bee plant notes - springfield public schools plant...(horsetails) lycophyta (club mosses) ferns,...
TRANSCRIPT
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PlantNotesPartI–DiversityofPlants
Plants
• Mul5cellular• Mostphotosynthe5candcontainchlorophyll• Cellwallsmadeofcellulose• Foodstoredasstarch• Vascular(havingvascular5ssue–trueroots,stems,andleaves)andNonvascular(novascular5ssue)
Whatdoplantsneedtosurvive?
• Sunlight• Waterandminerals• Gasexchange• Movementofwaterandnutrients
Alterna5onofGenera5ons
• Mitosisandmeiosisalternatetoproduce2typesofreproduc5vecells–gametesandspores
• Sporophyte–(n–haploid)sporeproducingplant
• Gametophyte(2n-diploid)gamete-producingphase
EarlyPlants
• Thefirstplantsevolvedfromanorganismmuchlikemul5cellulargreenalgae
TypesofPlants:
• Non-vascular–mosses,hornworts,liverworts• Seedlessvascular–ferns,horsetails,clubmosses
• Cone-bearingseedplants–cycads,ginko,conifers
• Floweringplants-angiosperms
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Distribu5onofPlants NonvascularPlants
• Lacktransport:ssue(xylemandphloem)• Smallandrestrictedtomoistterrestrialenvironments
• No“true”roots,stems,orleaves
• PhylumBryophyta:Mosses,liverworts,andhornworts
PhylumBrophyta:Mosses,Hornworts,andLiverworts
SeedlessVascularPlants
• Havevascular:ssue(xylemandphloem)• Havetrueroots,stems,leavesandstomata• ReproduceviasporesNOTseeds• Exhibitalterna:onofgenera:ons
• Phylums:Filicinophyta(ferns)Sphenophyta(horsetails)Lycophyta(clubmosses)
Ferns,Horsetails,ClubMosses FeaturesofRoots,Stems,andLeaves• Roots–absorbswateranddissolvednutrients
– Anchorplantsinground
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FeaturesofRoots,Stems,andLeaves
• Stems– Supportandtransportsystem– Holdupbranches,andtransportwaterandnutrients
FeaturesofRoots,Stems,andLeaves
• Leaves– Mainphotosynthe5csystems– Vulnerabletowaterloss
• Haveguardcellsandstomata
Cone-bearingSeedPlants(Gymnosperms)
• Coneenclosesaplantembryo
• Phylums:Cycadophyta(Cycads),Gingkophyta(Gingkoes),Coniferophyta(Conifers)
Gymnosperms–Cycads,Ginkos,Conifers
FloweringPlants-AngiospermsRead22.3p.737-749
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PartII
FloweringPlantReproduc5on
FloweringPlants(Angiosperms)
• Seedsinspecializedreproduc5vestructurescalledflowers
• Femalereproduc5veovarydevelopsintoafruit
• Pollina5onusuallyviawindoranimals• Phylum:Angiospermophyta• Classes:Monocotyledoneae(monocots)andDicotyledoneae(dicots)
PartsofaFlower
PartsofaFlower
Sepals–green,enclosethebudbeforeitopensandprotecttheflowerwhileitisdeveloping
Petals–o]enbrightlycoloredtoa^ractpollinators
PartsofaFlower
• Malereproduc5vestructures=stamen,composedof:– Filament–longthinstalkthatsupportstheanther– Anther–loca5onofmeiosisthatproducesmalegametophytes=pollengrains
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PartsofaFlower
• Femalereproduc5vestructures:– Carpels(pis:ls)–producefemalegemetophytes– Ovary–containsoneormoreovuleswherefemalegemetophytesareproduced
– Style–topoftheovarythatisanarrowstalk– S:gma–s5ckypor5onat5pofstylewherepollengrainsland
LifeCycleofAngiosperm
SeedDevelopmentandgermina5on
• Seedsmatureinafruit(ovary)thatenclosesthedevelopingseeds
• Seedscanbedispersedbyanimals,windandwater– Seedsdispersedbyanimalsareusuallycontainedwithinafruit…why?
– Seedsdispersedbywind/waterareusuallylightweight…why?
• WhyisitadvantageousforseedstobedispersedAWAYfromtheparentplant?
Howisitdispersed?
SeedDormancy
• Seeddormancy-whenembryoisalive,butnotgrowing
• Environmentalfactorssuchastemperatureandmoisturecanenddormancyandtriggergermina5on
• Readp.619–Howcandormancybebeneficial?
Germina5on
• Germina5on–theearlygrowthstageoftheplantembryo– Seedabsorbswater– Food-storing5ssueswells– Seedcoatcracksandyoungrootemerges