begiáncermis srmab;rbcacnenacnbt rksygepnkar … · r)aykarn_gpivdÆn_mnussenakm

Ar)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007

r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007

begIánCeRmIssRmab;RbCaCnenACnbT

kmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCatiRksYgEpnkar

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kmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCatiRksYgEpnkar

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begIánCeRmIssRmab;RbCaCnenACnbT

r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007

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e)aHBum<elIkTI 1 qñaM 2007

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1r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007

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2 r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007

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GPivDÆkm<úCaCaTUeTA.


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r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCa qñaM 2007 ³ TidæPaBTUeTA 6

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enAcenøaHTsvtSr_TI 50 nigBak;kNþalTsvtSr_TI 60 RbeTskm<úCaCaRbeTsrIkceRmInenAkñúgtMbn;. cMNUlsRmab;mnusSmñak;²

x<s;CagcMNUlenARbeTséf ehIyenAsm½yenaH km<úCa)anlk;Gaharecj. éRBeQIEdlRKbdNþb;elI 70° énépÞdITaMgGs; )anpþl;nUv

plRbeyaCn_dl;CIvPaBrs;enAtamTICnbT. RbCaBlrdæmanBI 4 eTA 4 lanknøH ehIyGVI²k¾)anceRmIneLIgcab;BIeBlEdlkm<úCa)an

dwknaMRbeTsedayxøÜnÉgeRkayBI)araMg)ancakecjeTAenAqñaM 1953.

cab;BIBak;kNþalTsvtSr_TI 60 mk GsißrPaBneya)ay)anekIteLIgenABaseBjGasIuedaysars®gÁamenAevotNam. enAqñaM

1970 esdækic©km<úCa)anFøak;cuHdundabCamYynwgkRmitGtiprNad¾xøaMgkøa. kñúgqñaM 1970 vibtiþmYy)anepþImekIteLIgenAeBlEdl

rdæaPi)alrbs;semþcRBHneratþm sIhnu RtUveKTmøak;ecjBIGMNac ehIyrdæaPi)alpþac;kardwknaMedaykgT½B)anekIteLIg. vibtiþneya)ay

FM² nigs®gÁamsIuvilekIteLIg EdlbNþal[ExμrRkhm)ancUlmkkan;GMNacenAqñaM 1975. rbbenH)ancab;epþImEkTRmg;rdæ nig

sgÁmkm<úCasarCafμI. eKRbkan;ykrbbsgÁmniymBwgEp¥kelIksikmμ edayeKCemøósRbCaBlrdærs;enATIRkug[eTAenAtamRsukERs

ehIysUm,IEtksikrk¾RtUvCemøóseTATIepSg²eTotEdr. kmμsiTi§ÉkCn nigR)ak;kasRtUv)anbM)at;Elg[man rcnasm<½n§RKYsarRtUv)an

rMlayCaRkumsmUhPaB. TMnas;épÞkñúg nigkarminTTYlsÁal;BIxageRkA)annaM[manGnþraKmn_BIkgkmøaMgevotNam Edl)anbeNþj

RkumExμrRkhm[bgçMcitþcakecjBIGMNacenAqñaM 1979.

enAcenøaHBIqñaM 1980 dl;qñaM 1989 kgkmøaMgevotNamsßitenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa ehIyRbeTsTaMgGs; eRkABIRkumsm<½n§mitþén

shPaBsUevot )andak;TNÐkmμBaNiC¢kmμ esdækic© nigTNÐkmμepSg²eTotmkelIkm<úCa. enAPUmiPaKxaglic nigBay½BüénRbeTs

manCemøaHRbdab;GavuFeBjmYyTsvtSr_TI 80 EdlrMxany:agxøaMgdl;karGPivDÆ. s®gÁamsuIvilenAEtbnþeRkayBIkgT½BevotNam

)andkecjenAqñaM 1989. rdæaPi)al)anBüayambegáItsßab½nGPi)alkic©sMxan;² ebIksalaeLIgvij nigerobcMrcnasm<½n§ksikmμ

sarCafμItamEbbksikmμRbmUlpþMú ¬RkumsamKÁI¦. dIEdlrdækan;kab;enAeBlenaHRtUv)anEck[RbCaBlrdækan;kab;vijenAkñúgqñaM 1989.

kic©RBmeRBogsniþPaBTIRkug)a:rIs qñaM 1991 )annaM[mankic©shRbtibtiþkarrkSasniþPaBGgÁkarshRbCaCatienAkm<úCakñúg

dMeNIrpøas;bþÚrtamsniþviFIeq<aHeTAkan;rbbRbCaFibetyüBhubkS. GaCJaFrbeNþaHGasnñGgÁkarshRbCaCatiRbcaMkm<úCa (UNTAC)

manParkic©RtYtBinitüelIkardak;GavuF nigkarrMsaykgT½B sRmbsRmYlCMnYyGnþrCatisRmab;ksagkm<úCamYyfμIeLIgvij RBmTaMgkar

Fana[manlkçxNÐsRmab;kare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutiþFm’enAqñaM 1993. rdæaPi)alcRmuHRbCaFibetyümYy)anRtUvbegáIteLIg.

vinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTskñúgvis½ysemøókbMBak; éRBeQI nigesvaCMnYjEpñkksikmμ )anhUrcUlmkkñúgRbeTs ehIyenAcenøaHqñaM 1993

nig 1997 plTunCatisrub)anekIneLIgy:agelOnKYr[kt;smÁal;.

b:uEnþeTaHCay:agenHkþI RbeTskm<úCa)anCYbnwgbBaðamYyeTotkñúgqñaM 1998 enAeBlEdlrdæaPi)alcRmuHRtUv)andYlrlM. kñúgkMLúg

eBlbniþceRkaymk sißrPaBRtUv)anBRgwgeLIgvij edaymankare)aHeqñatfñak;CatimYyRbkbedayeCaKC½y. cab;BIenaHmk esdækic©)an

ekIneLIgRbmaNCit 8° kñúgmYyqñaM mYyEpñkFMmkBIplitplsemøókbMBak;enAtamTIRkug karrIkceRmInkñúgvis½yeTscrN_ nigkar

rIkduHdalénskmμPaBesvakmμepSg²eTot. vis½yksikmμenAEtmin)anepþatkarykcitþTukdak;elIplitkmμRsUv eTaHbImanGMeNay

pll¥BIFatuGakasdl;dMNaMRsUvk¾eday.

km<úCaenAminTan;)ansHes,IyeBjeljenAeLIyeTBIs®gÁamruaMér:CagbITsvtSr_ Edl)anbMpøicbMpøajrcnasm<½n§sgÁm nigsßab½n

sgÁm EdlkMBugEtsagsg;eLIgvijenAeLIy. enAmankic©karGPivDÆCaeRcInEdlRtUvBuHBar edayRtUvksagehdæarcnasm<½n§mUldæan

BRgIkFnFanmnusS GPivDÆvis½yksikmμ nigCnbT.

RbPB ³ Chandler (1993); Vickery (1984); Ear (1995); Mysliwiec (1988), nigÉksarRbcaMqñaMénRkumBieRKaHeyabl;

1CMB Uk


1>2 bBaðaRbQmmuxkñúgvis½yGPivDÆn_ nigmUlehtuEdlnaM[r)aykarN_enHbkRsayBICIvPaBrs;enA tamTICnbT

cab;taMgBImankic©RBmeRBogsniþPaBTIRkug)a:rIsmk esdækic©km<úCamankarrIkceRmInKYr[kt;smÁal;. fVIebIenAmanmtixøHfa

enAminTan;rwgmaMk¾eday b:uEnþmansmiT§iplsMxan;²mYycMnYnEdlseRmc)anknøgmk rYmman kare)aHeqñatCatiqñaM 1993 nig

RBwtþikarN_e)aHeqñatCaeTogTat;CabnþbnÞab; RkumPaKICemøaH)anRtLb;cUlmkrYmrs;kñúgRkbx½NÐRbCaFibetyüvij edayman

karrMsayRkumExμrRkhmenAqñaM 1998 kare)aHeqñatXMu-sgáat; enAqñaM 2002 nig 2007 karebIkTUlayesdækic©TIpSaresrI

nigesdækic©RbkbedaykMeNInqab;rh½s Edl)anTak;TajvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTstaMgBIqñaM 1993 nigkMeNIneTscrN_

Edlkan;EtrIklUtlas;eLIg karekIneLIgénsgÁmsIuvil nigRbB½n§pSBVpSayy:agrs;revIk. km<úCak¾)ancUlCasmaCik ASEAN

nigGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak (WTO) eBjsiTi§. dUecñHRbeTskm<úCa)anEkERbbeNþIr²BICatimYy EdlFøab;manCemøaHenA

TsvtSr_TI 70 TI 80 nigedImTsvtSr_TI 90. bu:Enþkm<úCaRtUvEtRbwgERbgBuHBareRcInEfmeTot edIm,IERbxøÜnBIRbeTsEdlman

kRmitGPivDÆTab nigBwgEp¥kelICMnYy EfmTaMgmanRbCaBlrdæCagmYyPaKbIrs;eRkambnÞat;RkIRk EdlPaKeRcInrs;enAtam

CnbT.

Blrdækm<úCamYyEpñkFMRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitkñúgvis½yksikmμ dUcCa eFVIERs ensaTRtI ykpléRBeQI nigeBlfμI²enH

manmuxrbrCakmμkr. kñúgqñaM 1997 76° énkmøaMgBlkmμTaMgGs;RbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitkñúgvis½y ksikmμ éRBeQI nigensaT.

enAqñaM 2004 cMnYnenHfycuHbnþicmkenARtwm 74°. ebIKitCatYelxvij mankarekIneLIgénkmøaMgBlkmμkñúgvis½yenH

RbEhl 17° CaTUeTA ¬Rbus 26° ®sIþ 12°¦. dUecñHkmøaMgBlkmμPaKeRcInKWsRmab;vis½yksikmμ ehIyenAEtmankMeNIn

x<s;enAeLIysRmab;vis½yenH2.

RbPB ³ eyagtamTinñn½ycMNUlCati (http://www.nis.gov.kh), SES-97, SES-04 and CIPS-04

rUbPaB 1>1 ³ Gnu)atplitPaBBlkmμrvagEpñkksikmμ nigminEmnksikmμBIqñaM 1997 nigqñaM 2004

kñúgvis½yksikmμ rYmTaMgkargarBak;B½n§nwgksikmμ ksikrmñak;plit)ankñúgtémøCaR)ak;esμInwg 1>060>000 erol ¬Kittam

témøkñúgqñaM 2000¦ ehIy)ancuHfybniþcmkRtwm 1>050>000 erol enAqñaM 2004. pÞúyeTAvij plitPaBrbs;Blkrmñak;

kñúgvis½yminEmnksikmμvij KWesμInwg 4 lan 2 muWnerol kñúgqñaM 1997 ehIyeLIgeTA 5 lan 5 Esnerol kñúgqñaM 2004.

CalT§pl Gnu)aténplitPaBBlkmμrvagksikmμ nigminEmnksikmμ)anekIneLIgBI 4 eTA 5,2 kñúgGMLúg 7 qñaMenH

¬rUbPaB 1>1¦. mUlehtucm,génKmøatenH KWkMeNIny:agyWtkñúgvis½yksikmμenAkñúgry³eBl 7 qñaMenH EdlminmankMeNIn

CadMukMPYnesaHéncMnYnBlkrenAkñúgvis½yminEmnksikmμ EdlmanplitPaBeRcInCag EdlbNþal[manPaBRkIRkenAtamCnbT

(2) karKNnaTaMgenHeFVIeLIgedayEp¥kelIkar):an;sμanelIcMnYnRbCaCnfIμ edayviTüasßanCatisßiti (RGC 2005a). kar):an;sμanelIcMnYnkmøaMgBlkmμtam vis½yenAqñaM 2004 enH RtUv)andkRsg;BIkarGegátCMerOnRbCasa®sþkm<úCa (CIPS 04). cMENkÉTinñn½yTak;TgnwgcMNUlrYménkmøaMg KWdkRsg;BI karGegátesdækic©-sgÁm qñaM 1997 (SES-97) nig SES-04. SES-97)anbgðajBIGRtacMNUlrYménkmøaMgBlkm μcMnYn 65>8 PaKry rIÉ SES-04)anbgðajfaman 74>6 PaKry. dUecñHvamankarekIneLIgnUvcMnYnBitR)akdéncMNUlrYménkmøaMgBlkmμeRcInCagkMeNInénRbCaCn.


eKalneya)ayrdæaPi)alRtUvbgálkçN³[mankMeNInesdækic©qab;rh½snigrkSanUvkMeNInesdækic©enH edayRtUvBRgayenAtamtMbn;nana edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;GñkRkIRk edaymankarbþÚrpþac;xøaMgeTAelIkarGPivDÆsgÁm

eRcInCagenATIRbCMuCnCanic©. bnÞab;mkeTot dIFøI nigFnFanFm μCatienAkm<úCa)ankøayeTACamuxrbrCMnYjy:agqab;rh½s

ehIybegáItecjCakmøaMgTIpSarmYy Edlmines μ IPaBKñaenAkñúgCIvPaBciBa©wmCIvitPaKeRcIn EdlminmankMNt;Cak;lak;.

edaymUlehtuenHehIy )anCaminmankarsIusgVak;KñarvagkarERbRbYl nigkareRtomlkçN³rbs;BlrdæCnbTsRmab;Tb;Tl;

nwgkarERbRbYlTaMgenaH. rUbPaBEdlGaceXIjPøam²enaH KWebIminmanviFankarN_Tb;Tl;eT TMenarTaMgenHnwgnaMeTArkPaBRkIRk

kan;EtxøaMgeLIg cMeBaHRbCaCnenATICnbTPaKeRcIn EdlnwgGacRbQmmuxnwgbBaðad¾KYr[)armÖxøaMgbMput nigPaBminR)akdRbCa

kan;EteRcIneLIg EdlBYkKat;manlT§PaBTb;Tl;kan;EtticeTA².

vismPaBrvagTICnbT nigTIRbCMuCn rYmnwgkarEdlRbCaCnenATICnbTxVHxatkñúgCIvPaB esdækic©)anbNþal[manPaB

tantwg nigGMeBIhigSaenAkñúgRbeTs. dUecñHkarekIneLIgvismPaBrvagCnbT nigTIRbCMuCn nigPaBRkIRk TamTar[mankaryk

citþTukdak;elIbBaðaenHCabnÞan; munbBaðaenHkøayeTACaCemøaHmþgeTot3.

eKalneya)ayrdæaPi)alRtUvCRmuj nigrkSanUvkMeNInesdækic© EdlRtUvEckrMElkeTA[RbCaCnenARKb;tMbn;nana edIm,ICa

RbeyaCn_dl;RbCaCnRkIRk edayRtUvepþatCacm,geTAelIkarGPivDÆsgÁm dUcCa karGb;rM suxPaB lMenAdæan ehdæarcnasm<½n§

sgÁm nigzan³rbs;®sIþCaedIm RBmCamYyenaH RtUvsgát;F¶n;pgEdrelIGPi)alkic©l¥. CarYm KWRtUvCRmuj[manRkbx½NÐ

GPivDÆn_CnbTRKb;RCugeRCaymYyCaRbeyaCn_dl;RbCaBlrdæenATIenaH edIm,IRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgvismPaB nigPaBRkIRk.

tRmUvkarsMxan;²sRmab;kargarenACnbT rYmman ³ siTi§TTYl)andIFøI nigsiTi§eRbIR)as;dIFøI[)anRbesIrbMput karFanadl;siTi§

kan;kab;dIFøI karykplBIRbPBFnFanFmμCatiRbkbedaycIrPaB ¬éRBeQI nigRtI¦ ehIyGVIEdlsMxan;bMputenaH KWRtUvpøas;bþÚr

BIesdækic© EdlBwgEp¥kelIkarcRmaj;ykplBIFmμCatieTACaesdækic©mYy EdlGacbEnßmtémøeTAelIplitplBIFmμCati b¤TMnij

EdlcRmaj;BIFmμCati. r)aykarN_enHviPaKelIsßankarN_bc©úb,nñ nigdak;esñICacMeNaT viFIepSg² sRmab;BRgwgCIvPaBrs;enA

tamCnbT.

1>3 TRmg;énr)aykarN_

r)aykarN_enHmanTisedAdUcxageRkamenH ³

k> smÁal;sBaØaNénbBaðacm,g²EdlBak;B½n§nwgdIFøI ehIynigFnFanFmμCati TaMgkñúgvis½yRbvtþisa®sþ TaMgvis½yPUmisa®sþ

RBmTaMgTMnak;TMngrbs;vaCamYynwgCIvPaBrs;enArbs;mnusS. karBiPakSa)anRKbdNþb;elIbBaðaGs;TaMgenH dUcCa

dIksikm μ PaBCam©as;dIenHnigkareRbIR)as;va dIsm,Tan ¬esdækic©¼ksikm μ éRBsm,Tan b¤LÚt_ensaTsm,Tan¦

nigsiTi§kan;kab;dIFøIrbs;RbCaBlrdæCnbT. edaysarsm<aFénmnusSsa®sþ karERbRbYlénkareRbIR)as;dI nigTIpSardI

kareRCotcUlénTIpSar nigkareFVIsm,TandI)anbgçM[RKYsarCnbTCaeRcIn pøas;CIvPaBrs;enAy:agqab;rh½secjBITmøab;

rs;enArbs;BYkeK EdlCaehtubNþal[RbCaBlrdæCnbTCaeRcInRbQmmuxnwgPaBmineTogTat;y:agF¶n;F¶r. dUecñH

CeRmIseKalneya)ay edIm,IeFVI[karpøas;bþÚrenHmandMeNIredayrlUn KYrEtRtUv)anelIkykmkBiPakSa.

x> karviPaKelIR)ak;cMNUlkñúgksidæan nigR)ak;cMNUleRkAksidæan k¾dUcCabBaðaplitPaBdI R)ak;cMNUlBIksidæan LÚt_ensaT

nigéRBeQI ehIynigkarbegáItCIvPaBrs;enACaeRcIneToteRkABIRbPBFnFanFmμCati. eKalneya)aysMxan;² EdlesñIeLIg

rYmman karbegáInkarecjbøg;dI nigkarFanadl;siTi§kan;kab;dIFIø karerobcMeLIgvijnUvkarkan;kab;dIFøI edIm,Ikat;bnßy

PaBx¢Hx¢ay ¬edayKitGMBIdIkmμsiT§iEdldac;²BIKñatUc² nigdIkmμsiT§FM²EdlKμanplitPaB¦ karCRmuj[eRbIR)as;TunTMenIb

¬dUcCa CIlamkstV RbePTRKab;BUC Edlpþl;Tinplx<s; karkarBarstVl¥it nigkarécñRbDitepSg²eTot ¦ kardaMdMNaM

eRcInRbePTepSgKña karvinieyaKelIRbB½n§eRsacRsB ehIynigkarCRmuj[manTIpSarRbkYtRbECg. r)aykarN_k¾)an

esñIviFIbegáInR)ak;cMNUleRkABIksikmμ. Cakarsnñidæan r)aykarN_enH)anesñInUvbec©kviC¢aepSg² skmμPaBfμI² nigesva

KaMRTdéTeTotCaeRcIn.

(3) PaBRkIRkenACnbT nigKmøatrvagTIRbCMuCnnigCnbT RtUv)ankt;RtaTukcab;taMgBITsvtSr_qñaM 1860 mk (Mahout 1862) . enAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1950 nig1960 KmøatTaMgenH KWCamUldæanénkubkmμEdlnaM[rbbExμrRkhmTTYlC½yCMnH (Ear 1995; Chanda 1986). mankIþ)armÖCaeRcInfIμ²enHTak;Tgnwg bBaðaKmøatenHenAkñúgÉksar (EIC 2006) nig ¬FnaKarBiPBelak 2005¦.

K> GMBIbBaðacm,g²Tak;TgnwgTIpSarsRmab;Tij\v:an;ykmkplit nigTIpSarsRmab;lk;\v:an;Edl)anplitehIy niyay

GMBIkardwkCBa¢ÚnsmÖar³sRmab;rkSaTukbeNþaHGasnñ mUlFnmnusS ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigbrisßanm:aRkUEdlGMeNaypl.

rIÉbBaðaGPi)alkic© eynD½r nigkarbRBa¢abcUltamtMbn; mandak;bBa©ÚlenAkñúgr)aykarN_enHCaeRcInkEnøgEdlminFøab;

mansRmab;km<úCa KWlT§PaBseRmc)annUvTisedAGPivDÆn_mnusSedaykarvinieyaKénR)ak;cMNUlBIeRbgnig]sμ½n Edlnwgman

kñúgeBlqab;²enH. dUecñHesckIþesñICaeRcInenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH Gacnwg)anseRmcRbsinebIR)ak;cMNUlTaMgenHEdlsgÇwmfa

nwgTTYl)anenAqñaM 2009-2010 xagmuxenH RtUvykeTAeRbIR)as;edayRby½tñRbEyg. karerobcMEpnkarsRmab;eRbIR)as;

R)ak;TaMgenHKYrEterobcM[)anqab;.

edayyktamTRmg;EbbbTénrebobeFVIr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusS CadMbUgr)aykarN_enH bkRsayGMBIsßanPaBén

karGPivDÆmnusSenAkñúgRbeTs EdlkñúgenaH bBaðaGPivDÆn_mnusSenAtMbn;PUmisa®sþepSg²BIKñaRtUv)anrMelceLIg. mankar

BiPakSaGMBICIvPaBenAtamCnbT nigkarbgðajGMBIbBaðaEdlmanCab;Tak;TgeTAnwgkareFVI[ceRmIneLIgdl;karGPivDÆmnusS

tamry³yuT§sa®sþsRmab;BRgwgCIvPaBrs;enA. dUc)anCRmabBIxagedIm r)aykarN_enHepþatCaBiesseTAelIkarGPivDÆmnusS

enAkñúgvisalPaBfñak;eRkamCati.

CMBUk 1 bgðaBaJCUnGMBIRbFanbTénr)aykarN_

CMBUk 2 niyayGMBIkarbegáItb½NÑdak;BinÞú edayrYmTaMgsßanPaBénkarGPivDÆmnusS snÞsSn_PaBRkIRk karGb;rM suxPaB

ehIynigkarpþl;lMenAsßan. snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS RtUv)anKNnaCaelIkTImYyenAfñak;extþ.

CMBUk 3 erobrab;CaeKal²nUvsßanPaBdI nigFnFanFmμCati )andak;esñI[mankMENTRmg;sßab½nRKb;RKg nigBak;B½n§EpñkdIFøI

LÚt_ensaT nigéRBeQI edIm,IeFVI[rIkceRmIndl;karGPivDÆmnusS nigeFVI[rlUndl;karpøas;bþÚrCIvPaBrs;enABITmøab;

cas;mkTmøab;bc©úb,nñvij.

CMBUk 4 dak;CUnnUvviFIsa®sþepSg² edIm,IbegáInR)ak;cMNUlBIdMNaMksikm μ ensaTRtI nigBIEpñknanaeRkABIksidæan b¤minEmn

mkBIksidæan ¬dUcCa ksi]sSahkmμ nigkarbMBak;GKÁisnIenAtamCnbT¦.

CMBUk 5 BiPakSaelICeRmIseKalneya)ayFM² ³ dUcCa karksagmUlFnmnusS karvinieyaKelIehdæarcnasm<½n§sMxan;²

karbegáItsßab½nEdlCaTITMnukcitþedayerobcM[manGPi)alkic©l¥RbesIr Edlsßab½nnImYy²sMedAseRmc[)an

briyakasGMeNayplsRmab;elIkkm<s;R)ak;cMNUlrbs;RbCaBlrdæCnbT.

CMBUk 6 bgðajBIesckIþsnñidæanxøH edayBüayamrklT§PaBpþl;RbPBhirBaØvtßúsRmab;GPivDÆn_CnbT CabnþbnÞab;Kña CaBiess

edayeRbIhirBaØvtßú EdlnwgRtUvEbgEckBIcMNUleRbgnig]sμ½n Edlkm<úCaeTIbnwg)anrkeXIjnaeBlfμI²enH.

r)aykarN_enH )anpþl;;Gnusasn_elIkarbMeBjbEnßmeTAelIyuT§sa®sþctuekaN EdlmanEcgenAkñúgEpnkaryuT§sa®sþ

GPivDÆn_Cati.


CMBUk 2CMBUk


arGPivDÆmnusS KWCaKMrURbkbedayfamvnþ manvisalPaBelIeRcInvis½y manrebobvinicä½yeRcIny:ag nigtamEbbTisedA

skmμPaB. karGPivDÆmnusSminbkRsayGMBIniymn½y EdlmanenAkñúg nigeRkAEdnkMNt;eLIy. mUldæanRKwHén

niymn½yenH KWbBaðamnusS ³ eBalKWkarpþl;dl;mnusSnUvsiT§iGMNac suxumalPaB nigKuNPaBénCIvit. snÞsSn_énkar

GPivDÆmnusS KWCasUcnakrmYyénsUcnakrCaeRcIn EdleRbIsRmab;vas;karGPivDÆmnusS. CMBUkenHBinitüeLIgvijelIvDÆnPaB

énkarGPivDÆmnusSenAkm<úCa.

ktþasMxan;caM)ac;kñúgkarviPaKGPivDÆn_mnusS KWRtUv):an;RbmaNelIlMnaMénkarGPivDÆbc©úb,nñ nigplb:HBal;dl;mnusS.

etIRbCaBlrdæCnbTmankþIesamnsSnwgesrIPaBTaMgLay EdlTTYl)anBIrbbRbCaFibetyü nigkarrIkceRmInénesdækic©Edrb¤eT?

CMBUkenH ¬1¦ BicarNaelItaragcMNat;fñak;GPivDÆn_mnusSrbs;km<úCa ktþasgÁm kMeNInesdækic© kRmiténPaBRkIRk nig

ninñakarsßanPaBGkçrkmμ¼karGb;rM suxPaB KMrUlMenAdæan nigTwks¥atsRmab;briePaK ¬2¦ elIkbgðajGMBIdMeNIrénkarGPivDÆ

tamry³snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS kareRbobeFobdMeNIrGPivDÆn_CatiCamYynwgRbeTsenAkñúgtMbn; nigesckþIsnñidæanedayviPaK

elICMhrGPivDÆn_mnusSsRmab;extþnImYy² énextþ-RkugTaMg 24 énRBHraCaNacRkkm<úCa.

2>1 taragcMNat;fñak;GPivDÆn_mnusSrbs;km<úCa

GMBIsgÁm

km<úCa)ankøayCaRbeTsRbCaFibetyüBhubkSenAqñaM 1993 ehIy)anerobcMkare)aHeqñatfñak;CaticMnYnbIdgrYcmkehIy

edaymankarTTYlsÁal;y:agTUlMTUlayfa Cakare)aHeqñatedayesrI nigyutiþFm’. km<úCak¾)anerobcMedayeCaKC½ynUvkar

e)aHeqñatXMu-sgáat; cMnYnBIrdgehIyEdrenAqñaM 2002 nig 2007. sgÁmsIuvil)anRbLÚky:agskmμkñúgkarebþCJaelIkkm<s;

siTi§mnusS bBaðaRkumCnCatiPaKtic nigyuKPaBeynD½r edayshkarCamYyGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alCati nigGnþrCatiCaeRcIn

EdlRbtibtiþkarenAkm<úCa ehIyxøHeToteFVIkarelIvis½ysgÁmkic© nigesdækic©. elIsBIenHeTot sarB½t’man viTüú nigTUrTsSn_

k¾)ancUlrYmy:agskmμpgEdr.

dUcRbeTsCaeRcInkñúgTVIbGasIuEdr km<úCak¾manbBaðaxøH²enAkñúgkarelIksÞÜyliT§iRbCaFibetyü nigsiTi§mnusS nigkmμsiTi§

elIRTBüsm,tiþ. km<úCaRtUvykcitþTukdak;CaBiesselIbBaðasMxan;² 4 KW ³

k> tRmUvkarkñúgkarGnuvtþnItirdæRbkbedayRbsiT§PaB nigkRmiténGMeBIBukrlYyTab.

x> kgVHkarRKb;RKgedayc,ab; nigehdæarcnasm<½n§ EdleFVI[karQaneq<aHeTArkTIpSarenAmankRmit nig\NTanmanGRta

karR)ak;x<s;.

K> karseRmccitþenAEteFVIeLIgedayfñak;dwknaMkMBUl. eTaHbICamanrcnasm<½n§RKb;RKgeRcInCan;fñak; kareFVIesckIþseRmc

manPaByWty:av twgEtg nigKμanRbsiT§PaB. karseRmcmanPaBminc,as;las; edaysarmanGaCJaFreRcInseRmcelI

erOgnImYy² dUcCa erOgdIFøICaedIm.

X> rdæmancMNUlTab buKÁlikraCkarTTYl)anR)ak;Extic EdlCaktþanaM[BYkeKminsUvxMeFVIkar nigenAEtxVHCMnaj EdlnaM[kar

pþl;esvasaFarN³enAmanKuNPaB nigkRmitTab CaBiess enATICnbT

kñúgcMeNamlT§plKYr[)armÖnana EdlekItecjBIPaBTn;exSayénGPi)alkic© KWCemøaHdIFøI Edlpþac;GñkRkecjBIRbPB

CIvPaBrs;enArbs;BYkeK. GñkEdlTTYlplb:HBal;F¶n;F¶rCageK KWenAextþxaglic nig|san bu:Enþk¾manesckþIraykarN_BITIRkug

elIkar)at;bg;dIFøI nigpÞHsEm,génCncMNakRsukpgEdr. rIÉkareFVIcMNakRsukBItMbn;CnbTmYyeTACnbTmYyeTot edIm,IEsVg

rkCIvPaBRbesIrCagmunk¾maneRcIn ehIyenHk¾EpñkmYy edaysarBYkeKminmansiTi§kan;kab;dIRbkbedaysuvtßiPaB rYmpSMnwg

kareFVIcMNakRsukpgEdr. shKmn_CnCatiPaKticTTYlplb:HBal;GviC¢manCaxøaMg edaysarcMNakRsukRbePTenH.

k

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2CMB Uk


rUbPaB 2>1 ³ GRtaplitplkñúgRsuksrubRbcaMqñaMenAkm<úCaBIqñaM 1994 dl;qñaM 2005 ¬2000 erolkñúgmYyduløar¦

RbPB ³ raCrdæaPi)al (2006x)

kMeNInesdækic©

esdækic©km<úCa)anekIny:agqab;rh½skñúgry³eBlmYyTsvtSr_knøHknøgmkenH. kñúgxN³EdlGRtakMeNInTUeTACamFüm

manRbEhl 8° kñúgmYyqñaM ¬2000erolkúñgmYyduløar¦ mankarFøak;cuHeTAvijenAqñaM 1997 1998 2001 nigqñaM 2002

edaysarvibtiþhirBaØvtßúenAGasIu vibtiþneya)ayépÞkñúg nigeRKaHFm μCatiCabnþbnÞab; dUcCaeRKaHTwkCMnn; nigPaBraMgs¶Üt

¬rUb 2>1¦. cab;BIqñaM 2002 mk cMNUlk¾)anekIneLIgy:agelOn nigy:ageTogTat;. ebIKitCaR)ak;duløar kMeNInenHyWtCag

kMeNInkalBITsvtSr_qñaM 1990 fVIebImankarFøak;cuHtémøR)ak;erolkalBIqñaM 1997 nig 1998 k¾eday. cab;BIenaHmk kareRbI

R)ak;duløaresÞIrEtTaMgRsugenAkñúgesdækic©km<úCa )anCYyrkSasßirPaBénGMNacTijenAkñúgRbeTs.

enAkñúgqñaMmun² ¬RbEhlCakñúgqñaM 1996¦ cMENkénvis½yksikmμkñúgplitplkñúgRsuksrub ¬pss¦ manCag 45°. cMENk

bnÞab;)anmkBIesvakmμepSg² nigcMENkBI]sSahkmμd¾sþÜcesþIg KWticCag 15° ¬rUbPaB 2>2¦. tYelxenH)anERbRbYly:ageRcIn

edaymankarrYmcMENkénvis½yksikmμkñúgesdækic© EdlcuHfyenAkRmitrvagBI 30 eTA 32° énpss nigkarrYmcMENkBIvis½y

]sSahkmμ Edl)anekIneLIgCag 27°. karrYmcMENkBIesvakmμeTAkñúgesdækic©TUeTA enAmankRmitefrBI 35 eTA 40° cab;BI

qñaM 1993 dl;qñaM 2005 ¬rUbPaB 2>2¦.

GMBIGRta nigkarEbgEckkMeNInesdækic©enAkñúgesdækic©km<úCa GacmankarBnül; 4 ³

k> CaeKalkarN_ karfycuHéncMENkvis½yksikmμenAkñúgpss KWCasBaØaénvDÆnPaB. ksikmμmanPaByWty:avenAedIm

shsSvtSr_fμI eTIbEtenAqñaM 2005 EdlplitplRsUv)anekIneLIg 44° elIsBIqñaMknøgeTA. kMeNInenHmYyEpñkFM

bNþalmkBIkaregIbeLIgvijBIsßanPaB4 éneRKaHraMgs¶ÜtnaeBlmun. GRtaTinñplRsUvcMnYn 2/18 etan kñúgmYyhicta

¬CamFümkñúgqñaM 2003-2005¦ mann½yfa ksikmμenAmanpøÚvd¾Evg edIm,IseRmc)annUvskþanuBl 5 eBjeljrbs;xøÜn.

edayehtufa ksikmμ nigskmμPaBbnÞab;bnSMepSg² pþl;nUvkargarCaeRcIndl;mnusSenATICnbT. GRtaTinñplTab

nigminesμIKñaenAtamtMbn;nana man\Ti§BleTAelIR)ak;cMNUlrbs;ksikr EdlCaktþaeFVI[b:HBal;dl;karGPivDÆmnusS.

ksikmμ EdlmanPaBlUtlas;duHdall¥ EtgEtCamUldæansRmab;BRgIkskmμPaBesdækic©[mankan;Etsm,ÚrN_Ebb.

2CMB Uk

(4) sUmemIlGtßbTniBn§eday Dapice, Valley and Wilkinson (2006).(5) Rkumkargarbec©keTs (TWG) )aneFVIkarsegátRsedogKñamYy sþIBIksikmμ nigTwk. sUmemIlGtßbT TWG-Agriculture and Water TMB½r 24.


rUbPaB 2>2 ³ karrYmcMENkén pss tamEpñknanaenAkm<úCa qñaM 1993-2005

kMNt;smÁal; ³ PaKryTaMgGs;mindl;100 eT BIeRBaHBn§darminmanbgðajenAkñúgRkahVik. RbPB ³ raCrdæaPi)al ¬2006x¦

(6) mann½yfa ³ ]sSahkmμvaynP½NÐkm<úCarkeXIjkarlM)akrbs;xøÜnkñúgkarRbkYtRbECgCaGnþrCati TnÞwmnwgR)ak;bMNac;rbs;kmμkresμInwg US$ 60-65

kñúgmYyEx ¬kaEstPñMeBjb:usþ× 21 kBaØa - 5 tula qñaM 2006¦.(7) RbPBTinñn½ysRmab;EpñkenH ³ raCrdæaPi)alkm<úCaqñaM 2006/ FnaKarBiPBelakqñaM 2006.

kþI)armÖmYy KWfa vis½ykat;edrsemøókbMBak;

tMNag[RbEhlCa 50° énplitpl

]sSahkmμTaMgGs;enAkñúgqñaM 2005

x> kMeNInvis½y]sSahkmμmanlkçN³KYr[es¶IcsresIr EdlkñúgenaH kRmiténkarnaMecjsemøókbMBak;knøgmk )anRtUvrkSa

[enAdEdl fVIt,itEtkic©RBmeRBognaMecjsemøókbMBak; (MFA) RtUv)anputkMNt;ehIyk¾eday. b:uEnþmankþI)armÖmYy

GMBIvis½ykat;edrsemøókbMBak; EdlmanRbmaNCa 50° énplitpl]sSahkmμsrubenAqñaM 2005 ¬69° énplitpl

kmμnþsal¦ EdlekIneLIgBI 42° enAkñúgqñaM 2000 ehIyEdlmanRtwmEt 9° eT enAkñúgqñaM 1996. karBwgEp¥k

esÞIrEtTaMgRsug nigkan;EtekIneLIgeTAelIvis½yEtmYymuxEbbenH KWCahaniP½yd¾x<s;bMput CaBiess vis½yenHminman

smahrNkmμtamExSbeNþay)annaM[mankardak;kRmitRtYtBinitüemIlelItémø6. TIpSarshKmn_GWru:b nigshrdæGaemrik

)andak;kRmitbrimaNelIkarnaMcUlplitplBIRbeTscin b:uEnþtamviFanGgÁkarBaNiC¢kmμBiPBelak (WTO) karkMNt;enH

RbEhlCaminbnþyUrteTAeToteT.

K> eTscrN_mancMENkmYyFMenAkñúgvis½yesvakmμ edaymanskmμPaBEtenAtamtMbn;CMuvijR)asaTénextþesomrabb:ueNÑaH.

lkçN³enHmin)anCYybegáItkargareRcInenAkñúgesdækic©mUldæaneT edaysarsUm,IEtplitplbEnø EpøeQI nigGaharepSg²

EdleRbIR)as;enAtamsNæaKarTaMgenaH k¾RtUv)annaMcUlBIRbeTsCitxagEdr eBalKWminEmnCadMNaMdaMduHenAkñúgRsukeT.

KYr[kt;smÁal;pgEdrfa esomrab KWCaextþmYykñúgcMeNamextþbI EdlRkIRkCageK.

X> skmμPaBminEmnksikmμnana RbmUlpþúMy:agxøaMgenATIRkugPñMeBj extþesomrab nigTIRbCuMCn 1 b¤ 2 eTotenACitRBMEdn.

tMbn;ERscMkarCaeRcIneTotenAkñúgRbeTs RbCaBlrdæRbkbrbbciBa©wmCIvit edayBwgEp¥kelIvis½yksikmμ dUcCa eFVIERscMkar

ensaTRtI nigTajykplBIéRBeQI.

kRmitPaBRkIRk nigninñakar 7

Gegátesdækic©sgÁm ¬SES ) enAkñúgqñaM 2003-2004 manlkçN³d¾TUlMTUlayCageKkñúgcMeNambNþaGegátknøgmk.

karrab;cMnYnGñkRkIRk enAfñak;extþ-Rkug manbgðajCUnenAkúñgrUbPaB 2>3.


rUbPaB 2>3 ³ karekIteLIgénPaBRkIRkenAkm<úCa tamtMbn;PUmisa®sþTUlMTUlay qñaM 2003-2004

RbPB ³ raCrdæaPi)al ¬2006¦

k> smamaRtBlrdæEdlrs;enAeRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRkkñuúgqñaM 2003-2004 mancMnYn 34/68°. karekIteLIgénPaBRkIRk

enAtMbn;CnbTmankRmitx<s;Cag KWRbEhl 39° ehIyenAtamTIRbCuMCneRkARkugPñMeBj24° rIÉenAkñúgTIRkugPñMeBjvij

manRtwmEt 5°. PaBxusKñaBItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYymankRmitx<s; ³ enAtMbn;x<g;rab b¤tMbn;PñM ¬xageCIg nig|san¦

karekIteLIgénPaBRkIRkmanx<s;CageKbMput KW 52° bnÞab;mkeTot enAtamtMbn;Tenøsabman 43° enAtamvalTMnab

dIsNþTenøemKgÁman 32° nigenAtMbn;eqñrsmuRTman 27°. ktþamYyEdlCYysRmalPaBF¶n;F¶r KWenAtamtMbn;PñM

BuMsUvmanmnusSrs;enAeT b:uEnþedaysarEpñkCaeRcInenAtMbn;enaH manCnCatiPaKticrs;enA enaHmann½yfa kñúgcMeNam

RbCaBlrdæenAtMbn;enH CnCatiPaKticTaMgenaH mansmamaRténGñkRkIRkx<s;Cag.

x> kñúgGegátenATUTaMgRbeTs Edl)aneFVIkalBIqñaM 1993-1994 qñaM 1996 1997 1999 nigqñaM 2003-2004 minman

Tinñn½yNaGaceRbobeFobKña)aneT edaysarGegátTaMgenaH manTRmg; nigsMNYrxus²BIKña. b:uEnþeTaHCay:agenHkþI

viTüasßanCatisßiti (NIS) )anepÞógpÞat;y:agykcitþTukdak;eTAelIvis½yEdlRtUvnwgGegátenAqñaM 2003-2004 CamYynwg

vis½yEdlRtUvnwgGegátenAqñaM 1993-1994. kareRbobeFobTinñn½yrvagGegátTaMgBIrenH ¬]TahrN_ ³ cMeBaHvis½y

EdlGaceRbobeFobKña)antammUldæanPUmisa®sþ ³ RbEhl 56° énPUmi 84° enATIRbCuMCneRkARkugPñMeBj nigkñúg

RkugPñMeBj¦ bgðaj[eXIjfa karekIteLIgénPaBRkIRkenAtamtMbn;TaMgGs;enH)anfycuHBI 39° kalBIqñaM 1993-

1994 mkenARtwm 28° kñuúgqñaM 2003-2004. Cakarsnñidæan bc©úb,nñenH RbCaBlrdæ)ancab;epþImeRbIR)as;smÖar³

¬minEmnmðÚbGahar¦ eRcInCagkalBI 10 qñaMmun EdlenH KWCasUcnakrmYyeToténkMeNInRTBüFn. CeRmAénPaBRkIRk

¬KWCaKmøatrvagkareRbIR)as;sRmab;mñak;²énbnÞat;PaBRkIRk nigkareRbIR)as;sRmab;mñak;²kñúgRKYsarRkIRkbMput¦ k¾)an

fycuHEdr. kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenH vismPaB)anekIneLIg ³ kareRbIR)as;rbs;GñkRkIRkbMput EdlmancMnYn 1¼5 én

RbCaBlrdæ)anekIneLIg 8° BIqñaM 1993-1994 eTAqñaM 2004 b:uEnþkareRbIR)as;rbs;BYkGñkmanbMput)anekIneLIg

RbEhl 45° ¬mFümPaKsRmab;RbeTsTaMgmUl ³ 32°¦. kñúgcMeNamRbeTssmaCikGas‘an EdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTab

manEtRbeTshVIlIBIneT EdlmanvismPaBx<s;CageKkñúgkareRbI)as;.


RbGb; 2>1 ³ kartP¢ab;RbB½n§TUrs½BÞeTAkan;PUmi-XuM

CamYynwgskþanuBlén\NTanxñattUc EdlCRmuj[mankarpþl;rgVan;NUEblsnþiPaBenAqñaM 2006

KMnitpþÜcepþIm EdlmanGnuPaBRbkbedaykarécñRbDitRsedogKñaenH RtUv)anykmkGnuvtþsakl,genAkñúg

bNþaextþCaeRcInénRbeTskm<úCa enAéf¶TI 15 Exmkra qñaM 2007.

kñúgkic©shkarCamYyRkumh‘unTUrs½BÞéd NOKIA-KTH saCIvkm μGaløWm:g;sRmab;kic©shRbtibtiþkar

bec©keTs (GTZ) Rkumh‘un Camshin nigsßab½nmIRkÚhirBaØvtßúkm<úCamYycMnYn kmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati

)anCYyeFVI[)anseRmcnUvKMnitpþÜcepþImesvaTUrs½BÞÉkCnenAtamPUmikñúgXuMcMnYn 40 enAextþkMBg;cam extþ

kMBg;qñaMg nigesomrab. km μviFIenH CaEpñkénKMnitpþÜcepþIm énkMeNInGaCIvkm μRbkbedaycIrPaB (GSB) rbs;km μviFIGPivDÆn_

shRbCaCati EdlEsVgrk :TIpSaredIm,IedaHRsayPaBRkIRk tamry³karvinieyaKelIGaCIvkmμc,as;las; edayelIkkm<s;PaBCaédKU

saFarN³ nigÉkCn :.

tamry³kmμviFIenH karITUrs½BÞPUmimñak;manTUrs½BÞédmYysRmab; EdlmanTUrs½BÞ nig]bkrN_sakfμeRbIBnøWRBHGaTitü esovePA

TUrs½BÞmYyk,al nig\NTanTUrs½BÞ. bnÞab;mk karIenHpþl;esvaTUrs½BÞkñúgGaRtaTabdl;shKmn_rbs;eK sRmab;ry³eBlsakl,g

BIbIeTAR)aMmYyEx edIm,IrkR)ak;cMNUl.

sRmab;bgRbus G‘u¿ pløI EdlCaksikr nigCaGñktMNagevC¢sa®sþenAXuMtaMgRsI Rsuk)aFay extþesomrab kareRbIR)as;TUrs½BÞ

d¾mantémøefakCaRbPBrkR)ak;cMNUlenAkñúgshKmn_CaKMnitd¾fμIRsLagmYy. bgRbusEdlCa«Bukrbs;kUnBIrnak; nigkarIfμIRbcaMPUmi

)anBnül;fa :´mankarrMePIbNas; EdlGacman»kasrkR)ak;cMNUlbnþicbnþÜcsRmab;pÁt;pÁg;RKYsar´ :. bgRbus pløI )anbEnßmeTotfa

:´KitfaGñkPUmiTaMgGs;nwgGbGrcMeBaHTUrs½BÞfμIenH eRBaHBYkeKGacTUrs½BÞTak;TgeTARkumRKYsarrbs;BYkeK eTaHbICaenAeBlEdlBYkeK

kMBugeFVIkar nigrs;enAq¶ayk¾eday}.

elak qals_ GasSlI (Charles Ashley) GñkRKb;RKgEpñkGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμrbs;Rkumh‘un Nokia-KTH )anKUsbBa¢ak;fa karGnuvtþ

KMnitpþÜcepþImQñH-QñHenH mansarRbeyaCn_eRcIn. sBVéf¶enH manGñkeRbITUrs½BVcl½tcMnYnmYyBan;lannak;enAelIBiPBelak. enAeBl

Edlelak GasSlI nigpløI kMBugEtemIlGñkbec©keTsRsaykBa©b;Rbdab;sakfμedayBnøWRBHGaTitü elakBnül;fa TIpSarenAGasIu

xagt,Úg nigGasIuGaeKñy_ nwgmanGñkeRbITUrs½BÞcl½tenHmYyBan;lannak;eTot.

xN³EdlKeRmagsakl,genH RKan;EtCadMNak;kaldMbUgrbs;kmμviFIPaBCaédKUcMnYn 500 enH Gacnwg)anseRmckñúgry³eBl

mYyqñaM RbsinebIKeRmagmIRkUhirBaØvtßúmandMeNIrkareTAmux. cMnYnGñkeRbIR)as;TUrs½BÞédenAkñuúgRbeTskm<úCaenAmankRmitTabenAeLIy

ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgRbeTsCitxag fVIt,itEtmanPUmi-XuMcMnYn 80PaKry GactP¢ab;bNþaj)an.

elak hSg; b‘yEvr (Jean Boisvert) Pñak;garKeRmagénkmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCatieXIjnUvsarRbeyaCn_CaeRcInkñúgkarnaMyk

TUrs½BÞcl½teTAdl;tMbn;CnbTdac;Rsyal. elak Borisvert )anniyayfa :TUrs½BÞTaMgenHGacykeTAeRbI edIm,IbM)at;KmøatxøHkñúg

ExSsgVak;témøsRmab;ksikr :. kareRbIR)as;esvaenHenAkñúgPUmi GñkPUmiGacTUrs½BÞCamuneTATIpSar nigsaksYrtémø nigbBa¢aTijCamun

CaCagxateBlcUlsaksYr. KeRmagenH manbMNgpþl;CUnBlrdæCnbTnUvesvaB½t’mand¾mantémø nigCYytP¢ab;RbB½n§DICIfl.


