Beamline A Beamline A ––Joint Engineering, Environment and Joint Engineering, Environment and

Processing Beamline Processing Beamline

( ( JEEP JEEP ))Alexander KorsunskyAlexander Korsunsky

Department of Engineering ScienceDepartment of Engineering ScienceUniversity of OxfordUniversity of Oxford

Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJParks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJAcknowledgments:P.J. Withers, A. Pawley, M. Henderson, P. Barnes, P.J. Webster, D. Laundy, S. Collins, G. Davis, J. Elliott, R. Lewis, M. Daymond and other members of the working group

AnotherAnotherhigh energyhigh energy

beamlinebeamlinefor DIAMOND?for DIAMOND?

High energy beamline High energy beamline for general engineering use (for general engineering use (JEEPJEEP))

What is a modern engineer?What is a modern engineer?Engineers deal with objects, either designed & Engineers deal with objects, either designed &

manufactured, or naturally occurring, that are intended manufactured, or naturally occurring, that are intended to perform a certain function in an optimal way.to perform a certain function in an optimal way.

This function is often load bearing.This function is often load bearing.An engineer in this context could be a mechanical or An engineer in this context could be a mechanical or

materials specialist, concerned with chemical or materials specialist, concerned with chemical or deformation processing, or with natural structures such deformation processing, or with natural structures such as minerals or our bodies (bioas minerals or our bodies (bio--medical).medical).

Engineers share common goals, requirements and Engineers share common goals, requirements and methods.methods.

NonNon--destructive / nondestructive / non--invasiveinvasiveFast and efficientFast and efficientHigh contrast and low noiseHigh contrast and low noiseSpatially resolving down to subSpatially resolving down to sub--micron micron levellevelSpecific to chemical speciesSpecific to chemical speciesPhase specificPhase specificOrientation specificOrientation specific

Modern engineerModern engineer’’s ideal tool ?s ideal tool ?

Highly penetratingHighly penetratingSuitably parallelSuitably parallelHigh fluxHigh fluxInteracting with matter on a variety of Interacting with matter on a variety of scalesscalesModerately absorbedModerately absorbedEfficiently detectableEfficiently detectable

Modern engineerModern engineer’’s ideal tools ideal tool

…… a a high energy synchrotron Xhigh energy synchrotron X--ray beam!ray beam!

is a is a beambeam

Penetration depth (mm)Penetration depth (mm)

0.0001

0.001

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0.1

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Energy (keV)

pene

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(mm

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Aluminium Iron Niobium

JEEPJEEP: : ““SynchrotronSynchrotron--assisted engineeringassisted engineering““MMission: ission: ““image and measure in situ real engineering structuresimage and measure in situ real engineering structures””

JEEPJEEP will be the first instrument to be truly designed for engineerswill be the first instrument to be truly designed for engineers–– will be a world beaterwill be a world beater

JEEPJEEP will offer unprecedented flexibility and range thanks to the will offer unprecedented flexibility and range thanks to the twotwo--hutch design philosophyhutch design philosophy

JEEPJEEP‘‘s samples sample--centred design will allow installation and use of centred design will allow installation and use of large scale manipulation and environmental control equipment large scale manipulation and environmental control equipment ––that will match the scale of a synchrotron facility for the firthat will match the scale of a synchrotron facility for the first timest time

JEEPJEEP will be a truly general purpose will be a truly general purpose –– operation mode and operation mode and beamline optics will be tuned to the sample (physical size, beamline optics will be tuned to the sample (physical size, microstructure, grain size, etc.)microstructure, grain size, etc.)

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ers

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Neutrons

Rise of SynchrotronRise of SynchrotronEngineering ResearchEngineering Research

Will synchrotron scanning for engineering Will synchrotron scanning for engineering continue to double every 3 years?continue to double every 3 years?

1986

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01234567

Percentage of publications on the Percentage of publications on the strain scanning use of synchrotronsstrain scanning use of synchrotrons

Tension

Compression

Compression

Tension

By scanning the object very precisely through the gauge volume it is possible to build up 3D maps of the lattice parameter (and hence phase and strain) throughout the object.

x

y

Gauge Volume

3D internal mapping3D internal mapping

do

2θ

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nsity

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The atomic strain gauge The atomic strain gauge -- Change in spacing between the Change in spacing between the rows of atoms is recorded as a shift in the diffraction peaksrows of atoms is recorded as a shift in the diffraction peaks

Strain scanningStrain scanning

Residual stresses in gearsResidual stresses in gears

Residual stresses are often controlled by processing in order to provide improved durability.

Reliable quantification of these effects requires accurate stress mapping.

