Beginning of WWIBeginning of WWIImperialismImperialism- Building armies to protect colonies- Building armies to protect colonies- Expanding empires causes conflict- Expanding empires causes conflict- Arms race in late 1800’s & early 1900’s to have biggest & best - Arms race in late 1800’s & early 1900’s to have biggest & best weaponsweapons

NationalismNationalism- Ethnic groups fighting to control themselves, Conflict within Austrian-- Ethnic groups fighting to control themselves, Conflict within Austrian-Hungarian empire &Ottoman empireHungarian empire &Ottoman empire- Unifies other countries with prides in there own country Beliefs that - Unifies other countries with prides in there own country Beliefs that they are better then other countries they are better then other countries

IndustrializationIndustrialization- Creates more deadly war, more powerful weapons- Creates more deadly war, more powerful weapons- Improved/quicker transportation of men & supplies- Improved/quicker transportation of men & supplies- The beginning of the war machine- The beginning of the war machine

Militarism Militarism - Glorification of military& war, War is heroic & glorious- Glorification of military& war, War is heroic & glorious- Ignore the bad parts of war- Ignore the bad parts of war- Created by imperialism, our colonies gave us power- Created by imperialism, our colonies gave us power

System of Alliances System of Alliances - Before 1900 Germany makes alliances w/ all powers in Europe. - Before 1900 Germany makes alliances w/ all powers in Europe. Russia, France, Britain, Austria-HungaryRussia, France, Britain, Austria-Hungary- Kaiser Wilhelm ignores these alliances and continues to build army.- Kaiser Wilhelm ignores these alliances and continues to build army.

Russia, Britain, and France Russia, Britain, and France Germany, Austria-Hungary Germany, Austria-Hungary fear Germany, band fear Germany, band Vs. Vs. and Italy- Central powers- and Italy- Central powers- form treaties to protect form treaties to protect Triple AllianceTriple Allianceeach other in war. Triple each other in war. Triple Entente or the Allied powers.Entente or the Allied powers.

Nationalism and the BalkansNationalism and the Balkans Serbia, which borders Austria-Hungry, are made up Serbia, which borders Austria-Hungry, are made up

of Slavic people, slavs.of Slavic people, slavs. There is also a large population of slavs in There is also a large population of slavs in

Southern Austria-Hungry around Sarajevo (city)Southern Austria-Hungry around Sarajevo (city) Serbian slaws want control of the Slavic areas in Serbian slaws want control of the Slavic areas in

Austria HungryAustria Hungry Russia also has a large Slavic population and vows Russia also has a large Slavic population and vows

to protect Serbia.to protect Serbia.

Assassination Assassination A member of a Serbian terrorist group called the Black A member of a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand assassinates Archduke (prince) of Austria Frans Hand assassinates Archduke (prince) of Austria Frans Ferdinand.Ferdinand.

The Domino Effect The Domino Effect Austria-Hungary blames Serbia. Serbia does not follow Austria-Hungary blames Serbia. Serbia does not follow ultimatum which allows Austria- Hungary free reign in ultimatum which allows Austria- Hungary free reign in Serbia. A-H declares war on Serbia. Russia supports Serbia. A-H declares war on Serbia. Russia supports Serbis declares war on RussiaSerbis declares war on Russia

Central PowersCentral Powers Allied PowersAllied Powers Austria- HungryAustria- Hungry war war SerbiaSerbia War War RussiaRussia (mobilizes troops along (mobilizes troops along

German border)German border) Germany Germany war (says remove troops) war (says remove troops) Schlieffen plan- Schlieffen plan- FranceFrance invades Belgium invades Belgium War War BelgiumBelgium War War BritainBritain (joins to protect Belgium) (joins to protect Belgium) ItalyItaly – says treaty is – says treaty is only for a defensive war Switches sides 9 months lateronly for a defensive war Switches sides 9 months later

Western FrontWestern Front Schlieffen planSchlieffen plan- Attack France through Belgium, - Attack France through Belgium,

speed is utmost important, get rid of France speed is utmost important, get rid of France before Russia can act.before Russia can act.

