Becoming a World Becoming a World PowerPower

Mr. McMinnMr. McMinn

American HistoryAmerican History

IndustrializationIndustrializationA Short ReviewA Short Review

IndustrializationIndustrialization IndustrializationIndustrialization- Time in American - Time in American

history where history where industry and manufacturing industry and manufacturing was boomingwas booming

IndustrializationIndustrialization Poor people lived in very small houses in Poor people lived in very small houses in

cramped streets. These homes would cramped streets. These homes would share toilet facilities, have open sewers share toilet facilities, have open sewers and would be at risk of damp. and would be at risk of damp. Disease was Disease was spreadspread through a contaminated water through a contaminated water supply. supply.

The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution created a larger created a larger middle classmiddle class of professionals such as of professionals such as lawyers and doctorslawyers and doctors

However, as a result of the Revolution, However, as a result of the Revolution, huge numbers of the working class huge numbers of the working class died died due to diseases spreadingdue to diseases spreading through the through the cramped living conditions. cramped living conditions.

Industrialization Industrialization

The Work EnvironmentThe Work Environment Factory workers worked by the clock.Factory workers worked by the clock. Workers could be fired for being late, Workers could be fired for being late,

talking, or refusing to do a task.talking, or refusing to do a task. Workplaces were not always safeWorkplaces were not always safe.. Children often performed unsafe work and Children often performed unsafe work and

worked in dangerously unhealthy worked in dangerously unhealthy conditions.conditions.

In the 1890s and early 1900s states began In the 1890s and early 1900s states began legislating child labor. legislating child labor.

Effects of industrialization Effects of industrialization

So why is this important?So why is this important? Movement of rural to urbanMovement of rural to urban Growth of citiesGrowth of cities More pollution and health hazardsMore pollution and health hazards Women and children start to work. Child Women and children start to work. Child

laborlabor Poor Working conditionsPoor Working conditions

Spanish American WarSpanish American War

The Pressure to ExpandThe Pressure to Expand

What factors led to the growth of What factors led to the growth of imperialism around the world?imperialism around the world?

In what ways did the United States begin In what ways did the United States begin to expand its interests abroad in the late to expand its interests abroad in the late 1800s?1800s?

What arguments were made in favor of What arguments were made in favor of United States expansion in the 1890s?United States expansion in the 1890s?

Growth of ImperialismGrowth of Imperialism Under Under imperialismimperialism, ,

stronger nations stronger nations attempt to create attempt to create empires by dominating empires by dominating weaker nationsweaker nations. The . The late 1800s marked the late 1800s marked the peak of European peak of European imperialism, with much imperialism, with much of Africa and Asia of Africa and Asia under foreign under foreign domination.domination.

The Pressure to ExpandThe Pressure to Expand

Several factors account for the growth of Several factors account for the growth of imperialism.imperialism. Economic factorsEconomic factors: The growth of industry increased the need : The growth of industry increased the need

for natural resources.for natural resources. Nationalistic factorsNationalistic factors: Competition among European nations : Competition among European nations

for large empires was the result of a rise in for large empires was the result of a rise in nationalism—or nationalism—or devotion to one’s own nationdevotion to one’s own nation..

Military factors:Military factors: Europe had better armies than Africa and Europe had better armies than Africa and Asia, and it needed bases around the world to refuel and supply Asia, and it needed bases around the world to refuel and supply navy ships.navy ships.

Humanitarian factorsHumanitarian factors: Europeans believed that they had a : Europeans believed that they had a duty to spread the blessings of western civilizations to other duty to spread the blessings of western civilizations to other countries. countries.

The Pressure to ExpandThe Pressure to Expand

By 1890, the By 1890, the United United States was eager to join States was eager to join the competition for new the competition for new territoryterritory. Supporters of . Supporters of expansion denied that the expansion denied that the United States sought to United States sought to Annex Annex foreign lands. (To foreign lands. (To annex is to annex is to join a new join a new territory to an existing territory to an existing countrycountry.).)

Expanding U.S. InterestsExpanding U.S. Interests

Originally meant that the United States declared itself neutral in European wars and warned other nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere.Later, the doctrine was interpreted to mean a more active role to protect the interests of the United States

Monroe Doctrine

Social Darwinism

Survival of the fittest.

