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KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA
NATION RELIGION KING
323
POLLUTANT RELEASE ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE
MANUAL
FOR
BEER PRODUCTION
Supported by:
United Nation Institute for Training and Research
(UNITAR)
Prepared by:
PRTR Project Management Unit
Department of Hazardous Substance Management
General Directorate of Environmental Protection
Ministry of Environment
- 1 -
Table of Content
List of Table .............................................................................................................................................. - 1 - List of Figure ............................................................................................................................................ - 1 - List of Equation ........................................................................................................................................ - 2 - List of Abbreviation.................................................................................................................................. - 2 - 1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................... - 3 - 2. Benefits of Using PRTR System ....................................................................................................... - 3 -
2.1. Benefit to Government ............................................................................................................. - 3 - 2.2. Benefit to Industry .................................................................................................................... - 3 - 2.3. Benefit to the Public ................................................................................................................. - 4 -
3. Target of the Manual ......................................................................................................................... - 4 - 3.1. Reporting Threshold and Emission .......................................................................................... - 4 -
4. Production Process ............................................................................................................................ - 5 - 4.1. Raw Materials........................................................................................................................... - 5 - 4.2. General Process of Beer Production ......................................................................................... - 5 -
5. Emission and Transfer of Chemicals and Pollutants......................................................................... - 6 - 5.1. Emission to Air ......................................................................................................................... - 6 -
4.1.1 . Emission from Fugitive Source/Non-Point Source ................................................................ - 6 - 4.1.2 . Emission from Point Source ................................................................................................... - 6 -
5.2. Emission to Water ..................................................................................................................... - 7 - 5.3. Emission to Land ...................................................................................................................... - 8 - 5.4. Transfer in Waste ...................................................................................................................... - 8 - 5.5. Transfer to Sewage ................................................................................................................... - 8 -
6. Emission and Transfer Estimation Techniques ................................................................................. - 8 - 6.1. Direct Measurement ................................................................................................................. - 8 -
6.1.1. Sampling Data .................................................................................................................. - 8 - 6.1.2. Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) Data ................................................ - 10 -
6.2. Mass Balance .......................................................................................................................... - 12 - 6.2.1. Overall Facility Mass Balance ....................................................................................... - 12 - 6.2.2. Individual Unit Process Mass Balance .......................................................................... - 14 -
6.3. Emission Factors .................................................................................................................... - 14 - 6.3.1. Industry-Wide Emission Factors .................................................................................... - 14 - 6.3.2. Predictive Emission Monitoring (PEM) ......................................................................... - 15 -
6.4. Engineering Calculations ....................................................................................................... - 15 - 6.4.1. Fuel Analysis .................................................................................................................. - 15 -
6.5. Alternative Emission Estimation Technique for Ethanol Emissions ...................................... - 16 - 7. Reporting ........................................................................................................................................ - 16 - Reference ................................................................................................................................................ - 17 -
List of Table
Table 1: List of the potential chemicals and pollutants from beer production. ........................................ - 4 - Table 2: List of typical air pollutants from beer production .................................................................... - 6 - Table 3: List of the main wastewater pollutants from beer production. ................................................... - 7 - Table 4: Stack Sample Test ....................................................................................................................... - 8 - Table 5: CEMS data output for three periods for hypothetical furnace ................................................. - 11 - Table 6: Emission factors for ethanol emissions from beer brewing ..................................................... - 15 -
List of Figure
Figure 1: Typical process of beer production .......................................................................................... - 6 -
- 2 -
List of Equation
Equation 1: Calculation of PM concentration ........................................................................................ - 9 - Equation 2: Calculation of Emission of PM ............................................................................................ - 9 - Equation 3: Calculation of emission of PM............................................................................................. - 9 - Equation 4: Calculation of moisture percentage ..................................................................................... - 9 - Equation 5: Calculation of pollutant emission ...................................................................................... - 11 - Equation 6: Calculation of annual emission ......................................................................................... - 11 - Equation 7: Calculation of emission of pollutant per tons of product ................................................... - 11 - Equation 8: Calculation of incoming material used in the process ....................................................... - 13 - Equation 9: Calculation of flow rate of component .............................................................................. - 14 - Equation 10: Calculation of emission rate of pollutant ........................................................................ - 14 - Equation 11: Calculation of emission of pollutant ................................................................................ - 15 -
List of Abbreviation
- BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
- CAS Chemical Abstracts Service
- CASRN Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Numbers
- CEMS Continuous Emissions Monitoring System
- CMC Carboxymethyl cellulose
- CO Carbon Monoxide
- COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
- DO Dissolve Oxygen
- EET Emission Estimation Technique
- EFR Emission Factor Rating
- g Grams
- Kg Kilograms
- m3 Cubic meters
- MoE Ministry of Environment
- NO2 Nitrogen Oxide
- oC Celsius
- PEM Predictive Emission Monitoring
- PM Particulate Matter
- PM10 Particulate Matters < 10 micrometer
- PRTR Pollutants Release and Transfer Register
- PVA Polyvinyl alcohol
- SO2 Sulfur Dioxide
- t Tons
- TN Total Nitrogen
- TP Total Phosphorous
- TSP Total Suspended Particulate
- TSS Total Suspended Solids
- VOCs Volatile Organic Coumpounds
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1. Introduction
A Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) is a catalogue or register of potentially harmful
pollutant releases or transfers to the environment from a variety of sources. A PRTR includes information
about releases or transfers to air, water and soil as well as about wastes transported to treatment and disposal
sites. The development and implementation of a PRTR system adapted to national needs represents a means
for governments to track generation, release and the fate of various pollutants over time.
