Public Health Agency of Canada. Available at: https://goo.gl/KTNszi

Page 6: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

6

Infectious Disease

• Brought under control by antibiotics, immunization, sanitation and hygiene

• In 1900, pneumonia, tuberculosis, diphtheria and infectious diarrhea cause ONE THIRD of all deaths in the United States1

• In 2015, only about 2% of deaths were due to those causes, and ~5% were due to all infectious diseases2

1. MMWR. 1999 Jul 30. 48(29): 621‐482. WHO Mortality Database (presenter’s calculations) Available at: https://goo.gl/O1rUjx

Vaccines

• Diphtheria, Hep B, Hib, Measles, Meningococcus, Mumps, Pertussis, Polio, Rubella, Smallpox, Tetanus, Varicella

• Pre‐vaccine Canada: 16,000 cases per million per year1

• 2016: 270 cases per million per year

• 98.3% reduction

• In a population Canada’s size, means ~550,000 fewer cases per year

1. Sum of max 5‐year annualized case rates for each disease prior to introduction of respective vaccinePresenter’s calculations from Canadian Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System

Page 7: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

7

Vaccine Visuals

Vaccine Visuals

Pre‐Vaccine Era Average Annual Cases Per Million Population

1 Square=16 Cases per Million

2016 Cases PerMillion

Page 8: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

8

Smoking Cessation

1. Cancer Causes & Control. 2014 Jan;25(1):45‐57 (Canadian prevalence data)2. WHO Cancer Mortality Database, Canadian data. Available at: https://goo.gl/6eENGi

Smoking Cessation

• Physician’s Health Study: 19,705 male US physicians, 22 years of follow‐up

• Crude mortality rates: 26.1 per 1000 person‐years in current smokers, 16.6 in past smokers

• 20 years after quitting, past smokers had 40% the risk of current smokers, THE SAME AS NEVER SMOKERS

• However, this only held to be true if past smoker had quit BEFORE THE AGE OF 50

Arch Intern Med. 2011 Nov 28;171(21):1956‐59

Page 9: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

9

Smoking Cessation

• Lung Health Study: RCT of 5887 patients with asymptomatic airway obstruction

• 10‐week smoking cessation program +/‐ ipratropium VS usual care

• 5 years later:• 22% quit with cessation program vs 5% usual care (NNT=6)

• 15 years later:• All‐cause mortality: 12% intervention VS 14% usual care (NNT=50)

• Equated to 1.6 fewer deaths per 1000 person‐years

Ann Intern Med. 2005 Feb 15;142(4):233‐239. 

Smoking Cessation

• Primary care provider brief advice increases quit success rates by 2‐3%1

• An intensive intervention of hospitalized post‐MI smokers, for a minimum of 12 weeks, 2 years later led to:2

• 9% absolute risk reduction in mortality (NNT=11)

• 17% absolute risk reduction in hospitalizations (NNT=6)

1. Cochrane CD0001652. Chest 2007 Feb;131(2):446‐52 

Page 10: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

10

Where Have We Made The Biggest Gains?

Popul Health Metr. 2016;14(20). doi: 10.1186/s12963‐016‐0089‐x(Canadian data)

Where Have We Made The Biggest Gains?

Popul Health Metr. 2016;14(20). doi: 10.1186/s12963‐016‐0089‐x(Canadian data)

Page 11: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

11

Changing Face of Death

UK Office for National Statistics, Causes of Death Over 100 Years. Available at: https://goo.gl/yxChm9

Changing Face of Death

UK Office for National Statistics, Causes of Death Over 100 Years. Available at: https://goo.gl/yxChm9

Page 12: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

12

What Else Can You Do?

Exercise: The Evidence• Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study of over 50,000 individuals and over 3,800 deaths over 12 years

• Interpretation: Had low cardiorespiratory fitness NOT been present in this group, 16% of the deaths in men would not have occurred

Br J Sports Med. Jan 2009. 43(1)

Page 13: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

13

Mortality Mitigation?

