bed bugs: the basics - ccchd · bed bugs are notcaused by a lack of cleanliness. they can infest...

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Bed Bugs: The Basics Dustin Ratliff, S.I.T. Division of Environmental Health Clark County Combined Health District

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Page 1: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Bed Bugs:The Basics

Dustin Ratliff, S.I.T.Division of Environmental HealthClark County Combined Health 

District

Page 2: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Origins of Bed Bugs

• Human habitat• Bat bugs vs bed bugs

• Similar, but different

Page 3: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone
Page 4: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

• Earliest mention in Greece c. 400 BCE

• Pliny’s Natural Historyc. 77 CE• Stated medicinal 

value• Common until mid 

20th century• Pesticides:

• Zyklon Discoids• DDT

Page 5: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

RESURGANCE

Page 6: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Contributing Factors:•International Travel•Pesticide regulation•Resistance

Page 7: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

International Travel

• Bed Bugs Are Hitchhikers

Page 8: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Pesticide Regulation

Page 9: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

• DDT –Environmental impact

• Chemicals for residential use were replaced with baits that will not work with bed bugs

Pesticide Regulation

Page 10: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Pesticide Regulation

Page 11: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Resistance•Resistance evident as far back as 1950’s

•DDT resistance reported by WHO in 1980, even earlier in military circles

•Current pesticides that are licensed to be used are losing their effectiveness due to resistance

Page 12: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Identification

Page 13: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Identification• Adults 1/4 to 3/8” long• Brown to reddish brown• Oval shaped and flattened• Wings undeveloped• Mouth beak‐like, hidden

Page 14: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Identification

Page 15: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Behavior ‐ Dispersal•Mating by traumatic insemination• Repeated TI reduces lifespan and offspring• Dispersal away from males increases lifespan and # offspring

Page 16: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Behavior ‐ Hiding• Bed bugs do not fly, but move quickly• Seek refuge during daylight in dark, protected areas

In heavy infestation, you may see them during the day • Prefer dry fabric, wood, and paper surfaces• Prefer to take residence in cracks and crevices

Page 17: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Behavior ‐ Feeding• Bite is usually painless, due to anesthetic quality of saliva• Feeds mostly at night on exposed skin• Feed for 3‐10 minutes, then crawl away to hide and digest blood meal• Attracted to CO2 and ambient body temperature•Morphological change over course of feeding

Page 18: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Disease Transmission• Favorable Characteristics:

Obligate blood feedersNo less than 5 blood meals to become adultClose association with humans

• Can harbor > 40 human pathogens in the lab

• ~50 years of no research compared to other insects

• However, evidence for transmission is lacking1963, Monograph of Cimicidae (1966) by Robert Usinger

1960‐2008, JAMA (2009) review by Jerome Goddard & Richard deSHazo

Page 19: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Health Consequences• Saliva can cause reaction similar to other insect bites    

Often a delayed reactionCommonly seen as a row of welts

• May cause restless sleep, chronic sleep deprivation, emotional stress

• Secondary infections from scratching bitesMRSEVRE

• Cost of control means many must live with infestation

Page 20: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Difficulty in Bite ID

Page 21: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Difficulty in Bite ID

Bed Bugs

Chiggers

FleasScabies

Page 22: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Indirect Health Outcomes•Misuse of chemicals

Two fires in Cincinnati, result of homeowner/renter applications

•Exposure IssuesRepeated applicationsMis‐treatment

Page 23: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Inspections• Blood stains from crushed bugs• Fecal spots • Shed skins, egg shells, bugs• Offensive, sweet, musty odor

Use of dogs (~90% Effective)

Page 24: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Inspections

Page 25: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Inspections

Page 26: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Inspections – PPE•Be sure to always carry a flashlight when doing an inspection or conducting a home visit

•Pay close attention during the inspection process as to where items are left and what surfaces your clothes contact

•Conduct a self inspection of clothing after leaving the home

•When appropriate, wear PPE such as gloves and booties

Page 27: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Inspections – Exposed?•“Scrub in, scrub out”

•If an exposure to bed bugs is suspected, remove clothing and put it into a trash bag before entering your home

•Launder clothing on high heat for at least 30 minutes

•If an exposure is suspected to have occurred in the field, and you are not a smoker, spray pants legs or other suspected area of exposure with 70% or higher denatured alcohol

•Be sure to wait until the smell has dissipated to conduct further home visits or inspections

Page 28: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Prevention•Do not bring infested items into a residence

•Inspect clothing and baggage of travelers

•Inspect any secondhand furniture before it is brought in

Page 29: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Prevention ‐ Traveling

•Pull‐back bedding to check for fecal spots•Check the underside of the bed skirt•Look for signs on the bed frame and headboard•Open nightstand drawers and look along the edges•Check along baseboards

Make it part of your routine to check hotel rooms for bed bugs

Page 30: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Prevention ‐ TravelingKeep clothes in your zipped suitcase

•Not in drawers•Closet OK

Keep your suitcase on luggage rack

•Don’t store suitcase on the bed, floor or on furniture

Page 31: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Bed Bug Control•Correctly identify the problem insect

•Use sanitation measures:

‐ Launder linens ‐ Remove clutter‐ Vacuum all cracks and crevices‐ Remove nests‐ Caulk and seal all cracks and crevices

•A Licensed Pest Control Operator may be required to eliminate the infestation

Page 32: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Control – Mattress Covers

Page 33: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Control – Self Treatment

Page 34: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Control – Self Treatment

Page 35: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Resources

Jeff WhiteJeff White’’s Bed Bug Blog:s Bed Bug Blog:

http://tv.bedbugcentral.comhttp://tv.bedbugcentral.com

Central Ohio Bed Bug Task Force:Central Ohio Bed Bug Task Force:

http://www.centralohiobedbugs.comhttp://www.centralohiobedbugs.com

Page 36: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Questions?REMEMBER:REMEMBER:

Bed bugs are Bed bugs are NOTNOT caused by a caused by a lack of cleanliness. They can lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact are a nuisance that can impact anyone that is unlucky enough anyone that is unlucky enough to come in their path. to come in their path. Prevention and surveillance are Prevention and surveillance are the most important means to the most important means to control bed bugs before they control bed bugs before they take residencetake residence

Page 37: Bed Bugs: The Basics - CCCHD · Bed bugs are NOTcaused by a lack of cleanliness. They can infest anyone of any socioeconomic status. Bed bugs are a nuisance that can impact anyone

Contact Information

Dustin Ratliff, S.I.T.Division of Environmental HealthCCCHD529 East Home RoadSpringfield, Ohio 45503

Phone: 937‐390‐5600 ext 287Fax: 937‐390‐5625E‐mail: [email protected]