(8) Ep¥kelIRbPBTinñn½yviTüasßanbNþúHbNþal nigRsavRCavedIm,IGPivDÆn_km<úCa ¬CDRI¦ )anbgðajfa R)ak;QñÜlrbs;km μkrmin)anekIneLIgKYr[ kt;smÁal;eT kñúgkMLúgqñaM 1998-2006. kMeNInenHnwgbnþbgðajBIKmøatBIRkumGaCIBdéTeTot.

K> PaBRkIRk)anfycuHminesμIKñaeTkñúgcMeNamRkummnusS nigkñúgtMbn;nana. tMbn;CnRkIRkeRcIn ¬mnusS nigtMbn;¦ )anTTYl

plticCagtMbn;GñkEdlminsUvRkIRk nigGñkminRk. karekIteLIgénPaBRkIRk )anekIneLIgenAtMbn;x<g;rab nigtMbn;PñM

b:uEnþenAtMbn;déTeTot karekIneLIgenH)anfycuH. CalTæpl KmøatCIvPaBrs;enArvagtMbn; nigRkummnusSTIéT²BIKñaenH

)anrIkFMeLIgCaxøaMg 8.

enARbeTsdéTeTotkñúgtMbn;GasIu PaBRkIRk)anRtUvkat;bnßytamry³karbegáInTinñplksikmμ ¬]> BlrdærkR)ak;cMNUl

)aneRcInBIksikmμ¦ nigbegáInmuxrbrepSg²BIKña ¬]> BlrdæmankargareFVIeRcIneRkAGMBIrbrksikmμ¦. enAkm<úCa manTMnak;TMng

bRBa©asKñarvagkarekIneLIgénPaBRkIRkenAkñúgextþ nigplitPaBksikmμrbs;extþ ¬RsUvvsSaKitCacMnYnetankñúgmYyhicta¦

¬rUbPaB 2>4¦. dUecñHkareFVI[RbesIreLIgnUvGaRtaTinñplksikmμ k¾GacCYykat;bnßyPaBRkIRk)anEdr ¬PaBGacpøas;bþÚr)an

énkarkat;bnßykarekIteLIgénPaBRkIRkGaRs½ytamGRtaTinñplEdlesμInwg 0/95¦. kñúgn½ysegçb KWPaBRkIRkGacRtUv)an

kat;bnßy RbsinebIGRtaénTinñpl nigkargarenATICnbTekIneLIg.

rUbPaB 2>4 ³ TMnak;TMngrvagGRtarab;cMnYnGñkRkIRkenAtamextþ ¬qñaM 2003-2004 nigmFümPaKénTinñplRsUvvsSaRbcaMextþ ¬mFümPaK qñaM 2003-2005¦

smÁal; ³ Correlation coeffi cient –r =0.446 accounting for 16.2 % of variation.

RbPB ³ sRmab;TinñplRsUv RGC ¬2004/ 2005/ 2006 c¦; sRmab;PaBRkIRk RGC ¬2006¦

l>r extþ

1 bnÞaymanC½y

2 )at;dMbg

3 kMBg;cam

4 kMBg;qñaMg

5 kMBg;s<W

6 kMBg;FM

7 kMBt

8 kNþal

9 Ekb

10 ekaHkug

11 RkecH

12 mNÐlKIrI

13 ]tþrmanC½y

14 éb:lin

15 PMñeBj

16 RBHvihar

17 éRBEvg

18 eBaF×sat;

19 rtn³KIrI

20 esomrab

21 RkugRBHsIhnu

22 sÞwgERtg

23 sVayerog

24 taEkv

sßanPaBGkçrkmμ nigkarGb;rM

km<úCa)aneFVI[rIkceRmInl¥KYr[kt;smÁal;kñúgvis½yGkçrkm μ nigGb;rM ³ kñúgry³eBlR)aMmYyqñaMknøgmkKitBIqñaM 1998

dl;qñaM 2004 mnusSeBjv½yecHGkSr)anekInBI 67/3° eTA 73/6° ¬RbusBI 79/5 eTA 84/7° ®sþIBI 57 eTA 64/7°¦.

fVIt,itEtKmøateynD½rkñúgvis½yGkçrkm μenAEtmank¾eday Etkñúgry³kalR)aMmYyqñaMknøgmk KmøatenHk¾)anfycuHEdr

¬rUbPaB 2>5¦.


rUbPaB 2>5 ³ GRtaGkçrkmμmnusSeBjv½yenAkm<úCa qñaM 1998 dl;qñaM 2004

RbPB ³ GnþrCMerOnenAkm<úCa qñaM 2004

edIm,IkMNt;kMeNInGkçrkmμrvagqñaM 1998 nigqñaM 2004 rUbmnþdUcxageRkamenH RtUv)aneRbIR)as; ³

GkçrkmμtamkRmitnImYy² (IL) = [(GñkecHGkSr¬qñaM 2004 ¦ - GñkecHGkSrqñaM 1998 ¼ ¬RbCaBlrdæqñaM 2004-RbCaBlrdæ

qñaM 1998¦]

RbsinebI IL mancMnYneRcInCag 1 kMeNInGkçrkmμekInelOnCagkMeNInRbCaBlrdæ. RbsinebI IL esμInwg 1 enaHminman

kMeNInbEnßmelIGkçrkmμeT ehIyRbsinebI IL ticCag 1 KWmann½yfa kMeNInRbCaBlrdææekIneLIgeRcInCagkMeNInGñkecHGkSr.

Tinñn½yTaMgGs; KWCaTinñn½ysRmab;RbCaBlrdæGayuBI 7 qñaM eLIgeTA.

rUbPaB 2>6 ³ GRtaGkçrkmμtamkRmitRbCaBlrdæ kñúgqñaM 1998 dl;qñaM 2004

RbPB ³ KNnatam CIPS-qñaM 2004


minRtwmEtrab;bBa©ÚlmnusSeBjv½yb:ueNÑaHeT KWRtUvrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgRbCaBlrdæGayuBI 7 qñaM eLIgeTApg eTIbGacrkeXIj

nUvkarxMRbwgERbgfμI² edIm,IeFVI[ceRmIneLIgdl;Gkçrkmμ. RkugPñMeBj extþkMBg;cam kMBg;FM esomrab ekaHkug nigRkugRBHsIhnu

Caextþ-Rkug EdlmankMeNInGkçrkmμx<s;CageK ehIyEdlkMeNInGkçrkmμelOnCagkMeNInRbCaBlrdæ. GkçrkmμkñúgcMeNam

BlrdætamkRmitnanak¾)anekIneLIgEdr enAtamextþPaK|san nigBay½Bü ¬extþbnÞaymanC½y extþ]tþrmanC½y¦. rIÉ

extþ-Rkug EdlGRtaGkçrkmμ)anfycuH KWextþ)at;dMbg Rkugéb:lin extþeBaF×sat; nigextþkMBg;qñaMg. karmkdl;fμIénCn

GenþaRbevsn_ EdlkUnecArbs;eKminmanlT§PaBGaccUleronsala)an KWCamUlehtuEdlnaM[extþTaMgenH mankRmitGkçrkmμ

minl¥ ¬rUbPaB 2>6¦.

mFümPaKénGRtaBitcUleronfμIenAkñúgRbeTs ¬karcUleronenAsalabzmsikSa KitCasmamaRttamkRmitGayu¦ esμInwg

82/6 kñúgqñaM 2005-2006. enHCaGRtakMeNInmYyKYr[kt;smÁal; b:uEnþenAEtTabCagq¶ayBI 100°. GRtaenHsßitenAkñúg

cMeNamGRtaTabCageKbMputRbcaMtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ 9. ebIeFobeTAnwgGRtaCamFümenATUTaMgRbeTs GRtaBitcUleronf μ I

enAtamextþtMbn;|sanmankMeNInTabCageKbMput. enAextþEdl)anGPivDÆCageKxøH dUcCa extþ)at;dMbgCaedIm k¾sßitenAkñúg

cMNat;fñak;TabCagCamFümenATUTaMgRbeTsénGRtaBitcUleronfμIenAsalabzmsikSaEdr ¬rUbPaB 2>8¦. CacugbBa©b;eRkABI

extþkMBg;FM kMBg;s<W ]tþrmanC½y rtn³KIrI nigextþtaEkv GRtaBitcUleronfμIrbs;kumarImanTabCagGRtaBitcUleronfμIrbs;

kumar. karcuHeQμaHcUleronmankRmitTabkñúgeBlbc©úb,nñenH mann½yfa RbEhlmYyTsvtSr_eTAmux nwgmanmnusSeBjv½y

EdlminecHGkSreRcIn.

CamFümcMnYnqñaMénkarGb;rMkñúgqñaM 2003-2004 KW 3>7 ¬rUbPaB 2>9¦ tYelxenH mankRmitTabebIeRbobeTAnwgbribT

éntMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_.

(9) sUmBinitüemIlr)aykarN_FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM 2006 TMB½r 97.

mFümPaKéncMnYnqñaMénkarGb;rMkñúgqñaM 2003-2004 KW 3/7. tYelxenHmankRmitTabebIeRbobpÞwmeTAkñúgbribTéntMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_

rUbPaB 2>7 ³ GaRtasisSeronenAfñak;bzmsikSakñúgextþnImYy²

RbPB ³ KNnatam CIPS-qñaM 2004


ktþasMxan;EdlbNþal[karGb;rMfycuH KWkareRbIR)as;Blkmμkumar EdlmanBaseBjRbeTskñúgcMnYnRbEhl 23°

EdlCaGRtax<s;CageKbMputkñúgPUmiPaKGasIuGaeKñy_ nigtémøy:agx<s; EdlRtUvbg;sRmab;kareronsURtTaMgedaypÞal; nigeday

Rbeyal ¬éføÉksNæan smÖar³sRmab;beRgon nigbg;QñÜlsala¦. karxVHxatkñúgEpñkpÁt;pÁg; rYmman salamanKuNPaBTab

xVHRKUl¥ nigRKUTTYl)anR)ak;Extic. edIm,IbegáInkarGb;rMdl;kumarI karsikSananakñúgBiPBelak)anbgðajfa karpþl;bgÁn;Gnam½y

begáInsalamFümsikSa[eRcInEfmeTot rYmTaMg viFankarN_KaMRTÉeTot² EdlGacCRmujTwkcitþ«Bukmþay[bBa¢ÚnkUnRsIeTA

sala. sRmab;kumar nigkumarI RtUvEtelIkTwkcitþ«Bukmþay[TTYlsÁal;fa BYkeKnwgmanCeRmIsEtenAeBlNaEdlkUnRbus-RsI

rbs;Kat;)aneroncb;bzmsikSa ehIyCeRmIsenaH KW[kUnrkkagareFVI b¤[kUnenAeronCabnþeTAeTot.

rUbPaB 2>8 ³ GRtaBitcUleronfμIkñuúgextþnImYy² qñaM 2005-2006

RbPB ³ KNnaBITinñn½y EMIS ; http://www.nis.gov.kh/index.htm

rUbPaB 2>9 ³ cMnYnqñaMCamFümEdlTTYl)ankarGb;rMenAqñaM 2003-2004

RbPB ³ SES 2003-04

ktþasMxan;EdlbNþal[karGb;rM

fycuH rYmman Blkmμkumar

EdlmanBaseBjRbeTskñúgcMnYn

RbEhl 23 PaKry EdlCacMnYnx<s;

CageKbMputkñúgPUmiPaK

GasIuGaeKñy_nigtémøy:agx<s;

sRmab;kareronsURt EdlRtUvbg;

edaypÞal; nigedayRbeyal


(10) RGC (2006d)

karsikSafñak;x<s;nigfñak;bec©keTsenARbeTskm<úCaCaTUeTAmanPaBTn;exSay ehIykRmiténkarGb;rMmindUcKñaeT BIsßab½nsikSamYyeTAsßab½nsikSamYyeTot

karsikSakRmitx<s; nigkRmitbec©keTsenARbeTskm<úCaCaTUeTAmanPaBTn;exSay ehIykRmiténkarGb;rMmindUcKñaeT

BIsßab½nsikSamYyeTAsßab½nsikSamYyeTot. kñúgqñaMfμI²knøgmkenH rdæaPi)al)aneFVIkarEkTRmg;mYycMnYn EdlCalTæpl)anCYy

kat;bnßykarQb;eronrbs;sisS nig)anBRgIkmUldæanGb;rMenARKb;kRmit. b:uEnþeTaHCay:agenHkþI k¾enAEtmankþI)armÖxøaMgeTAelI

GaRtabBa©b;;bzmsikSaEdlenATab ¬ticCag 50°¦ éføQñÜlsikSa ¬RKb;kRmitTaMgGs;¦ KmøateynD½r ¬RKb;fñak;¦ Kmøatrvag

CnbT nigTIRbCuMCn KmøatBIextþmYyeTAextþmYy nigKuNPaBénkarGb;rM 10.

sßanPaBénsuxPaB

dUcvis½yGb;rMEdr sßanPaBénsuxPaBenAkm<úCamankarrIkceRmInKYr[kt;smÁal;. GayukalmFümsRmab;bursenAkm<úCa

KW 60 qñaM kúñgqñaM 2004 Edl)anekIneLIgy:ageRcInBIGayu 52 enAqñaM 1998 ehIysRmab;®sþI KW 65 qñaM EdlekIneLIg

y:ageRcInBI 56 qñaM naqñaM 1998.

GaRtamrN³Tark (IMR) tamr)aykarN_rbs;GegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaB (DHS) qñaM 2005 esñIfa cMnYnTarksøab;

RtUv)anfycuHBI 95 mk 65 kñúgcMeNammYyBan;kMeNItrs;enAcenøaHqñaM 2000 dl; 2005 ¬rUbPaB 2>11 k¦. karfycuH

y:agxøaMgenH KWCakarelIkTwkcitþy:ageRcIn dUcKñaeTAnwgkarekIneLIgénGaRtars;rbs;kumarkñúgry³eBlenHEdr. lTæplenH

RbEhlCanaM[GayukalmFümekIneLIg. edIm,IrkPaBxusKñarvagkarsøab;rbs;kumara nigkumarI RtUvemIleTAry³eBldb;qñaM

knøgmk eTIbFanamanTMhMsMNakRKb;RKan;. eyIgrkeXIjfa sßitiénkarsøab;énTarika nigkumarI manTabCagsßitisRmab;Tark

nigkumar enARKb;krNITaMgGs; ¬rUbPaB 2>11 x¦. enHKWCar)aykarN_GMBI)atuPUtFmμta. kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenH Gnu)at

mrN³mataeBlsRmalkUn (MMR) mancMnYn 472 kñúgcMeNam 100>000 kMeNItrs; EdlCakRmitx<s;KYr[RBYy)armÖ

ehIyminmankarrIkceRmInesaHkñúgry³eBlR)aMqñaMknøgeTAenH. mUlehtuénkarrIkceRmInmindUcKñarvagGRtamrN³Tark nig

rUbPaB 2>10 ³ GaRtamrN³TarksRmab;extþnImYy²

RbPB ³ KNnaBI CIPS-qñaM 2004


karbMb:ncMNIGaharminRKb;RKan; KWCamUlehtuénkarlUtlas;yWtrbs;kumar ³ manGnu)atkm<s;eFobnwgGayutUcCag

¬Rkin¦ Gnu)atTm¶n;eFobnwgkm<s;RsalCag ¬sÁaMgsÁm¦ nigGnu)atTm¶n;eFobnwgGayu ¬TMgn;eRkamsþg;dar¦. enAtamCnbT

manbBaðakgVHGaharUbtßmÖeRcInCagenAtamTIRbCuMCn fVIt,itEtminmankarlMeGogeynD½rk¾eday ¬rUbPaB 2>12¦. Tinñn½y

bgðajfa extþEdlmanbBaðaGs;TaMgenHeRcInCageKbMput KWextþeBaF×sat; nigextþesomrab bnÞab;mk KWextþenAPUmiPaK|san

]tþrmanC½y nigextþkMBg;FM ¬rUbPaB 2>13¦. bBaðacm,gmYyenAkñúgextþTaMgGs;enH k¾dUcCaenAkñúgextþdéTeTotkñúgtMbn;

TenøsabEdr KWkgVHTwks¥atbriePaK. GñkRsukGñkPUmienAtamdgTenøsab ¬TaMgkñúgextþeBaF×sat; nigextþesomrab¦ EtgEt

TTYlTanTwkeqABIkñúgbwg nigTenø EdlbNþal[ekItCm¶WcukmYlkñúgeBaHkan;EtxøaMgeLIg² rYmTaMgrakrUs EdlCaktþanaM[fycuH

nUvkarRsUbyksarCatiGaharcUleTAkñúgxøÜnsRmab;lUtlas;EpñksuxPaB.

rUbPaB 2>11 k ³ mrN³PaBTark nigkumar qñaM 2000 nigqñaM 2005

rUbPaB 2>11 x ³ mrNPaBTark-Tarika nigkumar-kumarI qñaM 1995-2005

RbPB ³ GegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaB/ viTüasßanCatisuxPaBsaFarN³ nigRksYgsuxaPi)al nigviTüasßanCatisßiti¼RksYgEpnkar

bBaðacm,gmYy>>> KWkarxVHTwks¥at

briePaK

GRtamrN³mþayeBlsRmalkUn KWedaysarmankMeNInkñúgkarEfTaMenAeBlsRmalkUn karbBa©ÚlTwktammat; nigviFankarN_

epSg²eTot Edl)anCYyse®gÁaHCIvitkumartUc²CaeRcIn. pÞúyeTAvij mrNPaBrbs;®sIþsRmalkUnenAEtman edaysar

karFøak;Qam karxVHQamF¶n;F¶r ehIynigCm¶WepSg²eTot EdlesvasuxPaBenAtamTICnbTminGacBüa)al)an.


rUbPaB 2>12 ³ sßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖsRmab;kumartamTIkEnøg nigePT qñaM 2005


rUbPaB 2>13 ³ sßanPaBGaharUbtßmÖrbs;kumarkñúgextþnImYy² qñaM 2005

fVIt,itEtkarbgðajb½NÑB½t’man sþIGMBICm¶WmYymux²mancMnYneRcIneBksRmab;r)aykarN_enHk¾eday k¾mankarFUrRsal

kñúgcitþeTAvijeBlEdl)ansmÁal;eXIjfa karyl;dwgGMBIemeraKeGds_nigCm¶ WeGds_ ¬HIV¼AIDS¦ )anekIneLIg

ehIysmamaRténGñkqøgCm¶WenH)anfycuH. b:uEnþpÞúyeTAvijGRtaqøgCm¶WenHBIbþIeTARbBn§kMBugEtekIneLIg EdltRmUv[man

viFIsa®sþepSg²CaeRcIn sRmab;elIkkm<s;karyl;dwgenH nigkat;bnßyPaBmines μ IKñaéneynD½r. Cm¶WRKuncaj; RKunQam

nigCm¶WÉeTot² EdlmanedImkMeNItBITwkenAEtbnþeFVITukçbukemñjdl;RbCaBlrdæ.

lTæplGMBIGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaB (DHS) qñaM 2005 cg¥úlbgðajfa 0/6° énmnuseBjv½yGayuBI 15 eTA 49 qñaM

manqøgemeraKeGds_. fVIt,itEtGRtakat;bnßßykarqøgemeraKeGds_¼Cm¶WeGds_mankRmitKYrCaTIeBjcitþk¾eday k¾RtUvEtman

karRbugRby½tñ[)ansmRsb ³ eRBaHkalNaRbeTsrIkceRmIn ®sþIGacnwgman»kaseFVIdMeNIreRcIn bursk¾GacmankargareFVI

eRcIn nigmankarecHdwgeRcIn ehIyRTBüsm,tiþnwgekIneLIgCaTUeTAsRmab;burs nig®sþI. ktþaGs;TaMgenHvaCab;CamYyKñanwg

skþanuBlénkarqøgemeraKeGds_¼Cm¶WeGds_kan;EteRcInEfmeTotenAkm<úCa. ehtudUecñH caM)ac;RtUvEtbnþkarxMRbwgERbgTb;sáat;

nigtamdanRtYtBinitü[)anditdl;.



RbPB ³ CIPS-04

rUbPaB 2>14 ³ cMnYnPaKryénrcnasm<½n§lMenAdæanbeNþaHGasnñ qñaM 2004

GMBIlMenAdæan

tMbn;CaeRcInénRbeTskm<úCamanTwklicCaeTogTat;enArdUvTwkCMnn;. edaysarehtuenH mnusSCaeRcInenAtMbn;TaMgenaH

rs;enAkñúgpÞHbeNþaHGasnñBImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM. elIsBIenH RbCaBlrdæEdleTIbnwgmkdl;f μ I rs;enAkñúgCRmkbeNþaHGasnñ

rhUtTal;EteKGacsg;lMenAdæanGcié®nþy_)an. TsSnkic©tammUldæan)anrkeXIjfa RKYsarrs;enAkñúgpÞHEbbenH EtgEtxVH

smÖar³eRbIR)as; nigxVHGnam½ymUldæan ehIyenAkEnøgxøHeTot manbBaðaGsnþisuxEfmeTot. Pñak;garGPivDÆn_ EdlmankmμviFI

GPivDÆn_sRmab;RkumRKYsarTMagGs;enH EtgEtCYbRbTHnUvkarlM)akCaxøaMg.

PaKryénmnusSrs;enAkñúgpÞHbeNþaHGasnñERbRbYlxøaMgBIextþmYyeTAextþmYy. extþkMBg;qñaMgenAtamdgTenøsab

nigextþenAPUmiPaK|sanxøHeTotmansmamaRtRbCaBlrdæ Edlrs;enAkñúgpÞHbeNþaHGasnñx<s;CageKbMput. extþenAPUmiPaK

xagt,ÚgEdlmanTIRbCuMCneRcIn minsUvmanmnusSrs;enAkñúgpÞHbeNþaHGasnñTaMgenHeT ¬rUbPaB 2>14¦.

GMBITwkBaküesøakeBalfa TwkCaCIvit. km<úCaminxVHTwkeT ebIniyayGMBITwkEdlmanenAkñúgRbeTs b:uEnþenAxVHxatTwks¥at

sRmab;briePaK. kñúgcMeNamRbPBcm,g²énCm¶Wqøg nigeraKaBüaFiepSg² KWkarTTYlTanTwkeqABIRbPBTwkEdlminman

suvtßiPaB ¬KW Tenø sÞwg bwgbYr RsH b¤GNþÚgEdlmin)ankarBar¦. enAqñaM 2004 smamaRtRbCaBlrdæmanTwks¥atbriePaK

KW 40° EdlkñúgenaH 1¼5 énRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs; EdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTabCageKbMputmanTwks¥atbriePaKRtwmEt 4° eT.

enAqñaM 2004 smamaRtBlrdæ

manTwks¥atbriePaKmany:ageRcInbMput

40PaKry-EdlkñúgenaH1¼5 énRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;EdlmanR)ak;cMNUl

TabCageKbMputmanTwks¥atbriePaK

RtwmEt 4° eT.


karBRgwgbEnßménRbB½n§suxPaBCnbT KWCakarcaM)ac;sRmab;RbmUlpþúMsmiTækmμbc©úb,nñ edaHRsaybBaðasøab;rbs;matasRmalkUn EdlsBVéf¶enHenAEtmanGRtax<s; nigkat;bnßyCm¶WdgÚávRBUnkñúgragkay nigCm¶WEdlmanedImkMeNItBITwk

rUbPaB 2>15 ³ smamaRtRbCaBlrdæmanTwks¥atTTYlTansRmab;extþnImYy² qñaM 2004

RbPB ³ CIPS-04

enAeRkARkugPñMeBj extþéRBEvg nigsVayerog Twks¥atsRmab;briePaKenAmankgVHxat ¬rUbPaK 2>15¦. extþkMBg;FM eBaF×sat;

kMBt nigRkugEkb manTwks¥ateRbIR)as;ticCageKbMput. CatYelxsrub fVIt,itEtmankarrIkceRmIntaMgBIqñaM 1998 k¾enAman

tMbn;déT²eTotCaeRcInEdlRtUvBinitüemIl11.

sarKnøwH ³

1> ktþasMxan;sRmab;naMmknUvPaBrIkceRmIndl;suxumalPaBmnusSenAkm<úCa KWGPi)alkic© EdlmanRbsiT§PaBkan;EteRcIn

EfmeTotenAfñak;Cati nigfñak;mUldæan rYmTaMgkarbegáIntmøaPaB[kan;EtTUlMTUlay mankarcUlrYmeFVIesckþIseRmccitþ

nigmannItirdæ.

2> karBRgIkEpñknana nigBRgIkskmμPaBesdækic©minEmnksikmμnwgpþl;»kasl¥[mnusSenAtMbn;dac;RsyaleRcInEfmeTot

GaccUlrYmcMENk.

3> karBRgwgbEnßménRbB½n§suxPaBCnbT KWCakarcaM)ac;sRmab;RbmUlpþúMsmiTækmμbc©úb,nñ edaHRsaybBaðaGRtamrN³mata

RKasRmalkUn EdlsBVéf¶enHenAEtx<s; nigkat;bnßyCm¶wdgÚávRBUnkñúgragkay nigCm¶WEdlmankMeNItBITwk.

4> smiT§km μBitR)akdkñúgvis½yGb;rMenAminTan;c,as;. KYrRbwgERbgBuHBarCabnÞan;kñúgkarbegáInGRtabBa©b;salabzmsikSa

CaBiesssRmab;kumarI.

(11) FnakarBiPBelakKNnafa RbCaBlrdæGñkmancMnYn 59 PaKry manTwks¥atbriePaK pÞúymkvij manEt 2 PaKryb:ueNÑaH énGñkRkIRkman Twks¥ateRbIR)as;.


2>2 lT§plGPivDÆn_tamry³snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS

snÞsSn_CYy[rk)annUvrUbPaBEdlpSMeLIgBIEpñksMxan;²xøHénkarGPivDÆmnusS. snÞsSn_TaMgenH k¾CYyeFVIcMNat;fñak;elIFatupSMmYycMnYnénsuxumalPaBmnusSCati. b:uEnþsnÞsSn_EtmYy minGaccab;ykvisalPaBelIvis½ysMxan;²énsuxumalPaBmnusSCatiTaMgGs;)aneT.

kareRbobeFobCaGnþrCati

km<úCasßitkñúglMdab;fñak;TI 129 kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 177 enAkñúgsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS (HDI) qñaM 2006 eyagtamr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusS ¬RbGb;elx 2>2¦. eRbobeFobeTAnwgRbeTsenAGasIucMnYn 12 EdlmancMNUlTab nigmFüm ¬rYmTaMgRbeTssmaCikGas‘an elIkElgEtsigðbUrIecj¦ km<úCasßitkñúglMdab;fñak;cMeNamRbeTs 4 enAeRkameKbMput. manEtRbeTsbg;køaeds RbeTsLav nigRbeTseN)a:l; eT EdlsßitenAkñúgcMNat;fñak;eRkamkm<úCa. RbeTsbg;køaeds nigRbeTseN)a:l; CaRbeTsEdlmanRbCaBlrdæeRcIn nigmanGPi)alkic©Tn;exSay rIÉRbeTsLav nigRbeTseN):al;enAmanbBaðaEdlRtUvBuHBarCaeRcIn edaysarRbeTsTaMgBIrenHKμansmuRT. RbeTsLav nigkm<úCa CaRbeTsEdlmanesdækic©kMBugrIkceRmIn b:uEnþkm<úCaeTIbnwg)anmkvijnUvsnþuiPaB nigsißrPaBkñúgeBlfμI²enH. dUecñHsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSTab KWbNþalmkBIktþaeRcInpSMKña rYmTaMgenAtMbn;PUmisa®sþdac;BIeK manRbCaBlrdæeRcInkuHkr nigmanCMnajtictYc xVHGPi)alkic©l¥ b¤manvibtþineya)ay. km<úCaEdlmansnþiPaB nigsißrPaBCit 10 qñaMmkehIyenH snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSk¾muxEtnwgrIkceRmInEdrkñúgeBlqab;²enH RbsinebImanrcnasm<½n§GPi)alkic©smRsb nigmankarRtYtBinitül¥itl¥n;.

snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS (HDI) nigsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_eynD½r (GDI)12 TaMgBIrenH eyageTAelIvisalPaBénGayuEvgRbkb

edaysuxPaB mancMeNHdwg nigmankRmitCIvPaBrs;enAsmrmü. PaBxusKñasMxan; KWsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_eynD½r (GDI) qøúHbBa©aMgelIvismPaBrvag®sþI nigburs enAkñúgsmiT§kmμTaMgLayenH. snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_ ¬eynD½rrbs;km<úCasßitenAkñúglMdab;fñak;TI 97 kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 136 EdleFVIr)aykarN_sþIGMBIsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_eynD½r (GDI) (TI70énPaKry) cMENkÉsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSsßitenAkñúglMdab;fñak;TI 129 kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 177 (TI72énPaKry). fVIt,itEtsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_ ¬eynD½r (GDI)

nigsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS (HDI) rbs;km<úCamankRmitRbhak;RbEhlKñadUcenAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIndéTeTotk¾eday k¾Kmøat nigvismPaBéneynD½r enAEtmandEdl ebIeRbobeFobsUcnakrTaMgmUlEdleRbIsRmab;KNnasnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS (HDI)

CamYynwgsUcnakrCak;lak;bEnßmeTot EdleRbIsRmab;KNnasnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_eynD½r (GDI). km<úCaenAmanPaBxusKñarvagGRtaGkçrkmμburs nig®sþI ehIyk¾manPaBxusKñarvagGnu)atcuHeQμaHcUleronrbs;sisSRbus nigsisSRsI ¬CaBiess enAkRmitmFümsikSa nig]tþmsikSa¦ manR)ak;cMNUlxusKñatamkar):an;sμan. TaMgGs;enHsuT§ EtmanGMeNaypleTAburs. GRtaGayukalmFümrbs;®sþI EvgCagGRtaGayukalmFümrbs;burs b:uEnþdUcEdl)anbriyayxagelIGaRtamrN³mataRKasRmal (MMR) enAEtmankñúgcMeNamGaRtax<s;bMputenAGasIu ¬kñúg 100/000 kMeNItrs; man®sþICamþay 472 nak; søab;¦.

CaFmμtasnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_eynD½r minGacbkRsay)aneT RbsinebIrgVas;énkarpþl;GMNac[eynD½r (GEM) BuMRtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgsmIkar. rgVas;karpþl;siT§iGMNaceynD½r (GEM) epþateTAelIvismPaB eBalKW»kasrbs;®sþI ¬kareFVIesckþIseRmccitþrbs;®sþI nigkarcUlrYmrbs;®sþIkñúgskmμPaBesdækic© nigneya)ay¦ minsMedAelIIsmtßPaBrbs;®sþIeT. rgVas;karpþl;siT§iGMNaceynD½r (GEM) enAkm<úCasßitenAkñúglMdab;fñak;TabbMputkñúgcMeNam RbeTsenAGasIu KWTI 68 kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 75 EdlqøúHbBa©aMgnUvkRmitTabbMput elIPaBCatMNagrbs;®sþIkñúgtYnaTIeFVIesckþIseRmcepSg² enAkñúgsßab½nnItibBaØti nItiRbtibtþi nigsßab½ntulakar. eTaHbImankarrIkceRmInKYr[kt;smÁal; edayeKalneya)ayrbs;Cati)aneqøIytbTUlMTUlayeTAnwgsmPaBéneynD½r nigeTAelIkarvivtþrbs;®sþI nigmanrab;bBa©ÚlTaMgmuxsBaØaeynD½rk¾eday k¾enAEtRtUv[mankarRbwgERbgrYmKña edIm,I[®sþI burs kumarI nigkumara GacrYmcMENk nigTTYlplBIkarGPivDÆenAkm<úCa.

snÞsSn_PaBRkIRksRmab;mnusS (HPI) KWCargVas;PaBRkIRkEdlminBak;B½n§elIR)ak;cMNUleT ehIymanGefr 4 KW ¬1¦PaBminecHGkSr ¬2¦GaRtamrN³Tark (IMR) ¬3¦kumarsÁmsÁaMg nig ¬4¦ kgVHTwks¥atbriePaK. snÞsSn_enHsgát;F¶n;CagelIKuNvibtiþ b¤KuNsm,tiþ eRbobeFobeTAnwgrgVas;lIenEG‘r dUcCa snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS (HDI) CaedIm eRBaHeKkMNt;vaCaGicSb:UNg;Esül minEmnCalIenEG‘reT ¬RbGb; 2>1¦. eyagtamr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSCasakl qñaM 2006 RbeTskm<úCasßitenAkñúglMdab;TI 73 kñúgcMeNamRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ 102. kñúgkarBinitüelIsnÞsSn_RkIRksRmab;mnusSrbs;RbeTsGasIucMnYn 12 RbeTskm<úCasßitenAlMdab;fñak;TabCagRbeTsdéTeTotTaMgGs; elIkElgEtRbeTsbg;køaedsecj EdlmanRbeTsLav nigRbeTseN)a:l; Føak;Ek,rmkkm<úCaEdr ¬rUbPaB 2>16¦. Tinñn½yTaMgenHcg¥úlbgðajelIcMNucxVHxatrbs;sßab½nsaFarN³kñúgkarpþl;esvasuxPaB Gb;rM Twks¥atbriePaK nigGnam½yenAkñúgRbeTs.

km<úCasßitkñúglMdab;fñak;TI 129

kñúgcMeNamRbeTs 177

enAkñúgsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS

(HDI) qñaM 2006

(12) GDI xusBI HDI Rtg;faFatupSMrbs;vanImYy² RtUv)aneKKNnadMbUgeTAtamRbePTRbus nigRsI rYceTIbbUksrubeTAtamsmasPaBénRbCaBlrdæ edayeRbIviFI harmonic mean. GDI enAtamextþminGacKNna)an edaysarBMumanTinñn½yRKb;RKan;Tak;TgnwgePTsrubenAtambNþaextþ.


RbGb; 2>2 ³ karKNnarksnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS

snÞsSn_ 3 kñúgr)aykarN_enH EdlKNnaenAfñak;extþ KWsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSBak;B½n§nwgPaBminnwgnénlMenAdæan nigsnÞsSn_PaBRkIRk. rIÉsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_eynD½rfñak;extþvij KWminGacerobcM)aneT edaysarminmanTinñn½yRKb;RKan;Bak;B½n§nwgeynD½renAfñak;extþ. snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH RtUv)anKNnaenAfñak;extþ edaymankarføwgEføgesμI²KñarvagsnÞsSn_xageRkamenH ³

snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS = 1¼3 ¬snÞsSn_EksRmYlelIkareRbIR)as;minesμIKña¦ + 1¼3 ¬snÞsSn_Gkçrkmμ nigGRtaBiténkarsikSa¦ + 1¼3 ¬GRtamrN³Tark¦.

karEklm¥rbs;km<úCa edIm,IsRmYldl;karKNnarksnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSxageRkamenH KWCakarécñRbDitrbs;km<úCakñúgkarKNnarksnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH ³ kareFVIr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusS CaFmμta KWRtUvKNnarkelakarItR)ak;cMNUl edayehtufaGtßRbeyaCn_lem¥ógénR)ak;cMNUlmin)an

rYmcMENkCadMukMPYneTAelIkarGPivDÆmnusSeT eRkayBIR)ak;cMNUlekIneLIghYskRmitNamYy. enAkñúgkrNIkm<úCaeKniymyktémødac;xaténkareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsar. minmanextþNamYy mancMNUl b¤kareRbIR)as;x<s;lμm edIm,IFananUvelakarIténkarbMElgeT.

kareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsarnImYy² RtUv)aneKeRbICMnYsR)ak;cMNUl BIeRBaHenAkm<úCaminmankarKNnarkTinñn½yR)ak;cMNUlenAfñak;extþeT. elIsBIenHeTot Tinñn½yeRbIR)as;EtgEtc,as;las;CagTinñn½yR)ak;cMNUl. kareRbIR)as;rbs;RKYsarnImYy² RtUv)aneKKuNnwg [1 - (emKuN Gini)] edIm,Ivas;kRmiteRbIR)as;tamPaBxusKña kñúgkarEbgEckkareRbIR)as;enAkñúgextþnImYy².

edayehtufakareFVIr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_mnusSCaTUeTA KWRKan;EtrkmFümPaKénGRtaGñkecHGkSr nigGnu)atrYménkarsikSa. kalNaGRtae)aHbg;karsikSax<s;eBk karKNnaGnu)atrYménkarsikSa ¬GERs¦ manbBaðaeRcIn ¬kñúgkarrkcMnYnkumarkñúgfñak;eron edayminKitBIRkumGayu¦. dUecñHGefrRtg;enH RtUvksagecjBIGRtaBitcUleronfμI nigGRtaGkçrkmμ.

kñúgkarKNnarksnÞsSn_PaBRkIRk ¬HPI¦ GRtamrN³Tark ¬1éf¶-dl; 1 qñaM¦ RtUv)aneRbICMnYsGayukalmFümrbs;mnusSBIkMeNIt edayehtufa enAfñak;extþminmantYelxGayukalmFümenH.

GefrbEnßmmYyeTot KWPaKryRbCaBlrdæEdlmanpÞHGcié®nþy_ RtUv)aneRbIsRmab;KNnaCMnYssnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS edayeRbIGefrbYn. karbegáItrUbmnþGefrenH KW [1 - (snÞsSn_PaBKμanpÞH)] kalNaKNnarksnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSCMnYsEdlBak;B½n§nwglMenAdæan.

GMBITinñn½y

kareRbIR)as;RbcaMRKYsar RtUv)anKNnaecjBITinñn½yraCrdæaPi)al ¬qñaM 2006¦ rIÉemKuN Gini sRmab;extþnImYy² RtUv)anKNnaecjBITinñn½ybzmrbs;Gegátesdækic©-sgÁmkic© ¬SES¦ qñaM 2004.

GRtaGkçrkmμsRmab;RbCaBlrdæGayuBI 7 qñaMeLIgeTA ecjGMBIGegátGnþrCMerOn (CIPS) qñaM 2004.

GRtasisScUleronenAfñak;bzmsikSa)anmkBIRbB½n§RKb;RKgB½t’manGb;rM¬RksYgGb;rM yuvCn nigkILa¦.

GRtamrN³Tarkfñak;extþ)anmkGMBIlTæplGMBIGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaB (DHS) qñaM 2005.

Tinñn½yBlrdærs;enAkñúgCRmkbeNþaHGasnñ)anmkBIGegátGnþrCMerOn qñaM 2004.

Tinñn½ykumarsÁmsÁaMg)anmkBIGegátRbCasa®sþ nigsuxPaB (DHS) qñaM 2005 nigTinñn½yxVHTwks¥atbriePaK)anmkBIGegátGnþrCMerOn qñaM 2004.

lMdab;Tinñn½ysRmab;kRmitTinñn½ymunnwgKNnarksnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS RtUvbegáItsnÞsSn_sRmab;vimaRtnImYy². edIm,IKNnarksnÞsSn_TaMgenH kareRbIGRtasøab;rbs;Tark

GRtaGkçrkmμ nigPaBKμanlMenAdæanTamTar[mankRmitGb,rma nigGtibrma ¬cMNuceKaledA¦. lT§plkñúgsUcnakrnImYy² EsþgeLIgCakRmit

rvag 0 nig 1 edayeRbIrUbmnþTUeTA dUcteTAenH ³ snÞsSn_sRmab;vimaRt = ¬témøBit – témøGb,brma¦/ ¬témøGtibrma – témøGb,brma¦

sUcnakr témøGb,brma témøGtibrma

kareRbIR)as;RbcaMRKYsar kareRbIR)as;GtibrmaRbcaMRKYsar + 25 % kareRbIR)as;Gb,brmaRbcaMRKYsar + 25 %

GRtaGkçrkmμ (GayuBI 7 qñaMeLIg) 100 0

GRtamrN³Tark GRtamrN³TarkGtibrma + 25 % GRtamrN³TarkGb,brma + 25 %

karcUleronBit²enAfñak;bzmsikSa 100 0

sUcnakrlMenAsßanGcié®nþy_ 100 0

snÞsSn_PaBRkIRksRmab;mnusS (HPI) RtUv)anKNnadUcxageRkamenH ³

HPI = [

1/3 (P1

3 + P

2

3 + P

3

3)]

1/3

P1

= GRtamrN³Tark (IMR, %).

P2

= GRtaminecHGkSrsRmab;ekμgGayuBI 7 qñaM eLIgelI (%)

P3

= mFümPaKPaKryénkumarsÁmsÁaMg nigPaKryénRbCaBlrdæEdlminmanTwks¥atbriePaK


rUbPaB 2>16 ³ snÞsSn_PaBRkIRksRmab;mnusSkñúgRbeTsGasIumYycMnYn qñaM 2004

RbPB ³ UNDP (2006)

karvas;kRmitGPivDÆn_mnusSenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa 13

rUbPaB 2>17 ³ bgðajkRmitsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSsRmab;extþnImYy² kñúgcMeNamextþ-RkugTaMg 24 rbs;RbeTs

edayKNnatamrUbmnþ Edlpþl;CUnkñúgRbGb; 2>2.

rUbPaB 2>17 ³ snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusStamextþnImYYy² qñaM 2004

RbPBTinñn½y ³ sUmemIlRbGb; 2>2

(13) snÞsSn_ 3 EdlbgðajenAkñúgEpñkenHman snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS (HDI) snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSTak;TgnwgPaBminnwgnénlMenAdæan (housing – sensitive HDI) nigsnÞsSn_PaBRkIRk (HPI). dUcEdl)anbgðajBIxagedIm GDI minGacKNna)an edaysarBMumanTinñn½yRKb;RKan;Tak;Tgnwg ePTsrubenAtambNþaextþ.


teTAenH KWCakarkt;smÁal; ³

k> extþTaMgbYnenAPUmiPaK|san-rtn³KIrI mNÐlKIrI RBHvihar nigsÞwgERtg mankRmitsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSTabCageK

bMput. extþPUmiPaK|sanTaMgenH minsUvmanmnusSrs;enAeT ehIysßitenAtMbn;dac;RsyalCageKkñúgRbeTs.

x> extþkMBg;s<W nigéRBEvg k¾mankRmitsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSTabEdr. extþkMBg;s<WsßitenAkñúgtMbn;EdlxVHePøóg EdlCa

lTæplnaM[ksikmμTn;exSay. rIÉextþéRBEvgvij EtgEtmanTwkCMnn;licCaerogral;qñaM ehIydIksikmμenAdac;q¶ay²BIKña

EdlCamUlehtubNþal[)anTinñplTab.

K> kRmitsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSrbs;extþnana enAtamdgTenøsabsßitenAkñúgcMNat;fñak;mFüm.

X> RkugPñMeBjmanlkçxNÐGPivDÆn_mnusSx<s;CageKbMput ¬HDI=0>83¦ bnÞab;BIPñMeBj KWRkugEkb kMBt kNþal nig

RkugRBHsIhnu.

snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS RtUv)anerobcMbEnßmmYyeTot edayrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgGefrlMenAdæaneTAkñúgsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS

edaymanmUlehtuBIry:ag ³ 1> shKmn_Edlrs;enAtameqñrTenø nigEk,rkEnøgEdlmanTwklic EtgEt)at;bg;pÞHsEm,grbs;

xøÜn ehIykñúgsßanPaBminmanpÞHsEm,gCak;lak;enH sbBa¢ak;[eXIjfa RtUvEtmanFnFaneRcInEfmeTot ebIBuMenaHesatBYkeK

nwgrs;enAedayK μankm μsiT§iCam©as;pÞHCak;lak;. 2> CncMNakRsukEdl)aneFVIdMeNIrBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYyenAkñúgRbeTs

EtgEtmanRKYsarEdlrs;enAKμanCRmkGcié®nþy_. RkumTaMgBIrRtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚlkñúgsnÞsSn_manpÞHsEm,gGcié®nþy_ EdlrYm

bBa©ÚlKñaeTACasnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusS EdlEksRmYleTAtamPaBminnwgnénlMenAdæansRmab;km<úCa.

rUbPaB 2>18 ³ snÞsSn_GPiviDÆn_mnusSsRmab;extþnImYy² Bak;B½n§nwgPaBminnwgnénlMenAdæan qñaM 2004

RbPB ³ sUmemIlRbGb; 2>2


rUbPaB 2>18 xagelIenH bgðajkRmitsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSsRmab;extþnImYy²én extþ-Rkug TaMg 24 kñúgRbeTs

Bak;B½n§nwgPaBminnwgnénlMenAdæan. témøsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSenAfñak;extþ KWRsedogKñaeTAnwgsþg;darénsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_

mnusS ¬rUbPaB 2>15¦ fVIt,itEtextþxøH)anpøas;bþÚrcMNat;fñak;k¾eday. extþkMBg;qñaMg esomrab eBaF×sat; nigéRBEvg

mancMNat;fñak;TabCageKenAkñúgsnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSBak;B½n§nwgPaBminnwgnénlMenAdæan b:uEnþextþkMBg;cam nig)at;dMbg

mancMNat;fñak;l¥RbesIr. cMeBaHextþTaMgLay EdlmansnÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSBak;B½n§nwgPaBminnwgnénlMenAdæanTabCag

eRbobeTAnwgsþg;dar KWextþenAtamtMbn;Edlrh½smanTwklic ¬extþ kMBg;qñaMg esomrab¦ nigmanCnGenþaRKam ¬extþeBaF×sat; ¦

CaeRcIn.

EpnTIRbcaMextþsþIBIsnÞsSn_PaBRkIRk ¬rUbPaB 2>19¦ bgðajfa PaBRkIRkmanx<s;bMputenAtMbn;CMuvijTenøsab. mnusS

CaeRcInrs;enAkñúgbNþaextþCMuvijTenøsabRbkbrbrensaTRtI GñkxøHeTotrkR)ak;cMNUlGMBIéRBeQI. RbPBTaMgBIrenHpþl;nUv

R)ak;cMNUlBImFümeTATab. extþTaMgenH k¾xVHlT§PaBmanTwks¥atbriePaKEdr. dUecñHRbCaBlrdæTaMgenaH eTaHbIRbEhlCa

GacmanGaharRKb;RKan;k¾eday k¾enAEtTTYlrgnUvCm¶WbgáeLIgedayTwk EdlnaM[kRmitsnÞsSn_PaBRkIRkeLIgx<s;. pÞúyeTAvij

bNþaextþenAtamvalTMnabemKgÁ nigTIRkugPñMeBj extþekaHkug nigextþkNþal bgðajcMNat;fñak;l¥RbesIrenAelIrgVas;snÞsSn_

PaBRkIRk dUcCa snÞsSn_GPivDÆn_mnusSEdr. enAtamtMbn;TaMgGs;enHmnusSGacrkR)ak;cMNUl)anRbesIrCag eRBaHCaTIkEnøg

EdleKRbkbrbreFVIERs nigrbrepSg²eRkABIksikmμ pÞúyBIkarensaTRtI nigkab;Guslk;enAtamdgTenøsab. elIsBIIenHeTot

enAkñúgextþTMagGs;enH manesvasaFarN³l¥RbesIrCagextþdéT.