TURNING POINT!!!!TURNING POINT!!!! Smashes Belgium and moves through France Smashes Belgium and moves through France

stopped outside of Paris in the battle of the Marnestopped outside of Paris in the battle of the Marne Britain joins the war in defense of Belgium also Britain joins the war in defense of Belgium also

forced to retreat.forced to retreat. TRENCH WARFARE- TRENCH WARFARE- Both sides settle into Both sides settle into

trenchestrenchesEastern FrontEastern Front Russia invades GermanyRussia invades Germany Not industrialized, no/ few modern weaponsNot industrialized, no/ few modern weapons Russia is destroyed at battle of TannenburgRussia is destroyed at battle of Tannenburg Russia continues to be defeated and pushed backRussia continues to be defeated and pushed back But it takes soldiers away from the western frontBut it takes soldiers away from the western front

Major Battles and eventsMajor Battles and eventsMarne - 1914-North of Paris the French stop the German Marne - 1914-North of Paris the French stop the German

advance and ruins the Schlieffen Plan. After this point the advance and ruins the Schlieffen Plan. After this point the war becomes a stalemate and they dig into the Trenches. war becomes a stalemate and they dig into the Trenches. The front lines change little for the rest of the war. The front lines change little for the rest of the war.

Christmas Truce- 1914- Christmas Eve the soldiers on the Christmas Truce- 1914- Christmas Eve the soldiers on the front hold up candles and sing Christmas Carols. On front hold up candles and sing Christmas Carols. On Christmas day they agreed not to fight and came out of Christmas day they agreed not to fight and came out of their ditches to meet in the middle and hold funeral their ditches to meet in the middle and hold funeral services and bury the dead.services and bury the dead.

Verdun- 1916- Place of Legendary battles, and importance, Verdun- 1916- Place of Legendary battles, and importance, city surrounded by underground tunnels. German offensive city surrounded by underground tunnels. German offensive goal to kill (attrition) not for land, to get other side to goal to kill (attrition) not for land, to get other side to surrender because of high body count. Started with a surrender because of high body count. Started with a heavy artillery attack, French and Germany forces clash heavy artillery attack, French and Germany forces clash after 9 months and 1 million dead or wounded nothing is after 9 months and 1 million dead or wounded nothing is accomplished.accomplished.

Somme - 1916- North of Somme- 30 miles where Somme - 1916- North of Somme- 30 miles where the British try to break the German lines. Fought the British try to break the German lines. Fought at same time as Verdun in attempt to relieve at same time as Verdun in attempt to relieve pressure. Artillery bombardment for 7 days pressure. Artillery bombardment for 7 days believed to destroy Germans. When the British believed to destroy Germans. When the British advances across no mans land they are advances across no mans land they are slaughtered 20,000 in one day. 1 million dead or slaughtered 20,000 in one day. 1 million dead or wounded in six months, 6 miles changed handswounded in six months, 6 miles changed hands

Galipoli- The British (Australians) assault on a Galipoli- The British (Australians) assault on a Turkish peninsula in an attempt to open the strait Turkish peninsula in an attempt to open the strait to the Black Sea and their ally the Russians for re-to the Black Sea and their ally the Russians for re-supply. British are unable to breach the high cliff supply. British are unable to breach the high cliff and dig in at the beaches and get stuck in a and dig in at the beaches and get stuck in a stalemate. Lost 250,000 men and withdrew in stalemate. Lost 250,000 men and withdrew in Jan. 1916.Jan. 1916.

Genocide- Genocide- mass murder of a group usually ethnic mass murder of a group usually ethnic based. Muslim Turks force Christian Armenians in based. Muslim Turks force Christian Armenians in the north by the Russian border to leave their the north by the Russian border to leave their homes and then murdered them or left them to homes and then murdered them or left them to starve in the desert. 500,000 diestarve in the desert. 500,000 die

The World at WarThe World at War

Central Powers = Triple Central Powers = Triple AllianceAlliance

Germany, Austria- HungaryGermany, Austria- Hungary

Italy-----switched sides, Italy-----switched sides, promisedpromised

- Ottoman Empire (Turkey)- - Ottoman Empire (Turkey)- 1914 (Galipoli) 1914 (Galipoli) - Bulgaria- Bulgaria- over run by central powers- - over run by central powers-

Serbia, Belgium, RumaniaSerbia, Belgium, Rumania

Allied Powers = Triple Allied Powers = Triple EntenteEntente

Russia, Britain, FranceRussia, Britain, France

land in a defeated Austrialand in a defeated Austria

- Greece- Greece- U.S. joins in 1917- U.S. joins in 1917- Japan- wants to take control - Japan- wants to take control

of German territory in of German territory in China and southeast AsiaChina and southeast Asia

- Colonies of Allied powers Colonies of Allied powers join the war- Morocco, join the war- Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Australia, New Zealand, Australia, New Zealand, India (1.3 mil) and Africa India (1.3 mil) and Africa send troops send troops

- BrazilBrazil

Other FrontsOther Fronts Western Front-Western Front- 475 miles of trenches from Swiss 475 miles of trenches from Swiss

border through France and Belgium to the Atlantic border through France and Belgium to the Atlantic Ocean.Ocean.