• Overweight and obese FIT individuals have similar CVD mortality risk as normal weight fit individuals

• Compared to normal weight fit individuals, unfit individuals had twice the CVD mortality risk REGARDLESS OF BMI

• “Public health officials should focus on physical activity and fitness‐based interventions rather than weight‐loss”

CRF

Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014 Jan‐Feb;56(4):382‐90.

Changing the Outcome

• 5 years of follow‐up

• CRF assessment at baseline and 5 years

• 223 deaths among 9777 men

• Changes in CRF had a significant impact on risk of all‐cause mortality

J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Nov; 24(4 supplement): 27–35

Page 14: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

14

Changing the Outcome

• 2014 healthy Norwegian men, followed for 13 years

• Similar numbers, except those who became unfit, benefits of baseline fitness faded over time (compared to other study)

• Statistically insignificant difference between UTF and FTF

Lancet. 5 Sep 1998. 352(9130):759‐62.

Bottom Line: Change Is Good!!

• 35 year follow‐up of 2205 men looking at change in physical activity

• 10‐20 years after baseline, change in fitness seemed to offset any effects, positive or negative, of baseline fitness

“Reduction in mortality associated with increased physical activity…was similar to that associated with smoking cessation”

BMJ. 2009;338:b688.

Page 15: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

15

Exercise vs Drugs for Heart Disease

• Very hard to compare as few quality direct comparisons

• Best is a network meta‐analysis of 305 RCTs including ~340k people

• No statistically significant difference in coronary heart disease mortality between exercise interventions and:• Statins• Beta Blockers• ACE Inhibitors

Br J Sports Med. 2015 Nov;49(21):1414‐22.

Cardiac Rehab

• Cochrane Review1 of exercise‐based cardiac rehabilitation on mortality in coronary heart disease

• All‐cause mortality: NSS

• Cardiovascular mortality: 75% RR, NNT=36

• Compare to NNT for CV mortality in CHD with statins:• 4S Trial2: 31• CARE Trial3: 59• LIPID Trial4: 43• HPS Trial5: 67

1. Cochrane Database. CD001800. Available at: https://goo.gl/2Avx4r2. Lancet. 1994;344:1383‐93. NEJM. 1996;335:1001‐94. NEJM. 1998;339:1349‐575. Lancet. 2002;360:7‐22

Page 16: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

16

Exercise Prescriptions

• Great guide for Swedish physicians, published in English, on how to incorporate exercise prescribing into primary care practice

• “Advice and counseling of patients in everyday clinical practice increases physical activity by 12‐50% for at least 6 months after”

• “Counseling supplemented by prescribed physical activity increases activity another 15‐50%”

SBU Report no. 181; 2007. Available at: https://goo.gl/uhfDpS 

Exercise Prescriptions

• Meta‐analysis of 15 RCTs of physical activity promotion in primary care 

• 11 studies looked at dichotomous outcome of achieving recommended level of physical activity or not

• Face to face primary care counseling interventions

• NNT=22

BMJ. 2012;344:e1389.

Page 17: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

17

What is Moderate? What is Vigorous?

• Simplest test: Can you still talk?

• Both moderate and vigorous: increased HR, RR and perspiration

• Moderate: can hold conversation

• Vigorous: cannot

• Should aim for vigorous when possible: • 1 vigorous minute=2 moderate minutes

• Talk test:• Count out loud to 30 at regular pace and volume

• If able to, increase intensity, repeat until unable to complete

Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2018 Jul 30. doi:10.1139/apnm‐2018‐0343Expert commentary in Globe and Mail, September 14, 2018. Available at: https://goo.gl/LoEsXW

Key Messages on Exercise

• 150 minutes per week moderate‐vigorous physical activity, vigorous when possible

• In LEISURE time. Work doesn’t count. 

• Dose‐response relationship:• Biggest benefit is from 0 to ANYTHING: 20% RRR

• Plateaus at 450‐750 min/week at 40% RRR

JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(6):959‐67.

Page 18: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

18

Key Messages on Exercise

• 2‐4 minute intervention can effectively promote PA in primary care

1. “On average, how many days per week do you engage in leisure time physical activity that is of moderate or greater intensity?”