A PRTR can be an important tool in the total environment policy of a government providing
information about the pollution burden that would be otherwise difficult to obtain, encouraging reporters
to reduce pollution, and engendering broad public support for government environmental policies. Indeed,
governments may wish to set forth long-term national environmental goals to promote sustainable
development and then use PRTR as an important tool to examine objectively how well these goals are being
met.
This Emission Estimation Technique (EET) Manual aims to assist Cambodia manufacturing,
industrial and service facilities to report the emissions of listed substances from their facilities to Ministry
of Environment (MoE). Please refer to main book on “Basic Release estimation technique manual under
Pollutant release and transfer register (PRTR) system” to understand about the procedure of
determining business and substances required for notification. However, this Manual describes the
procedures and recommended approaches for estimating emissions from facilities engaged in Beer
Production manufacturing.
2. Benefits of Using PRTR System
The following are some of the possible used and benefits of implementing PRTR system from the
perspective of three main stakeholders such as: Government, Industry, and the public:
2.1. Benefit to Government
PRTR will provide comprehensive information to assist the government in addressing some issue as
following:
Identifying industries or facilities which are generating potentially harmful chemical release in
to the environment;
Providing information on pollutants being release and how much is being release and over what
time period;
Identifying geographic area of pollutants being release and how much of each substance is going
to air, water and land
Pointing out the geographic distribution of pollutant emission
Monitoring enforcement of current regulation
Providing inventory data that related to chemical substance and environmental Pollution issues
for measuring national progress toward risk reduction and pollution prevention goal and
Reducing monitoring work and government expending while large waste is decrease
PRTR system will obtain enough information regarding to chemical substances, and pollutants for
the government to identify the future workplan or determine priority action plans to prevent and reduce
pollution as well as any possible serve impact to human health and environment. In additional to this, PRTR
system will also help reduce government national budget’s expenditure on monitoring and inspecting work
as well.
2.2. Benefit to Industry
The private sector, such as factories and industries, may wrongly believe that PRTR reporting of
chemicals substance use, waste generation and emission will be a burden. The experiences from PRTR
implementing from private sector of other countries show that PRTR is the very vital tool in providing key
information for their trade implementing as below:
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Providing information regarding to efficiency level of raw material and other resources
consumption in the production such as chemical substance consumption, water consumption,
electricity, fuel, and so on.
Identifying the loss of raw materials and resources during the production process from leaking
or any utility’s error.
Identifying types and quantity of waste from the production
Identifying the types of pollutant release and emission to the environment
Monitoring production flow from raw material until the semi-final product or final product in
order to understand whether there is any technical problem or not
Providing the data regarding to the loss of raw materials or the other resource during the
production process.
In short, all participants in PRTR system from private sector including companies, and factories will
receive information regarding to management process of production, raw materials, and waste, which will
help them improve their waste management status and reduce any risk in their facility that could be able to
decrease company’s expenditure and increase their production efficiency.
2.3. Benefit to the Public
Regarding to the principle of agenda 21 stating that “communities and workers have right to access
information on chemical risks and have its origin in a straightforward notion” means that those who are
potentially exposed to risks from chemical are entitle to known about these risks so they can make informed
choices and take appropriate actions. Thus, PRTR is the significant tool for ensuring community and
workers can access information.
Moreover, PRTR data is very useful in helping public access all kinds of information, which relevant
to harmful environmental impacts like chemical or hazard waste disposal so that the public will able to
participate in making decision with government in order to reach to pollution prevention, as well as, to
reduce the harmful health effect to the human as well.
3. Target of the Manual
This manual aims to:
Provide procedures to enable users to compile emission database that meet quality criteria for
transparency, consistency, completeness
Provide estimation methods and emission factors for database compiler
3.1. Reporting Threshold and Emission
The list of all types of pollutants and chemicals released and transferred into the environment that
the production establishment oblige to report can be found in the Table 3 and Table 4 in Section 5.3 of
Basic Release Estimation Technique Manual or in the Annex 2 and Annex 3 of the Sub-Decree on
Management of Pollutant Release and Transfer Register.
Table 1: List of the potential chemicals and pollutants from beer production.