Western Hem.Western Hem.

Western Western Hemisphere- Hemisphere- Western half of the Western half of the earth. North and earth. North and South America.South America.

Arguments for U.S. ExpansionArguments for U.S. Expansion• The United States needed to

secure new markets in other countries.

• Open Door Policy- Allowing other countries to trade/sell in your spear of influence

• An expanded navy with bases around the world would protect U.S. Interests. By 1900, the United States had one of the most powerful navies in the world.

• Some leaders of the day believed that introducing Christianity and modern civilization to less developed nations around the world was a noble pursuit.

Promoting Economic Growth

Protecting American Security

Preserving American Spirit

The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American War

How did the activities of the United States How did the activities of the United States in Latin America set the stage for war with in Latin America set the stage for war with Spain?Spain?

What were the events leading up to and What were the events leading up to and following the Spanish-American War?following the Spanish-American War?

What challenges did the United States What challenges did the United States face after the war?face after the war?

Why did the United States seek to gain Why did the United States seek to gain influence in the Pacific?influence in the Pacific?

Setting the Stage for WarSetting the Stage for War By demanding that a dispute between By demanding that a dispute between

Venezuela and Great Britain be sent to Venezuela and Great Britain be sent to arbitration, the United States defended the arbitration, the United States defended the validity of the validity of the Monroe DoctrineMonroe Doctrine. (Arbitration . (Arbitration is the settlement of a dispute by a person or is the settlement of a dispute by a person or panel chosen to listen to both sides and panel chosen to listen to both sides and come to a decision.) The British government come to a decision.) The British government backed down because it needed to stay on backed down because it needed to stay on friendly terms with the United States.friendly terms with the United States.

The The United States became involved in the Cuban United States became involved in the Cuban rebellion against Spain, to protect American rebellion against Spain, to protect American business interests. business interests.

In competition for readership, two New York In competition for readership, two New York newspapers wrote exaggerated stories about the newspapers wrote exaggerated stories about the Cuban rebellion. This yellow journalism sold a lot of Cuban rebellion. This yellow journalism sold a lot of papers but had other effects as well:papers but had other effects as well: It whipped up American public opinion in favor of the It whipped up American public opinion in favor of the

Cuban rebels. Cuban rebels. It led to a It led to a burst of national prideburst of national pride and the and the desire for an desire for an

aggressive foreign policyaggressive foreign policy, which became known as , which became known as jingoism.jingoism.

Setting the Stage for WarSetting the Stage for War

The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American War

• The USS Maine was stationed in Havana harbor.• Spanish Ambassador de Lôme insulted President McKinley.• The USS Maine exploded, and the American public

blamed Spain.• Congress recognized Cuban independence and authorized force

against Spain.

Steps to War

• May 1, 1898: The United States launched a surprise attack in Manila Bay and destroyed Spain’s entire Pacific fleet in seven hours.

• July 1: Roosevelt led the Rough Riders up San Juan Hill.• July 3: The United States Navy sank the remaining Spanish ships.

“A Splendid Little War”

Spanish American War- Conflict between the U.S. and Spain. Main issue was Cuba, Keeping European nations out of the Western Hemisphere.

USS MAINEUSS MAINE On the evening of 15 February 1898, she suddenly On the evening of 15 February 1898, she suddenly

exploded, and swiftly sank, killing nearly three quarters exploded, and swiftly sank, killing nearly three quarters of her crew. Though then, as now, the cause and of her crew. Though then, as now, the cause and responsibility for her sinking were unclear; responsibility for her sinking were unclear; popular popular opinion in the U.S. blamed Spainopinion in the U.S. blamed Spain, and the sinking , and the sinking (popularized in the phrase (popularized in the phrase Remember the Maine, to Hell Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain!with Spain!)) .Her sinking remains the subject of .Her sinking remains the subject of speculation, speculation,

she sank due to the results of an undetected fire in one of her she sank due to the results of an undetected fire in one of her coal bunkers coal bunkers

she was the victim of a naval mineshe was the victim of a naval mine she was deliberately sunk for the purposes of driving the U.S. she was deliberately sunk for the purposes of driving the U.S.

into a war with Spain. The cause of the explosion that sank the into a war with Spain. The cause of the explosion that sank the ship remains a mystery. ship remains a mystery.

