Before you can understand the topics in this unit there are some key vocabulary terms you need to

know.

MacromoleculeMacromolecule

PolymerPolymer

MonomerMonomer

What do these words mean?

So What Is A Macromolecule?

You should be able to define it on your own !You should be able to define it on your own !

Next Word…..

Polygons

Polyester

What does “Mono” mean?

• Polymer- many monomers put together

• Monomer- can join together to make polymers.

A PolymerA PolymerHere are some analogies to better

understand what polymers and monomers are….

EXAMPLE of POLYMER

EXAMPLE of MONOMER

A TRAIN ?

A NECKLACE ?

If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?the monomers that make up the necklace?

A PolymerA PolymerHere are some analogies to better

understand what polymers and monomers are….

EXAMPLE of POLYMER

EXAMPLE of MONOMER

A TRAIN THE CARS

A NECKLACE EACH LINK or PEARL

If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?the monomers that make up the necklace?

Now you and a buddy

need to think of at least 2 other analogies for a polymer and its

monomers.

Three out of the 4 types of biochemical macromolecules

can be found on food nutrition labels…

Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4 macromolecules can

be found in foods. The 3 biochemical moleculesfound on a nutrition label

are:1____________________

2____________________

3____________________

(0 grams in this product)

(13 grams in this product)

(9 grams in this product)

The 4th type of biochemical

macromolecules are the NUCLEIC ACIDS

LET’S BEGIN WITH CARBOHYDRATES

They are the main source of ENERGY for the body. They are our fuel!

They make up the cell wall in plants which allow them to grow tall, without this carbohydrate, a plant would be a mushy mess! This type of carbohydrate is called Cellulose.

THINK: CARBS= ENERGY and CELL WALLS

CARBOHYDRATES

•In plant foods- in the cell walls of In plant foods- in the cell walls of plants --- in fruits, vegetables, peas, plants --- in fruits, vegetables, peas, beans, SUGAR comes from a plant beans, SUGAR comes from a plant and so does FLOUR! (pasta, potatoes, and so does FLOUR! (pasta, potatoes, bread, candy, cookies)bread, candy, cookies)

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•In animal products- in MILKIn animal products- in MILK

CARBOHYDRATES

THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES

SimpleSimple ComplexComplex

Simple Sugars are carbohydrates made up of 1 or 2 monomers.

They also taste sweet.

gbn.glenbrook.k12.il.us/academics/science/Staff/cooper/THE%20BIG%204%20JOURNAL%20PACKET.doc

Simple Sugars

Complex Complex Carbohydrates are Carbohydrates are

polymers made up of polymers made up of many monomers.many monomers.

Most also Most also taste taste starchystarchy..

Complex Carbohydrates

gbn.glenbrook.k12.il.us/academics/science/Staff/cooper/THE%20BIG%204%20JOURNAL%20PACKET.doc

CARBOHYDRATES

Monomers called monosaccharides. Monomers called monosaccharides. The most common monomer of The most common monomer of

carbohydrates is…carbohydrates is…

The shape of Glucose is a hexagonal ring

gbn.glenbrook.k12.il.us/academics/science/Staff/cooper/THE%20BIG%204%20JOURNAL%20PACKET.doc

CARBOHYDRATES

Each carbohydrate is made up of…Each carbohydrate is made up of…

THINK: “CHO”THINK: “CHO”

What does it look like??

NOW ONTO PROTEINS

They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair :

Examples:

muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them

They make up antibodies in the immune system

They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions

They makeup hormones

Location: Make up all LIVING THINGS-Body (Muscles, ligaments,

tendons, and bones)

Without these particular structural proteins, we would look more like this….

Hair, Skin, and Nails

Microscope View ofSkin and Nails

This is skin This is a nail

Hormones are chemicals made in glands that are in one place in the body and then put into the blood to be used in another.

These are where the

hormone producing

glands are located

in your body.

The thyroid is found in the middle of your neck, by your voice box. Here is a picture of those cells secreting the thyroid hormone.

Thyroid hormone regulates how fast your body uses energy. If you have an over active thyroid, you use energy quickly and tend to be

very thin and have a hard time putting on weight.

If you have an under active thyroid gland, you use energy very slowly and tend to carry more body fat and have a difficult time losing it.

Don’t be quick to think you have a thyroid problem if you are overweight, chances are it’s actually your eating and exercise habits!

(The yellow stuff isthyroid hormone)

Proteins

PROTEINS

Proteins are made of long chains Proteins are made of long chains (polymers) made of monomers. All (polymers) made of monomers. All

proteins are made of the monomer…proteins are made of the monomer…

PROTEINS

Each protein is made up of…Each protein is made up of…

THINK: “CHONS”

The shapes of proteins are like a balled up piece of string

Amino Acid chain

All wound up

LIPIDS ARE NEXT

They are a great source of STORED LONG TERM ENERGY so we have it in the future.

