bees: the most important pollinators · 2020. 8. 14. · bees: the most important pollinators bees...
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Bees: The most important pollinators Bees are complete vegans: All food comes from plants Nectar and pollen from flowers
What makes bees effective pollinators:
One of the very few insect groups that purposefully collects pollen (larval food)
Floral constancy: Tend to focus on limited numbers of target plant species when foraging
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Why pollination matters…
~80% flowering plants worldwide depend on animals for cross-pollination 87 of the 100+ most commonly cultivated crops are pollinated by animals Up to 30% of the U.S. diet is derived from animal-pollinated plants
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Pollination: Agricultural value
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Pollination: Agricultural value
$18-20 billion/year to U.S. agriculture
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Pollination: Ecosystem maintenance
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Pollination: Ecosystem maintenance
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Pollination: Ecosystem value U.S. hunting and nature-watching
valued in the billions of dollars
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Bees: Native vs. non-native
Most familiar bee in U.S. is non-native:
European honeybee (Apis mellifera)
Native to Africa, Europe, and Asia
In domestication for over 4,000 years
First brought to U.S. in 1621
Social (queen and daughter workers)
Up to 50,000 workers in single colony
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Bees: European honeybee
Managed and feral colonies in decline since mid-1950s in U.S.
Introduced parasites and diseases
Small farms to intensive agriculture
Colony collapse disorder
Fluctuating honey prices
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Bees: European honeybees
“Africanized” European honeybees
Hybrids of African and European subspecies
Much harder to manage, public health threat
Now occur across Texas; many feral colonies are likely Africanized
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Bees: European honeybees
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Bees: European honeybees European honeybee decline a major concern for agriculture…
Primary U.S. agricultural pollinator $15 billion of $18-20 billion annual production
but not for natural ecosystems…
Can monopolize nectar and pollen resources
Reduce native bee diversity and abundance
Increases seed set of non-native, invasive plants
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Natives bees 4,000 bees native to North America
~700 native bee species in Texas
Primary pollinators of native plants
Maintain integrity of terrestrial ecosystems
More efficient and effective agricultural pollinators than honeybees for several crops $3 billion/year to U.S. agriculture
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Natives bees: Solitary bees
90%+ of native bees are solitary species:
Single female establishes and provisions nest all by herself
Solitary bees do not defend their nests;
Solitary bees nest in the ground or in dead woody material
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Solitary bees: Ground-nesters ~70% of native solitary bees nest in the ground
Prefer open, sparsely vegetated sites providing access to bare ground
Females will often aggregate in good nesting habitat; look for small mounds of soil and/or multiple small burrows
Do not defend nest sites
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Solitary bees: Ground-nesters
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Yellow Jackets: Not ground-nesting bees
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Solitary bees: Ground-nesters
Digger Bees (Anthophora species)
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Long-horned Bees (Melissodes species)
Solitary bees: Ground-nesters
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Mining Bees (Centris species)
Solitary bees: Ground-nesters
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Polyester Bees (Colletes species)
Solitary bees: Ground-nesters
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Sunflower Bees (Svastra species)
Solitary bees: Ground-nesters
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Sweat Bees (Agapostemon species)
Solitary bees: Ground-nesters
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Solitary bees: Ground-nesters
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~30% of native bees nest in existing cavities or create their own in:
Standing dead trees Stumps Downed logs Pithy stems (agave, elderberry, sumac, yucca,…)
Do not defend nest sites
Solitary bees: Dead wood-nesters
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Solitary bees: Dead wood-nesters
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Leafcutter Bees (Megachile species)
Solitary bees: Dead wood-nesters
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Large Carpenter Bees (Xylocopa species)
Solitary bees: Dead wood-nesters
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Mason Bees (Osmia species)
Solitary bees: Dead wood-nesters
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Bumblebees
One of the few truly social groups of native bees in Texas (queen and daughter workers)
Nest in pre-existing cavities (abandoned rodent burrows) or in deep thatch/grass tussocks
Colonies contain 100-300 workers
Native bees: Bumblebees
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Bumblebees
Among the largest bees in North America
Bodies covered in black and yellow pile
~50 species in North America
Bumblebees
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Bumblebees
Generalist pollinators, visit hundreds of plant species
Better pollinators than honeybees for several agricultural crops (blueberries, cranberries, peppers, tomatoes)
Bumblebees
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Bumblebee anatomy
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Bumblebee anatomy: Female vs. male
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Bumblebee anatomy: Female vs. male
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Bumblebee anatomy: Pollen basket
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Bumblebee anatomy: Pollen basket
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Bumblebee anatomy: Sting or lack thereof
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Mistaken identity: Bumble or not Eastern carpenter bee (Xylocopa virginica)
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Mistaken identity: Bumble or not
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Southern carpenter bee (Xylocopa micans)
Mistaken identity: Bumble or not
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Bumblebee-mimic robberflies (Laphria and Mallophora)
Mistaken identity: Bumble or not
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Snowberry clearwing (Hemaris affinis)