Spanish American WarSpanish American War

CausesCauses Spain hassling its colonies Cuba and Spain hassling its colonies Cuba and

PhilippinesPhilippines Jingoism- increase in national prideJingoism- increase in national pride Battleship Maine explodingBattleship Maine exploding De lome letter- McKinley is: weak and De lome letter- McKinley is: weak and

catering to the rabblecatering to the rabble, and, besides, a , and, besides, a low politician, who desires to leave a low politician, who desires to leave a door open to me and to stand well with door open to me and to stand well with the jingoes of his party. the jingoes of his party. Made McKinley Made McKinley angryangry

Outcomes:Outcomes: US Defeats Spain quickly (3 months.)US Defeats Spain quickly (3 months.) US Controls CubaUS Controls Cuba Puerto Rico,Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam become Philippines and Guam become

us territoriesus territories US is now viewed as a world leaderUS is now viewed as a world leader

• The Spanish government recognized Cuba’s independence.• Spain gave up the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico in return

for $20 million. The island nations then became unincorporated territories of the United States.

The Treaty of Paris

The Spanish-American WarThe Spanish-American War

New Challenges After the WarNew Challenges After the War

The PhilippinesThe Philippines President McKinley’s President McKinley’s

arguments for annexation:arguments for annexation: Filipinos were unfit for self-Filipinos were unfit for self-

government.government. Independence would bring Independence would bring

anarchy.anarchy. European powers would try to European powers would try to

seize the islands.seize the islands. The Filipinos fought a three-The Filipinos fought a three-

year war for independence.year war for independence. The Philippines did not gain The Philippines did not gain

complete independence until complete independence until 1946.1946.

CubaCuba President McKinley installed a President McKinley installed a

military government to protect military government to protect American business interests.American business interests.

Cuba drafted a constitution in 1900 Cuba drafted a constitution in 1900 that did not allow for U.S. that did not allow for U.S. involvement.involvement.

The U.S. government only agreed The U.S. government only agreed to remove its troops if Cuba to remove its troops if Cuba included the included the Platt Amendment.Platt Amendment.

The Platt Amendment remained in The Platt Amendment remained in place until 1934. It place until 1934. It allowed for U.S. allowed for U.S. naval bases on the island and naval bases on the island and intervention whenever necessary.intervention whenever necessary.

United States Acquisitions and United States Acquisitions and AnnexationsAnnexations1857-19041857-1904

Other Gains in the PacificOther Gains in the Pacific

The United States government intervened in The United States government intervened in other parts of the Pacific at the same time that other parts of the Pacific at the same time that events played out in the Spanish-American events played out in the Spanish-American War. This intervention eventually brought War. This intervention eventually brought about changes in the relationships of the about changes in the relationships of the United States with Hawaii, Samoa, and China.United States with Hawaii, Samoa, and China.

Hawaii became increasingly important to Hawaii became increasingly important to United States business interests. Hawaii also United States business interests. Hawaii also leased leased Pearl Harbor to the United States as a Pearl Harbor to the United States as a fueling and repair station for naval vessels.fueling and repair station for naval vessels. In In 1898, Congress approved the annexation of 1898, Congress approved the annexation of Hawaii.Hawaii.

The Polynesian islands of Samoa and their harbor at The Polynesian islands of Samoa and their harbor at Pago Pago were also important to the United States. A Pago Pago were also important to the United States. A year after the annexation of Hawaii, the United States year after the annexation of Hawaii, the United States acquired the harbor at Pago Pago as well.acquired the harbor at Pago Pago as well.

China’s huge population and its vast markets became China’s huge population and its vast markets became very important to American trade. President McKinley’s very important to American trade. President McKinley’s Secretary of State, John Hay, wrote notes to the major Secretary of State, John Hay, wrote notes to the major European powers trying to persuade them to keep an European powers trying to persuade them to keep an “open door” to China. He wanted to ensure through his “open door” to China. He wanted to ensure through his Open Door Policy that the United States would have Open Door Policy that the United States would have equal access to China’s millions of consumers.equal access to China’s millions of consumers.