BIextþmYyeTAextþmYy

karGPivDÆmnusSmanlTæplxusKña

q¶ayNas;. bNþaextþGs;TaMgenH

RtUvEtmanvieyaKsaFarN³bEnßmeTot

rUbPaB 2>19 ³ snÞsSn_PaBRkIRk (HPI) tamextþnImYy² qñaM 2004

RbPB ³ sUmemIlRbGb; 2>2


kMeNInesdækic©enAkm<úCa)anekIneLIgx<s;kñúgmYyTsvtSr_knøgeTAenH. b:uEnþ 34° énBlrdækm<úCaenAEtrs;enAeRkambnÞat;énPaBRkIRkenAeLIy

sarKnøwH ³

kñúgcMeNamRbeTsGasa‘n nigRbeTsmYycMnYneTotenAGasIu km<úCasßitenAkñúglMdab;fñak;Tab. BIextþmYyeTAextþmYy

lTæplénkarGPivDÆmnusSmanKmøatxusKñaq¶ayNas;. extþEdlmankarGPivDÆticCageKbMput KWextþenAtMbn;|san nigextþ

enACMuvijTenøsab. bNþaextþGs;TaMgenH TamTar[manvinieyaKsaFarN³bEnßmeTotelIvis½y suxPaB Gb;rM nigTwks¥at

sRmab;briePaK.

2>3 esckIþsrub

km<úCa)ankøayCaRbeTsRbCaFibetyüBhubkStaMgBIqñaM 1993 EdlmanvtþmansgÁmsIuvil nigRbB½n§pSBVpSay

EdlkMBugGPivDÆ. EteTaHCay:agenHkþI karGnuvtþnItirdæenAmanbBaðaeRcIn. bBaðaEdlmaneRcInCageKbMput KWkarRKb;RKg

dIFøI nigsnþisuxénsiTæikan;kab;dIFøI.

kMeNInesdækic©enAkm<úCa )anekIneLIgx<s;kñúgmYyTsvtSr_knøgeTAenH EdlCamFümCit 8 ° kñúgmYyqñaM ehIyPaBRkIRk)an

fycuHCabnþbnÞab;RbEhl 1° kñúgmYyqñaM. b:uEnþ 34° énRbCaBlrdækm<úCa enAEtrs;enAeRkambnÞat;PaBRkIRkenAeLIy.

karERbRbYlRbcaMextþ RtUv)aneKrkeXIjenAkñúgtMbn;|san nigenACMuvijTenøsabkñúgcMeNamGñkRkIRkbMput.

GRtaGkçrCn)anekIneLIgCaeRcIn b:uEnþkMeNInenHmin)anpþl;plRbeyaCn_[mnusSTaMgGs;KñaeT CaBiess enARkugéb:lin

extþ)at;dMbg eBaF×sat; nigkMBg;qñaMg. enAkñúgextþTaMgenH manmnusScMNakRsukeRcInNas; ehIyTItaMgfμIrbs;BYkeK

EtgEtxVHsmÖar³mUldæansRmab;eRbIR)as;. CaBiess enAtMbn;|san GRtae)aHbg;salaeronenAx<s;.

mankarRbwgERbgy:agxøaMg edIm,Ise®gÁaHCIvitTark nigkumarGayueRkam 5 qñaM k¾b:uEnþGRtamrN³mataRKasRmalEdlenA

Etx<s; TamTar[mankarykcitþTukdak;CabnÞan;. elIsBIenHeTot GaharUbtßmÖ nigTwkbriePaK enAEtminRKb;RKan;enA

bNþaextþtamdgTenøsab. rIÉRKYsarCaeRcInEdlrs;enAkñúgextþmanTwklic manEtpÞHbeNþaHGasnñb:ueNÑaH.

tamrgVas;GPivDÆn_mnusS PñMeBjnigbNþaextþxagt,ÚgEdlmankarGPivDÆCag rYmTaMgTIRbCuMCn ¬kNþal RkugEkb

nigRkugRBHsIuhnu¦ mankRmitsUcnakrGPivDÆn_mnusSx<s;CageKbMput. rIÉRbCaBlrdækñúgextþtMbn;|san EdlminsUvman

mnusSrs;enAmankarGPivDÆmnusSTabCageKbMput. tMbn;TaMgenH manCnCatiedImPaKticrs;enA EdlCaRbCaBlrdæGP½BV

CageKbMputenAkñúgRbeTs. GVIEdlKYr[PJak;ep¥IlenaH KWextþesomrab minmansUcnakrGPivDÆn_mnusSNamYyeLIgx<s;eT

lT§plCa]TahrN_énvis½yeTscrN_enAextþesomrab min)anpþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;RbCaBlrdæmUldæaneLIy mnusSman

PaBRkIRkx<s;CageKbMputenAkñúgbNþaextþCMuvijTenøsab EdlRsbKñaeTAnwgGRtax<s;énkRmitPaBRkIRkkñúgkareRbIR)as;

CamUldæanenATIenaH.

CMBUk 3CMBUk


3CMB Uk

karBRgwgs

mtßPaBs

ßab½n sRmab;RKb;RKgFnFanFmμCati

eq<aHeTArkkMeNInRbkbedaysmFm’

s½yGPivDÆn_mnusSenAkm<úCanwgRbesIreLIgxøaMg ebImankarbgálkçN³[RbCaBlrdæCnbT)anrYmcMENkkñúgskmμPaB

EdlmanplkéRmx<s;CagsBVéf¶. edIm,IseRmc)annUvkMeNInsuxumalPaBGtibrma RtUvedaHRsaybBaðananaBak;B½n§

nwgkarBRgwgsmtßPaBsßab½nkñúgkareRbIR)as;FnFanFm μCati kareRbIkmøaMgBlkm μmUldæan[)aneRcInbMput nigkar

EckrMElkplRbeyaCn_.

km<úCamanRbB½n§km μsiTi§dIFøI nigFnFanFm μCatiminsIuemRTIKña ¬EdlminsmsYn¼xusKña¦ EdlmçagCaksikrtUctac

GñkensaT nigRbCaBlrdæÉeTotmandItictYc nigmçageTotCaGñkkan;kab;dIsm,TanFM² ehIyenHCaRbPBnaM[xVHRbsiT§PaB

nigkarb:HTgÁicplRbeyaCn_. kñúgb:un μanqñaMf μ I²enH sm<aFRbCasa®sþ kareRCótcUlmines μ IKñaénkmøaMgTIpSard¾FMTUlMTUlay

EdlxVHkarRKb;RKgl¥kñúgesdækic©pÁt;pÁg;sRmab;EtciBa©wmCIvitTIpSar Edl\NTanmankarR)ak;x<s; kgVHkarGegátsurieyadIelIdI

EdlcaM)ac; RtUvdwgc,as;las;bBa¢ak;BIPaBCam©as;dI eBalKWTaMgGs;enH rYmCamYynwgGPi)alkic©Tn;exSaypg )anbNþal[

Gnu)atFnFan nigRbCaCncuHGn;fykan;EtGaRkk;eLIg.

CMBUkenHBinitüBieRKaHelIsmtßPaBTn;exSayxøH²rbs;sßab½n nigesñIviFIsa®sþsmRsbsRmab;eFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;CIvPaB

rs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæsamBaØ. CMBUkenHBinitüelI ¬1¦ sßanPaBdIFøIbc©úb,nñ rYmmancMENkdItUc² dIsm,Tanesdækic© nig

PaBKμandIFøI ¬2¦ karEdlCnCatiedImPaKtic RtUvBuHBarRbQmnwgkarxitxMkarBarsiTi§kan;kab;dIRbéBNI nig ¬3¦ RbsiT§PaB

énkarpþl;dIsm,TansgÁmkic©kñúgkarkat; bnßyPaBRkIRkenACnbT. ¬4¦ CMBUkenHk¾RbmaNemIlGMBIbBaðabøg;dI ¬siT§ielIkmμsiT§i¦

¬5¦ rbrensaT nigCIvPaBrs;enA rYmmanTaMgkarBwgEp¥kkan;EteRcInelIkarensaT RBmTaMgplb:HBal;elILÚt_ensaT ehIynig

¬6¦éRBeQI nigCIvPaBrs;enA rYmTaMgéRBshKmn_CaTRmg;fμImYysRmab;RKb;RKgéRBeQI.

3>1 sßanPaBdIFøIbc©úb,nñ 14

épÞRkLa karRtYtBinitü nigkareRbIR)as;

épÞdIkm<úCamanTMhM 18/1 lanhicta ¬b¤ 181>035 KILÚEm:RtRkLa¦. rdæCam©as;dI 14/5 lanhicta ¬80°¦ rIÉ

3/6 lanhicta ¬20°¦ CadIrbs;ÉkCn. dIrbs;rdæmanBIrRbePT KWdIsaFarN³rbs;rdæ nigdIÉkCnrbs;rdæ. RbGb; 3>1

pþl;niymn½y rIÉrUbPaB 3>1 bgðajlMnaMénPaBCam©as;dI.

GegátsurieyadI nigkarvas;EvgdIFøI[)aneBjelj KWCakarcaM)ac; nigbnÞan;bMput edIm,IkMNt;[c,as;GMBIkareRbIR)as;dI

FøI. Tinñn½yEdlmanRsab;bgðajfa éRBRKbdNþb;elITMhMdIRbEhl 58° énépÞRkLadITaMgGs; ¬kñúgbBa¢IxøH 60°¦ valesμA

éRBkMb:Ut nigdIlicTwk 15° dIksikmμ 22° nigTIRbCMuCn sÞwg Tenø RtBaMg bwgbYr nigdIdéTeTotRbEhl 5°.

vi

(14) EpñkenHRtUv)andkRsg;BI Ballard nig So (2004); CDRI (2005); Chan nig Acharya (2002); So, et al. (2001); nig Chan, Tep

nig Acharya (2001)


3CMB Uk

RbGb; 3>1 ³ cMNat;fñak;dIFøI

c,ab;dIFøI ¬c,ab;PUmi)al¦ qñaM 2001 cat;fñak;dItamkareRbIR)as;PaBCam©as; nigkarRtYtBinitü. RbePTdIcm,g² rYmman ³

k> sm,tiþsaFarN³rbs;rdæ ³

dIenHRKb;RKgedayrdæsRmab;CaRbeyaCn_saFarN³ nigbrisßan ]> éRBbRmugFmμCati Tenø sÞwg bwgbYr eqñrsmuRT nig

dIepSgeTot. dIenHlk;dUrmin)aneT fVIt,itEtGacsßitenAeRkamsiTi§RKb;RKg¼eRbIR)as;beNþaHGasnñ nigsm,TansRmab;

kab;eQIk¾eday.

x> sm,tiþÉkCnrbs;rdæ ³

dIenHCadIrbs;rdæ b:uEnþminEmnsRmab;CaRbeyaCn_saFarN³eT. Cajwkjy dIenHenATMenrEdlGacykeTAeRbIR)as; b¤epÞr)an

dITaMgenHGacykeTAeRbICadIsm,Tan ¬sRmab;eFVIcMkarFM²¼ksidæanBaNiC¢kmμykEr: b¤dIsm,TansgÁmkic©¦.

K> dIkmμsiTi§ÉkCn ³

CadIrbs;ÉkCn b¤GgÁPaBÉkCn. dIÉkCnGacCYl dak;Fana Eckekr epÞr)an.

c,ab;éRBeQIEbgEckCaéRBbRmugGcié®nþy_ nigéRBÉkCn. éRBbRmugGcié®nþy_sßitenACaRTBüsm,tþisaFarN³rbs;rdæ. é®BTaMgenH

EckecjCa ³

k> é®Bplitkmμ ¬sRmab;eQIhu‘b plminEmneQIh‘ub éRBercrilsRmab;daMkUneQIsareLIgvijCaedIm¦

x> éRBkarBar ¬sRmab;CIvcRmuH karBarbrisßan nigEfrkSaRbPBTwk ¦

K> éRBEkécñ ¬dIéRBTMenrrbs;rdæEdlRKbdNþb;Cacm,geTA edaysareBIrukçCatibnÞab;bnSM b¤éRBeQIbnÞab;bnSM¦.

éRBÉkCn KWCaéRBEdlCasm,tþikmμsiTi§ÉkCn.

c,ab;ensaTEckkarensaTCabIkRmit ³

k> karensaTRTg;RTayFM rYmman LÚt_ensaT Edlm©as;LÚt_ensaTmansiTi§eBjTIkñúgkareFVICMnYjensaTsRmab;ry³eBlBIrqñaM.

eKEtgEteRbI]bkrN_ensaTFM²enAkñúgEdnTwkEdlmanRtIeRcIn.

x> karensaTRTg;RTaymFüm eRbI]bkrN_ensaTtUcCagkarensaTRTg;RTayFM. kalBImunkarensaTEbbenH RtUvman

GaCJab½NÑ. \LÚvenHmin)ac;manGaCaJb½NÑeToteT. b:uEnþmankarhamXat;RbcaMrdUv.

K> karensaTRTg;RTaytUc edayeRbI]bkrN_ensaTtUc²RbePT]bkrN_tamRbéBNI. karensaTRTg;RTaytUcTaMgenHGac

eFVI)anenARKb;TIkEnøg elIkElgEtenAtMbn;LÚt_ensaTsm,TanRTg;RTayFM ¬k¦ nigRTg;RTaymFüm ¬x¦ xagelI.

RbPB ³ Christian, Heou nig Kholk (2005)


rUbPaB 3>1 ³ TidæPaBTUeTAénRbePTdIFøI nigTwkRsbc,ab;enAkm<úCa

RbPB ³ GTZ (2006)

RbGb; 3>2 ³ dIksikmμkñúgry³eBlmYystvtSr_knøgmk

enAkm<úCa manRbvtþiÉksardItictYcNas;. b:uEnþenAmunsm½yGaNaniKm KWkñúgqñaM 1840 dITaMgGs;Casm,tþirbs;RBHmhakSRt EtksikrGacdaMduHtamcitþR)afña edayRKan;EtmandgVaybnþicbnþÜcykeTAfVayGñkRKb;RKg.

edaymanmeFüa)aydaMduH nigmanesckþIRtUvkartictYc eBalKWsgÁmkm<úCaCasgÁmksikr EdlRtUvkarlμmRKb;RKan;sRmab;Etrs;edayminKitGMBIkéRmcMeNj ehIymñak;²kan;kab;dImineRcInCag 1 eTA 2 hictaeT. kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1840 kalenaH minxVHdIeFVIksikm μeT BIeRBaHRbCaBlrdæenAmancMnYntic ¬KWticCagmYylannak;¦. ehtuenHehIy)anCadIminmantémøTIpSar. dIminEmnCasm,tþisRmab;lk;TijeT.

cab;BIcugstvtSr_TI 19 dl;TsvtSr_qñaM 1930 rdæ)alGaNaniKm)araMg)anBüayamerobcMRbB½n§dIÉkCn nigRbB½n§kmμsiT§idIFøI ¬c,ab;dIFøI qñaM 1884¦ b:uEnþkarRbwgERbgenHmin)aneCaKC½yTaMgRsugeT. dIERsenAtamvalTMnabénEdndIsNþTenøemKgÁ nigTenøsab mankarrIkceRmInxøH² b:uEnþenAmantMbn;CaeRcIneToteRkABItMbn;valTMnab ¬KWenAEb:kxaglic xageCIg nig|san¦ minTan;)anerobcMeT.

eRkayBIsm½yGaNaniKmPøam² ¬qñaM 1953-1975¦ rdæaPi)al)anbnþeRbIRbB½n§Edl)araMg)anbnSl;Tuk[. kñúgry³eBlenH karykdIIeTAeFVIGaCIvkmμ b¤eFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykmμ nigkareFVIc,ab;dIFøI k¾enAminTan;)aneCaKC½yenAeLIyEdr. plitPaBelIdITaMgenaHminTan;)anx<s; b:uEnþRbeTskm<úCa)annaMRsUveTAlk;enAbreTskñúgtémøTab edaysarmanplitplRsUveRcInelIslb; EtminEmnedaysarkarbegáInTinñpleT KWCalT§plénkarBRgIkTMhMdIksikmμEtbu:eNÑaH. r)aykarN_niyayfa ksikrCab;bMNuleKy:agF¶n;F¶r ehIyBYkeKPaKeRcIn)an)at;bg;dIFøIedayQμÜjeFVIBaNiC¢kmμtwgrwgelIplksikmμ.


eBlExμrRkhmkan;kab; ¬1975-1979¦ mankarERbRbYly:agF¶n;F¶r. BYkExμrRkhmRbmUlykdITaMgGs;eTAdak;rYm lubbM)at;ÉksardIFøI nigsßab½nBak;B½n§nwgdIFøI RBmTaMgCemøósRbCaBlrdæBaseBjRbeTs. begÁalRBMdIERscMkarRtUv)anruHerIecalTaMgGs; pÞúyeTAvij ExμrRkhmerobcMdICaTMhMFM² edIm,ItRmUvtamRbB½n§Farasa®sþEdleK)aneRKagTuk. karRbmUldITaMgGs;eFVICadIrYmenHehIy EdlCamUldæanénCemøaHdIFøIy:ageRcInsem,ImnasBVéf¶enH.

kñúgGMLúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1980 dIFøIRtUv)anerobcMsarCafμI CaRkumsamKÁItUc² ¬RkumsamKÁI 25-30 RKYsar¦ EdlykFnFanTaMgenaHeTAeRbIsRmab;eFVIksikm μ. eRkaymk RbEhlBIBak;kNþaleTAcugTsvtSr_qñaM 1980 k¾cab;epþImmandICalkçN³ÉkCneLIg. enAqñaM 1989 rdæaPi)al)anecjGnuRkwtüelx 25 erobcM[manÉkCnPavUbnIykmμdIFøI. Bakütv:aTaMgLayeyageTAelIsm½ymunqñaM 1979 RtUvbdiesF. CaeKalkarN_ dIksikmμRtUvEckCUnksikresÞIrEtesμI²Kña edayEp¥keTAtamcMnYnmnusSenAkñúgRKYsar ¬RKYsarEdlmansmaCikeRcInTTYl)andIeRcIn¦. dIksikmμsRmab;buKÁlmñak;²minelIsBI 5 hicta eT. cMeBaHdIFM²sRmab;kardaMduHRTg;RTayFM rdæaPi)alpþl;CadIsm,Tan. manbBaðaCaeRcInedaysardIEdlEck[enaH RtUv)aneRCokCaceRmoktUc² ehIyRKYsarEdl)anTTYldItUc²TaMgenaHmandICaeRcIn EdlenAdac;q¶ay²BIKña. elIsBIenHeTot dItUc²EdlEck[RKYsarTaMgenaH enACab;CMBak;kñúgbNþwgtva:KñaenAeLIy. karminmanesvaEpñksurieyadI nigkarxVHynþkarGaCJakNþalÉeTot² bNþal[dMeNaHRsayvivaTGs;TaMgenHraMgsÞH. kalBIsm½yenaH c,ab;Ecgfa dINaEdlTukecalTMenrCagbIqñaM \teRbIR)as; rdænwgdkhUtdIenaHykvij. cMNucenaHmin)anGnuvtþ[)anhμt;ct;eT. eRkaymk c,ab;dIFøIqñaM 1992 TTYlsÁal;EtsiTi§mandI b:uEnþminTTYlsÁal;kmμsiT§idIenAtamtMbn;CnbTeT. bnÞab;BIkarRbkas[eRbIR)as; nigkarGnuvtþb½NÑkan;kab;dIFøI mankarTTYlsÁal;siT§ieRbIR)as;dIFøI. manBaküsuMcMnYnTaMgGs;BI 4 eTA 6 lanBakü b:uEnþrhUtdl;qñaM 2001 karecjbN½Ñkan;kab;dI eFVI)anEt 15% b:ueNÑaH edaysarsmtßPaBdMeNIrkarkic©karTaMgenHenAmankRmit. karecjbøg;dIkñúgqñaM 2006 eFVI)anCag 20-25% énBaküsuMTaMgGs; ³ 0>57 lanBaküsuM tamry³karcuHbBa¢ImanlkçN³CaRbB½n§ ¬tambuBVsiT§irbs;rdæaPi)al¦ nigBaküsuMcMnYn 0>58 lanBakü Edltamry³karcuHbBa¢ImanlkçN³dac;edaydMu ¬KWsuMeday m©as;dIxøÜnÉg¦ edayKitmkdl; ExFÚñ qñaM 2006.

Casegçb karvivtþTIpSardIFøI nigkareFVIBaNiC¢km μEpñkksikm μmankaryWty:av nigmineTogTat;kñúgry³mYystvtSr_knøgmk. enAkEnøgxøHeTot ¬KWenAtamvalERscMkar tMbn;EdndIsNþTenøemKgÁ nigenACMuvijTenøsab¦ kardMaduHdMNaMepSg²)anRbRBwtþeTACayUryamkehIy - ÉksarEcgfa sUm,IenAsm½yGaNaniKm k¾mankarbg;Bn§elIplRsUvEdr. enAtamtMbn;ÉeTot² ¬tMbn;|san nig]tþr¦ Tmøab;cas;Edlkab;bMpøajéRBeQIedIm,IT®nÞanykdI mantaMgEtBIyUryaNas;mkehIy sBVéf¶enHenAmanenAeLIyCakEnøgtUc². kalBImun nigsUm,IEtsBVéf¶enH mnusSkan;kab;dICamunehIy eTIbsuMGaCJaFr[ecjb½NÑRsbc,ab;CaeRkay RbsinebIGñkkan;kab;dITaMgenaHdak;BaküsuM. enAtMbn;|san maneFIVksikmμBencry:agxøaMgBIGtItkal ehIysBVéf¶enHenAEtmanxøH²enAeLIy. enAtMbn;enaHRbCaBlrdækan;kab;dICashKmn_ minEmnCaÉkCneT. b:uEnþTmøab;enHkMBugEtpøas;bþÚrCabeNþIr²ehIysBVéf¶enH.

sgÇwmfa karGnuvtþeKalneya)ayf μ IsþIBIdIFøI nigKeRmagGPivDÆn_CnbTdéT²eTot nwgnaMmknUvkarrIkceRmInEdleKrMBwgTukCayUrmkehIy.

RbPB ³ Boserup (1965); Thion (1993); Chandler (1993); Chandler (2006); RbGb; 1>1 kñúgr)aykarN_enH

TMhMdIksikmμ nigdIEdldac;KñaCaEpñk²

dIksikmμtUc²manTMhM 2/46 lanhicta EdlEckCa 3/59 landuMtUc² eyagtamÉksar SES-04. dItUc²TaMgenaHman

TMhM 0/69 hicta ehIyminmankarxusKñaeT eTaHenAtamtMbn;EdlmanmnusSeRcInk¾eday. sUm,IEtenAextþmNÐlKIrI Edlman

RbCaBlrdætictYck¾eday k¾dIEdlEck[mYyduM²enAEtmanTMhMtUcdEdl. RbEhl 68 % éndIksikmμEdlEck[CadItUc²

manTMhMRtwmEt 0/5 hicta b¤tUcCag rIÉdI 13 % eTot manTMhMeRcInCag 1 hicta ¬rUbPaB 3>2¦. kar):an;RbmaNepSg²Kña

elITMhMdIIIrbs;RKYsarnImYy² manenAkñúgÉksarxus²Kña ¬rUbPaB 3>3¦. edayminKitBIRbPBTinñn½yTMhMdIICamFümPaKEdl

RKYsarnImYy²kan;kab;manTMhMBI 1 eTA1/4 hicta. RKYsarEdlman®sþICaemRKYsar EtgEtTTYl)andItUcCagRKYsarEdlman

bursCaemRKYsar15. Gnu)aténtYelxdIksikmμsrubsRmab;ksikrmñak;² Kw 0/465 hicta.

(15) RKYsarmYyGacmandIeRcIndMu.


RbPB ³ SES-04

rUbPaB 3>2 ³ karEckdIksikmμCaEpñktUc² ¬°¦ qñaM 2003-2004

ebIsmasPaKénplitplkñ úgRsuksrub

)anmkBIdMNaMksikm μEckCamYynwgcMnYnksikr

R)ak;cMNUlBIdMNaMsRmab;ksikrmñak;²kñúgry³eBl

mYyqñaM esμInwg 128 duløarGaemrik ¬sRmab;

qñaM 2004 KitkñúgtémøefrqñaM 2000¦ ebIrab;bBa©Úl

TaMgkarciBa© wmstVpg plitplkñúgRsuksrub

sRmab;mñak;²eLIgdl; 171 duløarGaemrik Edl

pÞúyKñaeTAnwgplitplkñúgRsuksrubsRmab;mnusS

mñak;²kñúgqñaMenaH EdlmancMnYn 340 duløar.

tYelxTaMgGs;enH niyayGMBIbBaðaénkarkan;kab;

cMENkdItUc² ¬dItUc² nigkarkan;kab;dI¦ EdlpÞúy

nwgGnu)atdI nigksikr nigR)ak;cMNUlEdlmin

RKb;RKan;.

rUbPaB 3>3 ³ mFümPaKdIksikmμkñúgRKYsarnImYy² ¬Cahicta¦ tamGegátepSg²Kña16

dIsm,Tanesdækic©

pÞúyeTAvij rdæaPi)al)anpþl;dIsm,Tanesdækic©taMgBITsvtSr_qñaM 1990 emø:H kñúgTMhMCaeRcInBan;hictakñúgdIsm,Tan

nImYy². karpþl;dIsm,TanEbbenHenAbnþeTAeTotkúñgGRtamYYy EdlekIneLIgesμInwgbIdgkñúgqñaM 2006 eRcInCagqñaM 2005.

mUlehtu KWeKalneya)ayénkarpþl;dIsm,Tanesdækic©enH nwgeFVI[rIkceRmInxøaMgkñúgvis½yplitPaBBaNiC¢km μenAelIdI

ÉeTot²eRkABIdIERs nigCRmuj[eFVIkardaMduHCaRTg;RTayFM ¬eQIém:sak; edImeRbgxül; dUgeRbg GMeBA dMLÚgeQI ekAs‘U

sVaycan;TI lðúgExJ RsUv eBat sENþk nigdMNaMÉeTot²CaeRcIn¦. sgÇwmfa eKalneya)ayenHnwgbegáInR)ak;cMNUlCUnrdæ

BIBn§dar nigBIkarCYldI. kñúgEx kumÖ³ qñaM 2007 dIsm,TanmanTMhM 943>069 hicta ¬[eTARkumh‘un 57 eRkamkic©RBmeRBog

(16) GegátCabnÞat;mUldæanqñaM 1998 nigkartamBinitübEnßmqñaM 2000 KWCaGegátFM² ¬eTaHCamindMNag[RbeTsTaMgmUlk¾eday¦ eFVIeLIgeday UNICEF-WFP, rIÉkarGegátrbs; PET vij (k¾mintMNag[cMNuceKaledAEdlGacmanPaBGasnñenAéf¶mux) EdleFVIeLIgeday WFP EtÉg.

SES-97 KWCaGegátesdækic©-sgÁmkic© eFVIeLIgenAqñaM 1997.


EdlmancuHhtßelxaRtwmRtUv¦ nig 64>203 hicta ¬[eTARkumh‘un 9 kñúgkic©RBmeRBogEdlGt;mancuHhtßelxa

RtwmRtUv¦17. tamc,ab; dIsm,TannImYy²minRtUvmanTMhMelIsBI 10/000 hictaeT b:uEnþdIsm,TanCaeRcInmanTMhMFMCagenH

¬rUbPaB 3>4¦. dIsm,TanEdlFMCageKmanTMhM 315/023 hicta EdlmandIsm,TanBIrEk,rKñaenAkñúgextþeBaF×sat; nig

extþkMBg;qñaMg Edlpþl;CUneTARkumh‘unEtmYy. kñúgkrNIeRcIneTot dIsm,TanRtUv)anpþl;CUnedaymanedImeQIFM²CaeRcIn

Edlm©as;dIsm,Tan)annwgkMBugpþÜlrMlMedImeQIFM²TaMgenaH18. karpþl;dIsm,Tannana EtgEtpþl;edayBuM)aneKarBtamc,ab;

sm,Tan nigedaymantmøaPaBtictYc.

enAcugqñaM 2005 kñúgcMeNam 32 Rkumh‘unEdlTTYldIsm,TanmanEtRkumh‘un 8 b:ueNÑaH Edl)aneFVIkardaMduHy:agskmμ

ehIydIEdlRkumh‘unTaMgenaH )andaMduHmanTMhMRtwmEt 1/8° éncMnYndIsm,TanTaMgGs;. xageRkamenH KWCamUlehtuEdl

bNþal[mankardaMduHEtbniþcbnþÜcenAelIdIsm,TanTaMgenaH ³

k> karpþl;sm,TanFM²eTA[Rkumh‘un eFVIeLIgedayBuM)anBinitüBic©½yBIEpñksurieyadI EdlCaehtubNþal[manTMnas;CamYy

ksikr.

x> dIsm,TanxøH )anRtUveKykeTATuksRmab;edaHdUrykcMeNj. knøgmkrdæaPi)al)anlubecaldIsm,TancMnYn 30 ehIy

¬TMhM 265>230 hicta¦ edaysarKμanskmμPaBplit ehIydICaeRcInenATMenr\teRbIR)as;.

K> dIPaKeRcInRtUveKraykarN_fa eKeRbIsRmab;Etkab;ykeQIhu‘b.

fVIt,itEtCaTUeTAmankardaMduHtictYcenAelIdIsm,TanTaMgenHk¾eday k¾enAtamdIsm,TanxøH eFVI[manplb:HBal;GviC¢man

rYceTAehIy EdlbNþalmkBIkic©karksikmμ nigkic©karsaFarN³xøH. xøHeTot manplb:HBal;GviC¢maneTAelICIvsa®sþenA

mUldæan nigeFVI[xUcCaF¶n;F¶rdl;plRbeyaCn_ksikr eRkAGMBIplRbeyaCn_sm,Tan ¬]TahrN_ ³ dUcCa karkab;rMlMedImeQIFM²

Tb;sÞwg RbLay b¤bMEbrTissRmab;TwkhUrCaedIm¦. manesckIþbBa¢ak;bEnßmfa dIsm,TanenHmin)anpþl;plRbeyaCn_

dl;RbeTseT. ehIyrdæk¾min)anTTYlR)ak;cMNUlFMduMBIkic©karTaMgenHEdr.

(17) RbPB ³ RksYgksikm μ rukçaRbmaj; nigensaT (MAFF).(18) RbPB ³ UNHCHR (2004); EFCT (2005); Thanh (2005).

rUbPaB 3>4 ³ TMhMdIsm,TaneRkamkic©RBmeRBogEdlmancuHhtßelxaRtwmRtUv RbcaMextþnImYy² kñúgEx kumÖ³ qñaM 2007

smÁal; ³ tYelxkñúgrgVg;RkckCacMnYndIsm,TankñúgmYyextþ. Rkumh‘unTTYldIsm,TanTaMgGs;man 57 Rkumh‘un.

RbPB ³ MAFF (http://maff .gov.kh/elc/overview.html)

karpþl;dIsm,TanEtgEteFVIedayBuM)aneKarBtamc,ab;sm,Tan nigedaymantmøaPaBtictYc. dIEdlRkumh‘unTaMgenaH )andaMduHmanTMhMRtwmEt 1/8° éncMnYndIsm,TanTaMgGs;


dIsm,Tanesdækic© Edlmin)aneRbIR)as;Tal;EtesaH b¤min)aneRbI[eBjskþanuBl CaktþararaMgdl;karrYmcMENkrbs;

vis½yksikmμeTAkñúgplitplkñúgRsuksrub RBmTaMgmin)anpþl;»kasdl;RKYsarRkIRk[eFVIkarkñúgskmμPaBksikmμ Edlman

plcMeNjeRcIn nigRbkbedaycIrPaB.

karTijdIsRmab;lk;dMeLIgéfø

dIenATItaMgl¥²xøH ¬enACMuvijTIRbCuMCn nigtamdgpøÚv¦ RtUv)aneKTijedIm,ITuklk;dMeLIgéfø. dITaMgenHRtUv)aneKe)aHbegÁal

RBM ehIyTukecal\tdaMduHEdlCakarxatbg;cMeBaHsgÁm nigcMeBaHesdækic©. BYkGñkmanRTBüsm,tþiEdldwgfa dImanskþanuBl

BaNiC¢km μ TijdITaMgenHBIksikrEdlminsUvdwgGMBIGnaKtrbs;dIxøÜnEdlRtUvmantémøx<s;. dUecñHkarTTYlB½t’manmines μ IKña

)aneFVI[xUcRbeyaCn_y:agF¶n;F¶rdl;ksikrEdlCam©as;dI. c,ab;sRmab;ykBn§dI nigrwbGUsdINaEdlmin)aneRbIR)as;minTan;

)anykmkGnuvtþenAeLIyeT.

PaBminesμIKñarvagdIksikmμ nigPaB\tdIFøI

km<úCamanRbvtþiminFøab;eRbIR)as;siT§ikan;kab;dIFøI EdlmankarEckdIesÞIrEtesIμ²KñaenAqñaM 1989. RKYsarnImYy²TTYl

dIeRcInbMputRtwm 5 hicta EdlEckeTAtamcMnYnsmaCikRKYsar b:uEnþdITMagenaHmin)anEck[enACMuKñaCadImYyduMeT. enHk¾edaysar

lkçxNÐFatuGakasksikmμepSg²BIKña RbePTsmaCikRKYsarTIéTBIKña lkçxNÐTI;pSarEdlERbRbYlxus²BIKña sßanPaBRbCasa®sþ

minesμIKña nigedaysarmanCemøaHdIFøI ksikrCaeRcInminGac b¤cg;rkSaTukcMENkdIxøH b¤TaMgGs;EdlEck[enaH)aneT. edaysar

ehtuenH dIxøHRtUveRCokCacMENktUc²lk; niglk;teTAeTot. GegátdIFøICabnþbnÞab;knøgmk)anrkeXIjfa \LÚvenHmnusSman

dItamkarTijdUr minEmntamkarEckdI[eToteT.

karmandIminesIμKñaenHkMBugekIneLIg. tamkar):an;RbmaNrvagqñaM 1999 nigqñaM 2003-2004 cMENkkan;kab;dIrbs;

RbCaBlrdæRkIRkcMnYn 2¼5 énRbCaBlrdæTaMgGs;)anfycuHBI 8/4° eTA 5/4° b:uEnþcMENkkan;kab;dIrbs;GñkmanbMput

EdlmancMnYnEt 1¼5 énRbCaBlrdækúñgRbeTs)anekIneLIgBI 59° eTA 70°19. PaB\tdIFøIenAtamCnbTmancMnYnRbEhl

20° kñúgqñaM 2003-2004 ¬SES-04 rUbPaB 3>5¦ ehIytYelxsRmab;®sþIemRKYsarx<s;CagtYelxsRmab;bursemRKYsar.

eyagtamninñakarénPaB\tdIFøIkñúgcugTsvtSr_qñaM 1990 nigedImTsvtSr_qñaM 2000 manCMenOfa PaB\tdIFøIsRmab;eFVIksikmμ

GacekIneLIgRbEhl 2° kñúgmYyqñaM² EdlCatYelxdUcKñaeTAnwgTinñn½yrbs; SES-04. b:uEnþsßitiTaMgenH GacminqøúHbBa©aMg

elIPaB\tdIFøITaMgRsugeT BIeRBaHsmaCikRKYsar b¤GñkrksIuTaMgenaH minsuT§EtCaGñkniymksikmμTaMgGs;eT BIeRBaHGñkxøH

ykeBlxøHeTARbkbrbensaTRtI GñkxøHeTotrkR)ak;cMNUlBIRbPBepSg² b¤BIskmμPaBnana EdlmanRbeyaCn_dl;sgÁm.

elIsBIenHeTot GñkEdl\tmandITaMgenaH minEmnsuT§EtCaGñkRkTaMgGs;eT20.

Tinñn½yrbs; LADIT ¬tamGegátBIrepSg

Kña qñaM 2000-2004¦ fVIt,itEtminEmnCa

tMNagrbs;RbeTsk¾eday k¾CaTsSn³Gac

ykmkeRbIsRmab;Bnül;GMBIPaBxVHdIFøI)anEdr

BIeRBaHGegátTaMgGs;enH )ansmÖasn_smaCik

RKYsarEdlCaksikr. Tinñn½yTMagenHbgðaj

GMBIPaB\tdIFøIkñúglMdab;BI 11-12°. kñúg

cMMeNamGñkEdlK μandIkñúgqñaM 2004 80°

minEdlmandITal;EtesaH ¬cMnYnenHekIneLIg

BI 54° kalBI qñaM 2000¦. mUlehtu KWeKeTIb

nwgerobcMRKYsarf μ I b¤eTIbnwgcUlmkenAkñúg

(19) sUmemIl SNEC-Harvard University (2006), TMB½r 16.(20) Anders nig Kokko (2006); Ballard nig So (2004); ACI (2005).

RbPBTinñn½ykar):an;RbmaNCa % elIGaRtaRKYsarKμandI

LADIT 2004 11>9%

LADIT 2000 12>0%

SES-2003-04 ¬RKYsarCnbT¦ 20>0%

SES-1999 ¬RKYsarCnbT¦ 15>8%

SES-1997 ¬RKYsarCnbT¦ 13>0%

rUbPaB 3>5 ³ kar):an;RbmaNelIPaB\tdIeFVIksikmμ

enAcenøaHBIqñaM 1999 nigqñaM 2003-2004

cMENkdIEdlBlrdæRkIRkcMnYn 2¼5 énRbCaBlrdæ

TaMgGs;kan;kab;)anfycuHBI 8>4°

eTA 5>4° b:uEnþ cMENkdIEdlkan;

kab;edayGñkmanvij EdlmancMnYnEt

1¼5 énRbCaBlrdækúñgRbeTs )anekIn

eLIgBI 59-70°


shKmn_ b¤ecjBIshKmn_ ehIykarBitmYyeTot KWGaRs½yedaydICaeRcInEdlBYkGñkTaMgenaHkMBugrs;enAsBVéf¶ KWCa

dIlicTwk. kñúgcMeNamGñkEdl)at;bg;dIFøI mUlehtucm,g KW)at;bg;edaysarkarbgçMcitþlk;dIrbs;xøÜn edIm,IykR)ak;eTAbg;éfø

Büal)alCm¶WCabnÞan;. KYrEtykcitþTukdak;[xøaMgdl;BYkGñkKμandI EdlmanEcgenAkñúgr)aykarN_rbs; LADIT BIeRBaH

ksikrTaMgenH suT§EtCaGñkBwgEp¥kelImuxrbrksikmμ. CaTIbBa©b; Tinñn½ybgðajfa mnusSCaeRcInEdlmandItUctac minGacrk

R)ak;cMNUlsRmab;ciBa©wmCIvit)anRKb;RKan;eT. dUecñHPaBRkIRkBak;B½n§nwgvis½ydIFøI k¾KYrEtykcitþTukdak;pgEdr21.

vismPaBdIksikmμ nigPaB\tdIFøI EdlkMBugelceLIgenH KWCabBaðamYyEdlrIkkan;EtFMeLIgminGacRbEkk)an bBaðaenH

eFVI[shKmn_ksikrkan;EtRkeTA² ehIybNþal[vismPaB nigTMnas;kñúgRbeTskan;EtrIkFM. rUbPaB 3>6 pþl;TidæPaBTUeTA

sþIBImUlehtuénPaB\tdIFøI nigvismPaBdIksikmμ.

(21) sUmemIl Biddulph (2000); Biddulph (2004). karsikSarbs; Oxfam EdlkMBugbnþenAPUmicMnYn 300 )anrkeXIjfa karbMEbkdICadMutUc² nigkarRkdI)aneLIgdl;smamaRtKYr[)armÖ.

RbPB ³ karsikSaepSg²rbs; CDRI nig Oxfam

rUbPaB 3>6 ³ mUlehtuénkarlk;dUrdI nigplvi)akénvismPaB nigPaBKμandIFøI


ksidæan¼TMhMdIFM²

tamtMbn;CaeRcInenAGasIu mankarCECkedjedalKñafa etIRtUvelIksÞÜyksikmμtUc² b¤RtUvRbmUlpþúMdIeFVICaksikmμFM².

karCECkedjedalenH EtgEteyageTAelIbribTénkarEkTRmg;dIFøIenAkñúgsm½yeRkayGaNaniKm ¬RbGb; 3>3¦.

edIm,IBinitüelIbBaðadIFIøenAkm<úCa Tinñ½yGMBI SES-04 RtUv)anykeTAviPaK edIm,IkMNt;TMnak;TMngrvagTMhMdIksikmμ nig

GaRtaTinñplRsUv ¬rUbPaB 3>7¦. rUbPaBenHbgðajGMBITMnak;TMngpÞúyKñarvagTMhMdI nigplitPaB KWplRsUvrdUvvsSal¥Cag

plRsUvrdUvR)aMg. eKEtgEtdaMRsUvvsSaedayeRbI]bkrN_ nigbec©kviTüaFmμta nigsmÖar³eRbIR)as;TMenIbtictYc. Tinñpl

énkardaMduHrebobenHmancMnYnBI 1 etan eTA 1/8 etan kñúgmYyhicta eyageTAtamtMbn;nImYy² ¬ÉksarqñaM 2003-2004¦.

tamkareRbobeFob RsUvR)aMgRtUv)andaMedaymankarEfTaMeRcIn RBmTaMgeRbICI nigbec©kviTüaTMenIbEfmeTot. Tinñplénkar

dMarebobenH)aneRcInCag 2 etan kñúgmYyhicta. TMnak;TMngpÞúyKña KWEp¥keTAelIkardaMduHtamEbbksikmμRbéBNI. srub

esckþIeTA ksikrEdlmankarecHdwgtictYc nigmanmeFüa)aytictYc ¬eKa RkbI edImTunsRmab;eFVIksikmμCaedIm¦ minGac

eFVIERsenAkñúgdIERsFM²[manRbsiT§PaB)aneT.

RbGb; 3>3 ³ ksidæantUc² nigRbsiT§PaB - xøwmsarsMxan;sRmab;karCECkEvkEjk

karBiPakSasIþBIksidæantUc nigksidæanFMenAsm½yTsvtSr_qñaM 1960 nigqñaM 1970 EdlkalenaH PaBCak;EsþgBIRbeTsnana

enATUTaMgGasIubgðajfa ksidæantUc²pþl;TinñpleRcInetankñúgmYyhicta². CaFm μtaksikdæantUc² KWCaEpñkéndIIekrEdlmanCICati

eRBaHGñkTTYlekrmt’kEtgeRCIsykdINaEdlmanCICatil¥. rIÉGnu)atx<s;énBlkmμ-dIFøI eBalKWCaBiessBlkmμkñúgRKYsarpþl;»kas

[mankarEfTaMpldMNaM)any:agl¥ eTaHbICaplitPaBbnÞab;bnSMénBlkmμminGaceFVI[ekIn ¬GacesμInwgsUnü¦ k¾eday.

lTæplenH KWCakarBitcMeBaHksidæansRmab;EtciBa©wmCIvit EdlEtgEteRbImeFüa)ayP¢Ürras;tamEbbRbéBNI ehIybeBa©jBlkmμ

pÞal;xøÜn ¬eday\tKitéfø¦ CMnYsktþaplitkmμdéTeTot. karmkdl;énbec©kviTüaksikmμTMenIb ¬Green Revolution technologies¦

nigGnþrkalqøgeTAkan;esdækic©TIpSar ¬cakecjBIesdækic©sRmab;b®gÁb;rs;¦ eKrkeXIjfa bec©kviTüaKImI-CIv GacykeTAeRbI)anRKb;

ksidæanTaMgGs; edayminKitBITMhMtUcb¤FM Edlbec©kviTüaeRKÓgynþminGaceFVI)an. sRmab;ksidæanFM²bec©kviTüaKImI-CIvenH eRbI)an

pll¥Cag.

eRkABIplitPaBkareRbIR)as;dI nigTidæPaBsmFm’ k¾RtUv)anelIkykmkBiPakSaEdr. ksidæantUc²enAGasIu RtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;y:ag

skmμCagksidæanFM² EdlCYnkalRtUv)aneKTukecalTaMgRsug b¤eRbIR)as;EtmYyEpñk. elIsBIenH ksidæantUc²GacmankardaMduHmux

dMNaMeRcInmuxCagksidæanFM². CafμImþgeTot karqøgGnþrkalBIesdækic©sRmab;b®gÁb;rs;cUleTAkan;esdækic©TIpSar GVI²EdlCaKuNsm,tþi

rbs;ksidæantUc² eTAGanaKtnwgkøayCasabsUnü edaysarRbCaBlrdæCnbTrk)anCIvPaBl¥RbesIrenAkñúgvis½yÉeTot²eRkABIksidæan.

edImehtuénkarCECkEvkEjkKña ³

karCECkEvkEjkenHRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,Ivaytémøfa bTBiesaFn_mun²enAGWru:b sþIBIkarRbmUlpþúMdIksikmμFM² GacykmkGnuvtþ

enAGasIu)anEdrb¤eT. karCECk)anepþImkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1960 sRmab;GasIuxagekIt GaeKñy_ nigxagt,Úg )ansniñdæanfa ksikrtUctac

eRbIR)as;tamlMnaMbec©kviTüaEbbRbéBNI nigdI;;[pleRcInl¥Nas; b:uEnþmanRbsiT§PaBekIneLIg kalNaeRbIbec©kviTüaTMenIbrYmnwg

RbePTdMNaMEdlpþl;Tinñplx<s; ¬HYV¦ nigplitkmμsRmab;TIpSar.

enAkm<úCa karpþl;dIsm,Tan KWedIm,IelIkkm<s;ksikmμsRmab;eFVIBaNiC¢kmμ. eTaHCay:agNak¾eday minEdleXIjmankarENnaM[

RbmUlpþúMdIFøItUc²[manTMhMFM² dUcCaTMhMdIsm,Tanesdækic©bc©úb,nñenHeLIy. ebIniyayGMBIsuxumalPaBvij kalNamanmnusSeRcIn

BwgEp¥kelIdIFøI ehIyGnu)atrvagBlkr nigdIdaMduHmansßanPaBdUcsBVéf¶enH karpþl;dIsm,TanFM²hYs KWmins½kiþsmeLIy.