The example shown is the residual stress map in a slice form a gear tooth of a large marine gear

(Korsunsky et al., Oxford & SRS, 2002)

Understanding fatigue resistance of structural materials is key to improved durability. Crack tip strain fields can be mapped directly in detail …

… and compared with the theoretical predictions of fracture mechanics.

Linear elastic fracture mechanicsLinear elastic fracture mechanics

(Korsunsky et al., Oxford & ESRF, 2001

Of beamline designOf beamline design

Strain scanning was not envisaged on SRS or ESRF Strain scanning was not envisaged on SRS or ESRF before the instruments were builtbefore the instruments were builtHowever, flexibility of the original instrument design However, flexibility of the original instrument design (space, beam height, detectors, etc) meant that we could (space, beam height, detectors, etc) meant that we could easily exploit the excellent beam characteristicseasily exploit the excellent beam characteristicsWhen designing instruments, make sure short term When designing instruments, make sure short term thinking does not constrain possible future usersthinking does not constrain possible future users

RefereesReferees’’ views views

““JEEP will occupy a unique niche between lower energy JEEP will occupy a unique niche between lower energy XRD and neutron diffraction and will bridge the length XRD and neutron diffraction and will bridge the length scales accessible by those techniquesscales accessible by those techniques””““It is important to It is important to recogniserecognise that that large sample sizes and large sample sizes and associated equipment are key to bridging microassociated equipment are key to bridging micro-- and and macromacro--scalesscales””““JEEP will JEEP will contribute to improved engineering contribute to improved engineering (decreased time(decreased time--toto--application) and improved predictive application) and improved predictive ability in various areas of scienceability in various areas of science””

RefereesReferees’’ viewsviews““With ENGIN and JEEP the climate seems right for With ENGIN and JEEP the climate seems right for significant innovation and breakthroughs. At this time, significant innovation and breakthroughs. At this time, the infrastructure and political will to emphasize the infrastructure and political will to emphasize engineering are presentengineering are present””““The engineering studies will complement the time The engineering studies will complement the time resolved work nicely and will result in tools that will resolved work nicely and will result in tools that will shorten the development cycleshorten the development cycle””““It is an area of obvious academic and economic impactIt is an area of obvious academic and economic impact””““The twoThe two--hutch design will work and will allow for sethutch design will work and will allow for set--up of complex engineering experiments without up of complex engineering experiments without interrupting the experimentalists in the first hutchinterrupting the experimentalists in the first hutch””

RefereesReferees’’ viewsviewsJEEP to ENGIN is like DIAMOND to ISISJEEP to ENGIN is like DIAMOND to ISIS““A compelling reason for locating Diamond at RAL in the A compelling reason for locating Diamond at RAL in the first place was the synergy between ISIS and the new first place was the synergy between ISIS and the new synchrotron facilitysynchrotron facility””““The engineering instrument on DIAMOND will certainly The engineering instrument on DIAMOND will certainly hold a considerable resolution advantage over ISIS. hold a considerable resolution advantage over ISIS. However, a 5 year head start on the ENGINHowever, a 5 year head start on the ENGIN--X project (to X project (to operate in 2003) will provide considerable infrastructure, operate in 2003) will provide considerable infrastructure, industrial contacts and personnel expertise on which JEEP industrial contacts and personnel expertise on which JEEP beamline can drawbeamline can draw””““The exterior hutch on JEEP (The exterior hutch on JEEP (EngnineeringEngnineering Applications Applications Centre) will help coordinate work between ISIS and Centre) will help coordinate work between ISIS and DIAMONDDIAMOND””

ChallengesChallengesA broad mission, built not on a single technique, A broad mission, built not on a single technique, but on the affinity of discipline(s) but on the affinity of discipline(s) Clear need for strong management procedures to Clear need for strong management procedures to reconcile the different aspects of science to be reconcile the different aspects of science to be tackledtackledGreat need for excellent staff to provide technical Great need for excellent staff to provide technical scientific and computing supportscientific and computing supportNeed for excellent procedures for continuous Need for excellent procedures for continuous development and adoption of best optics, detectors development and adoption of best optics, detectors and ancillary equipment solutionsand ancillary equipment solutions

Beamline layout Beamline layout

The The JEEPJEEP conceptconcept

The The JEEPJEEP conceptconcept

EAC

The The JEEPJEEP conceptconcept

Source specification: Source specification: UndulatorUndulator vsvs MPWMPW

1.0E+12

1.0E+13

1.0E+14

1.0E+15

1.0E+16

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Photon Energy (eV)

Flux

1.6 T MPW

BM

10T WS

U48U80

U36

3.5 T MPW

Source specification: Source specification: UndulatorUndulator vsvs MPWMPW

1.0E+14

1.0E+15

1.0E+16

1.0E+17

1.0E+18

1.0E+19

1.0E+20

1.0E+21

10 100 1000 10000 100000Photon Energy (eV)

Bri

ghtn

ess

U36

U24

U48

U80

1.6T MPW

BM10T WS

U200

3.5T MPW

U20 IV

Hard to focus?Hard to focus?