Other Gains in the PacificOther Gains in the Pacific

The Spanish-American War-The Spanish-American War-AssessmentAssessment

Which of the following was a reason President McKinley stated for Which of the following was a reason President McKinley stated for the annexation of the Philippines? the annexation of the Philippines?

(A)(A) The United States needed raw materials from the Philippines.The United States needed raw materials from the Philippines.

(B)(B) McKinley believed that the Filipinos could not govern themselves.McKinley believed that the Filipinos could not govern themselves.

(C)(C) McKinley believed that if the United States fought for it, they should own it.McKinley believed that if the United States fought for it, they should own it.

(D)(D) McKinley was concerned that granting independence would damage his McKinley was concerned that granting independence would damage his public image.public image.

An event leading to the Spanish American War wasAn event leading to the Spanish American War was(A)(A) A rebellion in Porto RicoA rebellion in Porto Rico

(B)(B) A rebellion in HawaiiA rebellion in Hawaii

(C)(C) A rebellion in CubaA rebellion in Cuba

The Spanish-American War-The Spanish-American War-AssessmentAssessment

Which of the following was a reason President McKinley stated Which of the following was a reason President McKinley stated for the annexation of the Philippines? for the annexation of the Philippines?

(A)(A) The United States needed raw materials from the Philippines.The United States needed raw materials from the Philippines.(B)(B) McKinley believed that the Filipinos could not govern themselves.McKinley believed that the Filipinos could not govern themselves.(C)(C) McKinley believed that if the United States fought for it, they should McKinley believed that if the United States fought for it, they should

own it.own it.(D)(D) McKinley was concerned that granting independence would damage McKinley was concerned that granting independence would damage

his public image.his public image.

An event leading to the Spanish American War wasAn event leading to the Spanish American War was(A)(A) A rebellion in Porto RicoA rebellion in Porto Rico(B)(B) A rebellion in HawaiiA rebellion in Hawaii(C)(C) A rebellion in CubaA rebellion in Cuba

A New Foreign PolicyA New Foreign Policy

Why did the United States want to build Why did the United States want to build the Panama Canal?the Panama Canal?

What were the goals of Theodore What were the goals of Theodore Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy?Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy?

In what ways did the foreign policies of In what ways did the foreign policies of Presidents Taft and Wilson differ from Presidents Taft and Wilson differ from those of President Roosevelt?those of President Roosevelt?

Americans needed a shorter route between the Atlantic and Americans needed a shorter route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceansPacific oceans. A French company had bought a 25-year . A French company had bought a 25-year concession from Colombia to build a canal across Panama. (A concession from Colombia to build a canal across Panama. (A concession is a grant for a piece of land in exchange for a concession is a grant for a piece of land in exchange for a promise to use the land for a specific purpose.) Defeated by promise to use the land for a specific purpose.) Defeated by yellow fever and mismanagement, the company abandoned yellow fever and mismanagement, the company abandoned the project and offered its remaining rights to the United States the project and offered its remaining rights to the United States for $100 million.for $100 million.

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal

USS MissouriUSS Missouri 19411941

http://www.pancanal.com/eng/general/http://www.pancanal.com/eng/general/howitworks/como-tour.htmlhowitworks/como-tour.html

http://www.pancanal.com/eng/general/http://www.pancanal.com/eng/general/howitworks/como-tour.htmlhowitworks/como-tour.html

Roosevelt’s Big Stick DiplomacyRoosevelt’s Big Stick Diplomacy““Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far.”Speak softly and carry a big stick and you will go far.” Roosevelt used this old African proverb to guide his foreign policy.Roosevelt used this old African proverb to guide his foreign policy.

• The Roosevelt CorollaryThe Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine — The United States will to the Monroe Doctrine — The United States will act as “act as “an international police poweran international police power” in the Western Hemisphere and ” in the Western Hemisphere and intervene to prevent intervention by other powers.intervene to prevent intervention by other powers.

• Big stick Diplomacy- Big stick Diplomacy- don’t do what we like and we will sent our navy don’t do what we like and we will sent our navy and marines and marines

• Roosevelt in Latin America — Under Roosevelt, the United States often Roosevelt in Latin America — Under Roosevelt, the United States often intervened in Latin America.intervened in Latin America.