No Parameter Source of Emission How it happens
1 (Particulate Matter)-
PM
Raw Material Storage,
Crushing
Raw material Preparation,
Crushing
2 Acetone Laboratory Discharge of wastewater from
the laboratory
3 Acrylamide Laboratory Discharge of wastewater from
the laboratory
4 Arsenic & compounds Boiler/Waste Storage, Water
Treatment Plant/ Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Combustion/Solid Waste
Burning, Water
Treatment/Discharge from the
production line
5 BOD5 Wastewater Treatment Plant Discharge of wastewater from
the production line/Toilet
- 5 -
6 Calcium chloride Production Line Brewing Process
7 CH4 Wastewater Treatment Plant
Fermentation Stage
Fermentation of organic
8 Chloride Water Treatment Plant Discharge of wastewater from
water treatment plant
9 CO Boiler Combustion
10 CODcr Wastewater Treatment Plant Discharge of wastewater from
the production line/Toilet
11 Ethanol Fermentation stage Fermentation of organic
12 Ethyl Acetate Fermentation stage Fermentation of organic
13 Mercury & compounds Boiler/Waste Storage Combustion/Solid Waste
Burning
14 NH3 Wastewater Treatment Plant Discharge from the production
line/Toilet
15 NOx Boiler Combustion/Solid Waste
Burning
16 Oil and Grease Wastewater Treatment Plant,
Fuel Storage
Discharge of wastewater from
the production line/Toilet
17 Phosphoric Acid Water Treatment Plant/
Sanitation process
Discharge of wastewater
18 Polychlorinated
Dioxins & Furan
Boiler/Waste Storage Combustion/Solid Waste
Burning
19 SO2 Boiler Combustion/Solid Waste
Burning
20 Sodium hydroxide Wastewater Treatment Plant Waste Water Process
21 Sulfuric Acid Sanitation process/cleaning agent Discharge of wastewater
22 VOC Fermentation stage Fermentation of organic
23 Zinc sulfate Production Line Brewing Process
4. Production Process
4.1. Raw Materials
In general, there are 5 main raw materials in the beer production such as rice, malt, yeast, hop, and
water. In addition to this, there are a few other chemicals found in the other processes rather the production
as well. Those typical chemicals are Acetone, Acrylamide, Cadmium and its compounds, Ethanol,
Methanol, Nitric Acid, Phenol, Phosphoric Acid, Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4), Calcium Chloride (CaCl2),
Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4), Zinc Sulfate (ZnSO4), Calcium sulfate (CaSO4), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
4.2. General Process of Beer Production
In general, the beer production process for commercial purpose consists of 11 stages as following:
(1). The dirt from the malt and rice is removed during the air conveying system into crushing
process. (2). The starch (of malt and rice) from above process will be put in the Mash cupper and add more
treated water in. The temperature of the starch solution will be increased by the heat from the
boiler until it reaches boiling temperature. CaCl2 and H3PO4 will be added during the boiling
process in order to break drown the big protein and glucose molecule into the smaller pieces. (3). After the heating process, the output from that will be transferred into Mash Tun by storing it
in an exact temperature in order to turn amino acids into glucose. (4). Then it will be transferred to Mash filter in order to remove the spent grain from the solution,
and the output of this process is called “wort” (5). Wort will be carried into Wort cupper where it will be boiled by using the steam power and
adding CaCl2 and H3PO4 in order to adjust the pH and then put Hop into cupper to get the smell
and bitter taste of beer. (6). The amount of wort mixed with hop will be sent to Whirlpool tank that has a centripetal force
that cause solid particles suspended in a rotating mass of liquid to migrate to the center of the
- 6 -
bottom of the vessel in a cone-shaped mass. In the stage, ZnSO4 will be added in order to make
solid protein-based particles, and hop fragment-containing sediment, called Trub. The trub must
be removed before sending to the next stage. (7). After 1 hour of boiling, the clear hot wort will be sent pass through a cooling system, and clean
air (dried, no oil, no batteries), and yeast (Saccharomyces Carlsbergbensis Var Uvarum) will be
added and keep the mixture of it into the storage tanks. (8). After 3 weeks, wort will be transferred to alcohol and CO by the yeast in the Fermentation Tank
and Storage tank. (9). After that, it will be sent to Beer Filter tanks in order remove yeast and other sediments to get
bright beers.
(10). The bright beers will be carried out to packaging lines.
(11). The bright beers will be packed into cans, bottles, and kegs to be the final beer products.
Figure 1: Typical process of beer production
5. Emission and Transfer of Chemicals and Pollutants
5.1. Emission to Air
4.1.1. Emission from Fugitive Source/Non-Point Source
Not all pollution is emitted from the factory chimney, or boiler. The emission from fugitive source
mostly releases from the production building, waste storage, and chemical storage warehouse where
possibly an incident of chemical or pollutant leak or spill out happen. The emission from this kind of source
seem to be difficult to identify the exact amount of pollutant released into the atmosphere.
4.1.2. Emission from Point Source
Unlike the pollution from fugitive source, the emission from non-point source refers to the emission
of pollutant from the specific sources such as factory chimney, boiler and so on. The main pollutants from
the beer production are following:
Table 2: List of typical air pollutants from beer production
No Parameter Source of Emission How it happens
1 Ethanol Fermentation stage Fermentation of organic
Malt and rice Crushing Dirt/waste
Water Mash Cupper
Boiler Mash TUN
Air emission Mash Filter Spent grain
Hop Wort Cupper
ZnSO4 Whirlpool Trub
Coolant Wort cooler Yeast
Coolant Ferment storage Spent yeast
Beer filterWastewater
Treatment Plant
- 7 -
2 Ethyl Acetate Fermentation stage Fermentation of organic
3 VOC Fermentation stage Fermentation of organic
4 CO Boiler Combustion
5 CH4 Wastewater Treatment Plant
Fermentation Stage
Fermentation of organic
6 SO2 Boiler Combustion/Solid Waste
Burning
7 NOx Boiler Combustion/Solid Waste
Burning
8 Arsenic & compounds Boiler/Waste Storage Combustion/Solid Waste
Burning
9 Mercury & compounds Boiler/Waste Storage Combustion/Solid Waste
Burning
10 Polychlorinated Dioxins &
Furan
Boiler/Waste Storage Combustion/Solid Waste
Burning
11 (Particulate Matter)- PM Raw Material Storage,
Crushing
Raw material Preparation,
Crushing
In order to deal with this air emission, pollution control equipment need to be installed in the factory
especially at the source of emission. There are variety of pollution control devices as wet scrubber, bag
filter, Electrostatic precipitator, and so on in order work to prevent pollutants from emitting into atmosphere.
