Beginning of LifeBeginning of Life

Composition of early atmosphereComposition of early atmosphereMethane, ammonia, hydrogen; no oxygen; no lifeMethane, ammonia, hydrogen; no oxygen; no life

Miller/Urey ExperimentMiller/Urey ExperimentSent electrical sparks through a mixture of gases present in early atmosphereSent electrical sparks through a mixture of gases present in early atmosphereCreated amino acids and sugars-molecules needed for lifeCreated amino acids and sugars-molecules needed for life

Evolution of LifeEvolution of Life

Evolution of life formsEvolution of life formsPre-cells- molecules organized and surrounded by Pre-cells- molecules organized and surrounded by fats; molecules pass through fatty membranefats; molecules pass through fatty membrane

First living cells-BacteriaFirst living cells-BacteriaPre-cells take in energy and reproducePre-cells take in energy and reproduce

StaphylococcusStaphylococcusBacteriaBacteria

Evolution of LifeEvolution of LifeHeterotrophsHeterotrophsNeed energy from outside sourceNeed energy from outside source

AutotrophsAutotrophsChlorophyll; use sun’s energy in Chlorophyll; use sun’s energy in photosynthesisphotosynthesis

Eukaryotes EvolveEukaryotes EvolveOxygen increases in atmosphere; Oxygen increases in atmosphere; complex organisms evolvecomplex organisms evolve

AlgaeAlgae

HallucigeniaHallucigenia

Ozone Layer FormsOzone Layer Forms•Lightning converts Lightning converts OO22 to O to O33 (15 miles above (15 miles above us)us)•Blocks UV lightBlocks UV light•Explosion of lifeExplosion of life

Classification for HumansClassification for HumansKingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaClass: MammaliaOrder: PrimatesOrder: PrimatesFamily: Pongidae (Great Apes)Family: Pongidae (Great Apes)Genus: Homo Genus: Homo Species: SapiensSpecies: Sapiens

Homo sapianHomo sapian

The Primate Family TreeThe Primate Family Tree2 Suborders of Primates2 Suborders of Primates

Prosimians : “Before monkeys”Prosimians : “Before monkeys”Tree Dwelling PrimatesTree Dwelling PrimatesLemurs & TarsiersLemurs & TarsiersRetain claws, long snoutRetain claws, long snoutFound in MadagascarFound in Madagascar

TarsierTarsier LemurLemur

The Primate Family TreeThe Primate Family Tree2 Suborders of Primates2 Suborders of Primates

AnthropoidsAnthropoidsNew World Monkeys (Capuchins, Howler’s)New World Monkeys (Capuchins, Howler’s)Old World Monkeys (Macaques)Old World Monkeys (Macaques)Humans & Apes (Gorillas, Orangutans)Humans & Apes (Gorillas, Orangutans)

Trends in Primate EvolutionTrends in Primate EvolutionDexterity of HandsDexterity of Hands Opposable thumb for Opposable thumb for graspinggrasping

Upright Posture Upright Posture Keeps hands free; plant Keeps hands free; plant harvestingharvesting

Vision Vision Stereoscopic; allows for Depth Stereoscopic; allows for Depth perception; food IDperception; food ID

Brain -> Large Brain; Used to obtain food; get Brain -> Large Brain; Used to obtain food; get matesmates

Infant CareInfant Care Large investment = greater success Large investment = greater successTeeth Teeth Multiple Teeth types Multiple Teeth types

Appearance of Appearance of Homo SapiensHomo Sapiens

Humans and Chimpanzee lineages split 6 million years agoHumans and Chimpanzee lineages split 6 million years ago

Proconsul Fossil- 18mya-6mya

Proconsul- 18mya-6mya

Australopithecus AfarensisAustralopithecus Afarensis “Lucy” “Lucy” 3-4.5 million years ago3-4.5 million years agoA. afarensis walked on 2 feet (bipedalism)A. afarensis walked on 2 feet (bipedalism)Small Brain (like a chimp)Small Brain (like a chimp)Likely vegetariansLikely vegetariansMore than 1 species of More than 1 species of Australopithecines Australopithecines found.found.Most species die out about 1-2 million years agoMost species die out about 1-2 million years ago

Homo habilisHomo habilis1.1. 2 million years ago2 million years ago2.2. Slightly Larger Brain. Some speechSlightly Larger Brain. Some speech3.3. Simple Tools Simple Tools 4.4. Ate plants and butchered AnimalsAte plants and butchered Animals

Homo erectus (upright)Homo erectus (upright)1.1. 1 million years ago1 million years ago2.2. complex tools (hand ax)complex tools (hand ax)3.3. Large brain (abstract thought; self Large brain (abstract thought; self

consciousness)consciousness)4.4. Spreads around the worldSpreads around the world5.5. Uses fire Uses fire

Neanderthals (230,000-29,000 Neanderthals (230,000-29,000 years ago)years ago)

•Early group of Early group of Homo sapiensHomo sapiens??•Found in Middle east, Africa, AsiaFound in Middle east, Africa, Asia•Social Hunters (cooperative groups of 30-40)Social Hunters (cooperative groups of 30-40)•Stone Tools (points, borers)Stone Tools (points, borers)•Cared for sick, wounded, and deadCared for sick, wounded, and dead•Capable of languageCapable of language

Homo sapiansHomo sapians

Early modern humans called Cro-MagnonsEarly modern humans called Cro-Magnons• 200,000 years ago to present200,000 years ago to present• Hey, that’s me!Hey, that’s me!

A. boisei

Other Hominid Fossils

A. robustus

Ar. ramadus

Characteristics of HumansCharacteristics of Humans•BipedalismBipedalism Walking on 2 feet Walking on 2 feet•Shorter toes for standing uprightShorter toes for standing upright•Enlarged Brain devoted toward complex Enlarged Brain devoted toward complex speechspeech•Smaller Pelvis than other hominidsSmaller Pelvis than other hominids

How and When did our species How and When did our species

supplant supplant H. ErectusH. Erectus??

Multiregional v. Single Origin TheoryMultiregional v. Single Origin Theory

Comparisons Among HominidsComparisons Among Hominids

Hominid PelvisHominid PelvisShallow and roundedShallow and roundedFemurs tilt inwardFemurs tilt inwardBody weigh transferred down through kneesBody weigh transferred down through kneesBipedalismBipedalism

Hominid Spine Hominid Spine Curved like an “S”Curved like an “S”Thoracic cage flattenedThoracic cage flattenedTransmits weight to the legsTransmits weight to the legsBalanced center of gravityBalanced center of gravity

Hominid BrainHominid BrainEnlargedEnlargedAreas devoted to complex speech and Areas devoted to complex speech and communicationcommunication