• Roosevelt in Asia — Roosevelt wanted to preserve an open door to trade Roosevelt in Asia — Roosevelt wanted to preserve an open door to trade with China. He won a Nobel peace prize for negotiating a peace with China. He won a Nobel peace prize for negotiating a peace settlement between Russia and Japan.settlement between Russia and Japan.

Foreign Policy After RooseveltForeign Policy After Roosevelt

William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft Elected President in 1908Elected President in 1908 Taft believed in maintaining Taft believed in maintaining

influence through American influence through American investments, not military mightinvestments, not military might..

This policy was called This policy was called dollar dollar diplomacy.diplomacy.

The United States reached The United States reached new heights of international new heights of international power under Roosevelt and power under Roosevelt and Taft.Taft.

However, the policies of both However, the policies of both Presidents also created Presidents also created enemies in Latin America and enemies in Latin America and a growing international a growing international resentment of U.S. resentment of U.S. intervention.intervention.

Faults of dollar diplomacy- Faults of dollar diplomacy- not always profitable for not always profitable for

investors because of investors because of revolutions / wars.revolutions / wars.

Damaged relations with many Damaged relations with many countries. U.S. help was countries. U.S. help was resented.resented.

United States Interventions, United States Interventions, 1898-1934 1898-1934

A New Foreign Policy-A New Foreign Policy-AssessmentAssessment

Roosevelt’s foreign policy was based on Roosevelt’s foreign policy was based on (A)(A) the threat of military intervention.the threat of military intervention.

(B)(B) the use of American investments.the use of American investments.

(C)(C) moral and legalistic standards.moral and legalistic standards.

(D)(D) the fear of foreign invasion.the fear of foreign invasion.

The “dollar” in the phrase “dollar diplomacy” referred to:The “dollar” in the phrase “dollar diplomacy” referred to:(A)(A) bribing foreign diplomats.bribing foreign diplomats.

(B)(B) American investments in other countries. American investments in other countries.

(C)(C) being conservative about buying goods from other countries.being conservative about buying goods from other countries.

(D)(D) spending campaign dollars to influence public opinion.spending campaign dollars to influence public opinion.

A New Foreign Policy-A New Foreign Policy-AssessmentAssessment

Roosevelt’s foreign policy was based on Roosevelt’s foreign policy was based on (A)(A) the threat of military intervention.the threat of military intervention.

(B)(B) the use of American investments.the use of American investments.

(C)(C) moral and legalistic standards.moral and legalistic standards.

(D)(D) the fear of foreign invasion.the fear of foreign invasion.

The “dollar” in the phrase “dollar diplomacy” referred to:The “dollar” in the phrase “dollar diplomacy” referred to:(A)(A) bribing foreign diplomats.bribing foreign diplomats.

(B)(B) American investments in other countries.American investments in other countries.

(C)(C) being conservative about buying goods from other countries.being conservative about buying goods from other countries.

(D)(D) spending campaign dollars to influence public opinion.spending campaign dollars to influence public opinion.

Debating America’s New RoleDebating America’s New Role

What were the main arguments raised by What were the main arguments raised by the anti-imperialists?the anti-imperialists?

Why did imperialism appeal to many Why did imperialism appeal to many Americans?Americans?

How was American imperialism viewed How was American imperialism viewed from abroad?from abroad?

Debating ImperialismDebating Imperialism

Anti-ImperialistsAnti-Imperialists A moral and political argument: Expansionism was a A moral and political argument: Expansionism was a

rejection of our nation’s founding principle of “liberty for rejection of our nation’s founding principle of “liberty for all.”all.”

A racial argument: A racial argument: Imperialism was just another form of Imperialism was just another form of racism.racism.

An economic argument: An economic argument: Expansion involved too many Expansion involved too many costscosts. Maintaining the armed forces required more . Maintaining the armed forces required more taxation, debt, and possibly even compulsory, or taxation, debt, and possibly even compulsory, or required, military service. In addition, required, military service. In addition, laborers from laborers from other countries would compete for jobs with U.S. other countries would compete for jobs with U.S. workers.workers.