RbPB ³ Bardhan (1973); Bhardwaj (1974); Barret (1993)


(22) FnaKarBiPBelak ¬2006¦ nig Anders nig Kokko (2006) ):an;RbmaNTMnak;TMngsßitirvagtémøpldMNaM nigTMhMksidæankñúgRkbx½NÐBhuGefr edIm,IrkTMnak;TMngpÞúy. ACI (2005) )anviPaKTMnak;TMngrvagTMhMdI nigplitPaB (témøbEnßmCaduløar) edayeRbITinñn½ytamTMhMdI ehIy)anrkeXIjfa dITMhMBI 3 eTA 10 hictaGacpþl;plx<s;CageKbMputenAkñúgRbeTs.

RbPB ³ KNnaecjBI SES-04

rUbPaB 3>7 ³ GaRtaTinñplRsUv ¬Caetan¼hicta¦ tamTMhMdIkñúgrdUvR)aMg nigrdUvvsSa nigrdUvrYmKña qñaM 2003-2004

sRmg;ecjBIkarsikSamYyelIPUmicMnYn 9

enAkñúgtMbn;FatuGakasksikmμepSg²Kña Tinñn½y

elITMhMksidæan ¬rUbPaB 3>8 eRbobeFob

eTAnwgTMhMdI dUcmanbgðajkñúgrUbPaB 3>7¦

bgðajlT§plRsedogKña edaymanPaBxusKña

EdlGRtaTinñplRsUvR)aMgminTTYlplb:HBal;

edaysarTMhMdIdaMduHeT22.

ebIniyayGMBIplitPaBvij Tinñn½yTaMgBIr

QutenHs[eXIjfa kñúgsßanPaBbc©úb,nñenH

eKniymksidæan nigdItUc²Cag eRBaHeKdaMduH

EtkñúgrdUvvsSa ¬85° éndITaMgGs;¦ ehIy

edaymankareRbIsmÖar³ksikm μTMenIbtictYc.

ktþaenHk¾Bak;B½n§eTAnwgRTBüsm,tþipgEdr ³

eRBaHksikrPaKeRcInmanmeFüa)ayksikm μ

tictYc ehIydIdMaduH k¾mankRmitdIdMadMNaMtUc²

nwgpþl;lT§plCaR)ak;cMNUl EdlEbkExJk

r):at;r):ayCaeRcInRbePT.

rUbPaB 3>8 ³ TMhMksidæan nigGaRtaTinñpl ¬etan¼hicta¦ lT§plsikSaBIPUmi 9

RbPB ³ Chan nig Acharya ¬2002¦

ebIniyayGMBIplitPaBvij Tinñn½yTaMgBIrQutenH s[eXIjfa kñúgsßanPaBbc©úb,nñenH eKniymksidæan nigdItUc²Cag


cMeBaHdMNaMRsUvrdUvvsSa EdldaMtamEbb

RbéBNIvij manlT§plpÞúyKñarvagTMhMdI nig

plitPaBksikm μ b:uEnþcMeBaHRsUvrdUvR)aMgvij

mindUecñaHeT ebIeRbIviFIdaMduHTMenIb. lT§pl

pÞúyKñaenHbBa¢ak;fa ksidæantUc²TTYl)ankar

niymeRcInCag b:uEnþcaM)ac;RtUvbBa¢ak;[c,as;fa

ksidæanb:uNÑaEdlehAfa tUc. cMNucenHTamTar

[BinitüBic½©y KWminRKan;EtelIplitPaBb:ueNÑaH

eT RtUvBinitüelIR)ak;cMNUlTUeTABIdIpgEdr.

b:uEnþniyayBICIvPaBrs;enAvij GVIEdlsMxan;

sRmab;ksikrKWR)ak;cMNUlrbs;RKYsar. rUbPaB

3>9 bgðajfa enAkm<úCaR)ak;rk)anBIdMNaMRsUv

¬sRmab;RKYsarnImYy²¦ mancMnYneRcInenAkñúg

ksidæanEdlFMTaMgrdUvR)aMg TaMgrdUvvsSa Edl

manR)ak;cMNUlBIRsUvR)aMgx<s;CagRsUvvsSa.

karsikSatammUldæanrkeXIjfa dIksikm μtUc

Cag 0/6 hicta minGacpþl;R)ak;cMNUlRKb;RKan;

sRmab;esckþIRtUvkarcaM)ac;RbcaMRKYsareT23.

edImI,rkSaCIvPaBrs;enAkñ úgkRmitGb,brma

smRsbBIdIFøI RKYsarksikrRtUvmandIedaymin

caM)ac;Kitdl;TMhM b¤plitPaBksikmμ dUcEdl

)anelIkeLIgkñ úgkarCECkBiPakSaeLIy.

rUbPaB 3>9 ³ TMhMksidæan nigplkéRm ¬CaBan;erol¼RKYsar¦ lT§plsikSaBIPUmi 9

RbPB ³ Chan nig Acharya ¬2002¦

ksidæantUc² minGacmanFnFanRKb;RKan; edIm,IelIkkm<s;plitPaBeLIy eBalKWtamry³Farasa®sþ. Cajwkjy m©as;ksidæan

tUc²EtgEtgayTTYlrgeRKaH edaysarvibtþiTIpSar b¤eRKaHmhnþraynana dUcCa TwkCMnn; b¤raMgs¶Üt CaedIm24. edaysarbBaða

Gs;TaMgenH ksikrCYl b¤lk;dIERsrbs;xøÜn ehIyeTArkeFVIkmμkrenAxageRkA b¤eFVIcMNakRsukecjBIPUmikMeNItxøÜneTAkab;

éRBeQI b¤eTAensaT25. dUecñH edIm,IksagmUldæansRmab;rkSasßirPaBénkarrs;enArbs;RKYsarksikrtUctac nigedIm,IbegáIn

plitPaBksikmμ RtUvmaneKalneya)ay edIm,ITb;sáat;karbMEbkdI[eTACaksidæantUc² nigpþl;nUvynþkarsRmab;RbmUlpþúMdI

[ekItCaksidæanFM².

RbeTsdéTeTotCaeRcInmaneKalneya)ayskm μkñúgkarRbmUlpþúMdIFøI EdlenAray)a:yEdlK μanRbeyaCn_esdækic© nig

EdlEbkCaduMtUc² ¬RbGb; 3>4¦. bTBiesaFn_TaMgenH CaBiesaFn_EdlKYrykmkBicarNasRmab;GnuvtþenAkm<úCa[)an

smRsb26.

(23) EIC (2006), TMB½r 8(24) karBwgEp¥kelIR)ak;snSM KWCaCeRmIsl¥bMputkñúgkarTb;Tl;nwgkar)at;bg;edaysarTwkCMnn; nigrIgs¶Üt. b:uEnþkarItUctacGacRkIRkCagGñkEdlKμandI

Edlsm¥agfa eKKμanR)ak;snSMeT (CDRI 2006, Auff ret 2003).(25) sþIGMBIkarCYldItUc², sUmemIl Kim, Chan nig Acharya (2002. ACI (2005) rkeXIjfa lT§plénplitPaBtamTMhMksidæanRsedogKñaeTAnwg

lT§plenAkñúgrUbPaB 3.8 nig 3.9, edayeRbITinñn½yqñaM 2005 GMBItMbn;FatuGakasksikmμenAkm<úCa.(26) enAkUer:xagt,Úg dIksikmμRtUv)anRbmUlpþúM ehIyEck[vijenATsvtSr_qñaM 1960 nigqñaM 1970 edIm,I[mnusSeRbIR)as;dI[)anGs;lT§PaB.

eKalneya)aydIenA\NÐaGnuBaØat[RbmUlpþMúdItUc²dac;BIKña EdlminmanRbeyaCn_esdækic©.


RbGb; 3>4 ³ karRbmUlpþúMdIFøI nigkarerobcMdIsareLIgvij - bTBiesaFGnþrCati

karRbmUlpþúMdIFøIEdleFVIeLIg edIm,ItRmUveTAnwgkarvinieyaKFM² ¬]TahrN_Farasa®sþ¦ nigplitPaBk¾dUcCaeFVI[CIvPaBrs;enArbs;

ksikrl¥RbesIreLIg RtUv)aneKTTYlsÁal;Cag 150 qñaM knøgmkehIy. eKalneya)aypøÚvkarTI1 eFVIeLIgenAqñaM 1847 edayrdæ)al

GaNaniKmGg;eKøs enAextþbuMéb RbeTs\NÐa qøgtamTsvtSr_qñaM 1950 nigTsvtSr_qñaM 1960 RbeTsEblhSiúk QIlI eGhISúb \NÐa

GIur:ak; Cb:un lIbg; muicsiuckU nigRbeTssIurI kñúgcMeNamRbeTsdéT²eTotCaeRcIn )anGnum½tCapøÚvkarnUvc,ab;RbmUlpþúMdIFøIenH.

RbeTsnImYy²manRbvtþixus²Kñakñúgvis½ydIFøI nigksibrisßanviTüa. dUecñHTMhMdIksikmμGb,brma Edlpþl;plsmRsb viFIRbmUl

pþúMdI nigeCaKC½yéneKalneya)ayTaMgGs;enH xusKñaBIRbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYy. ]TahrN_xageRkamenH bBa¢ak;fa ³

1> viFImYy KWGaCJaFrsurieyadIbdiesFmincuHbBa¢I[eT RbsinebIdItUcCagTMhMGb,brmaEdlRtUvGnuBaØt[. kñúgn½yenH RbsinebIdIksikmμ

RtUvEckCaduMtUc² BIrb¤eRcIn ¬edaysarkarEckekr b¤edaysarGVIepSgeTot¦ enaH Éksarc,ab;nwgTTYlcuHbBa¢IEtdIEdlmanTMhM

y:agticesμInwgTMhMGb,brma rIÉdItUc²TaMgenaH KWCaEpñkmYyénGMBkdIEdlenACab;²Kña ¬RbeTs\NÐa¦.

2> kñúgkrNIxøH dItUc²RtUvRc)ac;bBa©ÚlCamYydIrdæEdlenATMenr ehIyykeTAEbgEcksarCaf μ I[m©as;dItUc²EdlBak;B½n§ nigGñk

déTeTotEdlKμandI ¬\NÐa¦.

3> kñúgkrNIGMBkdIksikrkøayeTACaceRmoktUc² BIeRBaHEtdIEdlTTYl)anmkminEmnCadIksikm μ b¤sRmab;eKalbMNgGPivDÆn_

epSgeTotenaH ksikrBak;B½n§RtUvTTYl)annUvkarpþl;dIksikm μenAkEnøgepSgeTot. kñúgkrNIK μandIEbgEckksikrGacTTYl)an

R)ak;sMNgCaCMnYs. eRkaymkeKrkeXIjfa ksikrminmanCeRmIsgayRsYleTARbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitepSg²eTot)an dUecñHkñúg

krNIxøHRtUv)anseRmcpþl;kargar[BYkeKTaMgenH ¬kargarKμanCMnaj¦ enAkñúgKeRmagGPivDÆn_ ¬eBalKWCakargarCab;kic©snüa

ry³eBlEvg CaBiess kñúgxN³EdlykdIKat;eTAeFVICapøÚvrfePøIg pøÚvfñl; b¤sagsg;TIRbCuMCn¦ bEnßmeTAelIkarpþl;Casac;R)ak;.

ebIksikrcab;ykkargareRkAksikmμ ksikrTaMgenaHTTYl)ankarbNþúHbNþalCMnajepSg² nigkarpþl;\NTan EdlmankarR)ak;

Tab b¤GMeNaygayRsYl edIm,IepþImbegáItrbrrksIu ¬RbeTsGasIuxagt,Úg nigcin¦.

4> CYnkalkarRbmUlpþú MdIFøIenH KWkñúgs μartIerobcMdIsareLIgvij edIm,IbgálkçN³[dITaMgenaH TTYl)ankareRsacRsBBIRbB½n§

Farasa®sþ. eKRbmUlykdImkerobcMsarCaf μ I ehIyEbgEck[eTAksikrvij ¬mincaM)ac;manTMhMes μ I²KñadUcmun²eT¦ edIm,I[dI

TaMgenaH)anplRbeyaCn_BITwk EdlhUrtamERBkCIk nigBITwkEdlhUrelIépÞdI ¬saFarN³rdækUer:¦.

kñúgkrNInImYy² eCaKC½yGacekIteLIgGaRs½yeTAelIqnÞ³neya)ay nigPaByutþiFm’kñúgkarcat;Ecgkargar. Ca]TahrN_

karRbmUlpþúMdIenArdæBn;cüabénRbeTs\NÐa TTYl)aneCaKC½yeRcIn rIÉenArdæbwghÁal;xaglicvij minsUvmaneCaKC½yeT. enA

saFarNrdækUer: GaRtaeCaKC½ymankRmitx<s;. km<úCaRtUvsikSaelIkrNInImYy² edIm,IeRCIsykeKalneya)ay nig]bkrN_Edll¥bMput

sRmab;brisßanenAkm<úCa.

RbPB ³ GOI ¬1976¦ TMB½r 187-236 Wade ¬1982¦ ÉksarFnaKarBiPBelaksþIBIkartaMgTIlMenAfμI nigkarsþarnItism,TaeLIgvij

RKYsarksikrtUc²CaeRcIn rYmTaMg®sþIksikrpgmandItUcCag 1¼4 hicta b¤ticCag. eBlxøHBYkeKTaMgenaH GacRbkb

rbrensaTRtI kab;Guslk; kab;eQI b¤eFVIkmμkr. edIm,ICYy[CIvPaBrbs;eKRbesIreLIg etIRtUvmaneKalneya)ayy:agNa?

kmμkrRbePTenH minGacP¢Ürras;dIekIteT edaysarxVHedImTun dUcCa eKa¼RkbI nig]bkrN_eRbIR)as;epSg²eTot ehIykar

rkSaCIvPaBrs;enAkñúglkçN³bc©úb,nñenH KWRKan;EtTuk[RKYsarGs;TaMgenHbnþrs;enAkñúgPaBRkIRkEtb:ueNÑaH. RbeTsxøH)an

écñRbDitCeRmIskargarmYycMnYn rYmTaMgbegáIt[manstVBahn³sRmab;CYlP¢Ürras; EckKña[eRbIR)as;nUv]bkrN_eRsacRsB

TijTwksRmab;eRsacRsB nigrYmKñaTijCI nigBUC edIm,Ikat;bnßycMNay. RbeTskm<úCaGaceRCIsykkarpþÜcepþImKMnit nig

eKalneya)aypgTaMgLayNa EdlCYy[shKmn_Gnuvtþ)an sRmab;CaRbeyaCn_esdækic©dl;shKmn_TaMgmUl EdlCa

Fm μtam©as;ksidæanmYyrUb²minGacseRmc)an ehIyGacykeKalneya)ay nigkarpþÜcepþImKMnitenHeTAeFVIkarl,gBiesaFn_

edIm,IrkeKalneya)ayNa EdlsmRsbsRmab;bribTénkm<úCa.


pldMNaMmYycMnYn dUcCa dMNaMsRmab;BaNiC¢kmμCaedIm Gacpþl;lT§plCaesdækic©FMdMu RbsinebIdaMCaRTg;RTayFM ebImin

rab;Ban;eT k¾rab;ryhictaEdr. km<úCasßitenAkñúgtMbn;ksibrisßanviTüamYysmRsb sRmab;plitplksikmμBaNiC¢kmμCamYy

nwgTIpSarBiPBelak EdlmankarGPivDÆ. dUc)aneXIjrYcmkehIy ¬rUbPaB 3>4¦ c,ab;Edldak;kRmitelIdIsm,Tan

esdækic©minRtUv)aneKeKarBtamral;krNITaMgGs;. dUecñHeKalneya)ayNak¾eday EdleFVIeLIgsRmab;dMNaMBaNiC¢km μ

RtUvmaneKalkarN_ENnaM c,as;las;sþIBIkRmitTMhMx<s;bMput sRmab;dIsm,Tanesdækic© nigtmøaPaBenAkñuúgkarpþl;dIsm,Tan

TaMgenH sRmab;Tb;sáat;kMu[ykdIeTAeFVIepþspþaseRkamkarGHGagfa CadIsRmab;CaplRbeyaCn_esdækic©rYmKña.

RbGb; 3>5 ³ RkumsamKIÁksikrtUc² - RbeTsRsIlgáa

ksidæannImYy²kñúgKeRmagerobcMrcnasm<½n§eLIgvij nigsþarnItism,TaenAmhaevlIrbs;RbeTsRsIlgáa manTMhMmFümRbEhl

1 hicta. smaKmGñkeRbITwk (WUA) RtUv)ankarerobcMeLIg EdlepþImKitfa etIRtUvdaMGVI ehIydaMenAeBlNa. edaysarKMnitpþÜcepþIm

rbs;BYkeK eKsnSMTwk)aneRcIn nigplitPaBk¾ekIn. bnÞab;mkeTot smaKmGñkeRbITwk (WUA) )anerobcMkarTijdMusRmab;TijCI RKab;BUC

EdlmanTinñplx<s; RBmTaMgTij]bkrN_ÉeTot²kñúgtémøefak. ]sSahkmμEpñkksikmμsENþkesog emÞs sac;man; nigbEnøRss;

yl;faeKGacCRmujksikr[daMsENþkesogtamkic©snüa. ]sSahkmμk¾pþl;BUCsENþkesog EdlmanTinñplx<s; ehIyFanaTijyk

plEdlplit)an. karerobcMenHepþImdMbUgCamYyksikrEt 70 nak;eT b:uEnþeRkaymk)anekIneLIgy:agelOndl;rab;Ban;nak;.

RbPB ³ FnaKarBiPBelak ¬qñaM 2005 k¦

sar³sMxan;² ³

1> tRmUvkarcaM)ac;bnÞan;nUveKalneya)ayskm μmYy edIm,IRtYtBinitüdIFøItUc²dac;BIKñad¾eRcInsn§wksn§ab; nigPaBK μandIFIø

EdlbNþalmkBIkMeNInRbCaBlrdæd¾qab;rh½s témørkSasuxPaBéføeBk GPi)alkic©Tn;exSay karxVHlkçN³esdækic©enA

kñúgksikmμtUctac nigTIpSarTijlk;dI EdlminmankarRKb;RKg. KYrEtGPivDÆ nigelIkTwkcitþdl;karpþÜcepþImrbs;shKmn_

kñúgkardaMdMNaMrYmKñaelIdItUc²Edldac;²BIKñaCaeRcIn.

2> karEkTRmg;dIRtUvykcitþTukdak;elITMhMdIksikm μFMl μm edIm,IelIkkm<s;TaMgplitPaBsRmab;dImYydMu² TaMgR)ak;cMNUl

RKb;RKan;sRmab;RKYsarksikr.

3> edaysarfa®sIþCaGñkrYmcMENkcm,gkñúgplitkmμksikmμ karrYmcMENkrbs;BYkeKmansar³sMxan;Nas; enAkñúgeKal-

neya)ayfñak;mUldæan nigfñak;Cati RBmTaMgKeRmagEkTRmg;dIFøI karGnuvtþkñúgvis½yksikmμ kareFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;CIvPaB

rs;enA nigehdæarcnasm<½n§.

4> karykBn§darelIdI b¤¼nigkardkykmkvijnUvdIsm,TanEdlmineRbIR)as; KWCamUlehtuRbkbedaysmFm’ nigRbsiT§PaB

esdækic©xøaMgkøa.

3>2 dIrbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic 27

siTi§rbs;CnCatiedIm RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faCacMNucsñÚl edIm,IseRmc)annUvsiTiÞmnusSCasakl nigsiTi§sV½yseRmc

rbs;mnusSTaMgGs;Kña. CnCatiedImPaKticmancMnYnRbEhl 0/9° énRbCaBlrdækm<úCa EdlEckCa 17 Rkum rs;enAkñúg

extþRkecH mNÐlKIrI rtnKIrI sÞwgERtg kMBg;FM ekaHkug eBaF×sat; kMBg;s<W nigRkugRBHsIhnu eyagtamkarRsg;cMnYnRbCaBlrdæ

qñaM 1998. c,ab;PUmi)alqñaM 2001 TTYlsÁal;siTi§kan;kab;dIrYmKñarbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic ehIyyuT§sa®sþbeNþaHGasnñén

RkbxNÐeKalneya)aydIFøI qñaM 2002 EcgfaCnCatiedImPaKtic RtUvTTYl)annUvsiTi§Cam©as;rYmKñaelIdIrbs;BYkeK. Rkbx½NÐenH

k¾TTYlsÁal;pgEdr nUvkarGnuvtþksikmμBencrfaCaRbB½n§RKb;RKgdIFøItamRbéBNIrbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic. eTaHCay:agenH

k¾eday k¾enAminTan;)anecjbøg;dIrYmenHmYybøg;enAeLIyeT.

(27) EpñkenH ¬rYmTaMgRbGb; 3>6pg¦ eyagelImUldæanénkarTak;TgCamYyevTikasgÁmsIuvilkm<úCa RbcaMenAPñMeBj nigÉksarTTYl)anBIBYkeK.


RbGb; 3>6 ³ semøgrbs;CnCatiedIm

semøgGñkTI1

CIvPaBrs;enArbs;CnCatiedImBwgEp¥kelIpléRBQI. karrs;enArbs;eyIgEbbenHminmanplb:HBal;eTA

elIéRBeQIeT eRBaHeyIgyl;fa dI nigéRBeQIEdldUntaeyIgbnSl;Tuk[ KWCaCIvitrbs;eyIg. eyIgniyayPasa

epSgKña GaRs½yeTAtamCnCatinImYy². eyIgCnCatiedImebþCJanwgrkSacMeNHdwgTaMgGs;enHteTAeTot.

eyIgeFVIsMNUmBreTAraCrdæaPi)al sUm[Fanadl;snþisuxdIFøI karBaréRBeQI nigFnFanFm μCati.

sUm[pþl;esvasgÁmkic©xøH dUcCa suxaPi)al Pasa karGb;rM ehIysUmelIksÞÜy[)anTUlMTUlayEfmeTot nUvsiT§irbs;CnCatiedIm

PaKticenAkm<úCa.

semøgGñkTI 2

CnCatiPaKticCYbRbTHnwgbBaða)at;bg;dIFøI edaysarkarkab;eQIxusc,ab; karTijniglk;dI nigkarcab;ykdIeFVICakmμsiT§ÉkCn.

eyIgRbQmmuxnwgkar)at;bg;vb,Fm’ nigRbéRBNI edaysarkarT®nÞancUlénvb,Fm’BIxageRkA ehIyCnCatiedImPaKtic)anRtUveK

pat;ecjBIsgÁm. eyIg´TaMgGs;Kña EdlCaRbCaBlrdæCnCatiedImenAPUmiPaK|san sUmeFVIsMNUmBr[begáInel,ÓncuHbBa¢IdIFøIrbs;

CnCatiedIm Gnuvtþc,ab;EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgCnCatiedIm dUcmanEcgenAkñúgc,ab;dIFøIBImaRta 23-28 ehIysUmCYyeFVI[RbesIreLIg

dl;maRta 265 nigelIksÞÜy nigBRgwgdl;vb,Fm’ nigRbéBNIrbs;CnCatiedIm.

semøgGñkTI3

eyIgsUm[mankarTTYlsÁal;dl;siT§irbs;CnCatiedImkñúgkarkan;kab; nigkareRbIR)as;dIFøI nigFnFanFmμCatitamrebobrbbén

RbéBNIeyIg. rdæKYrEtTTYlsÁal; nigkarBarsiT§iRsbc,ab; nigkarkan;kab; nigkareRbIR)as;dIFøI nigFnFanFmμCati. GnusBaØarbs;GgÁkar

BlkmμGnþrCati ILO elx 169 esñIsMu[rdæaPi)alnanaeKarBsBaØaNrbs;CnCatiedIm kñúgkarkan;kab;dIFøItamRbéBNIrbs;BYkeyIg´

edIm,IFana[karkan;kab;dIFøIenHmanRbsiT§PaB. eyIgTnÞwgrg;caMkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøIenAtamXuMsgáat; nigkarkarBardIrbs;eyIg´ EdlCa

RbCaBlrdæCnCatiedIm.

RbPB ³ evTikaGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alkm<úCa

kgVHkarGnuvtþc,ab; )anTuk[CnCatiedImPaKticgayrgeRKaHedaysarplRbeyaCn_BIxageRkA Edlkan;EtekIneLIg

cUlmkykplBIskþanuBlesdækic©rbs;éRBeQI ehIynigdImanCICatitamtMbn;PñM. dIsm,TanFM²RKbdNþb;elItMbn;EdlCnCati

edImPaKticTaMgGs; Føab;rs;enACaRbéBNI. Cajwkjy BYkeKTTYlplb:HBal;F¶n;F¶r edaysarkarkab;rMlMéRBeQI fVIt,itEt

mankarbBaÄb;skmμPaBmYyry³k¾eday k¾karkab;eQIenAEtbnþedayBuMmanRbsiT§PaBénkarRtYtBinitüeLIy. ktþaenHbNþal

[mankarbMBarbMBanelIdIFøIrbs;GñkRsukpÞúynwgc,ab;dIFøI EdlCalT§plnaMeTArkkarbMpøicbMpøajTaMgRsTab;sgÁm nigCIvPaB

rs;enArbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic. bBaðaenH)anrIkFMeLIgdl;tMNak;kalmYy EdlnaM[shKmn_xøHrlaysabsUnü.

c,ab;éRBeQIqñaM 2002 manbBaØtiþmYyEcgBIkarTTYlsÁal;CapøÚvkardl;éRBshKmn_. nItiviFIc,ab; nigeKalkarN_ENnaM

sRmab;bBaØtiþenH)aneFVIcb;sBVRKb;ehIy. nItiviFITaMgenHpþl;CUnshKmn_CnCatiedIm nigshKmn_minEmnCnCatiedImnUv»kas

[BYkeKmansiT§ieRbIR)as; nigRKb;RKgéRBeQI ¬eRkamkic©RBmeRBog 15 qñaMmþg²¦. eyagtambBaØtþic,ab;enH éRBeQIxøH

RtUv)anrab;bBa©ÚleTAkñúgGclnsm,tþi rYmKñasRmab;CnCatiedImPaKtic. Bak;B½n§eTAnwgbBaðasiT§ieRbIR)as;dIFøIrbs;CnCatiedIm

PaKticmankarrIkceRmInxøHEdr b:uEnþkñúgkarGnuvtþc,ab;enAmankic©karCaeRcIneTotEdlRtUveFVI;.

sarKnøwH ³

caM)ac;RtUvEtRbKl;eTA[CnCatiedImPaKticnUvsiTi§eRbIR)as; nigkan;kab;dIFøIrbs;BYkeKCabnÞan;. c,ab;EdlFanasiT§i

eRbIR)as;dIFøI nigéRBeQIrbs;BYkeKRtUvEtGnuvtþ[)anR)akdRbCa.


3>3 dIsm,TansgÁmkic© 28

rdæaPi)al)anecjbBaØtþimYy sþIGMBIdIsm,TansgÁmkic©enAkñúgc,ab;dIFøI qñaM 2001 edIm,Ibn§ÚrbnßyPaBRkIRk nigPaB\t

dIFøIenAtamCnbT. TisedA KWedIm,Ipþl;dIFøICUnGñkRkIRk nigCncMNakRsuk nigGñkdéTeTot EdlTTYlplb:HBal; edIm,I[BYkeK

)ansþarkaysm,Ta nigtMagTIlMenAfμI. dIEdlEck[eTAGtItTahan edIm,IsRmYlkarrMsaykgT½B nigCYyksagmUldæanén

CIvPaBrs;enArbs;BYkeK. dUecñHkarEckdIFøIGacelIksÞÜysnþiPaB.

ebIemIleTAelIkareRbIR)as;dIFøI nigGnu)atrvagdIFøIRbCaCn km<úCaenAmandIesssl;enAeLIy ehIykarEbgEckdIFøI

GacCYybn§ÚrbnßybBaðaCIvPaBrs;enArbs;GñkRkIRk EdlK μandIFøICaBiessKW®sþIksikrEdlmandI nigFnFanÉeTot²tictYc.

c,ab;Ecgfa ³

k> km μviFIdIsm,TansgÁmkic©fñak;mUldæan ¬karrkdIFøIedIm,IEckcayenAtammUldæan KWCaParkic©TTYlxusRtUvrbs;

GaCJaFrmUldæan¦.

x> kmμviFIdIsm,TansgÁmkic©fñak;Cati ¬KWCakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;GaCJaFrfñak;Catikñúgkarrk nigEckdIenAkñúgRbeTs.

bc©úb,nñenHkarEdlRtUvxitxMBuHBarCacm,g KWRtUvrkdITMenr EdlmanenAkñúgXuM nigbnÞab;mkenAkEnøgdéTeTot. enAExtula

qñaM 2006 dIcMnYn 2303 hicta )anEck[eTARKYsarcMnYn 17086 RKYsar edayGnuelamtambBaØtþidIsm,TansgÁmkic©enH

enAkñúgextþbnÞaymanC½y ]tþrmanC½y nig)at;dMbg. dITaMgenHRtUv)anpþl;Cacm,gCUneTATahanrMsayedIm,IeFVIPUmidæan29.

bBaðasMxan; 6 sRmab;km<úCa k¾dUcCaRbeTsÉeTotEdr. cMNucTaMgenaH KW ³

1> karrkdIsRmab;EckCUnRKYsarRkIRk KWCakarmYyd¾lM)akenAkñúgtMbn;NaEdlmanBlrdæeRcIn. sUm,IEtrkeXIjfa

mandITMenrk¾eday CYnkalmankartv:aGMBIsßab½nrdæepSg² b¤GgÁPaBÉkCn. enAkEnøgxøHeTot dIEdlenATMenrRtUv)an

eKeRbIR)as;;CavalesμAsRmab;eKaRkbI.

2> dITMenr - tamFmμtaCadIxUcKuNPaBeRkayBIkab;eQIFM²Gs; - Cajwkjy EtgEtenATIkEnøgEdlGñkKμandIrs;enA

b¤Ek,rkEnøgEdltaMgTIlMenAfμI.

3> KuNPaBdIEsssl;eRkayBIkab;é®BGs;eTA EtgEtCadIEdlmanCatiGasIudx<s; ehIyedaymanCatisirIragÁtictYc

dIenH køayeTACadIEdldaMdMNaMmin)anpl.

4> enAfñak;Cati dIesssl;PaKeRcInmanenAPUmiPaK|san Bay½Bü nigtMbn;eqñrsmuRT. karEdlmindwgR)akdenaH

KWetIRKYsarEdlKμandIFøIsuxcitþlHbg;GVVI²enAkñúgPUmikMeNItrbs;xøÜn b¤eT edIm,IeTAtaMgTIlMenAfμIenATIq¶ay² edIm,ITTYl

ykdIEdlmindwgfamanKuNPaBl¥ b¤minl¥enaH.

5> bc©úb,nñenH enAminTan;dwgc,as;BIfamv½nþénTIpSardIFøIenAkEnøgf μ I²eT b:uEnþminmanehtuplNasRmab;manCMenOfa

BitCaminxusBIGVI² Edl)aneXIjenAtMbn;ÉeTot²kñúgRbeTseLIy. extþrtnKIrI k¾mankarTijlk;dIFøImYycMnYnEdr

fVIt,itEtCaextþmYykñúgcMeNamextþ EdlmanBaNiC¢kmμticCageKbMputk¾eday.

6> karGPivDÆelIdIfμIRtUvcMNayeRcIn CaBiess RbsinebIdITaMgenaHenAq¶ayBIrcnasm<½n§EdlmanRsab;. edIm,I[mnusS

GacecjcUl nigrs;enAkñúgtMbn;fμITaMgenHRbkbedaycIrPaB)an RtUvsagsg;pøÚvP¢ab;eTAtMbn;TaMgenH sagsg;sala

nigRbB½n§suxaPi)al ehIynigesvaÉeTot²EdlcaM)ac;.

(28) sUmemIl Dinravy nig Groetschel (2004) nig Halabi (2005) cMeBaHbBaðaTak;Tinnwgsm,TansgÁmkic©. cMeBaHGnuRkwtüsUmemIl http://www.gocombodia.com/laws/pdf/ANK-19-03-social%20concessions-E.pdf

(29) tYelxenH hak;dUcCaminrYmbBa©ÚlTaMgEpñkmYyénkm μviFIsm,TansgÁmkic©Edl]btßmÖedayFnaKarBiPBelakeT. enAkñúgenaHmanBIrbIryRKYsareTot.

km<úCaenAmandIesssl;enAeLIy dUecñHkarEckcay

dIFøIenH GacCYybn§ÚrbnßyCIvPaB

rs;enArbs;GñkRkIRk EdlKμandI b¤esÞIrEtKμandIFøI


karviPaKTinñn½yrbs;Gegátesdækic©-sgÁmkic© qñaM 2004 ¬SES-04¦ )anrkeXIjfa sUm,IEtksikrTaMgGs;mandIrhUt

eTAdl; 5 hicta mñak;k¾eday k¾R)ak;cMNUlrbs;BYkeKmineLIgx<s;CagbnÞat;énPaBRkIRkeLIy. tamBit karkat;bnßyPaB

RkIRkEdlmanRbsiT§PaB TamTar[manvinieyaKRKb;RKan;kñúgkarbMBak;GKÁisnItamTICnbT nigerobcMehdæarcnasm<½n§esdækic©

nigsgÁmkic©enATIenaH30. Cak;Esþg RbsinebIminmankarEkTRmg;bEnßmdUc)anelIkeLIgxagelIenHeT dIFøIEdlEck[tam

kmμviFIsm,TansgÁmkic©enH nwgRtUvlk;dUrteTAeTot ehIyksikrTaMgenaHnwgkøayeTACaGñkGt;dIvijdEdl dUecñHRtUvEtman

eKalneya)ayEckdI rYmCamYynwgkarGPivDÆehdæarcnasm<½n§CnbT CaCagRKan;EtEckdITeTb:ueNÑaH. eKalneya)ayenH

sRmab;GnuvtþkarEckdIsgÁmkic©KYbpSMKñaCamYynwgEpnkarerobcMlMenAdæanfμI nigkarsþarnItism,Ta[)aneRcInCagGVI²Edlman

sBVéf¶.

sar³sMxan; ³

dMeNIrkarrkdIFøI nigerobcMTIlMenAfμIsRmab;GñkRkIRk caM)ac;RtUvEtbegáInel,Ón BRgIk[TUlMTYlay ehIytamdan[)anl¥

edayeRbIeKalneya)aysþarnItism,Tay:agTUlMTUlay nigkartaMgTIlMenAfI μ rYmTaMgkarvinieyaKkñúgvis½ysuxaPi)al Gb;rM

nigehdæarcnasm<½n§esdækic©.

3>4 GPi)alkic© nigvivaTdIFøI 31

rhUtmkdl; Ex FñÚ qñaM 2006 bøg;dI b¤viBaØabnb½RtsmÁal;siT§ikan;kab; eTIbnwg)anecjminelIsBI 20° eT. b:uEnþ

rdæaPi)aleRKagnwgecjbøg;dI[)anmYylanbøg;enAdMNac;qñaM 2007 tamlkçN³CaRbB½n§ ¬KWCakarpþÜcepþImrbs;rdæaPi)al.

kñúgEx FñÚ qñaM 2006 bøg;dIEdlecjtamRbB½n§mancMnYn 0/57 lanbøg; ehIyecjtamlkçN³dac;edaydMumancMnYn 0/58 lanbøg;

¬KWtamkaresñIsuMrbs;ÉkCn¦ tYelxenH enAtUcNas;ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgcMnYnBaküsuMBI 6 eTA 7 lanBakü32. GñkRkIRk 1¼5

énRbCaBlrdæ)anTTYlbøg;dIEtBak;kNþaléncMnYnbøg;dIEdlecj[RkumGñkman EdltMNag[Et 1¼5 énRbCaBlrdæ.

GñkmanTTYlbøg;dI EdlecjtamlkçN³dac;edaydMu. BYkeKbg;luy edIm,I)anbøg;dIEdleRbob)aneTAnwgkarTijbøg;Edr.

pÞúyeTAvij GñkRkRtUvEtBwgEp¥kelIRbB½n§EdleTIbnwg)anbegáInel,ÓnkñúgqñaM 2006. elIsBIenHeTot karecjbøg;dItamlkçN³

CaRbB½n§EtgEteFVIeLIgenAtambNþaextþ EdlminsUvmanbBaðavivaTdIFøI dUcCa PñMeBj TIRbCMuCnenAextþxagt,ÚgvalTMnabTenø

emKgÁ nigvalTMnabTenøsabCaedIm33. GPi)alkic©dIFøIedayBuMmanbøg;dICak;lak; KWCakarmYyd¾lM)ak nigminR)akdRbCa

EdlnaMeTArkkarseRmcminyutþiFm’kñúgkrNImanvivaTdIFøI.

eyagtamsßitimUldaænsRmab; XuM-sgáat; rbs;RksYgEpnkarenAqñaM 2005 manvivaTdIFøIcMnYn 28>219 krNI eRbobeFob

eTAnwgqñaM 2004 EdlmanvivaTcMnYnEt 26>353 krNI qñaM 2003 25>442 krNI nigqñaM 2002 26>510 krNI 34.

CemøaHdIFøIekItkan;EteRcIneLIg² edaysarrdæGMNacminmaneKalkarN_RKb;RKan; nigeBjeljkñúgkarcuHbBa¢IdIFøI nigecjbøg;dI

ehIyk¾KμanviFIsRmab;edaHRsayvivaTdIFøI[)ansmRsbrh½s nigkñúgtémøTab.

vivaTdIFø IenAtMbn;xaglic nig|san maneRcInCagtMbn;ÉeTot² KitCacMnYnvivaTsRmab;RbCaBlrdæmYyBan;nak;

¬rUbPaB 3>10¦. RTg;RTayénkarvivaTdIFøIenAtamCnbTsRmab;extþnImYy² bgðaj[eXIjfa GaRtaénkarvivaTdIFøIx<s;

CageKbMput KWenAkñúgextþTaMgLayNaEdlq¶ayBIRbB½n§eRsacRsBFM².

kñúgextþnanaenAtMbn;BayBü GRtaénvivaTdIFøIk¾x<s;Edr ¬]TahrN_ GtIttMbn;ExμRkhmkan;kab;¦ CakEnøgsRmab;eFVI

ksikm μeRkayeBldMeNIrkarsnþiPaB)ancb;sBVRKb;tMbn;éRBenA|san EdlCadIrbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic k¾RtUv)aneLIgéfø

nigenAPUmiPaKnirtI dUcCadIEdlBak;B½n§nwgkarsagsg;pøÚvCatielx 4. rIÉtMbn;GaeKñy_ TenøsabxagekIt nigtMbn;kNþal

vivaTdIFøImankRmitTab35.

(30) Anders nig Kokko (2006).(31) bBaðaenHEp¥kelIkasikSaTUlMTUlayenAmUldæan nigenATIepSg²eTot. karsikSaBiess rYmmankarsikSarbs; Kato (2000); Williams (2000);

Biddulph (2000); So nig al. (2001); EFCT (2005); UNHCHR (2004); FnaKarBiPBelak (2005).(32) RbPB ³ NSDP; sUmemIl RGC (2006k), TMB½r 20.(33) RbPB ³ FnaKarBiPBelak (2002).(34) r)aykarN_fMIμmYysIþGMBIkarsikSarbs; Oxfam EcgfavivaTdIFøImankRmitx<s;rhUtdl; 1 krNI kñúgcMnYndb;R)aMRKYsar (Tinñn½yqñaM 2006).(35) Tinñn½yTaMgenHxusKñaGMBITinñn½yEdl)anmkBIGaCJaFredaHRsayvivaT BIeRBaHGaCJFrenaHmantYelxEtelIkrNINa Edl)aneTAdl;tulakar

b¤dl;GaCJaFrÉeTot².


RbPB ³ mUldæanTinññn½y XuM -sgáat; rbs;RksYgEpnkar http://www.seila.gov.kh

rUbPaK 3>10 ³ vivaTdIFøICnbT ¬tamcMnYn 1000 RKYsar qñaM 2005¦ sRmab;extþnImYy²karGPivDÆTIRbCuMCnd¾qab;rh½s)an

begáItGMNacTijdUr[GaCIvkr nig

mnusSdéTeTot b:uEnþedaysar

BuMmanCeRmIseRcInsRmab;eFVIvinieyaK

BYkeKk¾naMKñaeTATijdI

karykdIFøIeTAeFVIBaNiC¢km μ Biess dIenAtamdgpøÚv)anekIneLIgy:agrh½skñúgqñaMf μ I²knøgmkenH )anbNþal[man

karRbkYtRbNaMgKñarvagmnusSCaeRcIn minEmnEtksikrb:ueNÑaHeT. tamBit mnusSRKb;Kña elIkElgEtksikrecj eBal

KWRkumh‘undIsm,Tan nigQ μ ÜjkNþal CaGñkEdlman\T§iBl ehtuenHenAkñúgkarvivaTdIFøI ksikrEtgEtsßitenAkñúgCMhr

Tn;exSayCagCanic© 36. karGPivDÆTIRbCuMCnd¾qab;rh½s)anbegáItGMNacTijdUr[GaCIvkr nigmnusSdéTeTot b:uEnþedaysar

BuMmanCeRmIseRcInsRmab;eFVIvinieyaK BYkeKk¾naMKñaeTATijdI. CalT§pl karTijdIenHeFVI[mnusSRtUvkardIkan;EteRcIneLIg.

PaBminesμIKñakñúgkarTTYlB½t’man)aneFIV[QμÜjkNþalmaneRbobCag ³ BYkeKdwgfa dIenAkEnøgNaEdlRtUvGPivDÆ kEnøgNa

RtUvsagsg;pøÚv kEnøgNamanmCÄmNÐlBaNiC¢kmμ ehIyRtUvsagsg;enAeBlNa b¤Éksikr nigGñklk;dImindwgerOgenH

Tal;EtesaH. elIsBIenHeTot ]b,tiþehtuénkardeNþImdIFøIk¾ekIteLIg edaymanGñkmanGMNacCaGñkRbRBwtþ 37. segçb

esckþIeTA kalNaesckþIRtUvkar dIFøIekIneLIg kñúgkrNIEdlminmanEpnTIsurieyadIRKb;RKan; nigminmankarGnuvtþc,ab;dIFøI

[)anxøaMgkøa vivaTelIkarkan;kab; nigeRbIR)as;dIFøIk¾ekIneLIgEdr.

TnÞwmKñanwgkarbegáInkic©karEpñksurieyadI RbB½n§dMeNaHRsayvivaTdIFøI k¾RtUveFVIvimCÄkareTAfñak;mUldæan ¬XuMb¤Rsuk¦.

KYrmaneKalneya)ayBiessmYy KWerobcMsalakIþenAfñak;mUldæansRmab;CMnMuCRmH[Gs;kñúgry³eBlmYyqñaM nUvbBa¢Icas;

EdlenAesssl;Bak;B½n§nwgvivaTdIFøI. B½t’mansþIBIEpnkarGPivDÆnana KYrEtpSBVpSay[)anTUlMlay edIm,I[manyutþiFm’

sRmab;TaMgGs;Kña.

(36) BMumanTIpSarPaKh‘un b¤rUbiyb½NÑ rYmTaMgR)ak;beBaIØ BMuTTYl)annUvpltbmkvijCadMukMPYneLIy.(37) krNIénkarlUkédrbs;;sßanb½nrdæ KWCakrNIFm μta ehIy NGO Forumkm<úCaEtgEtelIkykÉksarmkbgðajBIkrNIenHCaeTogTat;. sUmemIlbEnßm The Cambodia Daily 13 tula 2006.


RbPB ³ karsikSarbs; Oxfam nig CDRI

rUbPaK 3>11 ³ mUlehtuxøH²énvivaTdIFøI

sarKnøwH ³

karecjbøg;dI RtUvEtRbjab;Rbjal;eLIg. elIsBIenHeTot RtUveFVIRbB½n§vimCÄkarénesvayutþiFm’mYy edIm,IedaHRsayvivaT

dIFøI[)anqab;rh½s Edlnwgpþl;plRbeyaCn_y:ageRcIndl;dMeNIrkarTaMgmUl.

3>5 rbrensaTRtI nigCIvPaBrs;enA

sßanPaB

CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RbCaBlrdæCaeRcInBwgEp¥kelIkarensaTRtI. Tenøsab nigGagTenøemKgÁ rYmTaMgsÞwg nigbwgÉeTot²

CaeRcIn KWCaRbPBsMxan;énRtITwksab. bwgTenøsabEdlmanTwkTenøemKgÁ hUrcUlCaerogral;qñaMenAkñúgrdUvePøógmanTMhM

rIkFMCag 4 dg edayRKbdNþb;elIbwgtUc²mYycMnYnFM nigkEnøgTwksÞwghUrcUlCaeRcIn RBmTaMgvalTMnablicTwkpg. bnÞab;mk

TwkbwgTenøsabhUrRtLb;cak;cUleTAkñúgTenøemKgÁvij eRkayrdUvvsSalkçN³Edl\tmanBIrEbbenH eFVI[TenøsabsßitenAkñúg

cMeNamRbB½n§brisßanTwksab Edlsm,ÚrFnFanCageKbMputenAkñúgBiPBelak. TenøsabCakEnøgEdlbribUN’eTAedayTItaMg

sRmab;Clvb,km μ BIeRBaHmnusSPaKeRcInrs;enAmat;Twk. km<úCamaneqñrsmuRTRbEvg 435 KILÚEm:Rt latsn§wgkñúg

extþ 4 38. RtI nigplecjBIRtI pþl;CatiRbUetGIuncMnYn 75° énRbUetGIunTaMgGs; EdlBlrdækm<úCaRtUvkar.

sßitirbs;rdæaPi)alcat;TukkarrYmcMENkénkarensaTRtIeTAelIplTunCatisrubcMnYnBI 10-12° nigpþl;kargareFVIenAkñúg

vis½yensaTRtIcMnYn 4>8° énkmøaMgBlkmμTaMgGs;39. tYelxTaMgenH GacticCagkarBit BIeRBaHkarsikSaenAmUldæanrkeXIj

faR)ak;cMNUlrbs;RKYsarnImYy²ekIneLIgBI 15-17° BIkarensaTRtI ehIymancMnYn 1lan RKYsarEdlRbkbrbbrensaRtI

CaBiess enArdUvR)aMg ¬36° énRKYsarenAkñúgPUmitamdgTenøsabCaGñkRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitedayensaTRtICacm,g¦40.

enAeBlEdlmanTwkCMnn; b¤rIgs¶Üt karensaTRtIpþl;nUvkarFanamYyc,as;las;. kñúgmYyqñaM² RtITwksabmancMnYnBI 0/35

eTA 0/40 lanetan EdlmantémøBI 300 eTA 400 landuløar. elIsBIenHeTot kMBis bgág kþam x©g kEgáb Bs; stVl¥it

mancMnYn 60>000 etankñúgmYyqñaMeTot. RtIsmuRTmancMnYn 55>000 etan eTot ¬rUbPaB 3>12¦41.