Italian Front-Italian Front- Austria- Hungary fights Italy along the Austria- Hungary fights Italy along the northern border, they break through Italian lines late northern border, they break through Italian lines late 1917- battle of Caporetto- but are pushed back with 1917- battle of Caporetto- but are pushed back with the help of the Alliesthe help of the Allies

Balkan Front-Balkan Front-Austria- Hungary overruns Serbia and Austria- Hungary overruns Serbia and fights the Allies along the border of Greece. Fighting fights the Allies along the border of Greece. Fighting with the Turks at Galipoli over the water ways to the with the Turks at Galipoli over the water ways to the black sea. Rumania joins in with Allies, also overran.black sea. Rumania joins in with Allies, also overran.

Eastern Front-Eastern Front- After battle of Tannenburg Russia After battle of Tannenburg Russia continues to be beaten, Germans make their way into continues to be beaten, Germans make their way into Russia. At first Russia does well against Austria but Russia. At first Russia does well against Austria but 1915 continues to be driven back into Russia by 1915 continues to be driven back into Russia by Austria also. Russian army is poorly equipped, not Austria also. Russian army is poorly equipped, not enough food, clothing, weapons, moral is very low.enough food, clothing, weapons, moral is very low.

Entry of the United StatesEntry of the United States

Sinking of the Lusitania angers Americans, 1915- Sinking of the Lusitania angers Americans, 1915- Knowing that they were in danger Americans still Knowing that they were in danger Americans still boarded the ship.boarded the ship.

In 1917 Germany continues unrestricted In 1917 Germany continues unrestricted submarine warfare- Germany sinks 3 more submarine warfare- Germany sinks 3 more American ships headed with supplies for Britain.American ships headed with supplies for Britain.

Zimmerman Note- Intercepted by the British- Zimmerman Note- Intercepted by the British- Asking Mexico to go to war against the U.S. with Asking Mexico to go to war against the U.S. with Germany and then Germany would help them re-Germany and then Germany would help them re-conquer lost landconquer lost land

The U.S. joins the war on the side of the Allies in The U.S. joins the war on the side of the Allies in 1917. Their manpower and materials seals the 1917. Their manpower and materials seals the fate of the Central Powers.fate of the Central Powers.

Russian Revolution- 1917Russian Revolution- 1917

Russians were not doing well in the war. They were short Russians were not doing well in the war. They were short on supplies, food and shelter on the front and at home. on supplies, food and shelter on the front and at home.

March of 1917-Women’s parade turned into angry march on March of 1917-Women’s parade turned into angry march on the palace demanding relief. When the soldiers were the palace demanding relief. When the soldiers were ordered to shoot on citizens they turned their guns on the ordered to shoot on citizens they turned their guns on the officers. officers.

The Czar abdicated and a socialist republic was put in place The Czar abdicated and a socialist republic was put in place temporarily but they continued the war.temporarily but they continued the war.

Nov. of 1917- Communism gained control under Lenin and Nov. of 1917- Communism gained control under Lenin and promised to end the war. They signed the treaty of Brest-promised to end the war. They signed the treaty of Brest-Litovsk ending their involvement in the war not knowing Litovsk ending their involvement in the war not knowing what the consequences would be.what the consequences would be.

Total WarTotal WarNew Weaponry- New Weaponry- Poison Gas, Machine Gun, Tank, Airplane, Poison Gas, Machine Gun, Tank, Airplane,

Submarine, Artillery- changes warfare from side by side, hand to Submarine, Artillery- changes warfare from side by side, hand to hand combat based on # of troops, to strategy of trenches and hand combat based on # of troops, to strategy of trenches and covered positions, one person can kill thousands if they are in the covered positions, one person can kill thousands if they are in the open.open.