Mistaken identity: Bumble or not
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Bumblebee Life-cycle
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: One year only
Spring Winter
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: Queens emerge
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: Queens emerge
February-March
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: Queens emerge
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: Colony founding
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: Colony founding
March-May
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: Colony founding
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: First offspring
March-May
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: First offspring
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: First offspring
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: Workers take over
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: Workers take over
May-July
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: Workers take over
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: Workers take over
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: New queens/males
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: New queens/males
July-October
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: Bachelor life
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: Storing reserves
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: Mating
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Bumblebee Life-cycle: Only queens survive
October-November
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Bumblebee life-cycle: 6-8 months of food
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Bumblebee conservation concerns
Bumblebee declines first noted in the United Kingdom 18 European species threatened
Evidence of decline in North America documented only a few years ago 11 species experienced decline
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Bumblebees of Texas
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Bumblebees of Texas
? How are bumbles in Texas faring…
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www.texasbumblebees.com
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www.texasbumblebees.com
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Native bee conservation concerns Pervasive and widespread habitat loss primary threat Dependent upon flower-rich sites
The New Normal
The Exception
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Native bee conservation concerns Urban/suburban gardeners and rural landowners can support native bee populations – Identify, Protect, and Augment
The New Normal
The Exception
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Bees have two basic needs
Nectar and pollen from flowers Suitable Nest Sites
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Meeting native bee needs #1. Identify and protect what you already have
#2. Adapt management practices to support native bee needs
#3. Augment floral resources and nest sites
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#1. Identify and protect what you already have
Identify nectar and pollen resources
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Which plants are most heavily used by flower visitors?
Identify nectar and pollen resources
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Identify nest sites: Ground-nesters
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Identify nest sites: Ground-nesters
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Identify nest sites: Dead wood-nesters
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Identify nest sites: Dead wood-nesters
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Avoid disturbances to bare ground
Maintain standing dead trees and other dead woody material where feasible
Allow grassy sites to grow unchecked for a few years
Identify and protect nest sites
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Adapt management
#2. Adapt management practices to support native bee needs
Management has the potential to eliminate and reduce vital resources
Must implement practices to minimize impact on floral resources and nest sites
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Burn from fall to early spring Avoid growing season burns
Only treat 30%-50% of a site (leave untreated refugia)
Allow sufficient time between burns for thatch to accumulate
Adapt management: Prescribed Fire
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Only treat 30%-50% of a site (leave untreated refugia)
Low intensity, short duration grazing during the dormant season will have the least impact on bee resources
Adapt management: Cattle grazing
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Restricted to fall and winter (don’t cut when flowers in bloom)
Avoid cutting to low (6-8” min.)
Avoid cutting more than once per year Cut/mow in patches
Cuts during growing season should be limited to 30-50% of site (leave uncut areas to supply flowers and nest sites)
Adapt management: Haying and mowing
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Augment resources
#3. Augment floral resources and nest sites May lack sufficient nectar/pollen sources and/or nest sites
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Increase diversity of native flowering plants
Enlarge or create flower beds Clumps of single species
Light reseed or complete restoration with native forbs and grasses
Augment resources: Nectar and pollen
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Increase diversity of native flowering plants
Need a sequence of flowers from spring, summer, into fall
Three to five plant species flowering in each season
Augment resources: Nectar and pollen
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Augment resources: Nectar and pollen
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Increase diversity of native flowering plants
Diversity of colors and shapes
Promote native bunch grasses
Augment resources: Nectar and pollen
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Increase nest sites Leave portions of flower beds unmulched
Erect artificial solitary bee nests
Augment resources: Nest sites
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Solitary bee nest blocks NOT USED BY HONEYBEES Solitary bees do not defend nests
Augment resources: Nest sites
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Augment resources: Nest sites
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Cardboard tube systems
Augment resources: Nest sites
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Resources
www.xerces.org
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www.texasbumblebees.com
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www.texasbumblebees.com
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Bumblebees of Travis County, Texas
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www.texasbumblebees.com
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