2. “On those days, how many minutes on average do you engage in those activities?”

• Provide a written exercise prescription

• Referral shown to be no better than brief primary care intervention

• Repeat primary care promotion increases 12‐month persistence

Resources for Primary Care Providers

1. Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine position statement on physical activity prescription https://goo.gl/dFyojk

2. NICE Public Health Guideline: Physical Activity: Brief advice for adults in primary care https://goo.gl/rnWvtX

3. Physical Activity in Disease Prevention and Treatment https://goo.gl/R27guq

4. Rebranding Exercise: Dr. Yoni Freedhoff keynote address to Physical Health and Education Canada https://goo.gl/6I6edG

Page 19: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

19

Other Things We Do Well

Treating Very High BP

• Effects of treatment on morbidity in hypertension, results in patients with DBP averaging 115‐129 mmHg

• Mean BP 187/121, up to 3 drugs, male 50 y.o.

• In 18.5 months:• Died: 5% placebo, 0% treatment

• ANY outcome (ranging from retinal hemorrhage to death)• 39% placebo vs 3% treatment

• NNT 3

JAMA. 1967;202:1028‐34

Page 20: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

20

Moderately High BP

• SBP>160; average ~170, dropped to ~150

• 30‐35% RRR in CVD

• ~15% RRR in mortality

• Over 5 years, absolute reductions of:• 3‐4% stroke• 5‐6% CVD• 5% mortality

Lancet. 1997;350:757‐64 & Journal of Hypertension. 1998;16:1823‐9.

Heart Failure

• Three drugs do big things in systolic HF

• Assuming mortality=25%/yr after 1st HF hospitalization1, NNT to prevent one death:• Aldosterone antagonists2,3: 16• Beta‐blockers4: 14• ACE inhibitors5,6: 18

1. NEJM. 2006;355(3):260‐9.2. NEJM. 1999;341:709‐17.3. NEJM. 2011;364:11‐21.4. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:621‐7.5. JAMA. 1995;273(18):1450‐6.6. Lancet. 2000;355:1575‐81.

Page 21: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

21

Atrial Fibrillation

CHADS2 Score Risk of Stroke/Yr Benefit of Warfarin/Yr NNT Over 5 Years

1 2.8% 1.8% 11

2 4.0% 2.6% 8

3 5.9% 3.9% 6

4 8.5% 5.6% 4

5 12.5% 8.3% 3

6 18.2% 12.0% 2

JAMA 2001;285:2864‐70. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:857‐67.

Infections

• Treatment of uncomplicated cystitis in women1: NNT 2‐3

• Topical treatments for tinea pedis2: NNT 2‐3

• Treatment of AOM in higher risk kids3: NNT 3‐4• Severe symptoms, < 2 years, day care, bilateral, etc.

1. J Infect. 2009 Feb;58(2):91‐1022. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2012 May‐Jun;58(3):308‐18.3. Tools for Practice 2015 Mar 10. Available at: https://goo.gl/2jDnhd

Page 22: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

22

Corticosteroids

• Acute asthma and short course of oral steroids1

• NNT 10 for relapse at 7 days

• OA of the knee and steroid injection2

• NNT 2‐4 for improvement at 2 weeks

• Chronic rhinosinusitis and intranasal steroid3

• NNT 5 for response

• Glucocorticoids for croup4

• NNT 5 for symptom improvement, 17 for return to care

1. Clin Evid (Online). 2011;2011:15132. BMJ. 2004 Apr 10;328(7444):6893. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(8):CD0092744. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(1):CD001955

Mental Health

• Antidepressants, NNT for improvement:• 11 in severe (HAM‐D 19‐22)

• 4 in very severe (HAM‐D > 23)

• Antipsychotics augmenting antidepressants:• NNT 7‐12 for remission

JAMA. 2010;303(1):47‐53Tools for Practice #60 (2012‐01‐23)

Page 23: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

23

Diabetes

Treatment Interventions Reduction in Cardiovascular Events (RRR)