Every part of the country was drawn into the war effort - almost Every part of the country was drawn into the war effort - almost every family lost loved ones to the war.every family lost loved ones to the war.

Governments control production and ration supplies so that all Governments control production and ration supplies so that all resources go to the war effort.resources go to the war effort.

Women working in the factories, most importantly in Women working in the factories, most importantly in ammunitions factories. As men marched off to battle women ammunitions factories. As men marched off to battle women marched to work. Most women’s work opportunities disappear marched to work. Most women’s work opportunities disappear after the war. after the war.

Propaganda in the way of posters and announcements are used Propaganda in the way of posters and announcements are used to influence public opinion about the war. The enemy are to influence public opinion about the war. The enemy are portrayed as evil and unhuman. portrayed as evil and unhuman.

Lost Generation- Many of the men who fought felt as if it was for Lost Generation- Many of the men who fought felt as if it was for nothing. The idea of human and societies progress is destroyed. nothing. The idea of human and societies progress is destroyed. Their disillusionment comes out in art, music and literature.Their disillusionment comes out in art, music and literature.

End of the WarEnd of the War March, 1918- After Russia withdraws from March, 1918- After Russia withdraws from

the war Germany is able to move their the war Germany is able to move their entire army to the front. They launch the entire army to the front. They launch the last offensive and are able to move last offensive and are able to move towards Paris.towards Paris.

July, 1918- once again at the Marne the July, 1918- once again at the Marne the French launch a counter attack and with French launch a counter attack and with the help of 2 million fresh American troops the help of 2 million fresh American troops are able to push the Germans back are able to push the Germans back towards Germany.towards Germany.

Bulgaria and Turkey fall to the Allies first.Bulgaria and Turkey fall to the Allies first. Nov- Austria-Hungarian and German Nov- Austria-Hungarian and German

governments are overthrown. governments are overthrown. November 11th at the 11th hour the November 11th at the 11th hour the

Armistice to end the war is signed.Armistice to end the war is signed.

The Paris Peace Conference-The Paris Peace Conference-The Big Four- controlled by the four major allied powersThe Big Four- controlled by the four major allied powersU.S. U.S. Woodrow WilsonWoodrow WilsonFrenchFrench George ClemenseauGeorge ClemenseauGreat BritainGreat Britain David Lloyd GeorgeDavid Lloyd GeorgeItalyItaly Vittario OrlandoVittario Orlando

14 points- Wilson’s plan for achieving lasting world 14 points- Wilson’s plan for achieving lasting world peace. Formed on ideas of self- determination, peace. Formed on ideas of self- determination, allowing nations to choose their own governments, allowing nations to choose their own governments, fixing borders according to nationalities and fairness fixing borders according to nationalities and fairness to those who had been beaten.to those who had been beaten.

A Harsh Peace- The other countries wanted to make A Harsh Peace- The other countries wanted to make Germany pay for what had happened during the war Germany pay for what had happened during the war and weaken its military so that it could not wage war and weaken its military so that it could not wage war again. again.

These two very different opinions created many These two very different opinions created many heated arguments. Italy and the U.S. left the heated arguments. Italy and the U.S. left the conference before a decision was reached. The Treaty conference before a decision was reached. The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919. The treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919. The treaty was designed to punish Germany.was designed to punish Germany.

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of VersaillesMajor Provisions-Major Provisions-

– Lost all overseas colonial possessionsLost all overseas colonial possessions– Severe restrictions placed on militarySevere restrictions placed on military– Forced to accept all blame for the warForced to accept all blame for the war– Payment of money to allied nations Payment of money to allied nations

Separate treaties signed with each nation. Most nations lost Separate treaties signed with each nation. Most nations lost significant amounts of territory. New countries were created:significant amounts of territory. New countries were created:

From Austrian- Hungarian- Austria and Hungary separately, From Austrian- Hungarian- Austria and Hungary separately, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, land to RomaniaCzechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, land to Romania

From Ottoman empire- Turkey, Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, From Ottoman empire- Turkey, Iraq, Palestine, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon Lebanon

From Russia- Romania, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, From Russia- Romania, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, LithuaniaLithuania

Originally this treaty was intended to create lasting peace in Originally this treaty was intended to create lasting peace in Europe. Has it done this? Why or why not? Include specific Europe. Has it done this? Why or why not? Include specific provision in your answer. pg 762provision in your answer. pg 762