5.2. Emission to Water
Wastewater from the facility can be divided into 2 types such as rainwater, and wastewater from the
production. Mostly, the rainwater does not pose much impact on the environmental quality in the
community. In some cases, the factory operator designs a separate sewage system inside their facility to
connect into public sewage system in the region; however, in other cases, the rainwater will mix up with
wastewater from the production in the wastewater treatment plan before discharging into the public sewage
system.
However, the main concern is the large amount of wastewater from the production process, which
need to be treated before discharging into public sewage system. Wastewater treatment methods can be
different from one facility to another. It can be aerobic, non-aerobic, and mixed up system between aerobic
and anaerobic. The main wastewater pollutants from the beer production are as following:
Table 3: List of the main wastewater pollutants from beer production.
No Parameters Source of Emission How it happens
1 BOD5
Wastewater Treatment Plant Discharge of wastewater from
the production line/Toilet
2 CODcr
Wastewater Treatment Plant Discharge of wastewater from
the production line/Toilet
3 Oil and Grease
Wastewater Treatment Plant,
Fuel Storage
Discharge of wastewater from
the production line/Toilet
4 NH3
Wastewater Treatment Plant Discharge from the production
line/Toilet
5 Arsenic &
compounds
Water Treatment Plant/ Wastewater
Treatment Plant
Water Treatment/Discharge
from the production line
6 Chloride
Water Treatment Plant Discharge of wastewater from
water treatment plant
7 Acetone
Laboratory Discharge of wastewater from
the laboratory
8 Acrylamide
Laboratory Discharge of wastewater from
the laboratory
9 Phosphoric Acid
Water Treatment Plant/ Sanitation
process
Discharge of wastewater
10 Sulfuric Acid Sanitation process/cleaning agent Discharge of wastewater
11 Zinc sulfate Production Line Brewing Process
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12 Sodium hydroxide Wastewater Treatment Plant Waste Water Process
14 Zinc sulfate Production Line Brewing Process
15 Calcium chloride Production Line Brewing Process
5.3. Emission to Land
Whenever there is an improper management of the waste in the facility, pollutant emission to land
will happen. Soil quality will be polluted by the emission of pollutants in the form of solid waste, sludges,
sediments, spills, leak and so on. Even worse, if no immediate action taken place, those pollutants would
be able to get deeply into the ground, which pose impact to ground water quality as well.
5.4. Transfer in Waste
The impact of the pollutant does not end by just removing the waste from one place to another.
Displacing the waste from a contaminated site to another unpolluted site will cause the same problem as
the previous site. Therefore, the industrial facility have to track down all information/data regarding to the
waste generated from the production as well as from the facility. A few specific points about the transfer in
waste need to be reported in the PRTR system are (1) the amount of waste, (2) Type of pollutant in the
waste, (3) the treatment method and (4) the concentration of pollutants in the waste. The facility operator
need to be aware of the detail information about the movement of waste until its final disposal as well.
5.5. Transfer to Sewage
Like the transfer in waste section, pollutant from the industry facility will be transfered in the
environment beyond the facility boundary. The amount of wastewater discharged from the facility may go
into the existing public drainage system in the facility location or end up directly in a natural waterbody
like pond, river, sea, and so on. This could lead to an impact on the water quality in the area outside the
facility if the waste has not treated properly before the discharge.
6. Emission and Transfer Estimation Techniques
In general, there are 4 types of emission estimation techniques to estimate emissions from facilities
sampling. Those techniques are direct measurement, mass balance, engineering calculation, emission
factors.
6.1. Direct Measurement
6.1.1. Sampling Data
It is one of the method that the emission of pollutant was measured directly from the its sources such
as stack, exhaust pile from the boilers, and so on. The result from the direct measurement can be transcript
into a report format to government, specifically MoE. For sampling data to be adequate and able to be
used for MoE reporting purposes, it would need to be collected over a period of time representative
of operations for the whole year. The measurement from the stack should be done during the normal
operating status of the factory, where the result will be shown in the kg/hr or g/m3 (dry standard).
Some tests may require to be taken under maximum emissions rating, where emissions are likely to
be higher than when operating under normal operating conditions. An example of test results is summarized
in Table 1. The table shows the results of three different sampling runs conducted during one test event.
The source parameters measured as part of the test run include gas velocity and moisture content, which
are used to determine exhaust gas flow rates in m3/s. The filter weight gain is determined gravimetrically
and divided by the volume of gas sampled, as shown in Equation 1 to determine the PM concentration in
grams per m3.
Table 4: Stack Sample Test
Parameter Symbol Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
Total sampling time (sec)
Moisture collected (g)
Filter catch of PM (g)
Gmoist
Cf
7200
395.6
0.008511
7200
372.6
0.00449
7200
341.4
0.0625
- 9 -
Average sampling rate (m3/s)
Standard metered volume (m3),dry
Volumetric flow rate (m3/s),dry
Concentration of particulate (g/m3)
Vm,STP
Qd
CPM
1.67*10-4
1.185
8.48
0.0718
1.67*10-4
1.160
8.43
0.0387
1.67*10-4
1.163
8.45
0.0537
Note that this example does not present the condensable PM emissions. Pollutant concentration is then
multiplied by the volumetric flow rate to determine the emission rate in kilograms per hour, as shown in
Equation 1 and Example 1.