Blood pressure reduction 25‐50%1‐4

Metformin 35%5,6

Statins 25%7,8

Glycemic control 0‐15%6,9‐11

ASA No difference12,13

1. JAMA. 2010;304:61‐82. NEJM. 1999;340:677‐843. Lancet. 1998;351:1755‐624. BMJ. 1998;317:703‐135. Lancet. 1998;352:854‐656. NEJM. 2008;359:1577‐89

7. Drugs. 2012;72:2365‐738. Lancet. 2008;371:117‐259. Lancet. 1998;352:837‐5310. Lancet. 2005;366:1279‐8911. BMJ. 2011;343:d689812. CFP. 2010;56:66413. BMJ. 2009;339:b4531

Pain

• Headache prevention• TCA NNT 8 (all headaches)• Propranolol NNT 4 (migraine)

• Neuropathic pain (moderate or > 50% pain relief)• TCA NNT 3‐4 and gabapentin NNT 6‐8

• Back pain• Muscle relaxants NNT 6

• NSAIDs NNT 8

Tools for Practice Sept 6 & 19, 2011Cochrane 2011;3:CD005452Cochrane 2007;4:CD005454Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:116‐27.Cochrane 2008;1:CD000396

Page 24: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

24

Misplaced Priorities

Treating Symptoms Long‐Term/Prevent Symptoms

CVD Primary Prevention Cancer Screening

AOM amoxicillinNNT Sx free 4‐10d:3‐10

Antidepressants for depressionNNT response 6 wks:7‐9

Statins for primary preventionNNT 5 years: 55‐75

MammogramNumber needed to screen (NNS) 10 yrs:375‐2000

Headache ASA,sumatriptanNNT pain free in 2 hrs:5‐9

PEG for chronic constipationNNT response 6 mths:2‐3

Metformin in diabetes for MI preventionNNT 5 years: 30

FIT or FOBNNS 10 yrs: 1200

OA knee, steroid injectionNNT global impr 7d:3‐5

Headache, TCA or B‐BlockerNNT 6 mos dec 50%:4‐8

ASA for primarypreventionNNT 5 years: 350‐425

PSANNS 10 yrs: 440‐1400

~ 1 benefit for every month

~1 benefit for every 1‐4 years

~1 benefit for every 150‐2000 years

~1 benefit for every 10,000 years

AOM: TFP #42 (Mar 10, 2015 updated).  Headache Treat (#95) or prevent TFP #51 & # 52. OA Knee: TFP #125 (March 30, 2015).  Antidepressants: Cochrane. 2009;(3):CD007954. TFP #13. Constipation: TFP #45 (updated March 10, 2015).  Statin:  BMJ 2009;338:b2376. ACP J Club 2009; 151(4): 14  Br J Clin Pharm 2004; 57:640‐51. Lancet 2004; 364: 685‐96.  Metformin: Lancet 1998; 352: 854–65    ASA: JAMA. 2006;295:306‐313.   Mammo: Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:727‐737. Cochrane. 2011;1:CD001877.  FIT: Cochrane 1998 CD001216; Hewitson, Cochrane 2007: CD001216.  PSA: N Eng J Med 2009;360(13):1320‐8. Eur Urol. 2013;64(4):530‐9. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:725‐32.

One Final Pat on the Back

• Controlling for economic and demographic characteristics, an increase of ONE primary care physician per 10,000 population leads to:• 6% relative decrease in all‐cause mortality

• 3% relative decrease in infant, low‐birth weight, and stroke mortality

• 35 fewer deaths per 100,000 population

• Lower primary care physician supply, higher specialist‐to‐population ratios:• Higher overall mortality, CVD mortality, cancer mortality, neonatal mortality

Health Aff. 2005 Jan‐Jun;Suppl Web Exclusives;W5‐97‐W5‐107.

Page 25: BegoneEvidence Nihilist!€¦ · 2018‐10‐17 1 BegoneEvidence Nihilist! Primary care interventions that really work Faculty/Presenter Disclosure •Presenter: Tony Nickonchuk •Relationships

2018‐10‐17

25

THANK YOU!!!