(38) B½t’manBisþarGMBIRbB½n§ sÞwg-Tenø manenAkñúgr)aykarN_rbs; SCW/Danida (2006).(39) Tinñn½ysRmab;qñaM 2004 CaqñaMcugeRkayEdlmanTinñn½ysIþBIBlkr. sUmemIl http://www.nis.gov.kh

(40) McKenney nig Prom (2002); Chan nig Acharya (2002); CDRI (manenAeBleRkay).(41) RbPB ³ raCrdæaPi)al (2006 K).


karensaTenH KWCakarensaTRtIEdlrs;enAkñúgbwgbYFmμCati b:uEnþfμIenH mankareRbIbec©kviC¢abegáInplitPaBxøH dUcCa

ciBa©wmRtIkñúgEb b¤ciBa©wmRtICarebobClvb,kmμ. karciBa©wmRtIEbbenH GaceFVI)anEtcMeBaHRtIRbePTmYycMnYn nigenAtamtMbn;xøH

Etb:ueNÑaH.

b:unμanqñaMknøgeTAenH mankarekIncMnYnmnusScUleTArs;enAkñúgtMbn;ensaTRtI ehIyeFVI[xUcRbB½n§brisßanviTüa EdlbNþal

[manplb:HBal;GviC¢maneTAelIbrimaNRtI. CamYyKñaenHEdr CIvPaBrbs;RbCaBlrdæEdlBwgEp¥kelIkarensaTTaMgenaH

k¾TTYlplb:HBal;Edr. BImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM bBaðaEdlRtUvBuHBarkñúgkarRKb;RKgFnFanRtI KWfaGñkNaCam©as; nigGñkNa

KYrmansiT§iensaTRtI ehIyviFINaEdlRtUvcat;EcgelIRbB½n§karBarRtI.

(42) Hap, Chuenpagdee nig Kurien (2006); ICTSD (2005).(43) RbPBTinñn½y ³ Acharya, Kim, Chap nig Meach (2003); karsegátdl;mUldæankñúgqñaM 2006.

kMNt;smÁal; ³ mankarekIneLIgxøaMgenAqñaM 2001-2002 BIeRBaHkarensaTCalkçN³RKYsarRtUvrab;bBa©ÚlkñúgcMnYnsrubTaMgGs;. RbPB ³ RksYgksikmμ rukçaRbma:j; nigensaT (MAFF), http://www.maff .gov.kh

rUbPaK 3>12 ³ RtIEdlcab;)anenAkm<úCa qñAM1980-2004

kMeNInkarBwgEp¥kelIkarensaTRtI

edaysarkMeNInRbCaBlrdæ esckþIRtUvkarelIRbPBRtIk¾ekIneLIgEdr BIeRBaHkargarciBa©wmCivitkñúgvis½yÉeTot² minsUv

rIkceRmIn42.

bc©úb,nñenH manmnusS 1 lannak; RbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitedayensaTRtI ehIycMnYnenHGacekIneLIgEfmeTot edaysar

kMeNInRbCaBlrdæ nigedayGñkEdl)at;bg;dIksikmμ cUlmkrs;enAkñúgtMbn;ensaTRtIEfmeTot. RbsinebImnusS 1 lannak;

EckrMElkplTunRtIsrubEdlmantémø 350 landuløar enaHGñkensaTmñak;²nwgTTYl)anR)ak;cMNUlRbcaMqñaM 350 duløar

¬cMNUlsrub¦. RbsinebIdkcMNayepSg²ecj GñkensaTmñak;²enAsl;R)ak;cMNUlRbEhlBI 200-225 duløarkñúgmYyqñaM.

Cajwkjab; GñkensaTÉkCnEdleRbI]bkrN_ensaTGskm μ rkRtI)ankñ úgtémøminelIsBI 4000-6000 eroleT

¬BI 1-1>50 duløar¦43.

RbsinebImnusSCaeRcInnaMKñaRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitedayensaRtITwksab enaHnwgbNþal[ekInkarRbkYtRbECgKñarkRtI

Edlmantémø b¤rkRtIFM² ehIybNþal[)at;bg;BUCRtI. RtIFMEdlmantémøx<s; ehIyEdlRtUvkareBlyUr edIm,IbnþBUCenaH

nigkan;EtRkeTA² enAsl;EtRtItUc² EdlminsUvmantémø dUceKEtgEtelIk]TahrN_GMBIehtukarN_énRbeTsbg;køaeds.

bBaðaenHk¾manenAkñúgvis½yensaTRtIsmuRTEdr eRBaHmanmnusSeRcInNas; EdlRbkbrbrciBa©wmCivitEtensaTRtImYymux

BIrbIqñaMknøgeTAenHmankarekIncMnYn

mnusScUleTArs;enAkñúgtMbn;

ensaTRtI ehIyeFVI[xUcRbB½n§CIvsa®sþ EdlbNþal[

manplb:HBal;GviC¢maneTAelI

brimaNRtI>>>CIvPaBrbs;

RbCaBlrdæ>>>k¾TTYlplb:HBal;Edr


rhUtTal;EteFVI[xUcKuNPaB BUCRtIsmuRTbnSl;TukenAR)ak;cMNUlTabCanic©rhUtteTA 44. edaysarkarensaTPaKeRcIn

BwgEp¥kelIFnFan PaBmines μ IKñakñúgkarrkFnFan)aneFVI[karensaTkan;Ety:ab;yWneTA². GñkEdlminsUvsm,ÚrFnFan

rYmTaMgemRKYsarEdlCa®sIþ KWsuT§EtCaGñkcaj; edayminGaceCosvag)an.

CIvPaBrs;enArbs;RKYsarGñkensaTmanPaBRbesIrCagCIvPaBrbs;GñkEdlmandIxøH b¤GñkEdlRbkbrbrenAtammat;Twk

¬]TahrN_ Clvb,kmμ¦ enHmann½yfa sRmab;mnusSCaeRcIn karbegáItmuxrbr nigbegáItkargarepSg²BIKña KWCayuT§sa®sþmYy

sMxan;sRmab;eFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;CIvPaBrs;enA.

plb:HBal;BIkarbMpøajéRBeQI nigKeRmagGPivDÆn_

karkab;bMpøajéRBeQICaRTg;RTayFMenAtamtMbn;dITMnabEk,rmat;sÞwg Tenø eFVI[ERbRbYldl;lMhUrTwk nigbrimaNTwk

enAEpñkxageRkaménTenø. karERbRbYlenHb:HBal;eTAdl;brimaNRtI. karGPivDÆksikmμ nigKeRmagsagsg;ehdæarcnasm<½n§

enACit²bwgTenøsab k¾manplb:HBal;elIkarbnþBUCRtI nigbrimaNRtI edaypÞal; b¤edayRbeyalEdr edaysarmankarrMxan

dl;dMeNIrkarbnþBUC nigkarxUcxatdl;lMenAdæanrbs;RtI. ]TahrN_xøH mandUcxageRkamenH ³

k> karkab;eQIhubkñúgkRmitx<s; nigkarQUsqayéRBlicTwk nigéRBÉeTot² )anbNþal[Tenøsabkan;Etrak;eTA²

nigbNþal[b:HBal;dl;brimaNRtI.

x> KeRmagGPivDÆn_Edlpøal;bþÚrTis[TwkhUr b¤kñúgTRmg;NamYyb:HBal;dl;CRmkRtI naM[brimaNRtIfycuH45.

K> viFIdaMduHTMenIb EdlbeNþay[CIKImI nigfñaMsmøab;stVl¥ithUrcUleTAkñúgTwk k¾manplb:HBal;GviC¢maneTAelIRtIEdr

X> edaysarmantRmUvkardIksikmμkan;EteRcIneLIgGñkERsxøH daMRsUvenAkñúgERslicTwk. eBlxøHeTot eKkab;bMpøaj

éRBlicTwk nigbUmTwkecjBIbwg edIm,IykdIeFVIERs EdlCaehtubNþal[b:HBal;dl;CIvitstVEdlrs;enAkñúgTwk.

EpnkarGPivDÆn_ksikm μ nigkarRKb;RKgTwk nigéRBeQI RtUvEtshRbtibtiþkarKña edIm,ICYyBRgwgKñaeTAvijeTAmk

ehIyeCosvagTegVINa EdlmanqnÞ³pÞúyBIKña.

karensaTxusc,ab;

GñkensaTtUctacCaeRcIn cab;RtIlYclak; b¤ensaTRtIxusc,ab; nigRbRBwtþGMeBIEdlminKab;RbesIrcMeBaHRbB½n§brisßanviTüa

dUcCa Kb;RKab;Ebk qk;RtI. m©as;LÚt_ensaTEtgEtBüayamBRgIkRBMsImarbs;xøÜncUleTAkñúgEdnensaTsaFarN³ nigT®nÞan

cUleTAkñúgtMbn;sRmab;GñkensaTtUctac. srubesckþImk RKb;²KñaEtgEtcg;)anRtIeRcInCagrkSaRbPBRtI[manCaRbcaM.

GegátenAtamkEnøgCaeRcIn)anrkeXIjfa brimaNRtIsRmab;GñkensaTtUc²RbkbrbrciBaw©mCIvit\LÚvenH )anfycuHCaxøaMg

ebIeRbobeFobeTA 2-3 qñaMmun46. KYrerobcMRkumGñkXøaMemIltamshKmn_ edIm,IRKb;RKgkarensaT[)anl¥.

LÚt_ensaT

esÞIrEtmYystvtSr_knøgmk sUm,IEtsBVéf¶enHk¾edayviFIRKb;RKgkarensaT[l¥ KWkarEckLÚt_ ensaT. rdæaPi)alpþl;LÚt_

ensaT[Rkumh‘unsRmab;ry³eBl 2 qñaM. RbvtþierOgénLÚt_ensaT KWdrabNaenAmanGñkensaTtUctacCaeRcIn EdlRbkbrbr

ciBa©wmCIvitedayensaTRtIenaH nwgEtgEtmanTMnas;rvagBYkeK nigm©as;LÚt_ensaT. tamBit erOgenHnwgekIteLIgeBlnrNa

mñak;GHGagfa xøÜnmansiT§ipþac;muxkñúgkarensaTRtITwksab ¬RbGb; 3>7¦. ehIysar³sMxan;mYyeTot KWkardMeLIgBn§ nig

rkTIpSarsRmab;lk;plensaT.

sarKnøwH ³ 1> R)ak;cMNUlrbs;BlrdæEdlBwgEp¥kelIRtIGacbegáIn)anedayeFVIkarEkécñedIm,ItémøbEnßm.

2> RtUvpþl;GMNacdl;shKmn_ edImI,RtYtBinitüelIkarGnuvtþNaEdlb:HBal;dl;RbB½n§CIvsa®sþ.

3> RtUvBRgwgmeFüa)ayedaHRsayvivaTenAfñak;mUldæan edIm,IedaHRsayCemøaHrvagm©as;LÚt_ensaT nigGñkensaTRtIsamBaØ.

(44) IMM (2005); Kim (2005).(45) Mak (2005); IRN (2002).(46) ECFT (2005); Kim, Chan nig Acharya (2002); CDRI (nwgmanenAeBleRkay).

EpnkarGPivDÆn_ksikmμ nigkarRKb;RKgTwk nigéRBeQI RtUvEtshkarKñaedIm,ICYyBRgwgKñaeTAvijeTAmk ehIyeCosvagTegVINaEdlmanqnÞ³pÞúyBIKña


RbPB ³ dkRsg;ecjBI Kurien nig Mao qñaM 2006

rUbPaB 3>13 ³ LÚt_ensaT ³ LÚt_ensaTbc©úb,nñ nigLÚt_ensaTEdlRtUv)anlubecal kñúgqñaM 2001

RbGb; 3>7 ³ LÚt_ensaRtI - RbvtþisavtarxøH²

RbB½n§pþl;LÚt_ensaTcab;GnuvtþenAkm<úCakñúgqñaM 1863 eday)araMg b:uEnþRtUvp¥akeTAvijenAqñaM 1884 edaysarkartv:aRbqaMgnwgkaryksm,tiþrYmeTAeFVICarbs;ÉkCn. kñúgqñaM 1908 manviFankarN_GPirkSfμI² EdlmansmasPaKsMxan;² 5 KWkMNt;rdUvensaTRtI begáItCRmkRtI dak;kMhit]bkrN_ensaTtamRbePT nigGnuBaØat[RbCaBlrdæmUldæanmansiT§imYycMnYnkñúgkarensaTRtI ¬cMnYn 7° énLÚt_ensaTsm,TanTaMgGs;¦ ehIybegáItviTüasßanRsavRCavvis½yensaTRtI.

eRkayeBl)anÉkraCüehIy c,ab;RKb;RKgkarensaTRtIRtUv)andak;[eRbIR)as;enAqñaM 1956 EdlenAEtrkSaRbB½n§LÚt_ensaT. CemøaHedaysarRbB½n§LÚt_ensaTenH k¾ekItmansarCafIμenAqñaM 1960 ehIyrdæaPi)al)anseRmclubecalLÚt_ensaTxøHedIm,Ibn§ÚrbnßyPaBtantwg. enAqñaM 1973 ln; nl; lubecalLÚt_ensaTTaMgGs; ehIysm½yExμrRkhmqñaM 1975-1979 skmμPaBensaTPaKeRcInRtUv)ane)aHbg;ecal.

kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1980 GaCJaFr)anBüayamerobcMskmμPaBensaTRtIeLIgvijRsedogKñaeTAnwgskmμPaBerobcMdIFøI EdlehAfa RkumsamKÁIensaT. RkumGñkensaTRtIGacensaTRtI)an b:uEnþRtUvykRtIRss; b¤RtIegotbg;Bn§CUnrdæ. GñkensaTxøH)antaMgTIlMenAkñúgbwgTenøsabedayrs;enACaPUmiGENþtTwk. kñúgqñaM 1987 RbB½n§LÚt_ensaTRtIk¾cab;epþImeRbIR)as;sarCafμIeLIgvij kñúgeKalbMNgeFVI[kan;EtmanRbsiT§PaBeLIg nigbegáInR)ak;cMNUlCUnrdækan;EteRcIn. rdæaPi)al)andak;c,ab;rdæ)al nigRKb;RKg karensaTelx 33 [eRbIR)as;edayykKMrUtamc,ab;ensaTqñaM 1956 EdlEcktMbn;ensaTRtICa 3 RbePT KWkarensaTRTg;RTayFM ¬CakarensaTRTg;RTay]sSahkmμ¦ karensaTRTg;RTaymFüm ¬edayeRbI]bkrN_ensaT dUcCa fñg b¤GYn GBa©g EdlmanGaCJab½NÑ - karensaTCashRKas¦ nigkarensaTRTg;RTaytUc ¬edayeRbI]bkrN_Gskmμ dUcCa snÞÚcEpømYy sMNaj; nigmgtUc² CakarensaTtamRKYsar¦.

rhUtmkdl;qñaM 2001 TMhMTwkbwgTenøsabCit 1 lanhicta RtUv)anCYl[m©as;LÚt_ensaT kñúgkic©RBmeRBogry³eBl 2 qñaMCamFüm b:uEnþtYelxenHRtUv)anpøas;bþÚrkñúgqñaM 2001 edaysar 56° énLÚt_ensaT EdlCYlenHRtUv)anlubecj. GnuRkwtüsþIBIkarRKb;RKgLÚt_ensaTshKmn_ Edlecj[eRbIkñúgqñaM 2005 edAeTArkkarBRgwgRbB½n§ensaTRtIshKmn_enAtamtMbn;EdllubecjBILÚt_ensaT.


(47) USAID (2005)

3>6 é®BeQI nigrbrrksIuéRBeQI

km<úCamanéRB 58° énTMhMdITaMgmUl ¬tambBa¢IxøHman 60°¦. b:uEnþrUbPaBpáayrNbfμI²enHbgðajfa PaKeRcInénéRB

TaMgenaH minEmnCaéRBFM²eT pÞúyeTAvijrUbPaBCag 3¼4 RtUv)ancat;TukCatMbn;ébtg EdlmankarrMxan b¤tMbn;cRmuH b¤tMbn;

ébtgEdldac;edaydMu². karkab;eQIRTg;RTayFM nigCYnkalxusc,ab;maneRcInNas;kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1990. edIm,IedaHRsay

bBaðaenH rdæ)anlubecalkic©RBmeRBogsm,TanmYycMnYn bnÞab;mk p¥akkarkab;eQITaMgRsugkñúgqñaM 2002 sRmab;ry³eBl

3-4 qñaM ¬RbGb; 3>8¦.

kñúgextþCaeRcIn CIvPaBrs;enAtamRbéBNIrbs;GñkCnbTBak;B½n§CitsñitCamYyéRBeQIsRmab;eFVIGusdut smÖar³sMNg;

eQIh‘ub kUneQI C½rTwk C½rduM fñaMRbéBNI søwk epþA stVtUctac stVl¥it ]rgÁstV nigpldéT²eTotBIéRBeQI. BlrdæenAtMbn;|san

enAEpñkxøHkñúgtMbn;xaglic nigtMbn;PñMBImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM BwgEp¥kelIéRBeQIedIm,IRbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvit. elIsBIenHeTot

RKYsarCnbTTaMgenaH EdlminmanRbPBcMNUleRcInepSgKña RKYsarEdlman®sþICaemRKYsar b¤RKYsarEdlmanemRKYsarCa

mnusScas; nigekμg² EtgEtRtUveKeRbI[eTARbmUlplBIkñúgéRB edIm,Ikat;bnßytémøBlkmμ. dUcCakarensaTEdr karRbmUl

GnupléRBeQI KWCaskmμPaBEdlGackarBarTb;Tl;nwgkarxUcxatpldMNaM edaysarkarraMgs¶Út b¤k¾TwkCMnn;. enAtMbn;xøH

GñkedIréRBTaMgenH ykplitplBIé®BeQIeTAlk;dUrEdlTTYl)anCaR)ak;BI 1500 eTA 2000 erol kñúgmYyéf¶ ¬Tinñn½yedIm

TsvtSr_qñaM 2000¦. RbEhl 1¼3 énRKYsarrs;enAkñúgPUmitamdgéRB ¬BiessenAkñúgextþtMbn;|san nigBay½Bü¦ eBlxøH

sVHEsVgrkGaharkñúgéRB.

enAedImTsvtSr_qñaM 1990 CaeBlEdlcab;epþImmansm,TandIéRBshKmn_ PUmidæanenAtamkEnøgCaeRcIn )anTTYlpl

CaR)ak;kéRmBlkmμBI 3000-4000 erol kúñgmYyéf¶ edaybeRmIkary:agskmμenAkñúgkic©Rbtibtþikarkab;eQI eRkayeBl

EdlesckþIRtUvkareQIhu‘bekIneLIgxøaMg ehIyéRBeQIeBlenaH minTan;mankarRKb;RKgBitR)akdenAeLIgeT. taMgBIqñaM 1998

mk skm μPaBTaMgenaHPaKeRcInk¾fycuH fVIt,itEtxøHenAEtmanbnþedaylYclak;k¾eday. b:uEnþkarpþl;éRBsm,TanenH

eFVI[shKmn_xatbg;siT§ieRbIR)as;éRBeQI. bEnßmeTAelIkarxatbg;Epñkesdækic©rbs;RbCaBlrdæ karedIrehIrrbs;BlrdæenA

kñúgéRB k¾RtUvmankRmitEdr. CabeNþIr²tmk shKmn_raykarN_fa )at;bg;R)ak;cMNUl ehIynig)at;bg;plEdlFøab;rk)an

BIéRBeQI edaysarkardak;éRBeQICasm,tþiÉkCn nigkarxUcKuNPaBFmμCati. enAPUmiTaMgLayNaEdlminsm,ÚrFnFan

karxUcKuNPaBFmμCatid¾F¶n;F¶rEbbenH )anbNþal[xVHGusdutCaxøaMg EdlsBVéf¶enHBYkeKRtUvTijGusdut. tamsmþIGñkPUmi

kareFVIsm,TanéRBeQIminEmnCakarbegáItkargar[BYkeKeT pÞúyeTAvij KWCakarbMpøicbMpøajRbB½n§CIvsa®sþ nigrujRcanBYkeK

ecjBIéRBeQIeTAvijeT47.

GñkPUmienAkñúgéRBTaMgenaHGHGagfa eKCam©as;edImeQIykC½rCaeRcInCMnan;mkehIy EdleKEtgEtlugedImeQIenaHykC½r

minEmnkab;rMlMykeQIhu‘beT. karGHGagTaMgenH RtUv)anm©as;éRBsm,TanCMTas;. GñkPUmiCaeRcIn)anlk;edImeQIrbs;xøÚn[

eTAm©as;éRBsm,Tan ehIyenAEtmYycMnYntUceT EdlenAEtGHGagfa xøÜnCam©as;edImeQITaMgenaH. edImeQIxøH kñúgmYyqñaM²

Gacpþl;C½r)ankúñgtémø 20>000 erol. edImeQITaMgenHPaKeRcIn EdlsBVéf¶Carbs;m©as;éRBsm,Tan RtUv)aneKkab;rMlM

ykeQIhu‘b. enAqñaM 1994 manbegáItéRBshKmn_ EdlCaCeRmIsfμImYyedIm,IRKb;RKgéRBeQI. BIenaHtmk éRBshKmn_

mYycMnYn )anRtUvbegáItedayeCaKC½y ¬RbGb; 3>9¦. é®BshKmn_TaMgenH GacCamaK’amYysRmab;GanaKtd¾l¥dl;éRBeQI

enAkm<úCa.

srubesckþImk enAkñúgsm½yEdlminTan;sm,Úr]sSahkm μ nigEdlminsUvmankarTij lk; pléRBeQIéRBTaMgenaH

CaRbPBpþl;[RbCaBlrdæRkIRktamCnbTnUvplRbeyaCn_bnÞab;bnSMsRmab;rs;. b:uEnþ\LÚvenH edayRbCaBlrdæekIneLIg

ehIyedaysarmankarTijlk;pléRBeQIeRcIn nigedayKμankarRKb;RKgRtwmRtUv éRBQITaMgenaHCYbRbTHnwgkarKRmamkMEhg

kan;EtxøaMgeLIg².


RbGb; 3>8 ³ karRKb;RKgéRBeQI - karBinitüelIRbvtiþsa®sþ

karRbmUlpléRBeQICacm,g KWeQIh‘ubmaneFVItaMgBIsm½yGaNaniKmmkem:øH. manecjGaCJab½NÑsRmab;ry³eBlmankMNt;[

Rkumh‘unCMnYj edaymancMnYneQIh‘ubBitR)akdkñúgtémøEdlmankMNt;mYy. eKeFVIrebobenHrhUtdl;TsvtSr_qñaM 1970 enAeBlEdlExμr

RkhmbBaÄb;kic©snüakab;eQITaMgGs; b:uEnþBYkeKkab;bMpøajéRBlicTwkCaeRcIn edIm,IykdIdaMRsUv.

kñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1980 naykdæanéRBeQI)ankab;eQIedayxøÜnÉg enAkñúgextþCaeRcIn CaBiess enAPaK

xagekIt. karkab;eQIk¾eFIVeLIgedayRkumsamKÁIEdr Edllk;pleQI[rdæaPi)alkñúgtémøTabCagtémøTIpSar.

kñúgeBlCamYyKñaenH RbB½n§RbmUlpleQItamkic©snüa k¾)anRtLb;mkvijbniþcmþg² b:uEnþRtUv)anbBa©b;enA

qñaM 1988.

karykpléRBeQI)ancab;epþImkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1980 nwgedImTsvtSr_qñaM 1990 edayRkumepSg²Kña

CaeRcInRkum enAeBlEdlKNbkSneya)aynana RkumTahan RkumGPi)alextþ nigRkumGñkrksIuéRBeQI

ÉkCn RbkYtRbECgdeNþImFnFanéRBeQIKña. dIéRBsm,TanEdlmanTMhMTaMgGs; 6/9 lanhicta ¬esμInwg

38° énTMhMdITaMgGs;¦ RtUv)anpþl;eTA[Rkumh‘un 29 kñúgcenøaHqñaM 1994-2000. b:uEnþeRkayBImankar

kab;eQIxusc,ab;CaRTg;RTayFM nigkarminRbtibtþitambTbBa¢a rdæaPi)al)anlubecalsiT§ism,Tanrbs;Rkumh‘uncMnYn 17 EdlRKb

dNþb;elITMhMdIRbEhl 3/5 lanhicta. enAqñaM 2005 manRkumh‘unkan;kab;dIsm,TancMnYn 12 RKbdNþb;elIdIcMnYn 3/4 lanhicta

enAtamtMbn;éRBsm,TancMnYnbYnkEnøg ¬EdlmanTMhMRbEhl 18° éndITaMgGs;¦48.

mkdl;eBlenH ¬k¦ éRBmYyEpñkFMRtUvxUcKuNPaB ¬x¦ mYycMENkFMénéRBTaMgGs;køayCakmμsiT§ÉkCn ehIy ¬K¦ siT§irbs;

ksikrRkIRkkñúgkarcUleTAykplFmμCatiBItMbn;TaMgenaH k¾RtUvkat;bnßy. enAqñaM 2002 karkab;eQIRtUvp¥akTaMgGs; b:uEnþkarlYc

kab;xusc,ab;enAEtmanbnþ. enAqñaM 2003 c,ab;éRBeQIfμImYyRtUv)anGnum½t ehIyeKalkarN_ENnaMnana k¾RtUv)andak;[eRbIR)as;enA

edImqñaM 2006 EdlebIkpøÚv[skmμPaBkarBaréRBeQIshKmn_)anrIkceRmIn.

RbPB ³ UNHCHR (2004); EFCT (2005); McKenny nig Prom (2002); SCW/Danida (2006); Le Billion (2006)

(48) tYelxenH Rsg;ecjBIr)aykarN_rbs; GTZ (2006). éRBdak;CaéRBsm,Tanmankartv:aCaxøaMg. r)aykaN_eBjeljmYysþIGMBIRbvtiþéRBsm,TanmanenAkñúgkarsikSarbs; McKenny nig Prom (2002).


RbGb; 3>9 ³ éRBshKmn_

skmμPaBéRBshKmn_)ancab;epþImkñúgqñaM 1994 enAextþtaEkv. BIenaHtmk manbegáItRkuméRBshKmn_

CagmYyryRkumEfmeTot edaymankarCYyKaMRTBIGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)al nigRbeTspþl;GMeNayCaeRcIn

rYmTaMg GgÁkarksikmμnigGaharénGgÁkarshRbCaCatipg. éRBshKmn_TaMgenH manTMhMsrub 200/000

hicta enAqñaM 2002.

éRBshKmn_bgálkçN³[BlrdækarBaréRBeQI pþl;siTi§GMNac[shKmn_RKb;RKg nigeRbIR)as;

FnFanéRBeQIedaycIrPaB. viFIenH KWedIm,I[BlrdæmUldæanmansiT§iykpl nigeRbIR)as;éRBeQITaMgenaH

edIm,I[BYkeKmankmøaMgcitþkarBaréRBeQI. R)ak;cMNUlBIkareRbIR)as;éRBeQI RtUvrkSaTukenAtamshKmn_

mUldæan. eFVIy:agenH éRBeQIGacduHdaleLIgvij ¬EdlCaTisedAcm,génkarbegáItéRBshKmn_¦ ehIyTnÞwmnwgenHEdr shKmn_

k¾manR)ak;cMNUl. edaysarEtdMeNIrkic©karTaMgenH sßitenAeRkamkarENnaMrbs;GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alepSg²Kña TRmg;RKb;RKg

éRBshKmn_TaMgenH k¾xusKñaBIéRBshKmn_mYyeTAshKmn_mYyEdr.

enAedImqñaM 2006 mankardak;ecjeKalkarN_ENnaMsRmab;éRBshKmn_ eRkayBIc,ab;éRBeQI RtUv)anGnum½tkñúgqñaM 2002.

pléRBeQIeRkABIeQIhub ¬NTFP) pþl;RbeyaCn_x<s;CagpleQIhu‘bq¶ayNas; EdlCarYmman valesμAsRmab;stVBahn³ plbEnøBI

éRBeQIsRmab;Gahar EpøeQI nigemImeQI rukçCatiCafñaMBüa)al epþAsRmab;eFVIkERB©ag nigGusdut. RkuméRBshKmn_ manGaNtþiRKb;RKg

15 qñaM.

éRBshKmn_PaKeRcInsßitenAelItMbn;éRBxUcKuNPaB. dUecñHebIcg;[skm μPaBshKmn_éRBeQImancIrPaBl¥ enaHcaM)ac;RtUv

cayvayelIGgÁkarcat;taMgénshKmn_éRBeQI. kñúgsßanPaBbc©úb,nñenH edaysarsiT§ikan;kab;dIFøIminmankarFanaRtwmRtUv ehIy

edaysaréRBEdl[shKmn_RKb;RKgPaKeRcInCaéRBxUcKuNPaB karbegáItRbB½n§RKb;RKgéRBeQIedaycIrPaBenAtamshKmn_ minGac

seRmceCaKC½yeT. bBaðaÉeTot² rYmman PaBmineTotTat;énsiTi§lk;pléRBeQI témødwkCBa¢ÚnpléRBeQIéføeBk éføplitman

kRmitx<s; ehIykgVHynþkarRtYtBinitüc,as;las;. cMNucxVHxatGs;TaMgenH RtUvEtedaHRsayenAfñak;mUldæan nigfñak;Cati edIm,IelIk

kmøaMgcitþRbCaBlrdæmUldæan.

enAtMbn;déTeTotEdlminmanéRBsm,TanenACitéRBshKmn_ )anTak;TajkarykcitþTukdak;BIRkumGñkkan;sasna. RBHsgÇ

)annaMmuxkñúgkarEfrkSatMbn;éRBPñMenACMuvijTenøsab ¬]TahrN_ enAXuM PU RsukkMBg;Elg CaedIm¦. RBHsgÇ)andaMkUneQIkñúgTMhMdIy:ag

FMTUlay ehIy)anerobcM[mankaryamkamBIsMNak;GñkPUmienATIenaH. manKtibNÐitburaNmYyEcgfa {RbsinebIdUntaeyIgmin)an

karBaréRBeQIeTenaH sBVéf¶enH BYkeyIgR)akdCaminmané®BeQIeLIy :. KtibNÐitenH )aneFVI[RbCaBlrdækñúgshKmn_ykcitþTukdak;

karBaréRBeQIGs;TaMgenaH.

RbPB ³ Heov, Khlok, Hansen nig Sloth (2006); Ty, Sokh nig Lao (2006); Sokh nig Ty (2005); karsegátdl;mUldæan ³ RsukkMBg;Elg extþkMBg;qñaMg.

sarKnøwH ³

siT§itamRbéBNIrbs;CnCatiedImPaKtic EdlBwgEp¥kelIéRBeQIRtUvEtelIksÞÜyeLIgvij edIm,IbeBa©óskMu[vibtþiCIvPaB

rs;enAkan;EtF¶n;F¶reLIg. eTAGnaKtd¾yUrlg; caM)ac;RtUvEtCRmuj[mankarEbeTArkCIvPaBrs;enAEdlRbkbedayplkéRm

x<s; nigmancIrPaB.


3>7 esckIþsrub

dIdaMdMNaMmanEtmYyEpñktUceT ¬KW 22° éndITaMgGs; ¦. dIdéTeTotCadIéRB Tenø sÞwg bwgbYr nigdI sRmab;PUmidæanCnbT

nigTIRbCuMCn.

dIksikmμCaeRcIn CaBiess enAtamdgTenø nigbwg KWCadImanCICati b:uEnþdIenAkEnøgxøHeTotEdlminenACitTenø b¤Citbwg

minsUvmanCICatil¥eT. dIksikmμTaMgenaH CaTUeTA manTMhMtUc². enH KWedaysarFøab;manenAkñúgRbB½n§ksikmμtaMgBIedIm

mk ehIysBVéf¶enH dITaMgenH RtUvlk; b¤RtUvEckCadMutUc²[eTAkUnecA. fVIt,itEtdIksikmμtUc² RtUv)aneKcUlcitþedaysar

manplitPaBx<s; nigmanKuNPaBk¾eday GñkEdlCam©as;dIksikmμtUc²eBk minGacplit)anRKb;RKan;sRmab;CIvPaB

rs;enAeLIy.

karelceLIgénesdækic©TIpSar EdlPaKeRcInminmankarRKb;RKgkarekIneLIgy:agrh½sénRbCaBlrdæ karminman

GPi)alkic©dIFøIRKb;RKan; nigGvtþmansßab½nBaNiC¢kmμ ksikrCaeRcIn Cajwkjab; KWGñkEdlgayrgeRKaH RtUvCab;bMNul

køayCaGñkKμandI b¤RbQmmuxnwgvibtþiCIvPaB. GñkPUmiCaeRcInCYb nigbBaðaFMBak;B½n§nwgsuxPaB. karminmanesvarkSa

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RbPB ³ GtßbTCMBUkenH

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RbPB ³ http://www.nis.gov.kh

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4CMB Uk

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RbPB ³ FAOSTAT (http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx )

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X> RtUvpþl;esvaRTRTg;ksikmμkRmitx<s; edIm,IeRbIR)as;smÖar³brikçaksikmμ[)aneRcInbMput.

rUbPaB 4>3 ³ clnatémøplitplksikmμepSg² nigtémøeRbgmas‘Ut nigCIG‘uyer:

RbPB ³ RksYgksikmμ ¬Tinñn½yedIm¦ EIC (2006)

GRtaTinñplRsUvkñúgERsEdleRbIRbB½n§RbBlvb,kmμenH-

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RbcaMrdUveT.


RbPB ³ http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/countries/cambodia/index.html

RbGb; 4>1 ³ RbB½n§RbBlvb,kmμRsUvenAkm<úCa ¬SRI¦

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(51) RbB½n§RbBlvb,kmμRsUv SRI l,Il,ajehIy b:uEnþk¾enAmanRbB½n§epSg²eTotEdr. sUmemIl ¬2001¦.


viFIdaMdMNaMtamRbB½n§ksikmμcRmuH

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rYmTaMgbgáat;BUCRCUk nigman;. ksikrmñak;²mandIminelIsBI 1 hicta eT.

RbPB ³ Rsg;ecjBIGaqaya KIm nigemoc ¬qñaM 2003¦

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GñkRbkbrbrkñúgvis½yksikm μCaeRcIn kMBugemIleXIjskþanuBll¥kñúgkardaMdMNaMepSg²sRmab;CaGahar CaCagdaMEtRsUvmYymux. enAqñaM 2000 ksikrmñak; enAcm¶ayBIr-bIKILÚEm:Rt BITIRkugPñMeBj )andaMdMNaMepSg²kñúgcMkarEt 0/5 hicta. kñúgGMLúgeBlEtmYyqñaM Kat;Gaclk;dMNaMKat;)an 4/7 lanerol ehIycMnYnenH)anekIneLIgbIdgkñúry³eBlbIqñaM edayKat;rk)andIdaMdMNaMbEnßmeTot.

ehtuEdlKat;)aneCaKC½y KWedaysarKat;emIleXIjfa TIpSarrRtUvkarpldMNaMeRkABIRsUvenAkñúgdMNak;kalEdlmanmnusSkan;EteRcIncUleTAenATIRkug ehIyesckIþRtUvkarplbEnøbgáa nigplmðÚbGahar k¾kan;EtekIneLIgEdr. ksikreRcIneTotk¾dUcKat;Edr KWeKeRbIbNþajkñúgsgÁm edIm,InaMpldMNaMeTATIpSarenARkugFM² EdlkøayCakarcaM)ac;enAeBlminTan;mansßab½nEdlCaynþkarRTRTg;vis½yenH.

ksikrrUbenH )anerondaMbEnøBIGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)almYy. Kat;yl;fa edIm,IpSBVpSaybec©kviC¢aksikmμ ¬Biess CI RKab;BUC nigfñaMkMcat;stVl¥it¦ [)anTUlMTUlay RtUvepþImBIRbPBsßab½nenAkñúgRbeTs. bnÞab;mk karpSBVpSayenH KYrEtbnþCalMdab;. ksikrrUbenHdwgEdr GMBIbec©kviTüaTMenIb edIm,IbegáInTinñpl b:uEnþKat;yl;fa Kat;enAxVHbec©keTs nigxVHfvika edIm,IGaceRbIbec©kviTüaenHTaMgmUl)an dUecñHKat;GnuvtþEtcMNucxøHb:ueNÑaH.

kñúgkarGnuvtþenH Kat;manedImTunsRmab;smÖar³caM)ac; edaymin)ac;x©IR)ak;BIsßab½n. cMeBaHedImTunsRmab;dMeNIrkarvij CYnkalKat;x©IBImitþP½kiþxøH CarebobBwgBak;KñaeTAvijeTAmkkñúgGRtakarR)ak;Tab. Kat;minsUveTABwgBak;sßab½n\NTanxñattUceT edayehtufaKat;minFøab;sÁal;.

ksikrenHlk;pldMNaMKat;eTA[QμÜjkNþal b¤lk;pÞal;eTApSarEtmþg. enArdUvR)aMg témølk;dUrEtgEteLIgcuHmineTogTat;. edIm,ITb;Tl;nwgbBðaaenH Kat;eFVIRCk;és< b¤RbLak;GMbil ¬eFVItaMgqay éqb:Uv¦ Tuklk;éf¶eRkay. karrkSaTMnak;TMngl¥CamYyQ μ ÜjkNþal nigCamYyGñkrt;m:UtUDub KWCakarsMxan;kñúgmuxrbrlk;dUrpldMNaMKat;. Kat;)anraykarN_fa karnaMpldMNaMeTAlk;enApSar RtUvbg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkarKYr[FujRTan;bMput.

karbnþKMnitécñRbDitdaMdMNaMeRcInmux KWCaKnøwHéneCaKC½y. fμI²enH Kat;)ancab;epþImdaMpSitEfmeTot.

(52) sUmemIl EIC (2006), TMB½r 21.

sarKnøwH ³

1> edIm,I[ksikrseRmceCaKC½ykñúgkargarrbs;xøÜn témølk;pldMNaM RtUvrkSa[)anx<s;muntémøTijsmÖar³brikçarykmkeFVIksikmμ. éføl¥RbesIrebIkarTijsmÖar³CadMu kareRbIlamkstVCMnYsCIKImI karGnuvtþRbB½n§ksikmμTMenIb kardaMdMNaMeRcInmuxepSg²BIKña karGnuvtþrebobpøas;bþÚrmuxdMNaM KWCaCeRmIsd¾mansar³sMxan;. edIm,IseRmc[)annUvplRbeyaCn_Gs;TaMgenH caM)ac;RtUvBRgwgRbB½n§RTRTg;bec©keTsksikm μ. karCRmuj[begáItsmaKm b¤shkrN_tUc²rbs;ksikr rYmCamYynwgkarbegáItmCÄmNÐlTijpldMNaMepSg²eRkABIRsUv GacCakarelIkTwkcitþ[ksikrdaMdMNaMeRcInmuxepSg²Kña.

2> karseRmcNaEdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgkardaMdMNaMeRcInmux b¤RbB½n§RKb;RKgksikmμ RtUvKitdl;semøg nigesckþIRtUvkarrbs;®sþI EdlCaGñkrYmcMENky:ageRcInenAkñúgkargarksikmμ plitkmμ nigkarlk;dUrpldMNaMksikmμ.

3> RbeTsPaKeRcInenAkñúgBiPBelak TaMgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ nigRbeTsGPivDÆn_ pþl;CMnYyKaMRTvis½yksikmμrbs;eK RbeTsxøHCYypþl;TunRtg;²Etmþg rIÉRbeTsdéTeTotpþl;R)ak;bEnßmelIsmÖar³brikçarksikmμ ehIypþl;esvabec©keTsksikmμTMenIb²ÉeTot². KYrRsavRCavemIlfa etIkar]btßmÖsmÖar³ksikmμEbbNaxøH Edl)anpll¥enAkñúgbribTénRbeTskm<úCa.


RbGb; 4>3 ³ viFIdaMduHtamRbB½n§ksikmμTMenIb nigynþkarCYyRTRTg;ksikmμ - BiesaFn_BIRbeTséf ekaHétva:n; extþmYyénRbeTscindIeKak nigevotNam

cMeNHdwgmYycMnYnFMkñúgkardaMRsUvmanenAkñúgviTüasßanGPivDÆn_ nigRsavRCavksikmμkm<úCa ¬CARDI¦ b:uEnþcMeNHGs;enH min)an

EckpSaydl;ksikreT. elIsBIenHeTot CARDI )aneFVIkarsikSaRsavRCavEtbnþicbnþÜcelIRbB½n§daMdMNaMeRkABIRsUvenAtMbn;dIx<s;.

sßanb½nnana dUcCa RkumRbB½n§ksikm μkñúgsklviTüal½yeQogém: ¬RbeTséf¦ GacCYyEckcaycMeNHdwgy:agqab;rh½s

GMBIkardMadMNaMenAelIdIx<s;. ekaHétv:an; EdlCaextþmYyénRbeTscin mancMeNHdwgEpñkbec©keTsdaMbEnøbgáarenAkñúgviTüasßannana

rbs;xøÜn. evotNam manRbB½n§daMdMNaMcRmuHeRcInEbbenAtMbn;dIx<s; rYmTaMgciBa©wmstVBahn³ nigRsHciBa©wmRtIpg. karykbTBiesaFn_

rbs;GñkTaMgenHmkGnuvtþ GacCameFüa)aysRmab;edaHRsaykgVHxatenAkñúgRbB½n§ksikmμelIdIx<s;enAkm<úCa. karepÞrcMeNHdwgTaMgenH

GaceFVIrYmCamYynwgkarpþl;TunsRmab;daMbgðajenAelIksidæanl,gBiesaFn_enAkñúgextþnImYy².

cMeBaHdMNaMRsUvvij viTüasßan CARDI manbTBiesaFn_TUlMTUlayNas; b:uEnþRtUvEtP¢ab;TMnak;TMng[kan;EtRbesIreLIg nig

pSBVpSay[eTAdl;sßab½nnanaenAfñak;extþ. kareRbITUrTsSn_ viTüú nigÉksare)aHBum< KYrrYmbBa©ÚlpgEdrnUvkarnaMksikreTAemIl[

eXIjpÞal;EPñk. RbEhlCaKYrbBa©úHbBa©ÚlsalabzmsikSanana [epþImerondaMdMNaMl,gBiesaFn_ edaymanpøaksmÁal;RbePTRKab;BUC

EdleRbIeBlevladaMduHcMnYnCI nigsmÖar³brikçaÉeTot²EdleRbI. kareRbobeFobKñarvagTinñn½yenAsalaCamYynwgTinñn½yrbs;RKYsar

sisSenAÉPUmi GacmanRbeyaCn_dl;kareFVI[ceRmIndl;bec©keTsdaMduHenApÞH. viFIenHGaceRbIbec©keTsgayRsYlkñúgkardaMRsUvtam

rebobepSg²Kña edIm,I[)anTinñplx<s; edaymincaM)ac;cMNayR)ak;eRcIn ehIyk¾minsUv)armÖeRcIn. karsakl,genHGacepþIm)anPøam²

y:agehacNas; k¾epþImkñúglkçN³BiesaFn_emIlEdr.

bBaðaBiessmYyBak;B½n§nwgRkumCnCatiPaKticEdlenAEteFVIksikm μtamEbbBencr. meFüa)aymYyedIm,IeFVI[rIkceRmIndl;

bec©keTsdaMduH KWtamry³karpþl;smÖar³brikçarsRmab;pþÜcepþImmYycMnYntUc rYmTaMgRKab;BUC nigCI EdlmanÉksarENnaMGnuvtþn_cMeBaH

ksidæantUc²TMhM 0>1 hicta. b:uEnþedaysarminGacRKb;RKgTwk)an KYrpþl;GaTiPaBeTAelIdMNaMykEpøCaCagdMNaMRsUvenAtMbn;dIx<s;.

kñúgkrNIxøH karKitKUr nigkarRbwgERbg KYrEtepþateTACYyRkumCnCatiPaKtic[bþÚrBITmøab;dMaduHEbbksikmμBencr mkCaksikmμEbbFmμta

enAkEnøgmYyc,as;las; EdlGacCakarlM)akmYy. edIm,I[kic©karenHseRmceCaKC½y ksikrTaMgenaHKYrEtecHGkSrxøH.

RbPB ³ Dapice, Vallely and Wilkinson (2006)

RbGb; 4>4 ³ kareFVIlMnwgKuNPaBdI - viFIdaMduHtamRbB½n§ksikmμTMenIbenARbeTscin

enAtMbn;dIRkhm Red Soils II Area Project enARbeTscin ¬1994-2000¦ )anedaHRsaybBaða)at;bg;edayTwkhUreRcaH nigdI

xUcKuNPaBCag 11 lanhicta. RTg;RTaycm,gsRmab;edaHRsay rYmman ³

1> ksidæanTaMgGs;RtUvEtmanciBa©wmstVBahn³enAkñúgRbB½n§ksikmμ edIm,IyklamkstVeFVICI nigbegáItR)ak;cMNUlbzm TRmaMdMNaM

pþl;Epøpáa.

2> ksidæannImYy²RtUvmanRbB½n§eRsacRsB edayeRbITueyaTwkeRsacedayédEdltP¢ab;BIGagTwkenAelIPñM.

3> tamCRmalPñMRtUveFVIfñaldaM edIm,IrkSakuM[)ak;dI minEmndaMelIdIrabFmμtatamCRmalPMñeT.

4> RtUvdaMdMNaMcRmuH minRtUvdaMEtmYymux²eT ehIyRtUvepþatelItulüPaBKñarvagdMNaMRsUvdITMnab nigdMNaMRsUvdIx<s; rYmTaMgdMNaM

epSg²eTot bEnøbgáar nigedImeQIykEpøpgEdr.

KeRmagenH pþl;cMNUlCaR)ak;kñúgGaRtaBI 16 eTA 17 PaKry nigkMeNInCIvPaBesdækic©kñúgGaRta 19 PaKry. enARbeTskm<úCa

viFIenHGacmanRbeyaCn_sRmab;kardaMduHelIdIEdlmanéRBercril.

RbPB ³ FnaKarBiPBelak (2005 k)


4>2 karykTwkeRbIsRmab;eRsacRsB

kñúgkarbegáInplitplksikmμ bBaðasMxan;mYy KWkgVHRbB½n§eRsacRsBEdlmankarRKb;RKgl¥enAtMbn;PaKeRcIn. enAtMbn;

EdlmankardaMduHsBVéf¶ manEt 7-8 PaKryeT EdlmanRbB½n§eRsacRsBl¥ ¬rUbPaB 4>4¦53. sUm,IEtRtg;cMNucenH

k¾manPaBxusKñaBItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYyEdr KWenAextþtMbn;|san Cak;EsþgminmanRbB½n§eRsacRsBeT.

km<úCamanTMhMépÞTwkFMCagRbeTsNa²TaMgGs;enAkñúgBiPBelak EdlykksikmμCameFüa)aysRmab;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;

Blrdæ. RbEhl 90 PaKry énépÞdIkm<úCasuT§EtmankEnøgrkSaTwkBITenø sÞwg EdlminecHrIgs¶Üt. b:uEnþtaMgBIedImTsvtSr_

qñaM 1970 mk TwkenAelIépÞdIk¾min)anBRgIk[TUlMTUlay rIÉTwkenAeRkamdIk¾min)anykmkeRbICaFMduMEdr. sUm,IEteRkayBI

karbegáItRksYgFnFanTwkehIyk¾eday kic©karcm,grbs;RksYgenH KWepþateTAelIkarCYsCulGagTwkcas;² CaCagkarelIk

Epnkarsagsg;RbB½n§Farasa®sþFM². fvikasRmab;CYyKaMRTdl;kareRsacRsBkñúgqñaM 200554 mancMnYnEt 13 landuløarGaemrik

eT fVIt,itEtmankarsgát;F¶n;eTAelIvis½yFarasa®sþ enAkñúgEpñkehdæarcnasm<½n§ényuT§sa®sþctuekaNk¾eday.

