bee health and bee diet - ohio state university€¦ · bee health the first flowers, the first...
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Denise Ellsworth Ohio State Extension/Department of Entomology
Bee Nutrition and Its Relationship to Bee Health
Title Text The First Flowers, the First Pollinators
Title Text The First Pollinators Title Text What’s in Pollen?
Protein — only naturally available source, plus lipids, amino acids, starch, sterols, vitamins and minerals
Title Text Some Plants Offer Only Pollen Title Text Nectar: an Evolved Reward
Title Text What’s in Nectar?
Sugars for basic functions including immune responses, plus
amino acids, antimicrobial secondary metabolites, antioxidants, and many other compounds
Title TextLess Costly for the Plant, Easily Reabsorbed
Title TextSome Plants Only Offer PollenRoses: Pollen Reward Catmint: Nectar Reward Title TextWhat Else Is in Pollen and Nectar?
Secondary Metabolites How Bees Defend Themselves
Individual Immunity: Exoskeleton, Cellular Immune Responses
Social Immunity: Collective defense against parasites and pathogens from behavioral cooperation
Removal of Dead, Hygienic Behavior, Collecting Resin, Dying Away from Colony, Social Fever (Chalk Brood), Antimicrobial Envelope
How Plants Defend Themselves
Title TextPhysical Defenses Title TextPrickles, Trichomes and Spines
Lamb’s Ear Title TextBarriers for Damage Control
Title TextAttraction of Predators and Parasitoids Title TextPest Feeding Releases VOCs, Invites Predators
Wasp Parasitoids Feed on Aphids Title TextPredators Invited
Title Text Title Text Another Benefit of Nectar: Attraction
Title TextCatalpa Extrafloral Nectaries Resins and Gums: Physical and Chemical Barriers
Plant Defensive Chemicals Secondary Metabolites
Examples of Defensive Chemicals
Alkaloids: nicotine, quinine
Phenolics: tannins, flavonoids
Terpenoids: citronella, menthol
Plants Face a Tradeoff Secondary Metabolites Can occur in pollen, nectar, resins, or in plant cells
.
Title TextResponse to Feeding Title Text…or Infection
Title TextAntimicrobial Chemicals Can Prevent or Limit Infection Oaks and Tannins
Monarchs and Milkweed Title TextCarpenter Bee on Milkweed
Pollinia from Milkweed
Antimicrobial Qualities
Title Text In Thyme, Mints, Sage and Other Herbs Plant Defensive Chemicals in Propolis
Sticky Bud Resin Antimicrobial Resins May Decrease Infection in Honey Bees (Simone-Finstrom & Spivak 2012)
Plant Defensive Chemicals Used by Humans Defensive Chemicals in Vacuoles
“Mad Honey” Rhododendron luteum and Rhododendron ponticum
When Roman troops under Pompey the Great attacked the Heptakometes in Turkey, they were poisoned by honey from
honeycombs deliberately placed along their route. The Roman soldiers became delirious and nauseous after eating the toxic honey,
leading to an easy defeat.
Title TextFlavonoids
Title TextPigments to Attract Pollinators Title TextPolyphenols: Antioxidant Properties
Title Text Title TextPolyphenols: Antioxidant Properties
Title TextLeaf Cutting Bees Seek Out Plants High in Defensive Chemicals (Maclvor 2016) Title TextDefensive Chemicals Reduced Crithidia and
Nosema in Bumble Bees
Title TextGeneralist Feeders, Exposed to Many Defensive Chemicals Title Text100+ Defensive Chemicals Found
in Some Nectars
Honey derived from multiple plant species had stronger antimicrobial properties than monofloral honey (Erler et al, 2014)
Title TextPollen Diversity Reduces Sensitivity to Pesticides and Helps Fight Pathogens
What We Can Do Title TextDiet Diversity Through the Year Is Essential
Title Text Importance of Trees, Shrubs, Forbs Title Text Winterberry Holly
Title Text Sunflowers Title Text Goldenrod
Title Text Mountainmint Title Text Weeds and Wild Places
Title Text Meadows and Prairies Title Text Utility Right-of-Way Habitat
Title Text Nature Preserves Title Text The Importance of Forests and Edges
Title Text Manage Varroa Title TextVarroa mites suppress individual immune function leading to elevated virus replication, reduced protein levels.
Title Text Are You Monitoring? Title Text Interacting Stressors Undermine Bee Health
Title TextQuestions?
Dramatic effects can be achieved by layering an object over the same image with artistic effects
1. Suppressindividualimmunefunctionleadingtoelevatedvirusreplication
Denise Ellsworth: [email protected] OSU Entomology/Extension
http://beelab.osu.edu