They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body temperature and they CUSHION the internal organs for protection.

They produce hormones for the body called STEROIDS

They waterproof surfaces of animals,plants, and fruits- these are waxes!

THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steroids, stored energy, cushion…

LIPIDS…Some interesting info

There are many different types of steroids. There are many different types of steroids. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. They are all lipids. Their functions vary. Some common steroids are:Some common steroids are:

SEX STEROIDSSEX STEROIDS ANABOLIC STERIODS ANABOLIC STERIODS

CHOLESTEROLCHOLESTEROL

Like testosterone and Like testosterone and estrogenestrogen

They increase muscleThey increase muscle

LIPIDS…Some interesting info

Some anabolic Some anabolic steroids are illegalsteroids are illegal

And can be dangerous and

very unhealthy

NATURAL STEROIDS IN OUR BODY NATURAL STEROIDS IN OUR BODY INCREASE MUSCLE GROWTH AND INCREASE MUSCLE GROWTH AND

BONE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE BONE DEVELOPMENT AND ARE GOOD. THE ILLEGAL ONES THAT GOOD. THE ILLEGAL ONES THAT

ARE SYNTHETIC ARE BAD.ARE SYNTHETIC ARE BAD.

Very Common Effects of Illegal SteroidsVery Common Effects of Illegal Steroids If used when the person is still growing, they will be shorter as an adult, anabolic steroids will decrease bone growth.Males will experience shrinking of the testicles, and with prolonged

use, the steroid will be turned into estrogen in the male body and it will start to lay fatty tissue on the chest, otherwise known as breasts.

If genetically predisposed to becoming bald, balding will happen more quickly.If clean needles are not readily

available, there is a significantly higher risk of getting AIDS.

Future risks of liver cancer & disease.Enlarged heart which can lead to death

Illegal Steroid Use in WomenSome additional effects…

Breasts will decrease in size, the opposite of what happens to men.

The woman will start to grow facial hair, how quickly depends on her genetic makeup. If she discontinues use, the facial hair will still continue to grow.

If she is genetically predisposed to balding, she will start to lose her hair, just as if she was genetically male.

Her voice will start to deepen, how quickly depends on her genetics. If she discontinues use, her voice will remain deep.

LIPIDS

•In plants- in the SEEDSIn plants- in the SEEDS

•In animals- in TISSUESIn animals- in TISSUES

•In FOODIn FOOD

LIPIDS

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape

Note the molecular structure’s “E” shape

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HOO

C HC

H

C

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H OO

C OO

C

H

H OO C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HOO

C C

H

C

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

H

C

H

HOO

C C

H

C

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C

H

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C

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C

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C

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1 glycerol1 glycerol 3 fatty acids3 fatty acidsandand

LIPIDS

The Shape of a triglyceride is like the letter

E

This is a triglyceride molecule

LIPIDS

Each carbohydrate is made up of…Each carbohydrate is made up of…

THINK: “CHO”THINK: “CHO”

FINALLY- NUCLEIC ACIDS

NUCLEIC ACIDS

THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDSACIDS

DNADNA RNARNA

very large linear moleculesvery large linear moleculesvery large linear moleculesvery large linear molecules

examples: DNA and RNAexamples: DNA and RNAexamples: DNA and RNAexamples: DNA and RNA

contain C, H, N, O, Pcontain C, H, N, O, Pcontain C, H, N, O, Pcontain C, H, N, O, P

sugar

phosphate

nitrogen base

nucleotide

store genetic information, help store genetic information, help to make proteins, in the to make proteins, in the NUCLEUSNUCLEUS

store genetic information, help store genetic information, help to make proteins, in the to make proteins, in the NUCLEUSNUCLEUS

made up of nucleotides (a made up of nucleotides (a sugar, phosphate and a N-sugar, phosphate and a N-base)base)

made up of nucleotides (a made up of nucleotides (a sugar, phosphate and a N-sugar, phosphate and a N-base)base)

DNA molecule

sugar

phosphate

nitrogen base

The shape of a nucleic acid is:

What is the monomer (subunit) for carbohydrates?

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Name examples of carbohydrates.

monosaccharide (simple sugars)

energy storage (short-term), structure or support

glucose, starch, cellulose

What are the molecules that make up lipids?

What are the functions of lipids?

Name examples of lipids.

glycerol and fatty acids

energy storage (long-term), make up the cell membrane and hormones

body fat, oils, waxes

What is the monomer (subunit) for protein?

What are the functions of protein?

Name examples of proteins.

amino acids

structure or support; enzymes speed up chemical reactions

muscles, hair, cartilage, nails

What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids?What is the monomer (subunit) for nucleic acids?

What are the functions of nucleic acids?What are the functions of nucleic acids?

Name examples of nucleic acid.Name examples of nucleic acid.

nucleotides

store genetic information, help to make proteins

DNA, RNA

What are the compounds in a nucleotide?What are the compounds in a nucleotide?

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base