RbPB ³ Tinñn½ymUldæanrbs;RksYgEpnkar sIþBIRkumRbwkSaXMusgáat; http://www.seila.gov.kh

rUbPaB 4>4 ³ PaKryénERsvsSaEdlmanRbB½n§eRsacRsBbEnßm qñaM 2005

(53) tYelxenHKNnaecjGMBITinñn½ymUldæanrbs;RksYgEpnkar sIþBIRkumRbwkSaXMusgáat;. Tinñn½yqñaM 2006 rbs; EIC k¾dUcKñanwgtYelxenHEdr. b:uEnþ

EpnkaryuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_CatikMNt;tYelxenARtwm 20 PaKry ¬raCrdæaPi)al qñaM 2006 k¦. Rkumkargarksikmμ nigTwk ¬2006¦ raykarN_fa

kareRsacRsBenArdUvvsSamanRbEhl 20 PaKry ehIymanEt 7 PaKry eT enArdUvR)aMg. tYelxBitR)akdBi)ak):an;sμanNas; ebIminTan;man

CMerOnkñúgvis½yksikmμ. tamBit smamaRténERs EdlmankareRsacRsBtUcCagskþanuBlEdlKYreRsacRsB.

(54) tYelxenHyktambTGnþraKmn_rbs;elak can; supl kñúgkic©RbCMuéf¶TI 27 ExkumÖ³ qñaM 2007 erobcMenAPñMeBj eday CDRI nig ANZ-Royal.

enAtMbn;EdlmankardaMduHsBVéf¶

manEt 7-8 PaKryeTEdlmanRbB½n§

eRsacRsBRtwmRtUv


éRBeQIRtUv)ankab;rMlMCabnþbnÞab;edIm,IykdIeFVIksikmμ edaysarEpñkFM²énéRBlicTwkTaMgenH sßitenAtamdgTenøsab

nigTenøemKgÁ kar)at;bg;éRBeQIbNþal[manTwkCMnn; nigkarhUreRcaHdIekIneLIg. kñúgsßanPaBEbbenH eBlNaxVHTwkePøóg

karrIgs¶ÜteFVI[b:HBal;dl;pldMNaMksikmμ nigCIvPaBrs;enArbs;ksikr. kareFVITMnb; CIkRsH edIm,IrkSaTwkTukGacCYyRKb;RKg

TaMgTwkCMnn; TaMgkarraMgs¶Üt. tamBit mantMbn;CaeRcInEdlrgeRKaHedayTwkCMnn;pg edayeRKaHraMgs¶Ütpg ¬rUbPaB 4>5

nig 4>6¦.

xageRkamenHKWviFIsa®sþ 3 RbePT kñúgkarRbEmRbmUlTwk nigkareRsacRsB ³ 55

k> TwkenAelIdI ³ sMxan;;RtUvrkSaTwkenAelIdITuk[Kg;vgS edaysagsg;GagTwksRmab;karBardMNaMrdUvvsSa ehIyCRmuj

kardaMduuHrdUvR)aMg. TMnb;Twk b¤GagTwkCYykarBarTb;Tl;nwgPaBraMgs¶Üt nigeRKaHTwkCMnn; ehIyGacCakEnøgbnþBUCRtI

nigciBa©wmRtIpg.

x> TwkeRkamdI ³ TwkeRkamdI nigkarrkSaTukTwkePøóg mansar³sMxan;enAeBlNaEdlminmanTwkelIdI.

K> GPi)alkic© ³ karbMBak;GPi)alkic©l¥ GacCYyEfrkSa nigEckcayTwkeRbIR)as;)anRbesIreLIg.

(55) B½t’manBisþarmanenAkñúg TGW Rkumkargarbec©keTsksikmμ nigTwk ¬2006¦.

mantMbn;CaeRcInEdlrgeRKaHedayTwkCMnn;pg edayeRKaHraMgs¶Ütpg

RbPB ³ kmμviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak RbcaMkm<úCa

rUbPaB 4>5 ³ tMbn;gayTwklic


TMnb;Twk b¤GagTwk GacCaRTg;RTayFM mFüm b¤tUc ehIymanragepSg²BIKña. enATItaMgxøH TMhMGagTwkEp¥keTAtam

sßanPaBdI cMNuHTwk niglMhUrénTwk b:uEnþkñúgkrNIdéTeTot TMhMGag nigTMnb;Twk GacseRmc)antamkareRCIserIs. TMnb;TwktUc²

eRbIbec©kviTüagayRsYlCYsCul k¾gayRsYlGacRKb;RKg)anenAfñak;vimCÄkar ehIytémøsagsg;k¾efak56. Ep¥keTAelI

eGkULÚsIurbs;km<úCa karsagsg;TMnb;Twk RtUvKitKUr[)anl¥itl¥n; edIm,Ikat;bnßyskþanuBlénplb:HBal;GviC¢manelIbrisßan.

bBaðaeRsacRsBGacedaHRsay)anhYsBIrcnasm<½n§sþúkTwk. enATINaEdlmanTwkenACit² ¬TaMgTwkelIdI TaMgeRkamdI¦

manviFIeRbIR)as;TwkxñattUceRcInEbbenAkñúgRbeTsenAGasIu. sUm,IenARbeTskm<úCa kEnøgNaEdlmansÞwg b¤bwgbYrenACit²

ksikreRbIviFIgay² bgðÚrTwkcUleTAkñúgERscMkarKat; edayeRbIfamBleRKOgynþbnþicbnþÜc b¤k¾min)ac;eRbI ¬RbGb;elx 4>5¦.

kñúgkareRsacRsB CeRmIsnanaeRkABIbgðÚrTwktamRbLayecjBIGag KWbUmykTwkBIeRkamdI edayeRbIkmøaMgEdlminGs;

éføeRcIn. bc©úb,nñenH enATItaMgxøHeKeRbIma:sIunbUmTwkEdlGs;témøeRcIn ehIynaM[plksikmμmantémøx<s; minGaclk;yk

cMeNj)an. RbeTsGasIuÉeTot² EdlmanRbB½n§ksikmμrwgmaM )anvinieyaKeTAkñúgkarbMBak;GKÁisnItamCnbT. karbMBak;

GKÁisnIenACnbT KWCaCeRmIsd¾BitR)akdmYy b:uEnþenAcenøaHeBlenH kareRbIstVBahn³[GUsTajRbdab;bUmTwk b¤karbUmTwk

edayéd GacykmkeRbIR)as;)an.

rUbPaB 4>6 ³ tMbn;gayraMgs¶Üt

RbPB ³ kmμviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak RbcaMkm<úCa

RbeTsÉeTot²enAGasIu Edlman

ksikmμrwgmaM )anvinieyaKeTAkñúg

karbMBak;GKÁisnItamTICnbT

(56) Éksarlm¥itsIþBITMnb;TwkmanenAkñúgr)aykarN_ nigÉksarsavtarbs;KN³kmμkarBiPBelaksIþBITMnb;Twk. sUmemIl http://www.dams.org


RbGb; 4>5 ³ karykTwkeRbIR)as;kñúgtémøefakenAkm<úCa

ksikrmñak;enAPUmisVayKn; )anBüayamrkviFIbUmTwkeRsacdMNaMEdlmantémøefak. enAeBlmYyenaH eTaHbICaRKYsarKat;man

dITMhM 2>5 hicta k¾eday k¾dIenaHmin)anpþl;plRKb;RKan;eLIy ehIyCIvPaBKat;RkIRketaky:akCaxøaMg. RKYsarenHmanEtreTHeKamYy

ehIyRtUveTAx©IeKaeKedIm,IykmkP¢ÜrdI. ksikrenH)anCYbGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)almYyeQ μaH ¬IDE¦ ehIy)aneXIjkarbUmTwkeday

Can;nwgeCIg. Kat;emIleXIjfa Rbdab;bUmTwkenaHGacpþl;RbeyaCn_dl;RKYsarKat; RbsinebIKat;GacTijvaykeTAeRbIkñúgksidæanKat;.

Kat;)anykR)ak;EdlKat;snSMTukbnþicbnþÜceTATijRbdab;bUmTwkenaH kñúgtémø 11 mWunerol esμInwg 30 duløarGaemrik. kartemøIgRbdab;

bUmTwkminGs;éføeRcIneT edaysarKat;eRbIEmkeQIsRmab;RTRTg; ehIyk¾BuMcaM)ac;eFVIlUbgðÚrTwkEdr eRBaHKat;ykRbdab;bUmTwkeTAdak;

cMkNþalERsEtmþg edImI,[TwkEdlKat;bUmhUreTAeRsacRsBBaseBjERs.

kalminTan;)anTijRbdab;bUmTwkenH Kat;GacdaMRsUvvsSa)anEtmYydgKt;kñúgmYyqñaM ehIyGacdaM«Lwk)anelIdIcMnYnEt 10Ga

b:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþeRkayBIdMeLIgRbdab;bUmTwkehIy Kat;GaceFVIRsUvR)aMg)aneTot ehIyBRgIkdIdaM«LwkBI 10Ga eTA 60Ga. Etkñúg

ry³eBlmYyqñaMb:ueNÑaH Kat;rkR)ak;)an 50 mWunerol esμInwg 142 duløar edayRKan;Etlk;Epø«Lwk nigrk)an 1>100>000 erol

¬esμInwg 314 duløar¦ BIlk;RsUvR)aMg. RKYsarenHseRmcykluyenHeTAsg;pÞHek,ÓgmYyxñg ehIyTijemeKamYyk,al edIm,IciBa©wmyk

kUn. Kat;enAEtRBYy)armÖGMBIGnaKtrbs;kUnecAKat; b:uEnþ\LÚvenHKat;mankarTukcitþkan;EteRcInehIy. qñaMeRkay Kat;eRKagnwgTij

Rbdab;bUmTwkmYyeTot edIm,IBRgIkplitkmμksikmμrbs;Kat; ehIyeRKagnwgCYldI 2 hictaEfmeTot. bnÞab;eTAeTot Kat;eRKagnwg

CIkRsHmYyTMhM 10 Em:Rt bYnRCugsRmab;ciBa©wmRtI.

bec©kviTüaQñan;bUmTwkEbbenH GacCa]bkrN_xøaMgkøamYysRmab;begáInR)ak;cMNUlCUnksikrtUctacenAkm<úCa. Gnu)atrvagcMeNj

nigcMNayrbs;va KW 5 Tl;nwg 1 edaymanGRtaTajcMNUlesμI 100 PaKry. Rbdab;bUmTwktUc²ÉeTot² k¾maneRbIEdrenAkm<úCa

dUcCasñb;Twkrév EdlCa]bkrN_eRsacRsBtamRbéBNImanlk;kñúgtémø 85 duløar.

RbPB ³ Frausto (2001); FnaKarBiPBelak (2005 k); http://www.ideas-at-work.org

sarKnøwH ³

karBRgIkRbB½n§Farasa®sþ KWCacMNucsñÚl sRmab;begáInplitPaBksikmμ nigR)ak;cMNUl CUnksikr. TwksRmab;eRsacRsB

GacykBIRbPBepSg² tamkRmittic b¤eRcIn edaymanPaKIBak;B½n§cUlrYmpg.

4>3 begáIt[man\NTan edayykkarR)ak;Tab

FnaKarBaNiC¢kmμkm<úCa minpþl;R)ak;kmI©sRmab;RbtibtþikarenACnbT b¤sRmab;kic©RbtibtþikarksikmμeT. pÞúyeTAvij

mansßab½npþl;\NTanxñattUcCagmYyry EdlkñúgenaH mansßab½n 7 manGaCaJb½NÑBIFnaKarCati kMBugEtpþl;R)ak;km©ICUnksikr

ehIynigGñkx©IÉeTot²enACnbT. sßab½n\NTanxñattUcCaeRcIn[GñkrksuI nigksikrtUctacx©IR)ak;bnþicbnþÜckñúgry³eBlxøI.

elIsBIenHeTot sßab½nTaMgenaH pþl;R)ak;km©IsRmab;cMNayeRbIR)as;kñúgRKYsartamry³kmμviFIR)ak;km©ICaRkum. R)ak;km©IEbbenH

mankarR)ak;BI 2 PaKry eTA 4 PaKry kñúgmYyEx. sßab½nTaMgenH k¾CYyENnaM[RbCaBlrdæmUldæanecHsnSMR)ak;Edr.

edayehtufa edImTunrbs;sßab½n\NTanxñattUcTaMgenH manmUldæanmkBIR)ak;EdlRbCaBlrdææ samBaØykeTAsnSMTuk

enAsßab½n nigR)ak;h‘unrbs;Gñkkan;PaKh‘un ehIyPaKeRcIneTot KWR)ak;rbs;RbeTspþl;GMeNaypgEdr lkçxNÐcaM)ac;mYy

kñúgkic©Rbtibtþikar\NTanTUeTA KWGñkx©IRtUvsgvijtameBlkMNt;. ebImin)ansgvijtamlkçxNÐenHeT m©as;luyEdldak;

enAkñúgsßab½nTaMgenaHnwgGs;esckþITukcitþ ehIykic©RbtibtþikarenHnwgRtUvbraC½y.

ksikrsamBaØCaeRcInenAkm<úCa minmanTMnak;TMngCamYyRbB½n§FnaKarTMenIbeT rYmTaMgsßab½n\NTanxñattUcTaMgenHpgEdr

BIeRBaHksikrTaMgenaH minmansmtßPaBRKb;RKan; edIm,IsgR)ak;tamkalkMNt;eT. ksikrxøHk¾minFøab;)anlk;dUrpldMNaM

rbs;eKpg dUecñHBYkeKminenAkñúgRkummnusSEdlecHeRbIRbB½n§FnaKareT. sßitibc©úb,nñbgðajfa kñúgcMeNammnusSeBjv½yeFVIkar

5>29 lannak; ¬KW1>32 lanRKYsar¦ EdlRbkbrbrksikmμ manEt 0>42 lan b¤ticCag 1 PaK 3 eT EdlFøab;)aneRbIsßab½n

\NTan. KmøatenHRtUv)anQμÜjenAmUldæanCYybMeBj EdlRbEhlminEmnCaGñkrksuIpþac;muxeT bu:EnþeKmanluy[x©I ehIy


(57) RbPB ³ Acharya, Kim, Chap nig Meach (2003).

manlT§PaBGacdwgB½t’manGMBITIpSar EdlksikrTaMgenaHminGacdwg)an. QμÜjTaMgenaH[x©IbNþak;CasmÖar³brikçar ¬b¤x©ICaR)ak;

suT§CMnYssmÖar³¦ kñúgkarR)ak;BI 7 PaKry eTA 10 PaKry kñúgmYyEx. GRtakarR)ak;d¾x<s;TaMgenH eFVI[ksikrtUctac

RbfuyRbfannwgsßanPaBEdlcaj;eRbobCanic©.

RbeTsxøHCYy]btßmÖkarR)ak;dl;ksikrtUctac b¤pþl;CaR)ak;km©IsRmab;eFVIksikmμtamry³FnaKarrdæ. karCYy]btßmÖ

edayminykkéRmEbbenH RbEhlminmancIrPaBeTenAkm<úCa edaysarEtmUldæanénkardak;R)ak;cUlFnaKarenAtUceBk.

viFIenHGacGUsbnøayeBlmin[ksikrGaclUtlas;ecjputBICIvPaBksikmμsRmab;EtciBa©wmqñaMg. pÞúyeTAvij RbsinebITIPñak;gar

GnþrCati ¬dUcCaFnaKarGPivDÆn_GasuICaedIm¦ manR)ak;km©IykkarR)ak;TabEbbenH sRmab;[km<úCaeRbIkñúg\NTanCnbT

b¤\NTanksikm μ ehIyFnaKarCatiepÞrR)ak;enH eTAFnaKarGPivDÆn_CnbTsRmab;[eTAksikrx©IEtmþg edayminmanQ μ Üj

kNþalekgcMeNjBIelIeRcIneBkenaH GñkCnbTnwgGacx©IR)ak;)anedaymankarR)ak;TabCagsBVéf¶. y:agehacNas;

k¾manFnaKarBaNiC¢kmμFMmYyEdr Edlcg;[ksikrx©IR)ak; RbsinebImanbøg;dIdak;Fana nigRbsinebImanvivaT vivaTenaHRtUv)an

edaHRsayy:agqab;rh½s57.

dUecñHRbsinebIkarecjbøg;dIcb;qab; GPi)alkic©mUldæannwgrIkceRmIn TIpSark¾nwgmankarRbkYtRbECgl¥sRmab;[ksikmμ

tUctacGacrkplcMeNj)an ehIyedaymanesvaKaMRTksikm μpg ksikrGacrkplcMeNj)ankan;EteRcInPøammYyrMeBc

dl;eBlenaH eTIbR)ak;km©IEdlmankarR)ak;Tab²CaeRcInhUrcUleTACnbT.

sarKnøwH ³

shKmn_ksikrRtUvkarCMnYyKaMRTedIm,I[BYkeKecHeRbIRbB½n§FnaKar. edIm,I[)anseRmctamTisedAenH RtUverobcM[mansmÖar³brikçarksikmμTMenIb dUcCa GKÁisnIsRmab;bUmTwkeRsacRsB nigRKab;BUCEdlmanTinñplx<s;CaedIm RBmTaMgmanCMnYy]btßmÖesvaRTRTg;ksikmμpgEdr.

RbGb; 4>6 ³ \NTanxñattUcEdlmanRbeyaCn_

GñkRsI eFom pløI Gayu 25 qñaM \LÚvenHKat;mansgÇwmelIGnaKtrbs;Kat;eLIgvijehIy ehIyk¾)anbMePøc

ecalGtItkald¾CUrct;rbs;Kat;. bu:nμanqñaMmun kalbþIKat;cakecalKat;eTA GñkRsI pløI RkxøaMgNas; ehIyBuMman

meFüa)ayciBa©wmTarkGayu 2 Ex rbs;Kat;eT. Kat;Ca®sþId¾GP½BVmYyrUbenAkñúgPUmi.

Kat;niyayfa edaysarbþIćuHecaleTA CIvitÉsnevTna ehIykUn´k¾enAtUcNas;Edr. bu:EnþtamkarENnaM

BIGñkPUmipgrbgCamYy Kat;)anx©IR)ak; 5 muWnerol ¬12>50 duløa¦ BIsßab½n\NTanxñattUcmYy. KμanGñkNa

eCOfa TwkR)ak;EtbnþicbnþÜcenHGacpøas;bþÚrCIvitKat;)aneT bu:EnþlT§plCak;Esþg KYr[cab;GarmμN_xøaMgNas;.

CamYynwgR)ak;bnþicbnþÜcenH eFom pløI ecjBIpÞHtaMgBIema:g 3 PøW CiHkg;kBa©as;mYy dwkGgár 50 KILÚ ykeTAlk;rayenApSar.

Cag 2 qñaM Kat;EtgEtCiHkg;kat;Pk; nigdIrGil eTAlk;GgárenApSar. eRkaymk pløI GacsnSMluyTij)anmU:tUmYy ehIyGacebIktUblk;

GIva:n;tUcmYyenApÞHKat; kñúgXuMBamraMg RsukelIkEdk extþkNþal.

pløI niyayfa ´)anBRgIkmuxrbr´bnþicmþg² rhUtTal;Et´GacebIktUblk;\va:n;enAmuxpÞHénHEtmþg. sBVéf¶enH tUbrbs; pløI

manlk;Ggár bEnø RtI nigsac;epSg².

enAkñúgkic©RbCuMkMBUlfñak;CatisþIGMBI\NTanxñattUc elak dak;køws háadNW tMNagRbcaMRbeTsénkmμviFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati

)anrMlwkfa eCaKC½yén\NTanxñattUcGaRs½yeTAelIesvakmμEpñkhirBaØvtßú EdlecHEtmanCabnþbnÞab;CUnGtifiCn minEmnRKan;Et[

R)ak;x©IEtmþgenaHeT. karrkSa[manesvakmμhirBaØvtßúTUlMTUlay nigRbkbedaycIrPaBEbbenH KWCasar³sMxan;sRmab;GPivDÆmUldæan

nig]btßmÖhirBaØvtßúxñattUcsRmab;GtifiCn.

pløI enAEtbnþeRbIR)as;sßab½n\NTanxñattUcenHteTAeTot.


dUcGaCIvkrÉeTot²Edr kalNaplitplksikmμlk;)antémøx<s; Kat;k¾xMplit[kat;EteRcIn ³ KWBYkKat;nwgrkdIdaMbEnßm b¤BüayameFVI[)anTinñplx<s; b¤BüayameFVITaMg 2mux

4>4 karFanalMnwgtémølk;

dUcGaCIvkrÉeTot²Edr kalNaplksikmμlk;)anéføx<s; ksikrxMplitkat;EteRcIn ³ KWBYkKat;rkdI edIm,IdaMbEnßm b¤

BüayameFVI[)anTinñplx<s; b¤BüayameFVITaMg 2 mux. lT§plEbbenH ekItmancMeBaHRbeTsnana nigcMeBaHplksikmμepSg².

karviPaKsßitienAkñúgextþnana sþIBIGRtaTinñplEdl TTYl)an nigtémøRsUvenAkñúgERs bBa¢ak;[eXIjfa eBlNaRsUvmantémøx<s;

TinñplRsUvekIn ¬rUbPaB 4>7¦58. dUecñHtémølk;x<s;GacCYy[GRtaTinñpleLIgx<s; nigCYy[ksikrrkR)ak;cMNUl)aneRcIn.

rUbPaB 4>7 ³ viPaKsßitisþIBIItémøRsUv nigGRtaTinñplkñúgextþnImYy² enAqñaM 2005

cMNaM ³ emKuNshTMnak;TMng = 0>597 RtUvnwg 32>7 PaKry énbERmbRmÜl. RbPB ³ sRmab;GRtaTinñpl - RksYgksikmμ sRmab;témøyktamTinñn½ymUldæanRkumRbwkSaXMusgáat;énRksYgEpnkar.

l>r extþ

1 bnÞaymanC½y

2 )at;dMbg

3 kMBg;cam

4 kMBg;qñaMg

5 kMBg;s<W

6 kMBg;FM

7 kMBt

8 kNþal

9 Ekb

10 ekaHkug

11 RkecH

12 mNÐlKIrI

13 ]tþrmanC½y

14 éb:lin

15 PMñeBj

16 RBHvihar

17 éRBEvg

18 eBaF×sat;

19 rtn³KIrI

20 esomrab

21 RkugRBHsIhnu

22 sÞwgERtg

23 sVayerog

24 taEkv

(58) sUmemIl Sik (1999) sRmab;kic©BiPakSabEnßmelIRbFanbTenH


RbPB ³ Chea nig Sik (2001)

kñúgkarlk;dUrpldMNaMrbs;xøÜn

ksikr)anTTYlplticCageKbMput. mUlehtumYy KW edaysarBYkeK

xVHB½t’manecjBI mUlehtuCab;bMNul

nigedaysarksikrTaMgenaH

xVHluy

kalBIGMLúgqñaM 1981 eTA 1989 rdæaPi)al)anRbmUlTijRsUvTaMgGs;BIksikrkñúgtémøeTogTat;mYy. eRkayBIenaHmk

TIpSarTaMgGs;)ankøayCaÉkCnvij. bc©úb,nñenH TIpSarRsUvsßitenAkñúgédQμÜjeRcInRbePT eBalKWQμÜjtUctacCaGñkRbmUl

TijRsUvBIksikr QμÜjlk;duM m:asuInkinRsUv QμÜjlk;Eckcay QμÜjlk;ray nigQμÜjdéT²eTot ¬rUbPaB4>8¦. TIpSar

sRmab;pldMNaMepSg²eTot dUcCa eBat sENþkesog CaedIm k¾manQμÜjkNþaleRcInEdr edaymanykkéRmeCIgsarepSg²

kéRmdwkCBa¢Ún nigkéRmepSg²eTot.

esckþIsegátxøH² eTAelIRbB½n§bc©úb,nñ ³ 59

k> kñúgkarlk;dUrpldMNaMrbs;xøÜn ksikr)anTTYlplticCageKbMput. mUlehtumYy KWedaysarBYkeKxVHB½t’man mUlehtu

mYyeTot KWkarCab;bMNul nigedaysarksikrTaMgenaH RtUvkarluyEdlCaktþabgçM[BYkeKlk;pldMNaMrbs;eKecj

y:agqab;rh½stamtémøEdlmanenAeBlenaH. karTTYlB½t’manmines μ IKñaenH manplb:HBal;elIdMNaMÉeTot²Edr ³

CnCatiPaKticlk;RKab;sVaycnIÞrbs;xøÜnkñúgtémø 400 erol kñúg 1 KILÚRkam enAextþrtnKIrI bu:EnþGñkÉeTot²lk;

RKab;sVaycnÞI kñúgKuNPaBdUcKñaenATIpSardUcKña )antémøCit 1000 erolkñúg 1 KILÚ60.

x> éfølk; nigéføTijxusKñaxøaMgeBk ¬1 ³ 1>7¦ rvagtémøEdlksikrlk; nigtémøEdlGñkeRbIR)as; TijdUctémøRsUvEdr

¬rUbPaB 4>9¦. BitehIyfa karkinRsUvTTYlnUvPaKxøHénKmøatéfø bu:EnþGñkkin)anknÞk; nigGgáam EdlmantémøesμInwg

témøkin EfmTaMgmancMeNjKitTukCamunCaFmμtaeTotpg.

K> sßankarN_GaRkk;bMput KWeBlNaGñk[luyx©IedIrtYCaGñkpþl;smÖar³brikçaksikmμpg CaGñkRbmUlTijRsUvpg EdlbgçM

ksikr[enAeRkamkarRtYtRtaTaMgRsugrbs;QμÜj EdlCaGñk[luyx©I. enAeBlRbmUlplksikrlk;plitplTaMgGs;

rbs;xøÜn[eTAQμÜjkñúgtémømYyd¾TabEdlkMNt;CamunehIyeRsc. eBlNatémøTIpSareLIgéfødl;kMBUl KWQμÜjCaGñk

cMeNj minEmnksikreT ¬rUbPaB 4>10¦.

(59) RbPB ³ sUmemIl Sok, Chea nig Sik ¬2001¦; Nou ¬2005¦.

(60) Dapice, Vallely and Wilkinson (2006).

rUbPaB 4>8 ³ TIpSarRsUvenAkm<úCa


rUbPaB 4>9 ³ témøxusKñarvagRsUv nigGgár nigtémøxusKñarvagksikr nigGñkeRbIR)as; ¬CaPaKry¦ qñaM 2003

RbPB ³ KNnaecjBITinñn½yRksYgksikmμ nigraCrdæaPi)al ¬2003¦

RbPB ³ RksYgksikmμ (Tinñn½½yedIm)

rUbPaB 4>10 ³ ninñakartémøRsUv nigGgár ¬páaxJI¦ enAkm<úCa


GñkERsBitCa)anplRbeyaCn_eRcInBItémøRsUvEdllk;)anx<s;enAkñúgERs

GñkERsBitCa)ancMeNjeRcIn RbsinebIRsUvenAkñúgERslk;)anéføx<s;. xageRkamenH CaCeRmIsmYycMnYnEdl

RtUvBicarNa61 ³

CeRmIsTI 1 ³

ksikrmñak;²minGaceFVIGVIekIteT eTAelItémølk;plitplrbs;xøÜn bu:EnþebIrYmkmøaMgKña eKGaclk;plitpl

TaMgenaH)antémøx<s;. GgÁkarksikrEdlCYy[ksikr Gaclk;pldMNaMrbs;xøÜn)ankéRmx<s; minmanTal;EtesaH

enAkm<úCa. manGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)aleRcInkMBugRbwgERbgkñúgTisedAenH62. edIm,I[ksikrlk;plitpl)an

éføl¥ KeRmagmYykMBugEtdak;[l,gBiesaFn_enAextþéRBEvg nigextþkMBt tamry³GgÁkarksikrmYyeQμaH

TIpSarcMhsRmab;RsUv. kñúgKeRmagenHRtUvmanXøaMgsþúkRsUvrYmmYy edIm,I[ksikrx©IluyEp¥kelIcMnYnRsUvrbs;xøÜn

CaCaglk;RsUvTaMgbgçMcitþ ehIyTukRsUvKat;sRmab;lk;enAeBlNaRsUveLIgéføx<s;bMput. kardkBiesaFn_enH

KYrBinitüBic½y[)anhμt;ct; edIm,IeRtomBRgIkkarl,gBiesaFn_enAkEnøgTIéT²eTot.

CeRmIsTI 2 ³

ksikreRcInnak;rYmKñacuHkic©snüaCamYym©as;eragm:asuInkinRsUvTaMgGs;rYmKñaEdr kñúgtémømYyEdl)ancrca

nigRBmeRBogKña edayksikrsnüafa nwglk;RsUvrbs;xøÜneTA[m©as;eragm:asuInkinRsUvenAeBlRbmUlpl.

kic©RBmeRBogRtUveFVICamYym©as;eragm:asuInkinRsUv CaTUeTA minEmnCamYyEteragm:asuInNamYyedayELkBIKñaeT

ehIykic©RBmeRBogenH RtUvEtcrcasarCaf μ Iral;²qñaM eTIbksikr)anplRbeyaCn_eRcInbMput. CeRmIsenHxus

GMBICeRmIsTI 1 Rtg;cMNuucEdlksikrTaMgGs;mincaM)ac;manXøaMgsþúkRsUvrYmeT. edIm,I[CeRmIsenHseRmc

eCaKC½y RtUvmanm:asuInkinRsUvTMenIb²enAmUldæan[)aneRcIn nigqab;bMput.

CeRmIsTI 3 ³

enHCaCeRmIsTI 2 EdlmanRTg;RTaykan;EtRbiteRbogCagmun eBalKWCakic©RBmeRBogpøÚvkarmYyrvag

ksikrCaeRcInCamYynwgRkumh‘unEkécñ ¬plitplksikmμ¦ eFVICamðÚbGahar. enAkm<úCa kic©RBmeRBogEbbenH

enAmankRmitxøaMgNas; bu:Enþy:agehacNas; k¾mankic©RBmeRBogEdl)aneCaKC½y 2 krNIehIyEdr KWkrNI

GgárRkGUb nigfñaMCk; 63.

RTg;RTayénksikmμkñúgkic©snüa mandUcteTAenH ³ 64

k> Rkumh‘unEkécñksiplFMmYy cuHkic©snüaTijksiplBIksikrtUctacCaeRcInkñúgtémø nigcMnYnEdl)ankMNt;Camun.

x> RtUvmankarRtYtBinitüy:agmuWgm:at;elIKuNPaB nigsmÖar³brikçaEdleRbIkñúgkarplitksipl.

K> ksiplRtUvEtmanbrimaNkñúgkRmitGb,brmamYyCadac;xat ebIBuMenaHesat Rkumhu‘nnwgmineXIjplRbeyaCn_

GVIkñúgkarcuHkic©snüaCamYyksikreT. edIm,IeFVIy:agenH )anksikrRtUvman]bkrN_RKb;RKan; dUcCa RbB½n§

eRsacRsB EdlGacRKb;RKg)an nigeRKOgynþepSg²sRmab;eRbIkñúgkarplit.

X> ksikrGaccuHkic©RBmeRBogCamYyRkumh‘unedaypÞal; b¤ksikrbegáItshkrN_FM²sin ehIy[shkrN_TaMgenaH

cuHkic©snüaCamYyRkumhu‘n ¬CaCMnYsksikrTaMgGs;¦. kñúgkrNIxøHeTot shkrN_xøÜnÉgk¾GacbegáItsib,kmμ

EkécñEdr bu:EnþKMnitenHenAminTan;GaceFVIeTA)aneTbc©úb,nñenH.

(61) krNImYysIþGMBIlkçxNÐBaNiC¢kmμsmRsbsRmab;plitkr/ ksikrsamBaØ RtUv)aneFVIeLIgeday UNDP enAkEnøgepSgeTot. sUmemIl http://www.undp-povertycentre.org/pub/IPCOnePager24.pdf.

(62) GgÁkar CEDAC kMBugbegáItsmaKmksikrenAextþtaEkv nigkMBt.(63) ACI (2005); http://www.angkorrice.com.

(64) Golletti (2004)


etIksikrExμr)anplRbeyaCn_BIksikmμCab;kic©snüa b¤BIRbB½n§lk;dUrCaRkum b¤eT ?

k> enAksidæanTaMgLayNa EdlCitpøÚvLan nigpøÚvrfePøIgksikrGacTTYlplRbeyaCn_eRcIn.

x> ksikrTaMgLayNa EdlGaceRbIR)as;dIrbs;xøÜnTaMgGs; b¤k¾mYyEpñk edIm,IplitpldMNaMsRmab;lk;enATIpSar[)aneRcIn

eTaHbICaksikrtUctack¾eday k¾GacTTYlplcMeNj)anEdr. ksikrRkIRkCageKbMputRbEhlCaminGacTTYlpl

BIRbB½n§enHPøam²)aneT edayehtufaksikrTaMgenaH BuMGacplitksipltamKuNPaB nigbrimaNEdlRtUvkar. b:uEnþ

ksikrtUc² EdlGacplit)aneRcInelIsBIesckIþRtUvkarkñúgRKYsar k¾GaccUlrYmRbkbedayeCaKC½y)anEdr.

K> karRbmUlpþúMksikrCaRkum KWCakarlM)akbMput b:uEnþminEmneFVIminekIteT. mankrNIeRcInEdrEdlFøab;)aneCaKC½y.

smaCikénGgÁkarEdl)aneCaKC½yBitCa)anplRbeyaCn_.

X> ksikrR)akdCacMeNj RbsinebIéfølk;ksiplminFøak;cuH nigmankarcrcaKñaeTAvijeTAmkGMBITMnak;TMngrvagéføplit

nigTMnijeLIgéfø.

g> dUcKñaenHEdr ksikrGaccMeNjRbsinebIbec©kviTüanana nigmeFüa)aysRmab;eRbIR)as;bec©kviTüa TaMgenaHRtUv)anepÞr

eTA[ksikr.

c> rkSatémøenAmUldæan)ankan;Etx<s; plRbeyaCn_enAmUldæank¾)ankan;EteRcIn.

CeRmIsTI 4 ³

enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn ¬Cacm,g KWGasIuGaeKñy_ GasIuxagekIt GasIubUBa’ nigenAGWru:ubPaKeRcIn¦ ksiplksikmμ

EtgEtTTYl)ankarFanaéfølk; y:agehacNas; k¾kñúgkRmitGb,brmatamry³RbB½n§éføKaMRTGb,brma ¬MSP¦.

RbB½n§ MSP enH mincaM)ac;[rdæaPi)alTijTaMgGs;eT. mindUckalBITsvtSr_qñμaM 1980 EdlRtUvEtlk;ksiplTaMgGs;

eTACUnrdæaPi)alkñúgtémømYyEdlRtUv)ankMNt;Camun. RbB½n§ MSPRKan;EtkMNt;témøkñúgkRmitmYy edIm,IkarBarksikr

Tb;Tl;nwgkarFøak;éføRbcaMrdUvEtb:ueNÑaH. Q μ ÜjÉkCnk¾GnuvtþRbB½n§enH)anEdr [Etmankar]btßmÖbEnßmBIrdæaPi)al

sRmab;bMeBjKmøaténtémørvagéfølk;enATIpSar nigéføEdlRbB½n§ MSP enH)anTij CaBiessenAeBlNaEdléfølk;

enATIpSarFøak;cuHTabCagtémøEdlTijBIksikr. pÞúyeTAvij RbsinebIéfølk;enATIpSareLIgx<s;elIskRmitGb,brmaenH

rdæaPi)altRmUv[Q μ ÜjÉkCnbg;Bn§CUnrdæ. RbB½n§EbbenHRtUv)aneKemIleXIjfa R)ak;CYy]btßmÖ ¬témøEdlxat¦

nigR)ak;bg;Bn§ ¬elIR)ak;cMeNj¦ nwgTUTat;KñaeTAvijeTAmk)annaeBlxagmux.

b:uEnþRbB½n§ MSP enHk¾mancMNucexSayrbs;vaEdr. vamin)anelIkTwkcitþ[ksikrxMRbwgbegáInRbsiT§PaB nigelIkkm<s;

kardaMdMNaMeRcInmuxeT. enARbeTsxøH RbB½n§enHeFVI[man»nPaBfvikay:agF¶n;F¶r. dUecñHkñúgbribTRsukExμrRbB½n§enH RbEhlCa

eRbIminTan;)aneT.

TaMgenH KWCaCeRmIsbYnEbb b:uEnþk¾GacmanCeRmIsdéT²eTotEdr. eKalbMNg KWkarBarplRbeyaCn_ksikrTb;Tl;nwg

sm<aFbBa©úHéføRsUvkñúgGMLúgeBlRbmUlpl ehIydak;bBa©ÚlcMNayepSg²eTACabnÞúkrbs;QμÜj. cMNayGs;TaMgenaH minKYr

[ksikrTTYlbnÞúkeT.

4>5 TIpSarlk;RtI nigstVBahn³

EpñkTIpSarRtI

plRtIkm<úCaPaKeRcInRtUv)aneRbIR)as;kñúgRbeTs mYyEpñkFMénplRtITaMgenaH eKbriePaKenAkñúgGnutMbn;Cati EdlCakEnøg

eKcab;RtI)an. RtIRtUveKbriePaKRss; b:uEnþþ 10 PaKry éncMnYnRtITaMgGs; eKhaléf¶[s¶Üt RbLak;GMbil eq¥I eFVIRbhuk-p¥k

b¤eFVITwkRtI. viFIEkécñRtIPaKeRcInBuM)aneRbI]bkrN_TMenIbeT b:uEnþmanRkumh‘unÉkCnFMmYy kMBugEteRbIbec©keTsTMenIbenAkñúg

TIRkugPñMeBj. elIsBIenHeTot enARkugRBHsIhnu mansib,kmμEkécñ 3 EdlmanCMnajxagEkécñ nignaMecjbgÁar eyovhWu

Rtecokfár EdlmankarRtYtBinitüKuNPaBRtwmRtUv HACCP 65. ehIyRtIxøHRtUv)aneKykeTAlk;eRkARbeTsCacm,g KWRbeTs

éf nigevotNam. BaNiC¢km μGnþrCati sßitenAeRkamkarRKb;RKgmYyEpñk edayRkumh‘unmYyEdlerobcMedayrdæaPi)al

Edlcat;taMgPñak;garÉkCn[RbmUlTijplensaTedaybg;Bn§CUnrdætamkMNt;. plensaTmYycMnYnFM RtUv)annaMecjeday

minqøgtamRbB½n§pøÚvkaredIm,IeKcevsBIkariyaFibetyü.

TisedA KWkarBarksikrkuM[CYbRbTHnwgsm<aFéntémøRsUvcuHefakkñúgeBlRbmUlpl edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_[ksikr ehIyeFVI[cMNayepSg²eTACabnÞúkrbs;QμÜj

(65) karBinitüKuNPaBRtwmRtUv nigviPaKnUveRKaHfñak;énGaharsmuRT HACCP pþl;GaC£ab½NÑedaymCÄmNÐlsuvtißPaBcMNIGahar nigGaharUbtßmÖénrdæ)al»sf nigmðÚbGaharrbs;shrdæGaemrik.


(66) Yim and McKenney (2003); Rab, Hap, Seng, Ahmed and Viner (2005); Sok (2005).

rUbPaB 4>11 ³ témøRtIEdlxusKñaBITenøsabeTAPñMeBj

RbPB ³ Yim and McKenny (2003)

plb:HBal;énkareLIgéføTaMgenH

man\T§iBlTaMgeTAelIQμÚjtUctac

nigplitkrtUctacpgEdr b:uEnþ

PaKeRcIn KWb:HBal;xøaMgeTAelIGñkensaTtUctac

rhUtmkTl;qñaM 2001 plensaTmYyEpñkFMEdllk;ecjeTAeRkA)an KWCaplensaTrbs;LÚt_ensaT EdlRtUv)anRbmUl

TijedayQμÜjenAtamRcaMgTenø nigTIpSarmYycMnYn. karkat;bnßyLÚt_ensaT )anebIk»kas[GñkensaTsamBaØGacrkRtI

)aneRcInCagmun. b:uEnþkEnøgeLIgRcaMgsRmab;ykRtImklk;k¾kan;EteRcIn ehIykEnøgnImYy² manRtIsRmab;lk;EtbnþicbnþÜc.

ktþaenHbNþal[manbBaðaEpñkTIpSar eRBaHkarRbmUlRtIEtbnþicbnþÜcBIkEnøgeRcInepSg²KñatamRcaMgTenøenH minGMeNaypl

sRmab;eFVICMnYjeT.

GñkensaTlk;tamtémøRtI EdlQÜ μjkNþaleTATijenAmat;RcaMgEdlCatémøminsUvCal¥b:un μaneT. Q μ ÜjkNþal)an

plBI 65-75 PaKry rIÉGñkensaT)anRtwmEt 25 b¤ 35 PaKry Etb:ueNÑaH ¬rUbPaB 4>11¦. kic©snüasgÁm nigkic©snüa

BaNiC¢kmμ tamry³R)ak;km©IEdlmankarR)ak;x<s; KWCacMNgcgGñkensaTtUctacCamYYynwgQμÜjkNþal. QμÜjkNþal[

R)ak;GñkensaTx©ICamun dl;qñaMbnÞab; GñkensaTRtUvsgvijCaRtI kñúgtémømYyEdl)ankMNt;CamunehIyeRsc. eFVIEbbenH

Q μ ÚjkNþalRKb;RKgTaMgRsugelImuxrbrenH ehIyGñkensaTminGaceFVIGVIekItTal;EtesaH edaysarBYkeKxVHmeFüa)ay

rkTIpSar nigxVHmeFüa)ayhirBaØvtßú 66.

cMNayelIkardwkCBa¢Únx<s; ¬yanynþyWt pøÚvGaRkk;¦ KYbCamYynwg]bkrN_rkSaRtImin)anl¥ bNþal[xUcxatplensaT

Gs;eRcIn EdlCaehtunaM[ekIntémøelIÉktanImYy² karbg;luyeRkARbB½n§ k¾naM[éføedImkan;EtéføEfmeTotEdr. plensaT

mYyEpñkRtUv)anlk;eTARbeTséf EdlCakEnøgmanPaBminR)akdRbCamYyeTot edaysarQ μ ÜjéfvaytémøCaR)ak;)at

rIÉtémødwkCBa¢ÚnepSg²enAkm<úCaKitCaR)ak;duløar. kareLIgcuHénGaRtabþÚrR)ak;)at nigduløarmanplb:HBal;GviC¢mandl;Gñk

ensaTEx μr. TIbBa©b; eRbg\nÞn³eLIgéfø EdlpÞúynwgtémøRtIEdlcuHefak manplb:HBal;GviC¢manxøaMgeTAelIGñkensaT

RsedogKañeTAnwgplb:HBal;GviC¢mancMeBaHksikrEdr. plb:HBal;énkareLIgéføTaMgenH man\T§iBlTaMgeTAelIQμÜjtUctac

nigplitkrtUctac b:uEnþb:HBal;xøaMgCageK KWeTAelIGñkensaTtUctaccugeRkaybMput.


RbGb; 4>7 ³ karCYjdUrRtI - karsegáttammUldæanBIedImTsvtSr_qñaM 2000

karsegátTI 1 ³ R)ak;bg;éfønaMecjx<s;

GñknaMTMnijeTAlk;enARbeTséfRtUvbg;R)ak; 28 dg ¬rYmTaMg 3 dg enAkñúgTwkdIRbeTséfpgEdr¦ kñúgenaHman 8 dg RtUvbg;[

nKr)alesdækic© 3 dg bg;[EpñkensaTextþ 2 dg bg;[GavuFhtß nigPaKIdéT²eTot Edlkarbg;xøHRsbc,ab; xøHeTotk¾minRsbc,ab;.

kñúgcMeNamkarcMNayTaMgGs;enH karbg;Bn§[Kyéf ¬edayminmanmUldæanc,ab;¦ KWCakarbg;Edlx<s;CageKbMput KWeRcInCagBIrdg

énBn§pøÚvkarCUnKykm<úCa. karbg;sMxan;²déTeTot KWbg;CUn KAMFIMEX EdlCakarbg;Bn§pøÚv ehIybg;CUnGaCaJFrénnaykdæan

ensaT nigkariyal½yensaTextþenAe):ayEb:t. R)ak;EdlRtUvbg;TaMgGs;enH esμInwg 33 PaKry énR)ak;cMeNjrbs;GñknaMecj

ehIy 52 PaKry sRmab;éfødwkCBa¢ÚnéføBlkmμ nigéføkic©karepSg²eTot enAsl;Et 15 PaKryeT EdlCaR)ak;cMeNjsuT§saF.

karsegátTI 2 ³ kardwkCBa¢Únmantémøx<s;

RtIRss;k¾eKdwkykeTAlk;enARbeTséfEdr. BITenøsabeTAe)a:yEb:t QμÜjkNþalRtUvcMNay dwkCBa¢Ún 1 KILÚ éfø 5 )at

¬dwkmYyLanTm¶n; 30 etan¦ sRmab;éfødwkCBa¢Ún ¬témøeRbgm:asU‘t nigcMNayepSg²¦ témøpøÚv nigtémøenAtamkugRtUlnana.

BYkeKRtUvbg;bEnßméføGaCJab½NÑmYykñúgtémø 10 mWunerol mYYyeCIg nigQñÜlkmμkr 40 mWunerol kñúgmYyEx. enARBMEdn XøaMgsþúkTMnij

éføBI 3-4 mWunerol ¬kñúgmYyLan-mYyeCIg¦ eTaHbImanEtQμÜjFM²EdleRbIXøaMgenHk¾eday. kareFVIEbbenHminceRmInkñúgpøÚvesdækic©eT

edayELkvaCakarx¢Hx¢aycMNayeRcIn. TwkkksRmab;sþúkrkSaRtIiRss;kñúgXøaMgéfø 5 mWunerol. bEnßmelItémøTaMgGs;enH KWmantémø

qøgRBMEdn 10 mWunerol Bn§Kyéf ¬500)at kñúgmYyetan¦ RBmTaMgkarsUkbEnßmeTotedIm,IqøgRBMEdn. Q μ ÜjtUc²qøgRBMEdn

niglk;TMnijrbs;xøÜn[EtGs;tamtémøeKkMNt;. cMNaysRmab;dwkTMnijtamk)a:l;mklk;enATIRkugPñMeBjvij KWTabCag BIeRBaH

cm¶aypøÚvCitCagcMNucEqkeqrticCag ehIykarbg;luyeRkApøÚvkark¾ticEdr. k¾b:uEnþenAPñMeBjéfølk;TMnijTaMgenH k¾TabCagéfølk;enA

e)a:yEb:tEdr.