Equation 1: Calculation of PM concentration
CPM = Cf / Vm,STP
Where:
Cpm = Concentration of PM or gram loading, g/m3
Cf = filter catch, g
Vm,STP = Metered volume of sample at STP, m3
Equation 2: Calculation of Emission of PM
EPM = CPM*Qd*3.6 [273 /(273+T)]
Where:
EPM = Hourly emission PM, kg/hr
CPM = concentration of PM or gram loading, g/m3
Qd = stack gas volumetric flow rate at actual condition, m3/s,dry
3.6 = 3600 second per hour multiplied by 0.001 kilograms per gram
T = temperature of the gas sample, 0C
Example 1: Using Stack Sampling Data
PM emissions calculated using Equation 1 and Equation 2 (above) and the stack sampling data for
Test 1 (presented in Table 4, and an exhaust gas temperature of 150 oC (423 K). This is shown below:
CPM = CF /Vm.STP
= 0.08551 / 1.185
= 0.072 g/m3
EPM = CPM * Qd *3.6* [273/(273+T)]
= 0.072 *8.48*3.6* (273/423K)
= 1.42kg/hr
The information from some stack tests may be reported in grams of particulate per cubic meter of
exhaust gas (wet). Use Equation 3 below to calculate the dry particulate emissions in kg/hr.
Equation 3: Calculation of emission of PM
EPM = Qa * CPM *3.6 (1-moistR/100) *[273/(273+T)]
Where:
EPM = hourly emission of PM in kilograms per hours, kg/hr
Qa = actual (ie.wet) cubic metres of exhaust gas per second, m3/s
CPM = concentration of PM or gram loading, g/m3
3.6 = 3600 second per hour multiplied by 0.001 kilograms per gram
moistR = moisture content, %
273 = 273K (0 oC)
T = stack gas temperature, oC
To calculate moisture content use Equation 4.
Equation 4: Calculation of moisture percentage
Moisture percentage = 100 * weight of water vapor per specific
- 10 -
Volume of stack gas/total weight of the stack gas in that volume.
𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑅 =100 ∗
𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡
1000 ∗ 𝑉𝑚.𝑆𝑇𝑃 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡
1000 ∗ 𝑉𝑚.𝑆𝑇𝑃+ 𝜌𝑆𝑇𝑃
⁄
Where:
moistR = moisture content, %
gmoist = moisture collected, g
Vm,STP = metered volume of sample at STP, m3
ᵖSTP = dry density of stack as sample, kg/m3 at STP
{if the density is not known a default value of 1.62 kg/m3
may be used. this assumes a dry gas composition of 50% air,50% CO2}
Example 2: Calculating Moisture Percentage
A 1.2m3 sample (at STP) of gas contain 410g of water. To calculate the moisture percentage use
Equation 4.
𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑅 =100 ∗
𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡
1000 ∗ 𝑉𝑚.𝑆𝑇𝑃 𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡
1000 ∗ 𝑉𝑚.𝑆𝑇𝑃+ 𝜌𝑆𝑇𝑃
⁄
𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡
1000 ∗ 𝑉𝑚.𝑆𝑇𝑃 = 410/ (1000*1.2)
= 0.342
moistR = 100*0.342 / (0.342+1.62)
= 17.4%
6.1.2. Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) Data
Using CEMS (Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems) data to estimate emissions can be
applicable to power stations with suitable equipment installed, or for facilities that undertake medium term
monitoring that is representative of the power station operations over a year.
To monitor SO2, NOx, Total VOCs, and CO emissions using a CEMS, you use a pollutant
concentration monitor that measures concentration in parts per million by volume dry air (ppmvd). Flow
rates should be measured using a volumetric flow rate monitor. Emission rates (kg/hr) are then calculated
by multiplying the stack gas concentrations by the stack gas flow rates. While it is possible to determine
from this data the total emissions of an individual pollutant over a given time period (assuming the CEM
operates properly all year long), an accurate emission estimate can be derived by adding the hourly emission
estimates if the CEMS data is representative of typical operating conditions.
Although CEMS can report real-time hourly emissions automatically, it may be necessary to
manually estimate annual emissions from hourly concentration data. This section describes how to calculate
emissions from CEMS concentration data. The selected CEMS data should be representative of operating
conditions. When possible, data collected over longer periods should be used.
It is important to note that prior to using CEMS to estimate emissions, you should develop a protocol
for collecting and averaging the data in order that the estimate satisfies the facility’s State or Territory
environment authority as a requirement for General Directorate of Environment Protection.
To monitor SO2, NO2, VOC and CO emissions using CEMS, you use a pollutant concentration
monitor that measures the concentration in parts per million by volume dry air (ppmvd= volume of pollutant
gas/106 volumes of dry air). Flow rates should be measured using a volumetric flow rate monitor. Flow rate
estimated based on heat input using fuel factors may be inaccurate because these systems typically run with
high excess air to remove the moisture out of the kiln. Emission rates (kg/hr/ are then calculated by
multiplying the stack gas concentrations by the stack gas flow rates.
The table below presents example CEMS data output for three periods for hypothetical furnace. The
output includes pollutant concentrations in parts per millions dry basis (ppmvd), diluent (O2 or CO2)
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concentration in percent by volume dry basis (%v, d) and gas flow rates; and may include emission rates in
kilograms per hour (kg/hr). This data represents a snapshot of a hypothetical boiler operation. While it is
possible to determine total emissions of an individual pollutant over a given time period from this data,
assuming the adding the hourly emission estimates if the CEMS data is representative of typical operating
conditions.
