beatrice beyer isfoe 2014 thessaloniki,...
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Beatrice BeyerISFOE 2014
Thessaloniki, Greece
Beatrice Beyer 2014-07-09 2
What?• Graphene which is both highly conductive and transparent• Large volume production• Process safety• Proof of concept for use as transparent electrode
Why?• Application scenarios require high quality graphene at low
cost and large volume• Both essential for R&D and industry
Beatrice Beyer 2014-07-09 3
1b. Larger area
1a. Increasedproduction volume
2. Doping
3. Resourceefficiency4. Transfer &
'Patchwork'
5. Processcontrol
Production tools & automation
Large volume production Processsafety
Proof ofconcept
8. Integra‐tion in
sensing & lighting
Cost concept, benchmarking & life
cycle analysis
Processdevelop-
ment
6. Toxicity & particleexposure
7. Hydro‐phobicpolymer foils
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RSh in Ω/sq.
1 100010010
touchscreens
ESD shieldingSmart
windows
Flexible LCD
3 30 300
Electrochromic cells
PDP filters OLED
Anti-static
Touch screen
Inorganic electroluminescenceLCD
Thin film lighting
Solar cellsPhoto-voltaic
EL signage
ThinLEDs
PD Panel filters
GLADIATOR
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OLED lighting & thin film photovoltaics• European companies (Osram &
Philips) have 40% of global lighting market
• 30% of material cost in OPV aredue to ITO → open foralternatives
Touch-screen displays• Predictions for a need of 7.7 million
m2 in 2015• Revenue of touch screen will increase
to 32 billion USD by 2018 Flexible electronics
• >36 billion EUR till 2020 predicted, 30 billion EUR are relevant forgraphene
No serious alternative to ITO available (market share of 8 billion USD by 2015)
Liquid crystal displays• In 2015: 7 billion USD revenue for ITO
is expected• Cell phone sectors has the best
potential to be penetrated bygraphene
‚The future of ITO: Transparent Conductor and ITO ReplacementMarkets‘ in NanoMarkets, 2008. ‚Touch Panel Market Analysis‘ in NPD Display Serach, 2012. ‚Transparent Conductive Films for Flexible Electronics 2010-2020‘ in IDTechEx reports, 2010. ‚Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene forElectronics Applications 2011-2021‘ in IDTechEx reports, 2011.
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Development of scalable process steps
CVD growth
Inte-gration
Doping step
Transfer step
Transfer step
Grapheneon metalcatalyst
Graphene on target substrate
In situ optical
monitoringInline optical and electrical
monitoring
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Increase in volume• Reduction of synthesis tact time at high
temperatures by Adjusting temperature Adjusting pressure Using rack
Graphene synthesis• Graphene nucleation• Supersaturation of
adsorbed carbon• Equilibrium between
graphene & adsorbedcarbon atoms
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Increase in area• homogeneity over large areas (300 mm diameter) during
CVD synthesis• Defect-free transfer of large areas (200×200 mm2)
Increase of resource efficiency• Reuse of metal catalyst (comparison of Cu and Pt)• Evaluation of CVD synthesis parameters (pressure,
temperature)
Target: providing a cost model to realizeproduction cost of 30 €/m2
• Supported by life cycle analysis
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Improving the CVD growth process• Growth of 100 mm graphene with coverage >95% reached
Optimizing the transfer• Electrochemical process by control of potential• Carrier polymer-graphene interaction• On rigid and flexible target subtrates
Gao et al. Nature Commun. 2012, DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1702
Defect-free on 100 mm waferscalerealized
Target: 200×200 (mm)2
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Increasing the conductivity by doping• Goal: RSh < 10 Ω/sq. & T > 90%• Reached: ~120 Ω/sq. & T > 90% (S-GDG)
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In situ monitoring• Characterisation of optical properties• Investigation during CVD synthesis• Combination of Raman spectroscopy
and spectroscopic ellipsometry
Inline• Characterisation of electrical properties• After transfer on non-conducting target
substrate by eddy currentmeasurements
1500 2000 2500 30002000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
G*
I(a.u
.)
Raman Shift (1/cm)
SiO2/SiF2753F2754
D
G
2D
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
0.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.02.22.42.62.83.03.23.4
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Photon Energy (eV)
-0.20.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.02.22.42.62.83.0
Beatrice Beyer 2014-07-09 12
Particle release• First indications that particle release is low (lab
environment)• Evaluation in production environment will be
performed Toxicity evaluation of rGO
• High volume of graphene powder necessary(>20 g)
• Evaluation of different surface areas (422 and500 m2/g)
• So far no dramatic effect on cell viability andprofileration
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Benchmarking of graphene with ITO
OLED lighting• Applying doped organic semiconductors
as charge carrier transport layers• Targets: Large area (>65×65 mm2) grid-free
device Smaller (15×20 mm2), full-flexible and
transparent (T>65%) device UV sensitive OPD sensor
• Using the UV transparent properties ofgraphene
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Fraunhofer COMEDD (Germany) Graphenea S.A. (Spain) Danmarks Tekniske Universiteit
(Denmark) Horiba Jobin Yvon S.A.S. (France) AIXTRON SE (Germany) AIXTRON Ltd. (United Kingdom) Suragus GmbH (Germany) Commissariat à l‘energie atomique et
aux energies alternatives (France) Amcor Flexibles Kreuzlingen AG
(Switzerland) Amcor Flexibles Singen GmbH
(Germany) Leibniz-Institut für
Oberflächenmodifikation (Germany) Det National Forskningscenter
Forarbejdsmiljo (Denmark) Aristotelio Panepistimio Thessalonikis
(Greece) Organic Electronic Technologies
(Greece) Amanuensis GmbH (Switzerland)
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Beatrice Beyer 2014-07-09 16
GLADIATOR is a Large Integrated Project funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grantagreement n° FP7-604000
Project Officer: Dr. Marcin L. Sadowski, EC
Project Coordinator: Dr. Beatrice Beyer, Fraunhofer COMEDD
Website: www.graphene-gladiator.eu
Email: [email protected]