RbPB ³ esckIþsegát 1 Achaya, Kim, Chap and Meach (2006); esckIþsegát 2 Rab, Hap, Seng, Ahmed and Viner (2005)

RbPB ³ TsSnkic©dl;TIkEnøg enAextþkMBg;qñaMg Ex kBaØa-FñÚ qñaM 2006

RbGb; 4>8 ³ éfødwkCBa¢Únx<s; EdlGñkPUmienATenøsabCYbRbTH

PUmiCaeRcInenAray)a:ytamdgTenøsab PaKeRcInénGñkPUmi KWCaGñkensaT EdlmandIbnþicbnþÜc ehIydITaMgenaHlicTwkenA

rdUvvsSa eKeFVIdMeNIreTAmk)anedaysarTUkenARKb;rdUv. CIvPaBcm,grbs;BYkeKBwgEp¥kelIrbrensaTRtI. dUecñH]bkrN_ensaT

nigtémødwkCBa¢Únefak nigB½t’mansIþGMBItémølk;-dUrplensaTmansar³sMxan;Nas; sRmab;CIvPaBrs;enArbs;eK.

TsSnkic©dl;TIkEnøgenAextþkMBg;qñaMg )anrkeXIjfa éføeRbgm:asU‘tenAPUmiGs;TaMgenaH mantémøRbEhl 20-25 PaKry x<s;Cag

éfølk;enApSarEdlmancm¶ayEt 2-3 KILÚEm:Rtb:ueNÑaH. dUcKñaenHEdr RtIRss; nigplitpleFVIBIRtI EdleKlk;[QμÜj EdleTATij

dl;PUmiTaMgenaH efakCagBI 10-20 PaKry ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgéfølk;enATIpSarTaMgenaH. rIÉTwkkksRmab;sþúkrkSaRtIRss;enA

PUmiTaMgenaH k¾éføx<s;CagTwkkkEdllk;enApSarEdr.

enAtamkEnøglk;RtInImYy² RtIEdlmanKuNPaBGaclk;ecj)anmanEtbniþcbnþÜc ehtuenHkardwkCBa¢Ún tamTUkmantémøx<s;.

QμÜjkNþalRKb;RKgelIR)ak;km©I nigtémøTijdUrTaMgRsug KWeK[x©IR)ak;Camun ehIyRbmUlykRtIsgCMnYsR)ak;km©IenaHvij kñúgGaRtakar

R)ak;BI 4-6 PaKrykñúgmYyEx. fVIt,itEtshKmn_ensaTCaeRcIn)anbegáItR)ak;snSMtamRkumk¾eday k¾cMnYnénR)ak;snSMsBVéf¶enH

enAticeBk minTan;GaceRbIR)as;CaedImTunrksIu)an eBalKWR)ak;TaMgGs;enHeRbI)ansRmab;Etx©IykeTATijes,ógGaharenAkñúgrdUv

xVHxat. edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaEdl)anerobrab;xagelIenH RtUvmanRbB½n§dwkCBa¢Ún nigRbB½n§TMnak;TMngefak.

bc©úb,nñenH shKmn_RKb;RKgkarensaTykcitþTukdak;EteTAelIkarRKb;RKgFnFan ³ bBaða eGkULÚsIu ]bkrN_ensaT nigkar

XøaMemIlRbqaMgnwgkarensaTxusc,ab; nigvis½yepSg²xøHeTotEtb:ueNÑaH. rIÉkarrkTIpSar karerobcMRbB½n§\NTan b¤karRKb;RKgtémø

lk;RtI minmanenAkñúgrebobvar³énkic©karrbs;shKmn_ensaTeT.


rUbPaB 4>12 ³ bNþajlk;RtITwksab

RbPB ³ dkRsg;GMBI Sok (2005), Rab, Hap, Seng, Ahmed and Viner (2005), and Acharya, Kim, Chap and Meach (2003)

etIRtUveFVIy:agNaedIm,IelIkkm<s;plitPaB nigbegáInTIpSarsRmab;plitkrtUctacrYmTaMgGñkensaTRtI EdlCa®sþI

ehIynigGñkEkécñplRtI ?

k> kñúgkarepþImeRbIR)as;bec©keTsensaTTMenIb karcab;RtIedaym©as;LÚt_ensaT nigGñkensaTRtIÉkCn mankarxusKñakan;Et

FMeLIg. ®sþI nigCnCatiPaKtic EdlCaGñkensaTRtITTYlplb:HBal;enH F¶n;CageK¬67¦. CakarsMxan;RtUvpþl;[GñkTaMgenaH

nUv]bkrN_ensaTTMenIbxøH ¬dUcCa mg nigTUkeFVIedayC½rpøas;sÞikCaedIm¦ EfmTaMgkarxMRbwgERbgEckrMElkbTBiesaFn_

CUnGñkTaMgenaH rYmTMag®sþIpg. CYnkal karpþl;]bkrN_ensaTTMenIb GacCYybegáItkargardl;GñkPUmienAxageRkay

eTotpg. kar]btßmÖGs;TaMgenH GaceFVI)antamry³EpnkarRbyuT§RbqaMgnwgPaBRkIRk nigelIksÞÜyCIvPaBrbs;Blrdæ.

x> éfølk;RtIenAtamRcaMg EdlsBVéf¶enHlk;tamEtQμÜj[éfø KYrEteFVI[l¥RbesIrCagsBVéf¶. viFIlk;RtIrYmKña GacCa

meFüa)ayCYy[GñkensaTlk;RtI)antémøl¥RbesIrCag ¬RbGb; 4>9¦. shKmn_ensaTRtI KYrEtGacbegáItynþkar

sRmab;karBartémølk;RtI ¬68¦¬69¦.

K> kEnøgykRtIeTAlk;sBVéf¶enHminman]bkrN_RKb;RKan;eT. shkrN_lk;RtIrbs;RkumGñkensaT RtUvEtmanFnFan

pÞal;xøÜn sRmab;erobcM[man]bkrN_eRbIR)as; dUcCa karrkTwkkksRmab;rkSaRtI b¤manTUTwkkksRmab;bgákRtIrYmKña

]bkrN_dwkCBa¢ÚnxøH TUrs½BÞTak;Tg nigedImTunmYycMnYntUc sRmab;CYyrMedaHksikrRkIRkecjGMBIGnÞak;rbs;Pñak;gar

ekgRbv½Ba©.

X> KYrBicarNaelIkarEkécñedIm,IbegáInKuNPaBRtI CaCagTuk[RKYsarnImYy² ykRtIeTAhal RbLak; GMbil eq¥Ir b¤eFVIGVI

epSg²eTot tamEdlGñkensaTyl;facMeNj. plitkr®sþIEdlmantYnaTIcm,gkñúgkarEkécñRtI Gacnwg)anpl

CaBiess GMBIEpnkarenH.

g> rdæaPi)alKYrbgálkçN³gayRsYltamEpnkarenH edaykat;bnßykarbg;R)ak;enAtampøÚv bnÞabtémøPasIuenApSar nigbegáIn

cMnYnpSarsRmab;lk;RtI ]TahrN_ dUcCasBVéf¶enH enAPñMeBjmancMNucsRmab;lk;RtIEt 3 kEnøgeT.

KYrykemerontamBiesaFn_RbeTsdéT²eTot EdlTIpSarshKmn_lk;RtImandMeNIrkarl¥. SIF FS EdlCasmaKmelIk

sÞÜy nigbegáInTIpSarlk;RtI ehIynig AMUL shkrN_TwkedaHeKa GacykCa]TahrN_kñúgvis½yenH)an. ¬RbGb; 4>10¦.

KYrykemerontambTBiesaFn_

RbeTsdéT²eTotEdlTIpSarshKmn_

lk;RtIsac;mandMeNIrkarl¥

(67) ®sIþmantYnaTIcm,gkñúgkarEkécñ niglk;RtI. sUmemIl Kusakabe, Prak, Ubolratana, Napaporn (2005).

(68) GgÁkar Oxfam ¬2005¦ vaytémøsßanPaBbc©úb,nñénshkrN_ ehIyrkeXIjfa B½t’manTaMgLaymin)anEckcayeTAdl;ksikreT ehIyGgÁkarksikr k¾minTan;cab;kMeNItEdr. cMNucenHTamTar[mankarBRgwg.

(69) RbeTs Norway k¾mankarcrcatémølk;RtIEdr. TaMgsaFarNrdækUer: TaMgRbeTsCb:un suT§EtmanshkrN_sRmab;lk;RtI (the Zengoren).Sok ¬2005), Bush nig Minh (2005) nig Kurien, So nig Mao (2006) )andak;esñIviFIenHsRmab;km<úCa enAkñúgshKmn_GñkensaTRtI.


RbGb; 4>9 ³ Parkic©TTYlxusRtUvrbs;RbB½n§TIpSarlk;RtIshKmn_enAkm<úCa

kargarCamUldæan ³k> begáItshkrN_sRmab;GñkensaTRtI EdlRtUvykRtIrbs;xøÜn eBalKWy:agehacNas;mYyéf¶mþgeTAcMNucrYmmYy b¤Tuk[tMNag

mñak;rbs;GñkensaTTaMgenaH edIrtYCaPñak;garbs;BYkeK edjéfølk;RtICMnYsGñkensaTTaMgenaH. x> begáItRbB½n§EckcayB½t’man nigerobcM[manedImTunsRmab;ensaT[GñkensaTx©IkñúgkarR)ak;smrmü.K> begáItGgÁPaBbgákRtI ¬b¤sib,kmμeFVITwkkk-GacGeBa¢IjshRKasÉkCn [begáItsib,kmμeFVITwkkkkñúgkic©FanaRBmeRBoglk;Twkkk

TaMgGs;[shkrN_GñkensaT RBmTaMgbegáItTItaMgRtYtBinitüKuNPaBRtIenAtamRcaMgTenøEdlykRtIeTAlk;.X> crcaedIm,Ikat;bnßykarTar[bg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkar nigkat;bnßycMNucEqkeqr.

kargarkRmitx<s; ³k> dwkCBa¢ÚnplitplRtIBIRcaMgTenøeTATIpSarFM²edayxøÜnÉg RbsinebIQ μ ÜjkNþalmincg; b¤lkçxNÐrbs;eKminl¥. edIm,IeFVIdUecñH

TUk b¤LandwkRtI RtUvbMBak;]bkrN_m:asIunRtCak; b¤]bkrN_rkSaKuNPaBRtI.x> CRmuj[begáItrcnasm<½n§GPi)alkic©EbbvimCÄkar edaymankarrYmcMENktamExSbeNþaysRmab;rkTIpSarlk;RtI.K> CYybegIáttémøbEnßménsib,kmμevcx©b; b¤]bkrN_déTeTot sRmab;plensaTTaMgLayNa EdlminGaclk;)anPøam².

edaysar®sþIEtgEtCaplitkr nigCaQ μ ÜjtUctac BYkeKnwgFøak;ecjBIRbB½n§enH RbsinebIminmankarykcitþdak;BiessNaedIm,IFana[manTIkEnøgmYysRmab;BYkeKeTenaH.

karciBa©wmstV 70

karciBa©wmstVrYmcMENkRbEhl 16 PaKry eTAelIesdækic©Epñkksikmμ. CaTUeTA KWCaskmμPaBRbcaMRKYsar ehIyEdlpþl;R)ak;cMNUlbEnßmCUnRKYsar. karciBa©wm eKa RCUk BEB ecom nigman;-Ta BitCamankarrIkceRmInx<s;. elIsBIenHeTotkarciBa©wmstVsuIsgVak;Kñal¥Nas; CamYynwgRkbx½NÐTUeTAénRbB½n§ksikm μTMenIb. karnaMstVBahn³eTAlk;eRkARbeTsmanskþanuBlx<s;edayenAqñaM 2004 eKa BI 8-15 mWunk,al )annaMecjeRkApøÚvkar. b:uEnþcMnYnpøÚvkarénkarnaMecjTabCagenHq¶ayNas;-Et 10>6 Ban;k,alb:ueNÑaH esμInwg 2 PaKry éncMnYnstVEdlRbeTsGasa‘n)anlk;ecj. vis½yciBa©wmstV rYmman ³

k> karciBa©wmstVenAkm<úCa minpþl;GaharenAkñúgRTug b¤EfTaMdUcenARbeTsCaeRcInEdllk;stVBahn³eT. RbsinebIskmμPaBciBa©wmstVmankarRKb;RKgRbesIrCagenH karciBa©wmstVBitCaGacbegáItR)ak;cMNUleRcInsRmab;esdækic©CnbT.

x> BaNiC¢kmμsac;stVBahn³ manbBaðaBukrlYyenAkñúgkardwkCBa¢Ún nigkarqøgRBMEdn. enHnaM[témøeLIgx<s; nigkarepÞrpÞÚrGUsbnøay EdlCaktþabNþal[xatbg;EfmeTot. karxatbg;nImYy² b:HBal;dl;R)ak;cMNUlrbs;ksikr ehIyk¾CakarelIkTwkcitþ[mankarrt;Bn§. Rtg;cMNucenH karRtYtBinitüGMeBIBukrlYy KWCakarmansarRbeyaCn_.

K> km<úCaRtUvEtRbwgERbgbegáIttMbn;suvtßiPaB karBarCm¶WGutkþamenAkñúgRbeTs edIm,ITb;Tl;eTAnwgkarnaMstVBahn³qøgEdncUlBIRbeTséf nigLav EdlCaRbeTsminTan;)aneCaKC½ykñúgkarbegáIttMbn;KμanCm¶WenHenAeLIyeT.

X> caM)ac;RtUvTb;sáat;Cm¶WpþasaybkSI[)anTaMgRsug fVIt,itEtFøab;)anTTYleCaKC½yxøH²rYcmkehIykþI.

eBTüstVKμanRBMEdn ¬VSF¦ )anepþImbegáItRkumeBTüstVPUmimYycMnYnkalBIqñaM 1996. 5 qñaMeRkaymk edaymanCMnYyBIeBTüstVKμanRBMEdn FnaKarBiPBelak nig IFAD RkumRbwkSardæm®nþI )anTTYlsÁal;eBTüstVPUmiGs;TaMgenaH. enAqñaM 2004 RksYgksikmμ)anraykarN_fa )anbegáIteBTüstV PUmicMnYn 4449 nak; esμInwg 75 PaKry éneBTüstVPUmi EdlRtUvkarTaMgGs; ¬cMnYn 5906 nak; sRmab;mYyXuM 4 nak;¦. kñúgry³eBl 8 qñaM tmk ¬1996-2004¦ ksikrtUctaccMnYn 2 lannak; TTYl)an esvaBIeBTüstVPUmiTaMgenH RbkbedaylT§plCaTIeBjcitþ. bu:EnþrhUtmkTl;qñaM 2004 man 80PaKry énkEnøgciBa©wmman;TaMgGs; minTan;TTYl)anesvaBIeBTüstVPUmienAeLIyeT. karRbmUlpþúMplRbeyaCn_tamry³esvarbs;eBTüstVPUmi mansar³sMxan;Nas; kñúgkareFVI[rIkceRmIndl;plitPaBénkarciBa©wmstVenAkm<úCa.

km<úCaGaccMeNjGMBIesrIParUvnIykmμénBaNiC¢kmμenAGas‘an ¬nigGas‘anbUk 4¦ ehIyCRmujkarnaMstVBahn³eTAlk;enARsukeRkA[kan;EteRcInenAkñúgcMeNamRbeTsGas‘an nigRbeTscin. cMeBaHkic©karenH kareFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;viFIEfrkSastV KWCasar³sMxan;. KYrBinitülT§PaBeTAelItémøbEnßménTMnijnaMecj dUcCa sac; nigTwkedaHeKaCaedIm.

(70) EpñkenHdkRsg;ecjBI Ear (2005).


RbGb; 4>10 ³ CeRmIsfIμkñúgkarrkTIpSarlk;plitplEdlGacxUcrlYy - ]TahrN_ RbeTs\NÐa

shkrN_rkTIpSarrbs;GñkensaT ³shB½n§sgÁmGñkensaTenA\NÐaxagt,Úg ¬SIFFS¦ CaGgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)aleFVIkarkñúgEpñkensaTRtIsmuRT. shB½n§ ¬SIFFS¦

CaGgÁPaBkMBUlmYyénGgÁkarnanarbs;RkumGñkensaTRtItUctac Edlmanrcnasm<½n§cat;taMgCabIfñak;.

edaymanGñkensaTRtICasmaCikCag 6 Ban;nak; RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedayRbmUlpþMúCa 100 RkumensaTFM² enAkñúgRsuk 8 énRbeTs\NÐaPaKxagt,Úg kñúgBIrTsvtSr_knøgmk shB½n§enH)anepþatelIkarBRgwgLÚt_ensaTRtItUctac. enAqñaM 2004 shB½n§enHrkR)ak;)an 5 landuløarGaemrik. CaGgÁkarmYyEdlrkTIpSarsRmab;lk;RtI shB½n§ ¬SIFFS¦ \LÚvpþl;esvamYycMnYnFMCUnGñkensaTRtI TaMgsmaCik TaMgminEmnsmaCik. karrkTIpSarlk;RtI KWCavis½ycm,gmYy EdlRtUvEteFVIGnþraKmn_CaRbcaM.

karRtYtRtaelIkEnøgykRtIeLIgRcaMglk; ¬tammat;smuRT¦ KWCakic©karenAkRmitfñak;PUmiénsgÁmGñkensaTRtI b:uEnþykRtIeTAlk;enATIpSarhYsBImat;smuRT sßitTaMgRsugenAkñúgédrbs;Q μ Üj Pñak;gar nigRkumh‘unÉkCn. fVIt,itEtBaNiC¢km μÉkCn CaTUeTA manRbsiT§PaBk¾eday k¾manrdUvxøH RbePTxøH nigenATIpSarxøH karGnuvtþpþac;muxbNþal[b:HBal;CaxøaMgdl;plRbeyaCn_GñkensaT. shB½n§ ¬SIFFS¦ )ansVHEsVgrkvis½yfμI² sRmab;TIpSarlk;RtI TaMgRtIRss; TaMgRtIEkécñ tamry³karsakl,g karl,gBiesaFn_kñúgkarnaMRtIeTAlk;ÉeRkA.

b:uEnþsaklPavUbnIykmμ)anbegáIt[manTaMg»kasfμI TaMgkarKMramkMEhgfμI. shB½n§ ¬SIFFS¦ manCMenOfa RbsinebIKuNPaBRtIminmankarrIkceRmInTaMgkarEfTaM TaMgkarrkSaTukenAelITUk nigenAelIRcaMg[)anRbesIreLIgeT GñkensaTRtIRbEhlCaTTYlbraC½yenAkñúgTIpSarGnþrCati. edaysarehtuenH GaTiPaBrbs;shB½n§ ¬SIFFS¦ KWkmμviFIbegáInKuNPaBEfTaM nigrkSaRtI. shB½n§ ¬SIFFS¦ k¾epþImKMnitykRtIeTAlk;enATIpSarkñúgRsuktamry³haglk;RtIray²enARkug Trivandrum. hagenHTTYllk;RtIEdlesssl;BIkarnaMecj.

shkrN_lk;TwkedaHeKa AMUL ³

begáItenAqñaM 1946 shkrN_ AMUL epþImclnaerobcMshkrN_TwkedaHeKaenARbeTs\NÐa PaKxaglic ehIy)anbegáItGgÁkarshkrN_kMBUlmYyeQμaH shkrN_ Gujarat énshB½n§cMkat;rkTIpSarlk;TwkedaHeKa ¬GCMMF¦ EdlsBVéf¶enH Casm,tþirYmrbs;GñkplitTwkedaHeKaRbEhl 2/2 lannak; enAkñúgextþ Gujarat RbeTs\NÐa. dMbUgepþImBIshkrN_rkTIpSarlk;TwkedaHeKa eRkaymk epþImcUlrYmkñúgsib,kmμEkécñTwkedaHeKa. plitplTaMgLay rYmman emSATwkedaHeKa ePsC¢³TwkedaHeKa layCatiEpøeQI TwkedaHeKacRmaj; b‘År RhVÚma: sUkULa kaer:m CatieRkmTwkedaHeKa ehIynigplitpleFVIBITwkedaHeKaCaeRcInRbePTepSg²eTot bEnßmeTAelITwkedaHeKaGnam½ysuT§. R)ak;cMNUlRbcaMqñaM 2005 mancMnYn 38 Ban;lanrUbBI esμInwg 850 landuløarGaemrik.

TisedAbzmrbs;GgÁkarenH KWbegáItbNþajshkrN_ edIm,Ipþl;esvad¾manKuNPaB ehIynigplitplnana CUnGtifiCnEdlCaGñkTTYlTanTwkedaHeKa nigedIm,ICYyGñkplitTwkedaHeKa[)anR)ak;kéRmeRcIn. bec©kviC¢aB½t’man ¬IT¦ )anedIrtYsMxan;mYykñúgkarGPivDÆekrþ×eQμaHrbs;GgÁkar AMUL. PUminImYy²manmnÞIrpþl;B½t’mantamRbB½n§eGLicRtUnic EdlCacMNucgayRsYlsRmab;TMnak;TMngtamRbB½n§GiunFWeNt nigskmμPaBGPi)alkic©ÉeTot² tamRbB½n§eGLicRtUnic EdlCarYmmantémølk; karlk;dUr kardwkCBa¢Ún nigKuNPaB. EpñkPsþúParsRmbsRmYlkarRbmUlTijTwkedaHeKacMNuH 10 lanlIRt kñúg 1éf¶ BIsgÁmshkrN_PUmicMnYn 1 mWunPUmi enATUTaMgextþ Gujarat ehIybnÞab;mkrkSaTuk Ekécñ nigplitecjCaplitplTwkedaHeKaenAsib,kmμkñúgRsuk 12 énshCIBEkécñTwkedaHfñak;Rsuk. karsagsg;sßanIysV½yRbvtþisRmab;RbmUlTijTwkedaHeKacMnYn 4 Ban;sßanIy_ CYyRbmUlpþúMB½t’mansþIGMBIsmaCik kRmitxøaj;enAkñúgTwkedaHeKa cMNuHTwkedaHeKaTaMgGs;EdlRbmUl)an nigcMnYnTwkR)ak;Edlbg;CUnsmaCikmñak;². kic©karenHCaskçIPaBEdlminGackat;éfø)ankñúgkarFanaenAsmFm’ nigtmøaPaBenATUTaMgGgÁkar AMUL. edIm,IsRmYldl;kardwkCBa¢ÚnTwkedaHeKa shkrN_)anCYl b¤eRbIR)as;rfynþ m:asIunRtCak;mYycMnYnFM.

RbPB ³ http://www.siff s.org nig http://www.amul.com

sarKnøwH ³

1> RtUvCYyBRgwgshKmn_ kñúgEpnkarrkTIpSarlk;RtI edIm,ICYyGñkensaT[lk;RtIrbs;xøÜn)antémøl¥. kñúgEpnkarTaMgenH KWRtUvmanFugTwkkksRmab;sþúkRtI b¤LanmanTUTwkkksRmab;dwkRtI ehIynigXøaMgrkSaRtI edIm,ITb;sáat;kuM[xUcKuNPaBRtI EdlnaM[lk;)antémøefak.

2> pøÚvsRmab;BaNiC¢kmμRtUveFVI[RbesIreLIg ehIylkçxNÐBaNiC¢kmμminRtUvsμúKsμajeBkeT edIm,ICYysRmYldl;karlk;RtI nigstVBahn³[manRbsiT§PaB nigbegáInR)ak;cMNUldl;Gñkplit.


RbGb; 4>11 ³ krNIsikSaGMBIkarbEnßmtémøelIGahar

ksidæanciBa©wmman;mYy ³ KuNPaBl¥naMeTArkeCaKC½yedaymankarFanaKuNPaBRtwmRtUv RBmTaMgmanTIpSarc,as;las; ksikrciBa©wmman;mñak;enAcm¶ayRbEhl

50 KILÚEm:Rt BITIRkugPñMeBj)anBRgIkedImTunmYyCadb; eBalKWBI 1 muWn eTA 10 muWnduløarGaemrik BIqñaM 1994-2001. Kat;ecHbec©keTsciBa©wmman;tamry³Rkumhu‘néfmYyenAPñMeBj. kalBIKat;eFVIkarenAÉshRKasciBa©wmman;mYykñúgRbeTséf Kat;)aneronsURtGMBIbec©keTsciBa©wmman; nigmuxrbrrksuIkñúgvis½yenH. eRkaymkeTot edIm,IrkSaKuNPaB Kat;TijkUnman;BIRkumhu‘néf eRBaHKat;emIleXIjfa kUnman;TaMgenH)anqøgkat;viTüasa®sþciBa©wmRtwmRtUv ¬pþl;BgFM nigRtUvxñat ehIyemman;mYy²pþl;BgeRcIn¦ cMNIman;k¾Kat;TijBIRkumhu‘néfEdr ehIyxøÜnKat;EdlCam©as; k¾ecHécñRbDitpSMcMNIman; nigcMNIstVEdlmanKuNPaBx<s;. edImTunTaMgGs;sRmab;smÖar³brikçar nigkarcMNayRbcaMéf¶ KWCaedImTunpÞal;rbs;Kat; b¤)anmktamry³Rkumhu‘néf edayBuMcaM)ac;eTAFnaKareLIy.

sac;man; nigBgman;Cag 80 PaKry Kat;lk;eTA[ePaCnIydæanFM² sNaæKar nigpSarTMenIbCaeRcInkñúgTIRkugPñMeBj. ehtuEdlKat;lk;)anéføCagksikrÉeTot edaysarEtBgman;Kat;FM²CageK. bu:EnþenAEtmankarRbkYtRbECgxøaMgBIksikrkñúgRsuk RBmTaMgBgman;efak²BIbreTs. edaysarsVaKmn_[mankarRbkYtRbECg mansac;man;nigBgman;rt;Bn§qøgEdn EdlbNþal[b:HBal;F¶n;F¶rdl;rbrrksuIrbs;Ex μrEdlkMBugkekIt. raCrdæaPi)al)anBüayamTb;sáat;GMeBIrt;Bn§Gs;TaMgGs;enH bu:Enþmin)aneCaKC½ybu:n μaneT. QμÜjlk;duMTTYlTijTMnijnaMcUlGs;TaMgenH KWCaktþaCRmuj[plitplkñúgRsukFøak;éfø nigeFVI[ksikrExμr)at;bg;R)ak;cMeNj.

knøgmk mankarBüayambegáItsmaKmksikrciBa©wmman; edIm,IkarBartémøsac;man; nigBgman;. bu:EnþkgVHcMeNHdwg nigbTBiesaFn_ eFVI[dMeNIrkarenHraMgsÞH.

KuNPaBFanaeCaKC½y[LdutnMbu½gmYykalBIqñaM 1979 manLnMbu½gEx μrmYy epþImlk;nMbu½genAkñúgRsuk. dl;qñaM 1995 LnMbu½genaH)anrIkduHdaleTACaLd¾FMmYy.

sBVéf¶LenH)anlk;nMepSg²rbs;xøÜneTA[RbeTsCitxag fVIt,itEtenAmanbBaðaCaeRcInkþI.

m©as;hagenHman»kasebIkhagkñúgcMeNamGñkebIkhagdMbUgeK. hagenHmaneRbIm:asuInBak;kNþalsV½yRbvtþi nigman]bkrN_sRmab;layemSAmI nigdutnM. eRKOgm:asuInTaMgGs;naMcUlBIRbeTscin rIÉRbdab;evcx©b;naMcUlBIRbeTséf EdlmankarGUsbnøay nigmantémøx<s; edaysarkardwkCBa¢ÚnyWt ehIyRtUvbg;R)ak;bEnßm. karBüayamCYlRkumhu‘nkñúgRsuk [pþl;smÖar³evcx©b; min)aneCaKC½yeT edaysarxVHKuNPaB nigtémøx<s;eBk.

eRkayBITTYlTMnijTaMgenaHehIy hagTaMgmUlk¾RtUv)anbg;R)ak;pþac;. cMeBaHedImTunsRmab;cMNayRbcaMéf¶vij m©as;hagEtgEtx©IR)ak;BIFnaKarmYy kñúgkarR)ak; 22 PaKry kñúgmYyqñaM. plitplefak²BIbreTsRbkYtRbECgCamYyplitplKat;. TMnijrt;Bn§ GKÁisnIéfø éfødwkCBa¢Únx<s; nigkarbg;R)ak;eRkApøÚvkar eFVI[Kat;)at;bg;plcMeNj. éfølk;eLIgcuHCaxøaMg BI 30 eTA 50 PaKry edaysarTIpSarFøak;éfø. m©as;haglk;)antémøl¥ EtcMeBaHGtifiCnGnþrCatiPaKeRcInEdlCaExμrenAbreTsmkTsSnakm<úCa.

RbPB ³ Sok nig Acharys ¬2003¦

4>6 skmμPaBeRkAksidæan nigminEmnksikmμ

sgÁmmYyEdlBwgEp¥kEtelIksikmμ RtUvEtmanskmμPaBepSg²eTot EdlCaskmμPaBminEmnksikmμ nigeRkAksidæan

edIm,IbEnßmtémøelIpldMNaMrbs;xøÜn nigbegáInkargar. kñúgn½yenH manCeRmIsBIr ³

k> bEnßmtémøelIpldMNaMksikmμEdlmansBVéf¶ dUcCa ³ RsUv RtI EpøeQI ehIynigplitplksikmμdéTeTot. manskþanuBl

CaeRcIn kñúgkarEkécñplitplksikmμeqA ¬]> EpøeQI nigbEnøRbcaMrdUv¦ enARsukERscMkar.

x> BRgIkskmμPaBecjeRkABIEpñkksikmμ ³ plitvtßúeFVIedayéd eFVIk¥mqñaMg révGMe)aH ciBa©wmdgáÚv nag eFVIsURt plitsmÖar³

sMNg; CYsCulm:asuIn nigesvadéT²eTot71.

]sSahkmμxñattUc nigmFüm ¬rYmTaMgenATICnbTpg¦ sßitenAkñúgRkbx½NÐéncMNucsñÚlmYyrbs;yuT§sa®sþctuekaNkñúg

vis½yGPivDÆn_EpñkÉkCn. dUecñHmankarTTYlsÁal;CaBiessnUvsar³sMxan;énEpñkenH.

(71) RbEhl 70 PaKry énEpøeQI nigbEnø RtUv)annaMcUlBIbreTs b:uEnþmanskþanuBlTUlMTUlaysRmab;bMeBjbEnßmelIkarnaMcUl eyagtamRkumkargarbec©keTs - ksikmμ nigTwk ¬2006¦.


(72) RbEhl 70 PaKryénEpøeQI nigbEnø RtUv)annaMcUlBIbreTs b:uEnþmanskþanuBlTUlMTUlaysRmab;bMeBjbEnßmelIkarnaMcUleyagtamRkumkargarbec©keTs-ksikmμ nigTwk ¬2006¦.

(73) MPDF (2005) pþl;nUvtaragvis½y]sSahkmμmYycMnYnEdlGaceFVIenAkm<úCa. b:uEnþBMueXIjmankarbgðajBI]bsKÁEdlnaM[karBRgIkvis½yTaMgenaHraMgsÞH.

skmμPaBEkécñRsUvmanskþanuBlFMeFg

bu:EnþxVHedImTuun

EpñkEkécñmðÚbGahar

EpñkEkécñmðÚbGaharmYymanenARsukExμr TaMgEbbburaN nigEbbTMenIb bu:EnþminmanTinñn½yGegátTUlMTUlayenAeLIyeT. skmμPaBEkécñRsUv-Ggár manskþanuBlFMeFg bu:EnþxVHedImTun. bec©kviTüaenAGtþxat; minTan;TMenIb nigtémøGKÁisnIx<s; naM[karGPivDÆEpñkenH CYbRbTHnwgkarlM)akeRcIn. CaerOy² RsUvRtUv)anlk;ecjeTARbeTséf nigRbeTsevotNam ehIyTijGgárBIRbeTsTaMgenaHcUlmkRsukExμrvij. eFVIy:agenH naM[km<úCaxatbg;TaMgkargarxatbg; TaMgtémøbEnßm. karevcx©b;Gahar ¬bEnøEpøeQI nigsac;¦ )ancab;epþImkñúglkçN³CaxñattUc nigkarEkécñRtI nigbgÁa k¾)ancab;epþImEdr. sBVéf¶enH skmμPaBTaMgenHenAmantictYc ehIyRbmUlpþúMEtenACitTIRbCuMCnFM². dUecñHkarbegáItkargarsRmab;BlkrenAtamCnbTenAmankRmitTabenAeLIy72.

mUldæanRKwHsRmab;eCaKC½ykñúgkarEkécñmðÚbGahar KW ³

k> RtUvmankarpÁt;pÁg;plitpleqACab;Canic© minecHdac; nigRbkbedayKuNPaB.x> RtUvmansmÖar³dwkCBa¢ÚnmanRbsiT§PaB ¬sRmab;plitplEdlGacxUcrlYy RtUvmanFugTwkkksRmab;rkSaKuNPaB¦K> RtUvmanRbB½n§evcx©b;FMmYy nigmanRbB½n§TIpSar.

TaMgGs;enHTamTar[manbec©kviTüa ksikmμ nig]sSahkmμ GgÁkarGaCIvkmμ nigedImTunbEnßmeTAelIehdæarcnasm<½n§ CaBiess GKÁisnIenACnbT. eTaHbICay:agenHkþI GñkvinieyaKbreTsminha‘nmkrksuIkñúgvis½yTijdUrmðÚbGahareT edaysarEtKuNPaBplitpl nigkarpÁt;pÁg;minR)akdRbCa. GaCIvkmμkñúgRsukCaeRcInk¾mankþI)armÖdUcKñaenHEdr. dUecñHetIRtUveFVIy:agNa ? CeRmIsnana rYmman ³

k> begáInplitPaBksikm μ nigbegáItplitpleRcInmux. CaTUeTA eragcRkEkécñmðÚbGaharnwgekItenAkEnøgNa nigenAeBlNaEdlmanplitpleRcInbribUN’sRmab;TIpSar.

x> begáItbec©kviTüasRmab;CYyKaMRTdl;vis½yksikmμ.

K> Fana[manehdæarcnasm<n½§RKb;RKan;edaybMBak;GKÁisnI EdlmantémøefakenACnbT rkSatémøTMnij[)anc,as;las; edaymantmøaPaBEpñkGPi)alkic© EdlCabuerlkçxNÐsRmab;vinieyaKfñak;mUldæankñúgvis½yksikmμEkécñ.

X> bgálkçN³gayRsYldl;\NTanEdlmankarR)ak;Tab.

g> begáItshRKasxñattUc nigmFümsRmab;Ekécñ evcx©b; nigbegáItRbB½n§dwkCBa¢ÚnenAmUldæan.

edaysarkic©karenHmanTMhMFMKYrsm rdæaPi)almincaM)ac;RbwgERbgeFVIkic©karenHTaMgRsugeT. Cakarcab;epþIm RbsinebImanfamBlGKÁisnIefak ehIyminecHdac; enaHEpñkÉeTot²nwgcUlmkedayxøÜnÉg.

EpñkminEmnmðÚbGahar 73

esvakm μ nigsib,km μ μ eRkABIGaharxøHebIkdMeNIrkarenAtamCnbT fVIt,itEtenAq¶ayBIskm μPaBTMenIb²enATIRbCuMCnk¾eday. sib,kmμTaMgenaH rYmman ³

k> tm,ajsURt nigrévGMe)aH x> L\dæK> sib,kmμEkécñeQI nigpliteRKOgsgðarwm X> tm,ajkenÞlGMBIepþA nigsrésFmμCatiÉeTot²g> cmøak;fμ c> k¥mqñaMg nigvtßúeFVIedayéddéTeTot q> RbB½n§TwkeRbIR)as; nigRbB½n§pøÚvdwkCBa¢Ún ¬Gnuvtþ nigCYsCul¦C> Es,kstV Q> RbB½n§GKÁisnIenACnbT-m:asuInePøIgsRmab;EckcayePøIgeRbIR)as; nigsakGaKuyenAtamPUmiCaedIm j> lk;dUrrayrg nigdwkCBa¢ÚnepSg².


RbGb; 4>12 ³ tm,ajsURtenAkm<úCa

sib,kmμsURtenAkm<úCamanTItaMgenAextþ 4 ³ kNþal taEkv éRBEvg nigkMBg;cam. 85 PaKryénsib,kmμ

tm,ajsURtmanenAextþkNaþl nigtaEkv. GMe)aHsURtnaMcUlBIRbeTsevotNam ykmkt,ajecjCasMBt;

enARbeTskm<úCa.

skmμPaBtm,ajsURtesÞIrEtTaMgGs;eFVIenAkñúgrgVg;RKYsar. eFVIEbbenH edIm,IkuM[Gs;QñÜleRcIn ehIyGñk

eFVIkarTaMgGs;rs;enA nighUbcukenApÞHEtmþg. QμÜjkNþal b¤BaNiC¢krCaGñkRKb;RKgTIpSar eBalKWBYkeK

pþl;GMe)aHsURteTA[Gñkt,ajenAkñúgPUmi ehIyRbmUlTijsMBt;sURtBIGñkPUmiykeTAlk;enATIpSarxageRkA.

tamviFIenH QμÜjkNþaltP¢ab;Gñktm,ajsURtCaeRcInBan;nak;eTAkñuúgbNþajénGgÁPaBplitd¾FMmYyEdlemIlmineXIj. bnÞab;mkeTot

BYkQμÜjkNþalsßitenAeRkamkarRtYtRtarbs;BYkGñklk;duM EdlCaGñkdak;témø. karRtYtRtaenARKb;dMNak;kal eFVIeLIgtamTMnak;TMng

kñúgsgÁm nigkñúgbNþajminEmneFVItamRbB½n§sßab½nNamYyeT.

bu:Enþ viFIenHk¾mancMNucxVHxatEdr eRBaHvaminman»kasTTYl)anbec©kviTüafμI nigTTYl)ankarvivDÆkñúgvis½ysib,kmμ nigTIpSar.

rIÉGñkt,ajvij k¾minman»kas)anCYbRbTHcMeNHfμI² ehIysib,kmμkñúgRKYsarEbbenH k¾min)anTTYlykGñkfμI[man»kas)ancUl

eronpgEdr eRkABIsmaCikRKYsarxøÜn. Gñkt,ajTaMgGs;eFVItamEteKecHBImunmk ehIymin)anécñRbDittamesckþIRtUvkarTIpSareT

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sURtExμrCag 95 PaKry lk;dUr-eRbIR)as;EtenAkñúgRsuk.

Gñkt,ajPaKeRcInCa®sþI EdlmancMnYnRbEhl 2 muWnnak; kñúgqñaM 2003 ekInBI 1 muWnnak; kñúgqñaM 2000. mñak;²rkR)ak;)an

BI 40 eTA 50 duløar kñúg 1 Ex GaRs½yeTAelITItaMglk;dUr nigRbePTénsMBt;sURt.

ebIcg;[tm,ajsURtenH mantémøRbesIrCagsBVéf¶ edIm,ICYyelIkkm<s;CIvPaBGñkt,ajsURt caM)ac;RtUverobcMCaGgÁkarcat;taMg

RtwmRtUv RBmTaMgbMBak;bec©kviTüaTMenIbpg. dMbUg BYkQμÜjkNþalRtUvrkTIpSarsRmab;lk;sURt[)aneRcInCagsBVéf¶ nigRtUvdwgBI

RbePTk,ac;-RkLasMBt;hUlEdleBjniym. bnÞab;mk sMBt;sURtTaMgenHRtUveFIVtamkarniymrbs;TIpSar nigRtUvecHpøas;bþÚrk,ac;k,Úr

edIm,IeqøIytbeTAnwgkarcg;)anrbs;GtifiCn. edIm,IeFVIy:agenH)ancaM)ac;RtUveRbIbec©kviTüaTMenIb. RtUverobcMsþg;darBlkmμ[smRsb

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tm,ajsMBt;sURtenHeFVIenAEtkñúgrgVg;RKYsar nigkñúgbNþajénsgÁm enaHkarxMRbwgERbgrbs;GgÁkarminEmnrdæaPi)alminGaceFVI

GnþraKmn_)aneT luHRtaEtkic©GnþraKmTaMgenaH FMTUlayRKb;RKan;GacRCabcUleTAkñúgbNþajsgÁmRKYsarTaMgenaH)an.

RbPB ³ Seng, Dongleman nig tier Horst ¬2006¦ Acharya, Kim Chap nig Meach ¬2003¦

edIm,IelIkkm<s;skm μPaBkñúgvis½yenH RtUvmankarCMruuj[xøaMgmYy eBalKWdMeLIgKuNPaB bec©kviTüa nigbegáInkar

buinRbsb;rbs;mnusS begáItnigCRmujbNþajTIpSar[)aneRcIn nigBRgIksßab½n \NTan [TUlMTUlay. bEnßmelIenHeTot

edIm,I[skmμPaBTaMgenHduHdal)an caM)ac;RtUvmanehdæarcnasm<½n§l¥.

PaKeRcInénskmμPaBTaMgenH eRbIbec©kviTüaminTan;sm½y Edlmantémøx<s; ehIymanplitPaBTab - elIsBIenHeTot

RtUvCYbnwgkarKMramkMEhgBI\v:an;naMcUlBIbreTs. kmμkrmñak;eFVIkarmYyéf¶)anR)ak;QñÜlBI 3000 eTA 6000 erol PaKeRcIn

Cakic©karRbcaMrdUv b¤mineBjem:ag. rbrrksuInanasßit enAeRkamkarRtYtRtaBIBYkQμÜj EdlmanbNþajTMnak;TMngTIpSar ¬RbGb;

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Edr. skmμPaB nigesvaTaMgenaH CaKnøwHsMxan;mYyCYybn§ÚrbnßybnÞúkBwgEp¥kelIksikmμ nigensaTRtI. TIPñak;garGPivDÆn_nana

)anRbwgERbgbBa©Úlbec©kviTüaTMenIb bNþúHbNþalbuKÁlik nigbegáItTIpSarkñúgvis½ysib,kmμminEmnmðÚbGahar ¬GgÁkar Artisans

D’Angkor )anCYyCRmujbec©kviTüaTMenIb nigCYYyrkTIpSar FnaKareGsuIlIdapþl;R)ak;km©I nigPñak;gardéTeTot manEcgBisþar

enAkñúg ¬RbGb; 4>13¦. skmμPaBGs;TaMgenH BitCamanRbsiT§PaB.


RbGb; 4>13 ³ GaCIvkrenAextþ mNÐlKIrI )anplRbeyaCn_BIR)ak;km©Irbs;eGsuIlIda

GtifiCnTI 1

GñkRsI TI suxelob Gñklk;eRKOgeTsmñak;enAPUmikNþal extþmNÐlKIrI )anx©IluyBIÉkCnmñak;kñúgkarR)ak; 10 PaKry kñúg 1 Ex. kñúgkRmitkarR)ak;EbbenH rbrrksuIKat;min)anplcMeNjeLIy. eRkaymk Kat;)anx©IR)ak;BIFnaKareGsuIlIdakñúgkarR)ak;TabCag. Kat;)anykR)ak;enHeFVIedImTunTijTMnijCaeRcInkñúgtémøefak. \LÚvenH muxrbrKat;edIrl¥Nas; Kat;TijTMnij 2 s)aþh_mþg edaydwk tamLantak;suIBIPñMeBj. kalBIKat;minTan;x©IR)ak;BIFnaKareGsuIlIda Kat;lk;)anEt 150>000 eTA 200>000 erolkñúg1éf¶bu:eNÑaH bu:EnþeRkayBIKat;)anR)ak;km©IeGsuIlIda rbrlk;dUrKat;ekIndl; 400>000 erolkñúgmYyéf¶. \LÚvenH RKYsarKat;rs;y:agRsYl ehIyEfmTaMgGacpÁt;pÁg;esckþIRtUvkarsRmab;GnaKtkUnKat;eTot.

GtifiCnTI 2

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FnaKareGsuIlIda)anrkeXIjfa sUm,IenAtMbn;CnbTdac;Rsyalk¾eday FnaKarminRKan;Et[x©IR)ak;bu:eNÑaHeT KWGacCasßab½nsRmab;snSMR)ak;pgEdr. enAextþmNÐlKIrI R)ak;Edl[x©IPaKeRcIn KWCaR)ak;snSMenAkñúgextþ minEmnCaR)ak;ykBIeRkAcUleTAkñúgextþeT.

RbPB ³ FnaKar eGsIulIda/ TMnak;TMngÉkCn

sarKnøwH ³

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EdlmanKuNtémøsRmab;lk;enATIpSar. ksikrRtUvEtecHrYmédKñaplitdMNaMksikmμ[)aneRcInRKb;RKan;sRmab;lk;enATIpSar.

dUcKñaenHEdr plitkmμEpñkminEmnmðÚbGahar k¾RtUvkarCRmuj[eRbIR)as;bec©kviTüafμI[manhirBaØvtßú nigTIpSarRKb;RKan;.

4>7 esckIþsrub

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RbkYtRbECgenATIpSar.

edIm,ICRmujkareRbIsmÖar³brikçaksikmμ[kan;EteRcInEfmeTot RtUvFana[mansmÖar³brikçaRKb;RKan; niglk;eCOCUnksikr

kñúgtémøEdlmankMNt;TukCamunc,as;las;RbkbedaykarR)ak;smRsb. plcMeNjBIplitPaB RtUvmankRmitx<s;

RKb;RKan;sRmab;TUTat;eTAelIkarxatbg;kñúgdMeNIrkarénmuxrbr enAeBlNaéføedImekIneLIgelOnCagéfølk;.

CIvbec©kviTüaTaMgGs;duHlUtlas;l¥Nas; kalNamanRbB½n§eRsacRsBl¥. ebIcg;dMeLIgplitPaBdMNaM nigbegáIn

R)ak;cMNUlCUnksikr RtUvBRgIkRbB½n§eRsacRsB[)anqab;bMput. valTMnabenAkm<úCa manTwkeRcInCagRbeTsPaKeRcIn

déTeTot dUecñHmanskþanuBleRcInNas; kñúgkarBRgIkRbB½n§eRsacRsB[TUlMTUlayCagsBVéf¶.

karrkSaéfølk;[nwgn GacCYyksikr nigplitkrtUctac ehIyGac):an;sμan)aneTAelIbriyakasesdækic©enATIpSar.

cMNucenHsMxan;Nas; BIeRBaHksikrPaKeRcInGacsþúkplitplrbs;eKTuklk; eBlNamantémøx<s;. viFIrkSatémølk;

[manlMnwgmanKMrUmYycMnYnenAelIBiPBelak dUcCa ¬1¦ begáItFnaKarRsUv ¬2¦ cuHkic©snüaCamYym:asuInkinRsUv

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mkeRbIR)as;EtmYy b¤elIsBImYyk¾)an.