Table 5: CEMS data output for three periods for hypothetical furnace
Time O2 Content Concentration (ppmvd) Gas Flow
Rate (Q)
Production Rate
of Product
(A)
% by volume SO2 NOx CO VOC m3/s tonnes/hour
1 10.3 150.9 142.9 42.9 554.2 8.52 290
2 10.1 144.0 145.7 41.8 582.9 8.48 293
3 11.8 11.8 112.7 128.4 515.1 8.85 270
Hourly emissions can be based on concentration measurement as shown in Equation 5.
Equation 5: Calculation of pollutant emission
Ei = (C * MW * Qst * 3600)/[22.4 *((T+273)/273) * 106 ]
Where:
Ei = Emissions of pollutant I,kg/hr
C = pollutant concentration, ppmv,d
MW = molecular weight of the pollutant, kg/kg-mole
Qst = actual stack gas volumetric flow rate, m3/s
3600 = conversion factor, s/hr
22.4 = volume occupied by one mole of gas at standard
Temperature and pressure (0oc and 101.3 kPa
T = temperature of gas sample oC
106 = conversion factor, pp.kg/kg
Actual annual emissions can be calculated by multiplying the emission rate in kg/hr by the number
of actual operating hours per year (OpHrs) as shown in Equation 6 for each typical time period and summing
the results.
Equation 6: Calculation of annual emission
Ekpy,i = ∑(𝐸𝑖 ∗ 𝑂𝑝𝐻𝑟𝑠)
Where:
Ekpy,I = annual emission of pollutant I, kg/yr
Ei = emissions of pollutant I, kg/hr (from Equation 5)
OpHrs = operating hours, hr/yr
Emission in kilograms of pollutant per tonne of product produced can be calculated by dividing the
emission rate in kg/hr by the activity rate (production rate (tonnes/hr) during the same period. This is shown
in Equation 7 below.
It should be noted that the emission factor calculated below assumes that the selected time period (ie.
Hourly) is representative of annual operating conditions and longer time period should be used for
reporting. Use of the calculation is shown in Example below.
Equation 7: Calculation of emission of pollutant per tons of product
Ekpt, i = 𝐸𝑖
𝐴⁄
Where:
Ekpt, I = emission of pollutant I per tonne of product produced, kg/t
Ei =` hourly emission of pollutant i, kg/hr
- 12 -
A = production, t/hr
Example 3: Application of Equation 5, Equation 6, and Equation 7
This example shows how SO2 emissions can be calculated using Equation based on the CEMS data
for Time period 1 shown in the Table 5, and an exhaust gas temperature of 150 oC (423 K).
ESO2,1 = (𝐶 ∗ 𝑀𝑊 ∗ 𝑄 ∗ 3600)
[22.4 ∗ (𝑇 + 273273⁄ ) ∗ 106⁄
= (150.9 ∗ 64 ∗ 8.52 ∗ 3600)
[22.4 ∗ (423273⁄ ) ∗ 106⁄
= 296 217 90734 707 692⁄
= 8.53 kg/hr
For Time Period 2, also at 150 oC
ESO2,2 = 8.11 kg/hr
For Time Period 3, also at 150 oC
ESO2,3 = 7.23 kg/hr
Say representative operating conditions for the year are:
Period 1 = 1500 hr
Period 2 = 2000 hr
Period 3 = 1800 hr
Total emissions for the year are calculated by adding the results of the three Time Periods using
Equation 6:
ESO2,2 = ESO2,1 * OpHrs + ESO2,2 * OpHrs + ESO2,3 * OpHrs
= (8.53 * 1500) + (8.11 * 2000) + (7.23 * 1800) kg
= 42 021 kg/yr
Emissions, in terms of kg/tonne of product produced when operating in the same mode as
time period 1, can be calculated using Equation 7.
Ekpt,SO2 = 𝐸𝑆𝑂2
𝐴⁄
= 8.53290⁄
= 2.94 * 10-2 Kg SO2 emitted per tonne of product produced
When the furnace is operating as in time periods 2 or 3, similar calculation can be undertaken
for emissions per tonne
6.2. Mass Balance
A mass balance identifies the quantity of substance going in and out of an entire facility,
process, or piece of equipment. Emissions can be calculated as the difference between input and
output of each listed substance. Accumulation or depletion of the substance within the equipment
should be accounted for in your calculation.
6.2.1. Overall Facility Mass Balance
Mass balances can be used to characterize emissions from a facility providing that sufficient data is
available pertaining to the process and relevant input and output streams. Mass balances can be applied to
an entire facility. This involves the consideration of material inputs to the facility (purchases) and materials
exported from the facility in products and wastes, where the remainder is considered as a ‘loss’ (or a release
to the environment).
The mass balance calculation can be summarized by:
Total mass into process = Total mass out of process
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This equation could be written as:
Equation 8: Calculation of incoming material used in the process
Inputs = Products + Transfers + Emissions
Where:
Inputs = All incoming material used in the process.
Emissions = Releases to air, water, and land
(Emissions include both routine and accidental releases as well as spills)
Transfers = Transfers include substances discharged to sewer, substances deposited into
landfill and substances removed from a facility for destruction, treatment,
recycling, reprocessing, recovery, or purification.
Products = Products and materials (eg. by-products) exported from the facility.