Debating ImperialismDebating Imperialism

Pro-ImperialistsPro-Imperialists Imperialism offered a new kind of frontier for American Imperialism offered a new kind of frontier for American

expansion.expansion. A new international frontier would keep Americans from A new international frontier would keep Americans from

losing their losing their competitive edgecompetitive edge.. Access to foreign markets made the economy strongerAccess to foreign markets made the economy stronger.. In 1907, President Roosevelt sent the In 1907, President Roosevelt sent the Great White FleetGreat White Fleet, ,

part of the United States Navy, part of the United States Navy, on a cruise around the on a cruise around the world to demonstrate U.S. naval power to other nationsworld to demonstrate U.S. naval power to other nations. . American citizens clearly saw the advantages of having a American citizens clearly saw the advantages of having a powerful navy.powerful navy.

Imperialism Viewed From Imperialism Viewed From AbroadAbroad

In the Caribbean and Central America, the United States often In the Caribbean and Central America, the United States often had to defend governments that were unpopular with local had to defend governments that were unpopular with local inhabitants.inhabitants.

Many U.S. citizens in Latin America heard the cry “Yankee, Go Many U.S. citizens in Latin America heard the cry “Yankee, Go Home!”Home!”

Even before the completion of the Panama Canal, the Even before the completion of the Panama Canal, the Panamanians began to complain that they suffered from Panamanians began to complain that they suffered from discrimination.discrimination.

However, many countries also began to turn to the United States However, many countries also began to turn to the United States for help.for help.

The United States was both welcomed and rejected in other The United States was both welcomed and rejected in other countries. countries.

The American government still struggles to reconcile its great The American government still struggles to reconcile its great power and national interests with its relationships with other power and national interests with its relationships with other nations.nations.

Debating America’s New Role-Debating America’s New Role-AssessmentAssessment

Which of the following was not an argument against imperialism? Which of the following was not an argument against imperialism? (A)(A) Foreign workers would compete for jobs against U.S. laborers.Foreign workers would compete for jobs against U.S. laborers.

(B)(B) Other nations might boycott U.S. goods. Other nations might boycott U.S. goods.

(C)(C) Imperialism is another form of racism.Imperialism is another form of racism.

(D)(D) Imperialism goes against the founding principles of our nation.Imperialism goes against the founding principles of our nation.

Which of the following was not an argument for imperialism?Which of the following was not an argument for imperialism?(A)(A) People with non-Western cultures would enrich and strengthen the People with non-Western cultures would enrich and strengthen the

United States.United States.

(B)(B) Access to foreign markets would make a stronger U.S. economy.Access to foreign markets would make a stronger U.S. economy.

(C)(C) Imperialism offered a new frontier.Imperialism offered a new frontier.

(D)(D) Expansion helped to make the United States Navy stronger.Expansion helped to make the United States Navy stronger.

Debating America’s New Role-Debating America’s New Role-AssessmentAssessment

Which of the following was not an argument against imperialism? Which of the following was not an argument against imperialism? (A)(A) Foreign workers would compete for jobs against U.S. laborers.Foreign workers would compete for jobs against U.S. laborers.

((B)B) Other nations might boycott U.S. goods. Other nations might boycott U.S. goods.

(C)(C) Imperialism is another form of racism.Imperialism is another form of racism.

(D)(D) Imperialism goes against the founding principles of our nation.Imperialism goes against the founding principles of our nation.

Which of the following was not an argument for imperialism?Which of the following was not an argument for imperialism?(A)(A) People with non-Western cultures would enrich and strengthen the People with non-Western cultures would enrich and strengthen the

United States.United States.

(B)(B) Access to foreign markets would make a stronger U.S. economy.Access to foreign markets would make a stronger U.S. economy.

(C)(C) Imperialism offered a new frontier.Imperialism offered a new frontier.

(D)(D) Expansion helped to make the United States Navy stronger.Expansion helped to make the United States Navy stronger.

Things to ComeThings to Come

WWIWWI Role of government in US growsRole of government in US grows War to end all wars?War to end all wars? Trench warfareTrench warfare Chemical warfareChemical warfare propagandapropaganda