TIpSarlk;dUrRtI nigstVBahn³ bc©úb,nñenHmanbBaðaBukrlYy nigkariyaFibetyü RBmTaMgbBaðabNþajTIpSarxVH

RbsiT§PaB. edaysarEtbBaðaGs;TaMgenH ksikr nigGñkensaT EdlCaGñkplitTTYl)anR)ak;cMNUlbnþicbnþÜc

sRmab;rs;Etbu:eNÑaH. CakarcaM)ac;bMput KWRtUvbegáItbNþajlk;dUrenAkñúgshKmn_ nigbMBak;bec©kviTüaTMenIb. km<úCa

KYrykbTBiesaFn_RbkbedayeCaKC½yBIRbeTsÉeTot²mkl,gGnuvtþ.

skm μPaBeRkAksidæan nigminEmnksikm μkñúgTRmg;EkécñmðÚbGaharmanskþanuBlTUlMTUlayNas;enAkm<úCa. enAkñúg

sib,kmμEkécñmðÚbGahar karRKb;RKgl¥elIbNþajpÁt;pÁg; nigehdæarcnasm<½n§ EdlFUréføGacCYyCRmujskmμPaBTaMgGs;

enH[rIkduHdal.

rUbPaB 4>13 ³ kardMeLIgR)ak;cMNUlCUnksikr nigR)ak;cMNUlenACnbT - segçb

RbPB ³ GtßbTénCMBUkenH nigEpñkenAkñúgCMBUk 3

skmμPaBeRkAksidæan nigminEmnksikmμ kñúgTRmg;EkécñmðÚbGaharmanskþanuBlTUlMTUlayNas;

CMBUk 5CMBUk


5CMB Uk

arbegIánR)ak;cMNUlenACnbTTamTar[manCeRmIsepSg²eRcInCagyuT§sa®sþ nigCeRmIstamvis½ynImYy² dUcEdl

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dwkCBa¢Ún nigerobcMTIRbCMuCntamtMbn;RbkbedaytulüPaB ¬2¦ karbegIátehdæarcnasm<½n§tamry³kmμviFIkargarsaFarN³

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nigvaytémørwgmaM sRmab;tamdanemIllT§plénEpnkaryuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_Cati.

5>1 karGPivDÆehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigerobcMTIRbCMuCnRbkbedaytulüPaBtamtMbn;

karpþl;GKÁisnItamCnbT

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bNþajGKiÁsnIsßitenAkñúgbrimaNmankRmit edaysarxVHm:asIunePøIgpg nigedaysarbNþajbBa¢ÚnfamBlminRKb;RKan;pg.

m:asuInePIøgPaKeRcInenAtamextþ b¤enAtammUldæan mansPaBcas;RTuDeRTam nigxVHRbsiT§PaB RBmTaMg]sSah_xUc. m:asuInePIøg

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BIRbeTsCitxag.

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RbsiT§PaBeT.

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famBlGKiÁsnIBIRbeTsCitxagpg.

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(74) RbPB ³ GegátBak;kNþalCMerOnRbCaCnkm<úCa 2004 (ICPS-2004)

(75) RbPB ³ Dapice, Valley and Wilkinson 2006 karR)aRs½yTak;TgpÞal;xøÜnCamYy EDC


5CMB Uk

karpÁt;pÁg; nigbBa¢ÚnGKiÁsnItamExSbNþaj kMBugeRKagdak;BRgayenAkñúgtMbn;PaKxagt,Úg ¬KWextþtaEkv kMBt nigRkug

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esomrab RbEhlCaenAqñaM 2008. ExSbNþajEckcayGKiÁsnImYyExSsRmab;tP¢ab;BIextþ)at;dMbg eTATIRkugPñMeBjrMBwgfa

nwgrYcral;enAqñaM 2010.

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kñúgsßanPaBbnÞan; edIm,IbegáInkarpþt;pÁg;GKiÁsnI dMeNIrkardMeLIgsmÖar³fIμ²sRmab;plitfamBl nigdMeNIrkarEklm¥

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cenøaHBI 300-500 erol kñúgmYyKILÚv:at;em:ag.

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kñúgkrNINaEdlmanskþanuBlx<s;sRmab;TajykKuNtémø.


RbGb; 5>1 ³ krNIsikSa ³ GKiÁsnIenAtamCnGacbegIátkargar)aneRcInsRmab;GñkRk

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kekIteLIgvij 100 PaKry ehIyeRbIEtedImeQI EdldaMduHenAkñúgshKmn_mUldæanEtb:ueNÑaH}.

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enAkñúgRbeTs.

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manTMenarRKbdNþb;EttamtMbn;xøH² dUecñHehIy)anCamanmnusSCaeRcIneFIVcMNakRsukBItMbn;mYyeTAtMbn;mYyeTot edIm,IEsVg

rkkareFVI 77.

kardwkCBa¢Únrh½snigefakGacCYykat;bnßyéføplit nigéførs;enApgEdr

(76) sUmemIl gI ¬2006¦ sMrab;B½t’manfIμGMBIkarGPivDÆpøÚv

(77) GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati ¬2006¦


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pøÚvfñl;sMxan;² CitpøÚvrfePøIg b¤pøÚvTwk dUecñHkarsVHEsVgrkdMeNaHRsaykñúgvis½yenHminEmnCaerOgfI μ b¤k¾RtUvcMNayeRcIn

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sßitenACitsmuRT EdlGactP¢ab;eTAmeFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚnpøÚvTwk. kñúgeBlqab;²xagmuxenH RkugRBHsIhnuk¾nwgRtUv)antP¢ab;

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eTscrN_EdlmantémøTab78.

sarKnøwH ³

bMBak;GKiÁsnIenACnbT[mantémøefak meFüa)aydwkCBa¢ÚntampøÚvEdk nigbegáIt]sSahkmμeRcInRbePT nwgCYyelIk

temáIgkarGPivDÆesdækic©CnbT nigpþl;CIvPaBrs;enAkan;EtRbesIrCUnRbCaBlrdæenAtamRsukERs.

5>2 karbegáItehdæarcnasm<½n§edaymanbec©kviTüaRsUbykmøaMgBlkmμeRcIn79

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eT kñúgeBlfμI²enH ¬taragTI 5>1¦.

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dl;karbegáItsmiT§plEdr b:uEnþkmμviFIxøHeTotk¾minmanBak;B½n§eT.

taragTI 5>1 ³ karERbRbYlénR)ak;QñÜlBitRbcaMéf¶rbs;kmμkrsIuQñÜleFVIERsBIqñaM 2000 dl; 2006 ¬témøkñúgqñaM 2000¦

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BlrdæCaeRcInmin)anTTYlkar

pÁt;pÁg;CIvPaBrs;enARKb;RKan;BIFnFan

dIFøIeT. PaBKμandIFIø

k¾kMBugEtekIneLIgpgEdr


BlrdæRkIRkkm<úCaGacTTYlplRbeyaCn_FMeFgBIkmμviFIkargarsaFarN³epSg² edIm,IbeRmIeKalbMNgBIr KW ³

k> CYykat;bnßyPaBRkIRktamrdUv nigPaBGt; b¤xVHkargareFVItamtMbn;CnbTnana

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esdækic© EdlTaMgBIrenHCalkçxNÐdMbUgsRmab;[seRmc)annUvkarGPivDÆmnusS.

km μviFInanadUcCamUlniFisgÁm nigkm μviFIes,ógBlkm μrbs;km μviFIes,ógGaharBiPBelak KWCaKeRmagEdl)anTTYl

eCaKC½yenAkñúgRbeTs. kmμviFIkargarsaFarN³nana RtUv)anpþÜcepIþmeLIgedayRkumRbwkSaXMu nigRkum])askeCIgvtþnana

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mankarelIkeyabl;fa kmμviFIenHKYrEtmanEpñkksagsmtßPaBenABIkñúgEtmþg. karcUlrYmBIvis½yÉkCn nigkarpþl;hirBaØvtßú

rYmKñakñúgdMNak;kalNamYyenaH k¾RtUv)anesñIeLIgEdr.

RbGb; 5>2 ³ smiT§plEdlbegáIteLIg eRkamkmμvIFIpþl;kargarCYypþl;bEnßmtémøBit

sMNYr ³ etIkarbEnßmtémøBit EdlbegáIteLIgedayKeRmagepSg² eRkamkm μviFIEdlRtUvkarBlkm μeRcInmanTMhMsmehtusmpl

Edr b¤eT - ebIniyay[cMeTA KWfaetIKeRmagTaMgenHmanRbeyaCn_RKb;RKan; edIm,IykeTACYykñúgvis½yksikmμ nigCnbT)an b¤eT ?

cemøIy ³ CaTUeTA RbsinebIKeRmagTaMgenHelIkkalviPaKmin[b:HBal;dl;rdUvEdlRtUvkarBlkmμeRcInsRmab;eFVIksikmñ bBaðaxagelIenH

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vis½yksikmμTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BitR)akdEmn BIeRBaHksikrtUctacEdlbeRmIkarkñúgkmμviFIkargarsaFaN³TaMgenH )anykR)ak;

kéRmEdleKrk)aneTAeRbIelIdIFøIrbs;eKedIm,IbegáInTinñpl.

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kñúgcenøaHBIcugTsvtSr_qñaM 1980 eTAedImTsvtSr_qñaM 1990. eRkamkmμviFI yIhÁÚg-dayehSn (Yigong-Daizhen) pøÚvfñl;CnbT

RbEvg 130/000 K/m nigs<ancMnYn 8/000 RtUv)ansßabnaeLIgtP¢ab;PUmicMnYn 10/000 PUmi nigpÁt;pÁt;Twks¥atsRmab;briePaKCUn

RbCaBlrdæCnbT cMnYn 21 lannak;.

RbPB ³ GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati-Bappenas (2005); Ling nig Zhongyi (1995)

km μviFIEbbenHmanKMrUCaeRcIn EdlGacykCaemeron)an80. edIm,IeCaKC½yénkm μviFIenH RtUveKarBtambuerlkçxNÐR)aM

dUcxageRkamenH ³

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EdlRtUvkarkargarBitR)akdkñúgeBlEdlBYkKat;xVHxat ehIynigCYybegáItsmiT§plenACnbT Edlman

sarRbeyaCn_ dUcCa pøÚvtUc² bEnßmRbB½n§lUTwk nigRbB½n§TMnb;TwkepSg².


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ehIy. ehIyRbCaBlrdæEdlGaceRbIR)as;bec©kviTüaTMenIbenH)an nigGacrkR)ak;cMNUl)anRKan;ebI KWmanEtRbCaBlrdæ

EdlmankarGb;rM nigmanKuNsm,tþiRKb;RKan;xagEpñkbec©keTs.

karGb;rMkRmitbzmsikSa

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KWCakarRBYy)armÖcMeBaHGnaKténbrimaNFnFanmnusSenAtamCnbT. karbBa©b;karsikSaenAbzmsikSaGacseRmceCaKC½y

)aneRcIn RbsinebI ³

k> karGb;rMminRtUvmankarbg;éføGVITaMgGs;. bc©úb,nñenH vakMBugmanPaBbnþúcbg¥ak;CaeRcIn dUcCatRmUv[sisSCnbT

kñúgmñak;² bg;éføsemøókbMBak;ÉksNæan nigbg;R)ak;eRkARbB½n§[RKURbEhl 54>000 erol kñúgmYyqñaM eyageTAelI

Gegátesdækic©-sgÁmkic© qñaM 2004 (SES-04).

x> sisSTaMgLayNaEdleronminTan;eK edaysarxVHCMnYyKaMRTBI«Bukmþay ¬«BukmþayGacminecHGkSr¦ b¤edaysar

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CagCYsCulm:asIun CagkMe)ar nigCagepSg²eTotCaedIm. GñkCMnajBIRbeTseRkAkan;muxtMENgTaMgenH GñkxøHRsbc,ab;

nigxøHeTotminRsbc,ab;.

esckIþRtUvkarkargareFVIk¾eRcIndUcKñaEdr. qñaMeRkay²eTA Cnv½yek μgCag 200/000 nak; tamshKmn_CnbTnana

RbEhlCanwgecHGkSr b¤TTYl)ankarGb;rMepSg²Caerogral;qñaM ehIyPaKeRcInnwgEsVgrkkargareFVItamCeRmIsepSg² eRkABI

kargarksikmμ. b:uEnþRKan;EtecHGkSr b¤mansBaØab½RtBIsalabzmsikSaminGacmanlkçN³sm,tþiRKb;RKan; edIm,Irkkargar

eRkABIksidæanEdl)ankéRméfø)aneLIy. dUecñHTamTar[mankarbNþúHbNþalbec©keTs[)aneRcInbEnßmeTot.

karGb;rMviC¢aCIv³minEmnCaerOgfμIeTsRmab;km<úCa. tamkRmitpøÚvkar KWmankmμviFIbNþúHbNþal nigGb;rMviC©aCIv³ nigEpñk

bec©keTsenAtamfñak;eron k¾dUcCaenAtambNþashRKasFM²pgEdr. sRmab;®sþI mankm μviFIbNþúHbNþalBiessdac;eday

ELk. cMeBaHsisSEdlQb;eron KWmanmCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþaltamextþcMnYn 30 mNÐl Edlpþl;muxviC¢aepSg² kñúgry³eBl

BImYys)þah_dl;R)aMmYyEx ¬enARKb;extþTaMgGs;¦. eTaHbIy:agenHkþI cMnYnsisScuHeQμaHcUleronenAmankRmittictYc. kñúgqñaM

2005 manEt 1200 nak;bu:eNaÑH )aneroncb;mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþaltamextþTaMgGs; EdlCacMnYnticCagBIGtItkalbnþic81.

(80) sUmemIl ]> Deveaux S nig C Solomon ¬2005¦ GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati - Bappenas ¬2005¦

(81) GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati ¬2006¦

TMenarbc©úb,nñEdlmansisS

Qb;eroneRkayBI)aneroncb;Rtwm

fñak;TI1 b¤fñak;TI3 KWCakarRBYy)armÖcMeBaHGnaKténbrimaNFnFan

mnusSenAtamCnbT


karbNþúHbNþalviC¢aCIv³ RtUvEtBRgwg nigBRgIk edIm,IbMeBjcenøaHxVHxat edayBRgay[TUlMTUlaytamtMbn; edIm,Ibgá

lkçN³[GñkRktamCnbTGaceron)an. karbNþúHbNþalenHRtUvEteqøIytbeTAtamesckIþRtUvkar edayeyagtamkarkMNt;

rbs;karsÞg;emIlCMnajtamEpñk EdlkMNt;GMBIesckIþRtUvkarkmμkrCMnajtamRbePT nigtamTItaMg. karxMRbwgERbgBiessmYy

edIm,IbNþúHbNþalekμgRsI² GactP¢ab;cenøaHxVHxatxagEpñkeynD½r82.

(82) manKMrUCaeRcInkñúgkic©karenH ¬RbGb;TI 5>3¦.

RbGb; 5>3 ³ KMrUepSg²kñúgkarpþl;CMnajviC¢aCIv³EdlmantémøTab

k/ mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalxñattUc²enAtamTItaMgyuT§sa®sþnanaGacbeRmI minRtwmEtsRmab;esckþIRtUvkardMbUg²b:ueNÑaHeT EfmTaMg

Gacpþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþalenAeBlbnþbnÞab;eTot. EpñkbuKÁlikGacmanRKUmñak; nigsmÖar³bNþúHbNþalbniþcbnþÜcenACab;CamYynwg

GaKareragCagCYsCulrbs;]sSahkm μ nigshRKasxñattUc². sikçakamGacRtUvnaMmkkan;GaKareragCagenH edIm,ITTYlkar

bNþúHbNþalCamYyskmμPaBCYsCulEtmþg.

x/ vKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½t KWCaCeRmIsmYysRmab;sikçakamEdlBMumanlT§PaBeFVIdMeNIr edaysarbBaðafvika nigxVHeBlevla. CeRmIs

epSg²eTotsRmab;vKÁbNþúHbNþalcl½t KWpÞúksmÖar³bNþúHbNþalelILanFMmYy ehIydwkeTAkan;PUmimYymþg²tameBlkMNt;

Cak;lak;. karbNþúHbNþalcl½tEbbenH k¾mansarRbeyaCn_pgEdr kñúgkarBRgIkCMnajtamkEnøgeFVIkar GacCYuyBRgwgsmtßPaB

dl;Cagkat;edr CagCYsCulm:asIun CagGKÁisnI nigCYybegáInsmtßPaBkm μkrRsedog²KñaenHeTotEdr. bEnßmelIenHeTot

RKUbNþúHbNþalvKÁcl½t GacrkeXIjbBaðaCak;Esþg EdlsikçakamRbQmmux ehIyedIrtYCaGñkedaHRsaybBaða.

muxviC¢a nigemeronbNþúHbNþalsRmab;ry³eBlBIBIrbIs)þah_eTABIrbIEx GacCYypþl;CMnajviC¢aCIv³ nigkarGnuvtþCak;EsþgepSg²

dl;sisSEdlQb;eronBIviTüal½y b¤sisSEdlminTan;)aneroncb;salabzmsikSa. emeronxøHmanenAtamGIunFWENt.

RbPB ³ Acharya, Iyer nig Basak (2005)

sMeNICak;lak; rYmman ³

k> vKÁbNþúHbNþalRTg;RTayFMsRmab;ekμgRbus-RsI GayuBI 14 eTA 17 qñaM EdlRbEhlCa)anbBa©b;karsikSaBIfñak;TI 3

eTATI 8 b¤ TI9 ehIycakecalsala. GñkTaMgenHCaGñkecHGkSrenAv½yekμg lμmGaccUlRbLÚkkñúgTIpSarBlkmμ nig

eronvKÁbNþúHbNþalGnuvtþpÞal;)ankñúgry³eBlBI 6 eTA 15 s)aþh_ kñúgmuxCMnajsRmab;GaCIvkmμnana EdlCYy[BYkeK

GacrkkargarsmRsb)aneFVI. mCÄmNÐlbNþúHbNþalRtUvdak;BRgaytamTItaMgPUmisa®sþsmRsb edIm,I[sikçakam

RsYleTAeron. RbsinebIvKÁbNþúHbNþalenH manrYmbBa©ÚlemeronEpñkbegáItmuxrbrb¤rebobrkkargareFVI ehIyEfmTaMg

manP¢ab;CamYynwgTRmg;km μviFIpþl;R)ak;kmI©sRmab;begáItmuxrbrpgenaH sikçakamnwgmansmtßPaBRKb;RKan;GaccUl

RbLÚkkñúgTIpSarkargar)an. karerobcMkEnøgsRmab;[sisSRsIsñak;enA KWCakarcaM)ac; edIm,IkuM[BYkeKeKcevsecjBI

kareronsURt.

x> vKÁbNþúHbNþalCMnajfñak;kNþal ³ sBVéf¶enHmankmμkrEdlmanCMnajBIfñak;kNþaldl;fñak;visVkr nignisSitEdl)an

bBa©b;viC¢aCIv³ ehIyEdlGaceFVICaemkar GñkKUrbøg; b¤kmμkrtamhag. bnÞab;BI)ansikSaGs;ry³eBl 10 eTA 12 qñaM

vKÁbNþúHbNþal 1 qñaM xagBhubec©keTsEpñkvisVkmμ nigCMnajepSg² Bak;B½n§vis½yesvakmμTaMgenaH KWCakarRKb;RKan;.

TMnak;TMngkargar dUcCaTIPñak;garCYyrkkargar b¤pSarP¢ab;eTAnwg\NTansRmab;begáItmuxrbrnwgCYy[sikçakamman

CeRmIskan;EtRbesIreLIgkñúgkarrkkargareFVI.

K> esvabNþúHbNþal nigKaMRTEpñkepSg² KWCaEpñkmYysRmab;QaneTAbnþkarsikSateTAeTot eTaHCasRmab;kmμkr b¤

shRKinkIþ. kñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_PaKeRcIn karecjdMeNIreq<aHeTArk]sSahUbnIykmμ CMnYyKaMRTEpñkbec©keTs nig

TIpSarsRmab;BRgIkGaCIvkmμmansar³sMxan;Nas;. RbsinebIminmanCMnYyKaMRTenHtamry³TIpSareT KWrdæaPi)al b¤Gñkpþl;

CMnYyRtUvEtpþl;[ y:agehacNas; k¾sRmab;mYyry³xøIsinEdr.


RbGb; 5>4 ³ karbgábegáItFnFanmnusStamry³esvaGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμ

sRmab;RbeTsCaeRcInEdlminTan;GPivDÆn_ karBRgwgplitkmμmansar³sMxan;. meFüa)aymYykñúgTisedAenH KWRtUvbegIátesva

GPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμ (BDS).

esvaGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμ rYmman karbNþúHbNþalesvaRbwkSanigpþl;eyabl; CMnYyrkTIpSarB½t’man karbegáItnigbBa¢Únbec©kviTüa

nigkarCRmujTMnak;TMngGaCIvkmμ nigkic©karRsedogKñaenHCaeRcIneTot. esvaGPivDÆn_BaNiC¢kmμRtUvkarTaMgyuTæsa®sþ TaMgRbtibtþikar.

esvasRmab;Rbtibtþikar KWesvaEdleKRtUvkar nigRtUvpþl;[RbcaMéf¶ rIÉesvayuTæsa®sþvij KWeKRtUvkarsRmab;eFVIEpnkar nigBRgIk

GaCIvkmμkñúgry³eBlmFüm nigry³eBlEvg. esvaGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμenH GacCaesvamYy²dac;²BIKña k¾dUcCaesvaCaRkum edayGaRs½y

eTAtamesckIþRtUvkarénTIpSar.

GñkedIrtYepSg²enAkñúgesvaGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμenH KWshRKasÉkCn ¬CaGtifiCn¦ GñksRmbsRmYl ¬Gñkpþl;eyabl; TIRbwkSa

eKalneya)ay¦ Gñkpþl;esva ¬GñkbBa¢ak;plitpl GñkpÁt;pÁg;bec©kviTüa GñkedaHRsaybBaða RKUbNþúHbNþal¦ RBmTaMgm©as;CMnYy

rdæaPi)al. TMnak;TMngKñarvagPñak;garepSg² KW ³

Gñkpþl;CMnYy rdæaPi)al GñksRmbsRmYlesvakmμGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμ Gñkpþl;esva GtifiCn

GtifiCncg;)anesvakmμtamesckIþRtUvkarrbs;eK nigtamtémørbs;esvaenaH. RkumGñkpþl;esva k¾CaTIPñak;garÉkCneFVItamEt

esckIþRtUvkar edIm,IrkR)ak;cMeNj rIÉGñkpþl;CMnYy GgÁkareRkArdæaPi)al b¤rdæaPi)al KaMRTGñksRmbsRmYlenAdMNak;kalcab;epþImén

karGPivDÆ b:uEnþenATIbBa©b; GñksRmbsRmYl k¾køayCaGñkeFVItamTIpSarEdr. CYnkal sUm,IEtFnaKarxøH k¾edIrtYnaTICaGñksRmbsRmYl

Edr. enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn FanaKarBiess² EdleKsÁal;faCaFnaKarGPivDÆn_ k¾)anedIrtYkñúgkarpþl;esvatamrebobTaMgenHEdr.

rdæ b¤Gñkpþl;CMnYynana Gacpþl;esvadéTmYycMnYneTot EdlCYyBRgwgvis½yÉkCn drabNaesvaTaMgGs;enHminEmnCakarpþl;

CMnYyedaypÞal; b¤kar]btßmÖCaR)ak;kas. BYkeKGacpþl;vKÁbNþúHbNþal ¬kñúgRbeTs b¤eRkARbeTs¦ esvaKaMRTkñúgkarbegIát

]sSahkm μ b¤TIRbCMuXøaMgpÞúk]bkrN_bec©kviC¢a karsßabnasmÖar³sRmab;eRbIR)as;rYmKña ¬]> TUTwkkkFM²sRmab;GñkensaTtUctac

rkSaRtITuk¦ CYybegIátmNÐlKUrbøg; b¤eFVIKeRmagepSg² sRmab;GaCIvkm μnana ¬dUcCa eragsib,km μkat;edr b¤eragcRkplit

Es,kFn;tUc¦ b¤CYyerobcMsmaKmRkumGaCIvkr.

caM)ac;RtUvsikSaRsavRCavGMBIesckIþRtUvkarTIpSar RbPBmUlniFi nigEpñkÉeTot² kñúgskmμPaBesvaGPivDÆn_GaCIvkmμ.

RbPB ³ FnaKarBiPBelak ¬2001¦ GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati ¬2001¦

karGb;rMkRmit]tþmsikSa

bc©úb,nñenH km<úCamansalaCaeRcInsRmab;kRmit]tþmsikSa Edl]btßmÖedayrdæaPi)al nigvis½y ÉkCn. kñúg]tþmsikSaenH

m©as;CMnYy)anpþl;CaCMnYyxøH² nigkic©shRbtibtiþkarGnþrCatipgEdr. b:uEnþTMhMénmuxviC¢aEdlpþl;[TaMgenaHenAmankRmit.

ehtuenHehIy)anCamanGtulüPaBrvagmuxCMnaj Edlkm<úCaRtUvkar nigGñkCMnajEdlkm<úCaGacplit)an eBalKWbuKÁlik

CMnaj dUcCa visVkr sßabtükr GñkKUrbøg; buKÁlikEpñkB½t’manviTüa kmμviFIkMuBüÚrTr½ RKUeBTü nigmuxCMnajRsdog²KñadéTeTot

enAmancMnYntictYcNas; ehIysm,ÚN’EtGñkmansBaØab½RtTUeTA dUcCaKNenyükr nigkarRKb;RKg. elIsBIenH sþg;dar

sikSaERbRbYlxus²KñaBImhaviTüal½ymYyeTAmhaviTüal½ymYyeTot nigBIsaklviTüal½ymYyeTAmhaviTüal½ymYyeTot.

cugbBa©b; muxviC¢axøH beRgonCaPasaGg;eKøs xøHCaPasa)araMg nigxøHeTotCaPasaExμr.


viFIsa®sþEklm¥karGb;rMman ³

k> EktRmUvGtulüPaBrvagkarpÁt;pÁg; nigesckIþRtUvkartamCMnajepSg² edaybBa©ÚlmuxviC¢abec©keTs[)aneRcIneTAkñúg

kmμviFIsikSa ³ kñúgsμartIenH RtUv):an;RbmaNeTAelIesckIþRtUvkarFnFanmnusSsRmab;BIrbIqñaMeTAmux. enARbeTsCaeRcIn

eKEtgEteFVIy:agenHCaFmμta ehIykic©karenHminBi)akeFVIeT. GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati (ILO) manÉksarTaMgenHRsab;.

x> begáItkRmitsþg;darKuNPaBGb,brmasRmab;karGb;rM ³ edIm,IeFVIy:agenH)an RtUvbegáItGgÁPaBmYYysRmab;TTYlsÁal;

KuNPaBGb;rM. GNtþiénsklviTüal½y nigmhaviTüal½yTaMgGs;dac;xat RtUveTAcuHbBa¢ICamYyGgÁPaBenH edIm,IkMNt;

KuNPaBsBaØab½Rt[RtwmRtUvtambTdæanEdlkMNt;edayGgÁPaBenH.

K> esvaGb;rMRtUveFVI[mantulüPaBkñúgtMbn; ³ bc©úb,nñenH mhaviTüal½ynanaenAeRkARkugPñMeBj beRgonmuxviC©aEpñkviTüasa®sþ

ksikmμCacm,g. caM)ac;RtUvEtedAbBa¢ak; edIm,IseRmc)antulüPaBrvagtMbn;kñúgmuxviC¢aepSg²KñaenATIRkugdéTeTot.

X> RtUveFVI[karGb;rMkRmit]tþmsikSaFUréfø ³ témøénkarsikSaEpñkbec©keTsenATINa k¾éføx<s;CagéføsikSaEpñkmnusSsa®sþ

nigEpñkRKb;RKgEdr. ebIminmankm μviFICMnYyTUlMTUlaysRmab;nisSitRkIRkeT enaHeKaledAénkarbgábegáItCMnajenA

tamCnbTnwgRtUv)at;bg;. eTaHbICay:agNakþI KYrEtCYypþl;R)ak;]btßmÖ[bnþkarGb;rMeTA]tþmsikSa)anenARbeTsNa

EdlmancMNUlTab RbsinebInisSitPaKeRcInminmanR)ak;RKb;RKan;sRmab;sikSabnþeTenaH.

karsVHEsVgbegáInFnFanmnusSminRtUvePøcKitBIeynDr½eT. ®sþIrYmcMENkmYyEpñkFMenAkñúgkarEkécñRtIeFVICaGahar karlk;

dUr sib,kmμ nigenAsib,kmμEkécñmðÚbGaharepSg²CaeRcIneTot. edaymanTMenIbkmμénskmμPaBkargar burs²Edlmankar

bNþúHbNþaleRcIn manninñakarcab;ykkargarCMnYs®sþIkñúgmuxkarCMnajnana e)aHbg;®sþIEdlFøab;eFVIkargarkRmitTabCagTuk

[enAkñúgkargarCan;TabdEdl. dUecñHcaM)ac;RtUvxMeFVIy:agNa Fana[®sþI)ancUlrYmkñúgvKÁbNþúHbNþalenARKb;kRmitCanic©83.

esvasuxaPi)al

dICaeRcInkEnøgRtUv)anlk;TaMgbgçMcitþ edaysarRtUvkarR)ak;sRmab;Büa)alsuxPaB EdlCasUcnakrbgðajy:agc,as;fa

esvakm μsuxPaBtamCnbT RtUvkarBRgIk[TUlMTUlay nig[sIuCeRmA. enAkñúgÉksar karpþl;esvasuxPaBemIleTAKYr[

cab;GarmμN_. rUbPaBTI 5>2 bgðajBImNÐlsuxPaB nigmnÞIreBTübEg¥kenAkñúgépÞRbeTsTaMgmUl ¬Cag 900 mNÐl¦.

ebIKit[sBVRKb;eTA cMnYnenHsmlμmeTAnwgdg;sIuetRbCaBlrdækm<úCaehIy. b:uEnþeTaHy:agenHkþI enAmancMNucxVHxatBIrcMNuc

eBalKW ³

k> RbCaBlrdæeRcInrs;enAtamkEnøgEdlmandIRbkbrbrksikm μ rIÉmNÐlsuxPaB b¤mnÞIreBTüsißtenAEtCit²pøÚvfñl;.

mNÐlsuxPaBenAq¶ayBIPUmitUc² RbEhlbIbYnKILÚEm:Rt ehIyedayminsUvmanyanynþdwkCBa¢Ún karcUleTAdwkGñkCm¶W

dl;TIkEnøgTaMgenaHRbEhlCalM)ak. bBaðakan;EtF¶n;F¶rCagenHeTot enAEb:kxag|san EdlmanRbCaBlrdætic

ehIyrs;enAdac;RsyalBIKña. dUcKñaenHEdr karTTYlesvasuxPaBmankarBi)akenAtMbn;licTwk CaBiessenArdUvEdl

tMbn;TaMgenHRtUvTwklic.

x> TMhMTayC¢TantammNÐlnImYy² TaMgbuKÁlik fñaMeBTü Rbdab;eraKvinicä½y mancMnYnticCagesckIþRtUvkarCak;Esþg. Kμan

esvasuxPaBEdlminbg;R)ak;eLIy elIkElgEtCm¶WbniþcbnþÜc b¤karcak;-EckfñaM bgáareraK ¬]> eraKrebg>>¦.

(83) GgÁkarBlkmμGnþrCati (2006).


RbPB ³ http://www.nis.gov.kh

rUbPaBTI 5>2 ³ TItaMgmnIÞreBTü nigmNÐlsuxPaBenAkm<úCa

CeRmIsepSg² edIm,IeFVI[RbesIreLIgdl;karrkSasuxPaB

k> ebIeyIgKitfa buKÁlikeBTü Edl)aneronsURtx<g;x<s; ehIyRbEhlCa)ancMNayR)ak;eRcInsRmab;eronmuxviC¢aeBTü

enAsaklviTüal½y RBmeTAeFVIkarenAkEnøgdac;Rsyal EdlmankéRmTab nigEdlminsUvmanGñkNacg;)anenaH KWCa

karRcLMFMehIy. edIm,IedaHRsaybBaðaenH rdæaPi)alcaM)ac;RtUvbegáIt[manGaharrUbkrN_enAtamsalaeBTünana

eday]btßmÖTaMgRsug[sisSNaEdleronBUEk. eBlenaHCaEpñkmYyénkic©snüaGaharrUbkrN_ KWnisSit)anEdlbBa©b;

karsikSa RtUveTAbeRmIkarenAmnÞIreBTüCnbT tameBlkRmitGb,brmamYy ]TahrN_ 5 qñaM.

x> KYrpþl;karbNþúHbNþalbEnßmdl;RkumeBTüCMnYybc©úb,nñ EdlbeRmIkarenAmNÐlsuxPaBCnbT sRmab;[BYkeKeFVIkar

kñúgEpñk {bgáaeraK} ¬dUcCa B½t’manGMBICm¶Wqøg karbgáarCm¶WsamBaØ Gnam½y nigkaryl;dwgCm¶WeGds_CaedIm¦ nig

eraKviPaKFmμta. BYkeKk¾GacEck b¤cak;fñaM)anEdr sRmab;Cm¶WRKuncaj; Cm¶WRkBH b¤Cm¶WxVHTwkkñúgragkay ehIyBYkeK

TaMgGs;enH KYreTAeFVIkartamPUminana.

BlrdæeTArs;enAtamkEnøgman

dIRbkbrbrksikmμ rIÉmNÐl

suxPaB b¤mnÞIreBTüsißtenAEtCit²

pøÚvfñl;


RbGb; 5>5 ³ TwkbriePaK - bBaða nigdMeNaHRsay

enARKb;kEnøgtamRsukERs eKbriePaKTwkeqATaMgGs;Kña. enHminEmnmann½yfa RbCaBlrdæmin)anyl;GMBIKuNtémøénkarcm¥in b¤eRcaHTwkenaHeT. Ep¥ktamkarsÞg;mtiBYkeKPaKeRcInniyayfa enAkñúgrdUvvsSaeBlEdlTwkbwg nigTwksÞwgeLIgl¥k; eKeRbIceRmaHedIm,IeRcaHykkkrPk;ecj b¤k¾daMTwk. eBlEdlsYrfa ehtuGVIk¾mineFVItamrebobhñwgrhUteBjmYyqñaMeTA eKeqøIyfa mincaM)ac;eT eRBaHGIeKrs;enAtaMgBIedImmkedaysarTwky:agenH etIcaM)ac;eFVIGVIeTot ? karyl;dwgGMBIGVIeTAEdlehAfa {Twks¥at} KWCaktþasMxan; ³eRBaHbc©úb,nñenH BYkeKRKan;Etdwgfa Twkl¥k;kkr EtBYkeKmindwgfamanemeraKenAkñúgTwkenaHeT. elIsBIenHeTot mankaryl;dwgtictYcNas;fa edaysarEtbriePaKTwkEdlmanemeraK BYkeKekIteraKepSg² b¤FMlUtlas;min)anl¥. BitNas;ehIyfa karmindaMTwkbriePaKminEmn edaysarGs;luyeRcIneT BIeRBaHeKGacrk»sedayxøÜnÉg)an b¤k¾GacTijGus)anBI 1 eTA 2 K>Rk témøEt 100 erol dutdaMTwksRmab;mYyRKYsarkñúgmYyéf¶.

edIm,Ism¥atTwk mandMeNaHRsayCaeRcIntambec©kviTüaEdlmantémøTab b¤mincaM)ac;cMNayGVITal;EtesaH. Ca]TahrN_ dak;TwkkñúgdbTwkRkUckUkakULaFmμta EdlCadbBN’s ehIydak;haléf¶[RtUvBnøWRBHGaTitü 24 em:ag ¬b¤ 48 em:agenAéf¶NaEdlmanemXRsTMu¦ enaHcMhayviTüúskmμBnøWRBHGaTitünwgeFVI[Twks¥at ehIykmμrsμIG‘ulRtaviy:Uelnwgsmøab;ral;GtisuxumR)aN Edlbgá[eRKaHfñak;. viFankarN_déTeTot dUcCakareRbIsac;CUrkUrkñúgTwk b¤b:UtasSÚm EBm:g;kaNat Edlmanlk;efak²enA»sfsßan.

buKÁlikbeRmIkarEpñksgÁmkic© GacbMeBjkargarenAtamshKmn_)an b¤k¾rkGñks μ ½RKcitþenAtammUldæanykmkbNþúHbNþal edIm,I[BYkKat;bMeBjkic©kar EdleqøIytbeTAnwgesckIþRtUvkarkñúgvis½yGb;rM nigBRgIkkaryl;dwgnigcMeNHdwgBIsuxPaB.

RbPB ³ TsSnkic©kñúgextþkMBg;qñaMg ExkBaØa dl; ExFñÚ qñaM 2006 http://www.sodis.ch

K> fñaMeBTüenAkm<úCaBMusUvsm,ÚN’ ehIyéføeTot. CeRmIsmYy KWTijfñaMeBTüBIRbeTsNaEdlCaRbPBedImplitfñaMeBTü

TUeTAeRcIn EdlmantémøbI-bYndg efakCagfñaMeBTüEdlmanm:akyIehaRsab;. dMeNaHRsaybnþeTot KWRtUvbMpus[

begáIt]sSahkmμplit»sfkñúgRsuk edaymankMNt;sþg;darKuNPaBfñaMRtwmRtUv.

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dUcmanBN’naenACMBUkTI 2 Twks¥atsRmab;briePaK KWCaGaTiPaBcm,g b:uEnþenAminTan;mankarykcitþTukdak;RKb;RKan;eT.

edayRbkan;x¢ab;nUvsar³sMxan;enH sUmelIkykbBaðaTwks¥atmkniyaymþgeTot ¬enAkñúgRbGb;TI 5>5¦.

sarKnøwH ³

karvinieyaK nigkarécñRbDit[RbesIreLIgkñúgvis½yGb;rMRtUvsßitkñúgGaTiPaBx<s; edIm,I[BlrdæGaceFVIkargar)ankéRm

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GacCYyBRgwgbJsKl;énlT§iRbCaFibetyü.


5>4 CnCatiedImPaKtic

CnCatiedImPaKtic CaBiessenAPaK|san manrebobrs;enA niglMenAsßanEbøkBIeK ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgdMeNIrCIvitrbs;

CnCatiExμrEdleTAenATIenaH. BYkeKeFVIksikmμBencr ¬eFVIERscMkaredaypøas;bþÚrBIkEnøgmYyeTAkEnøgmYy¦ plitGVI²BIéRBeQI

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CnCatiedImPaKtic CaBiess KWCemøaHdIFøI 84. CemøaHkan;Etbgðaj[eXIjc,as;eLIg enAeBlEdlRkumh‘unBaNiC¢kmμEpñkGPivDÆn_

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bBaðaTaMgenHRtUvmanviFankarN_ dUcteTAenH ³

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bEnßmelIenHeTot KYrepþImecjbøg;dI[shKmn_ nigral;karkab;edImeQI RBmTaMgkareFVIsm,TanepSg²elIdIrbs;CnCati

edImPaKtic RtUvbBaÄb; ¬CMBUk 3¦.

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nig\Ti§BlGaRkk;BIxageRkA.

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X> enAkñúgkBa©b;éneKalneya)ay KYrdak;bBa©ÚlnUvkarRbwgERbgBiessnana edIm,IBRgIkvis½yGb;rM suxaPi)al nigTwks¥at

sRmab;briePaK edaymanbEnßmCMnajepSg² RBmTaMgB½t’manGMBIplitpl nigTIpSarpg.

sarKnøwH ³

siT§irbs;CnCatiedImPaKticEdlmankarTTYlsÁal;edayc,ab; nigedayrdæFm μnuBaØ RtUvEtmankareKarB RBmTaMgman

viFankarN_viC¢mankarBarplRbeyaCn_BYkeK.

5>5 kartamdan nigkarvaytémø

RbB½n§tamdannigvaytémø Edldak;enAkñúgEpnkaryuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_Cati sRmab;tamdanBinitüemIleKaledAepSg²rbs;

vaEp¥kelIkarbnþtamemIl FatucUl¼skm μPaB niglT§pl¼plRbeyaCn_. kargarenHRtUveFVIeLIgedayRksYgBak;Bn§½nana

nigTRmg;rdæ)alrbs;eK eRkamkic©sRmbsRmYlrbs;viTüasßanCatisißti. kic©karenHRtUvbMeBjbEnßmedayRbB½n§Tinñn½ymYy

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karenHRtUvEtmankarcUlrYmBIsMNak;svnkmμsgÁmpgEdr.

kmμviFIGPivDÆn_

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BIkmμviFIenH RtUvpþl;karvaytémørbs;xøÜn[)aneTogTat; ehIybnÞab;mk Tinñn½yenHRtUvRbmUlpMþúenAfñak; PUmi-XuM.

(84) sUmGan Bottomley (2002).

niyayBIPaBRkIRknigkarGPivDÆmnusS

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)anraraMgCnCatiedImCaeRcInmin[eRbIR)as;TwkdI

EdlBYkeKFøab;kan;kab;rs;enACaRcInstvtSr_

mkehIy


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ehIyGacnwgecosvagCemøaH)an.

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sßanPaBénsuxPaBRKYsar nigkareFVIEpnkarRKYsar GacbegáIteLIg)antamRbB½n§rdæ)alsRmab;Binitütamdan.

karrkSasßitisMxan;²enAfñak;mUldæan

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esckþIRtUvkarCamUldæan dUcCa karpÁt;pÁg;Twk karpþl;kareronsURt mNÐl/mnÞIrsuxPaB nigsßanPaBénkmμviFIGPivDÆn_

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kargarEdl)an nigkMBugGnuvtþ nigsmiT§kmμnana b¤rMlwk[dwgGVI²EdlxVHxat.

svnkm μBIsMNak;sgÁmelIkm μviFIGPivDÆn_ RtUvEteFVIeLIgCaerogral;qñaM edIm,IBRgwgesckþITukcitþkñúgcMeNamRbCaBlrdæ

tUctac GMBIesckþIesμaHRtg;rbs;Pñak;garGnuvtþ.

sarKnøwH ³

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CamUldæanénkarTukcitþeTAelIRbB½n§.

5>6 esckIþsrub

karelIkkm<s;CIvPaBrs;enAtamCnbTCaBiess nigelIkkm<s;karGPivDÆFnFan ¬stibBaØa¦ mnusSCaTUeTA EdlTamTar

[mandMeNaHRsayeRcInEpñk dUcCa Epñkesdækic© sgÁm nigsßab½n.

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kñúglkçN³mYy EdlmantulüPaBtamPUmisa®sþ[)aneRcInbMputkñúgmUldæanmYyRbkbedaycIrPaB. edaysarman

bNþajpøÚvrfePøIgRsab; ehIykarsþareLIgvijRbEhlCaminBi)akeBkeT.

kmμviFIkargarsaFarN³EdlRtUvkarBlkmμeRcIn EdlmaneKalbMNgBIry:ag KWbegáIt[mankargartamrdUv nigsagsg;

smiT§pl GacCYybn§ÚrbnßykarGt;kargareFVItamrdUv nigedaHRsaybBaðaPaBRkIRk. kmμviFIrebobenH GacCYyksag

smtßPaBmnusS.

karelIkkm<s;CIvPaBrs;enAtamCnbT CaBiess nigelIkkm<s;karGPivDÆFnFan ¬stibBaØa¦mnusSCaTUeTA TamTar[mandMeNaHRsayeRcInEpñk dUcCa Epñkesdækic© EbbsgÁm nigEbbsßab½n


rUbPaBTI 5>3 ³ segçbKeRmagkarxñatFM

RbPB ³ GtßbTenAkñúgCMBUkenH

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manKuNtémøCamðÚbGahar nigEdlbegáIt[manCeRmIsmuxrbr nigkargarEdlGacrk)ankéRmeRcIn. GaTiPaBÉeTot²

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kar]btßmÖTwks¥atsRmab;briePaK.

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ragkay[maMmYnpgEdr.

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BYkeKeTAkñúg\T§iBlsgÁmCatiTUeTA.

karbgábegáItFnFan ¬stibBaØa¦

mnusSRtUvdak;bBa©ÚlkñúgmuxviC¢a

beRgonepSg²EdlGacCYyeFVI[

vis½yksikmμTMenIbeLIg nigEkécñ

vtßúFatuedImecjBIplksikmμ[manKuNtémøCa

mðÚbGahar nigEdlbegáIt[manCeRmIs

muxrbr nigkargarEdlGacrk)an

kéRmeRcIn

CMBUk 6CMBUk


6CMB Uk

nAqñaM 2004 km<úCa)anrkeXIjEr:eRbgkat nig]s μ ½nCaeRcIn EdlnwgGacCalT§PaBsRmab;rkR)ak;cMNUlfI μenAedIm

qñaM 2010. enHKWCa»kasEtmYyKt; edIm,IFanakMeNInry³eBlEvgrbs;RbeTs[ceRmIn]tþúgÁ]tþmdl;suxumalPaB

mnusSTUTaMgkm<úCa nigBRgwgsßirPaBEdlrk)any:aglM)ak.

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TaMgGs;Kña.

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mantémø 60 duløarGaemrikkñúgmYyFug GNþÚgEr:enHGacpþl;R)ak;cMNUlCaeRcIneTAkñúgfvikardæaPi)al.

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{bNþasa{ ehIyRsbCamYyenaHEdr KWBinitüemIlelI ¬2¦ viFIsmÁal;sBaØaénPaBGasnñ edayeyagtambTBiesaFn_skl.

karFanafa ¬3¦ lkçN³TUeTAénBrC½y edayQrelImUldæanénbTBiesaFn_sklenaH ¬4¦ nwgRtUvnaMykmkkñúgRbeTs

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EdlelcecjBIGNþÚgeRbg nig]sμ½nenH.

6>1 BrC½y b¤bNþasa ?

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EdlBak;B½n§eTAnwgeRbg-]sμ½n nigEr:TaMgenaH ehIymanRbeTsxøH manGsßirPaBeTotpg86.

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kareRbIR)as;FnFaneRbgCRmujkarelIkkm<s

;GPivDÆn_mnusS

(85) sUmemIl ]> karviPaK {A SWOT Analysis mYyelIesdækic©km<úCa} edayGñkRsavRCavBIsaklviTüal½y Harvard kñúgkic©shkarCamYy CNPA, SNEC

nig UNDP nig {karecosvagbNþasaFnFan} emeronBIbTBiesaFn_GnþrCati eday ODI kñúgkic©shkarCamYy SNEC nig UNDP. (86) kñúgsμartIenHBakü {bNþasaFnFan} mann½½yfa {RBwtþkarN_mYyrbs;RbeTsEdlEp¥keTAelIkarnaMecjFnFanFmμCati ehIyrk)anR)ak;cMNUl

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