Applying this to an individual substance (substance ‘i’), the equation may be written as:
Input of substance ‘i’ = amount of substance ‘i’ in product
amounts of substance ‘i’ in waste
amount of substance ‘i’ transformed or consumed in process
emission of substance ‘i’.
Example 4: Overall Facility Mass Balance
A chemical facility receives 1000 tons of a solvent product per annum, that is stored on-site. It is
known that this solvent product contains 2 percent water that settles during storage and is drained to sewer.
The solubility of the solvent in water is 100 g/kg (ie. 0.1 weight fraction). It is known that 975 tons of
solvent per annum is utilized in the process, based on actual addition rate data. During the year, it was
recorded that 1 ton of solvent was lost due to spillage, of which 500 kg was recovered and sent for
appropriate disposal, with the rest washed to sewer. What quantity of the substance is required to be
reported? Considering the water content of the solvent and the solubility of solvent in water the following
data can be derived:
Quantity of water received in the solvent annually:
Water = 1000 tons * (2/100) = 20 tons of water (containing 100 g/kg solvent)
The solubility of solvent in this water is 100 g/kg:
Therefore, solvent in water = 20 * (0.1) = 2 tons of solvent
Excluding the water component, the quantity of solvent received annually is:
Total solvent (excluding water) = 1000 * 0.98 = 980 tons
Incorporating the solvent contained within the water component:
Total solvent received at facility (including solvent in water) = 980 + 2 = 982 tons solvent
Once the above quantities have been ascertained, the quantity of solvent released to the environment
can be determined as follows:
Solvent to sewer = drainage from solvent tank + uncaptured spillage
= 2000 kg + 500 kg
= 2500 kg
Captured spillage = 500 kg
As no solvent was spilled on unsealed ground, there are no emissions to land. Therefore, the emission
of solvent to air is derived as follows:
Air Emission = Total solvent received - sewer release - captured spillage - solvent
utilized in the process
= 982 - 2.5 - 0.5 - 975
= 4 tons
- 14 -
Therefore, 4 tons of solvent is lost to the atmosphere each year from storage and handling operations.
For MoE reporting, it would then be necessary to determine the quantity of substances present in the solvent
and to determine the quantities of each of these substances emitted to atmosphere. It is important to note
that any emission controls must be taken into account when determining your emissions (eg. the solvent
released to air may be routed through an incinerator before being released to the atmosphere).
6.2.2. Individual Unit Process Mass Balance
The general mass balance approach described above can also be applied to individual unit processes.
This requires that information is available on the inputs (ie. flow rates, concentrations, densities) and
outputs of the unit process. The following general equation can be used (note that scm is an abbreviation
for standard cubic metres):
Equation 9: Calculation of flow rate of component
Ei = ΣQiWfiρi - ΣQoWoiρo
Where:
Ei = flow rate of component i in unknown stream (kg/hr)
Qi = volumetric flow rate of inlet stream, i (scm/hr)
Qo = volumetric flow rate of outlet stream, o (scm/hr)
Wfi = weight fraction of component i in inlet stream i
Woi = weight fraction of component i in outlet stream o
ρi, ρo = density of streams i and o respectively (kg/scm)
Information on process stream input and output concentrations is generally known as this information
is required for process control. The loss Ex will be determined through analysis of the process. It should be
noted that it is then necessary to identify the environmental medium (or media) to which releases occur.
6.3. Emission Factors
An emission factor is a tool that is used to estimate emissions to the environment.
In this Manual, it relates the quantity of substances emitted from a source to some common activity
associated with those emissions. Emission factors are obtained from US, European, and Australian sources
and are usually expressed as the weight of a substance emitted divided by the unit weight, volume,
distance, or duration of the activity emitting the substance (eg. grams of ethanol emitted per kiloliter of beer
produced).Emission factors are used to estimate a facility’s emissions by the general equation:
Equation 10: Calculation of emission rate of pollutant
Ei = [A * OpHrs] EFi * [1 - (CEi/100)]
Where:
Ei = emission rate of pollutant I, kg/yr
A = Activity rate, t/hr
OpHrs = Operating hours, hr/yr
EFi = uncontrolled emission factor of pollutant i, kg/t
CEi = overall control efficiency of pollutant i, %
Emission factors developed from measurements for a specific process may sometimes be used to
estimate emissions at other sites. Should a company have several processes of similar operation and size,
and emissions were measured from one process source, an emission factor could be developed and applied
to similar sources. As previously mentioned, it is advisable to have the emission factor reviewed and
approved by MoE prior to its use for estimations.
6.3.1. Industry-Wide Emission Factors
Presently, the only emission factors available are for ethanol.
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Table 6: Emission factors for ethanol emissions from beer brewing
Process Emission Source Emission Factor Emission Factor Rating
Code
Bottle Filling Line 65.8 g/kl of beer packaged E
Bottle Soaker and Cleaner 90.7 g/1000 cases of bottles
washed
D
Can Crusher with
Pneumatic Conveyor
10.5 g/l beer recovered D
Can Filling Line 54.2 g/kl of beer packaged E
Fermenter Venting
(Closed Fermenter)
7.73 g/kl of beer packaged E
Keg Filling Line 2.67 g/kl of beer packaged D
Sterilized Bottle Filling Line 155 g/kl of beer packaged D
Sterilized Can Filling Line 135 g/kl of beer packaged D
a USEPA AP-42 Section 9.12.1, 1996
*See Section 4
Example 5: Using Emission Factors
Table 6 shows that for the bottle filling line, 65.8 g/kL of ethanol is emitted for every 1000 litres
of beer bottled. It is assumed that the brewery bottles 200 ML of beer per year. Emission reduction
efficiency for ethanol is effectively zero, with all ethanol produced emitted to air. (Therefore, CE = 0)
Emission Factor (EF ethanol) = 65.8 g/kL Beer Bottled (A)
= 200ML
Eethanol = A * EFethanol * [1 - (CE/100)]
Ethanol emission = Beer bottled/year * EFethanol = 200 ML/year * 65.8g/kL = 200 000 kL * 65.8 g/kL * kg/1000g
= 13160.0 = 13160.0 kg/year of ethanol emitted.
6.3.2. Predictive Emission Monitoring (PEM)
Predictive emission monitoring is based on developing a correlation between pollutant emission rates
and process parameters. A PEM allows facilities to develop site-specific emission factors, or emission
factors more relevant to their particular process.
Based on test data, a mathematical correlation can be developed which predicts emissions
using various parameters.
6.4. Engineering Calculations
An engineering calculation is an estimation method based on physical/chemical properties
(eg. vapor pressure) of the substance, and mathematical relationships (eg. ideal gas law).
6.4.1. Fuel Analysis
Fuel analysis is an example of an engineering calculation and can be used to predict SO2, metals,
and other emissions based on application of conservation laws, if fuel rate is measured. The presence of
certain elements in fuels may be used to predict their presence in emission streams. This includes elements
such as sulfur which may be converted into other compounds during the combustion process.
The basic equation used in fuel analysis emission calculations is the following:
Equation 11: Calculation of emission of pollutant
Ei = Qf * pollutant concentration in fuel i ( MWp÷ EWf )
Where:
- 16 -
Ei = emissions of pollutant i
Qf = fuel use (kg/hr)
MW p = molecular weight of pollutant emitted (kg/kg-mole)
EW f = elemental weight of pollutant in fuel (kg/kg-mole)
Pollutant concentration by weight
For instance, SO2 emissions from coal combustion can be calculated based on the concentration of
sulfur in the coal. This approach assumes complete conversion of sulfur to SO2. Therefore, for every
kilogram of sulfur (EW = 32) burned, two kilograms of SO2 (MW = 64) are emitted. The application of this
EET is shown in Example 6.
Example 6: Using Fuel Analysis
This example shows how SO2 emissions can be calculated from coal combustion based on fuel
analysis results and the fuel flow information. The facility is assumed to operate 1500 hours per year.
E SO2 = may be calculated using Equation
Fuel flow = 2,000 kg/h
Weight percent sulfur in fuel = 0.5
ESO2 = Qf * pollutant concentration in fuel i ( MWp÷EWf )
= (2 000) * (0.5 ÷100) * (64÷32)
= 20kg/hr * 1,500 hr/yr
= 30,000 kg/yr
6.5. Alternative Emission Estimation Technique for Ethanol Emissions
The main source of ethanol emissions from the brewing process, aside from the evolution of CO2
from fermentation, is the loss of ethanol through processing and packaging operations. Ethanol (contained
in the beer) lost during production of beer flows to trade waste, or to on-site treatment. However, emissions
of ethanol from beer loss also occur through evaporation prior to reaching the trade waste or treatment
system. If the brewery has an on-site treatment facility, further emissions of ethanol and other VOCs will
need to be considered for calculation.
Emission of ethanol to air, prior to trade waste transfer or treatment, may be estimated using the
following parameters:
Volume of beer lost;
Average alcohol content of the beer;
Average temperature of the beer; and
Average time before the lost beer is transferred to trade waste or other treatment.
On-site experimentation utilizing the above parameters, under controlled conditions, is an alternative
method of estimating emissions of ethanol to the air from spilt beer. For example:
Step 1: Measure the initial alcohol content of a known quantity of beer.
Step 2: Spill the beer onto a surface and leave it for a known period of time.
Step 3: Collect the beer and measure the alcohol content.
It may be assumed that for the given volume of beer, the amount of alcohol lost during the experiment
is the loss of ethanol to the air. The results may be used to estimate ethanol emissions from spills, or in the
event of overfilling.
7. Reporting
The facility need to report the type and amount of chemicals and pollutants emission to environment
and transfer to waste and sewage. The procedure of reporting could be found in the “Basic Release
Estimation Technique Manual under Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) system” on Section 5
about “the procedure of determining business and substances requiring notification”.
- 17 -
Reference
Australia Environment. (1999). National Pollutant Inventory: Emission Estimation Techniques for Soft Drink
Manufacture. Australia.
Australia Environment. (1999). National Pollutant Inventory: Emission Estimation Techniques Manual
for Beer Manufacturing. Australia.
E&A Consultant Co., L. (2016). Initial EIA report on the Establishment of Beer Product for Daun Penh
Food & Beverage Co.ltd. Phnom Penh.
E&A Consultant Co., L. (2017). Full EIA report on the Extension of Beer Production and the
Establishment of Brewery Production for Khmer Brewery Limited. Phnom Penh.
Ministry of Economy Trade and Industry, Ministry of Environment. (2004). Manual for Calculating the
Quantity of Released Pollutant under the PRTR (Pollutant Release and Transfer Register)
system . Japan.
SBK Research and Development co., L. (2016). Initial ESIA on the Establishment of Beer Product,
Brewery Product and Dairy Product for Cambodia Beverage Company Limited. Phnom Penh.