3rd generation 3rd generation undulatorsundulators work at well 80keV+work at well 80keV+Divergence: Divergence: undulatorundulator 100100××2020µµrad, wiggler 1rad, wiggler 1××0.2mrad.0.2mrad.Bragg angle at 100keV(Si 111): ~1Bragg angle at 100keV(Si 111): ~1ºº–– need higher orders?need higher orders?Darwin width at 100keV (Si 111): ~0.5 arc seconds Darwin width at 100keV (Si 111): ~0.5 arc seconds (decreases with energy)(decreases with energy)Mirror critical angle 0.7mrad at 100keVMirror critical angle 0.7mrad at 100keVSagittalSagittal monochromatormonochromator: R~0.4m at 100keV: R~0.4m at 100keVHeat loading highest for high field Heat loading highest for high field MPWsMPWs

Focusing SolutionsFocusing SolutionsMirrorsMirrors–– collect too small a fan at high energy. Kirkpatrickcollect too small a fan at high energy. Kirkpatrick--Baez?Baez?

MultilayersMultilayers–– beam is deflectedbeam is deflected–– bandpassbandpass ~ 10~ 10--33. Slope errors?. Slope errors?–– d~100d~100ÅÅ:: small Bragg angle, need long small Bragg angle, need long multilayersmultilayers–– Possible use for vertical focussing where radiation fan is smallPossible use for vertical focussing where radiation fan is smallerer

BraggBragg–– Long crystals + in double bounce beam moves a long wayLong crystals + in double bounce beam moves a long way–– sagittalsagittal bend bend -- up to 60keV with high order reflectionup to 60keV with high order reflection–– meridionalmeridional bend deflects beam so fixed wavelength onlybend deflects beam so fixed wavelength only

LaueLaue

Power of Diamond IDsPower of Diamond IDsDiamond Diamond UndulatorsUndulators–– Power up to 6 kWPower up to 6 kW–– Power density up to 19 kW/Power density up to 19 kW/mrad/mradmrad/mrad

Diamond Diamond MPWsMPWs–– Power up to 50kWPower up to 50kW–– Power Density 23kW/mrad/mradPower Density 23kW/mrad/mrad

Cornell G Line Cornell G Line -- 17kW in 1.7mrad17kW in 1.7mrad

Laue focusingLaue focusingNear normal incidence means lower heat loadingNear normal incidence means lower heat loadingIntegrated reflectivity depends on thickness Integrated reflectivity depends on thickness -- more intensity?more intensity?Asymmetrically cut crystals (Asymmetrically cut crystals (ZhongZhong, Kao, Siddons et al. 2001)., Kao, Siddons et al. 2001).AntiAnti--clasticclastic curvature: lower divergence contrib. to curvature: lower divergence contrib. to bandpassbandpass + + vertical focusingvertical focusingTwo crystal arrangement allows fixed offset for Two crystal arrangement allows fixed offset for tunabilitytunability

focus

source

S

FLaue-Bragg

SF

Laue-Laue

SagittalSagittal: : 1mrad1mrad to 0.4mm (NSLS)to 0.4mm (NSLS) MeridionalMeridional: : ∆∆E/E~4E/E~4××1010--44;1mrad to 0.5mm;1mrad to 0.5mm

Optics and detectorsOptics and detectorsAt present, there is no At present, there is no ““off the shelfoff the shelf““ solutionsolutionFeasibility study required into Feasibility study required into sagittalsagittal focusing focusing monochromatorsmonochromators for SRS (16.3, 16.4, 9.1 etc.)for SRS (16.3, 16.4, 9.1 etc.)Further work required on making a bender, Further work required on making a bender, understanding dynamical diffraction in distorted crystals, understanding dynamical diffraction in distorted crystals, graded crystals.graded crystals.Possible use of refractive optics?Possible use of refractive optics?Detector systems evolve rapidly (Detector systems evolve rapidly (egeg CCDsCCDs) ) –– initial initial choice will be made in about 24 monthschoice will be made in about 24 monthsDual hutch philosophy: choice of resolution Dual hutch philosophy: choice of resolution vsvs area area available for both beam and detectorsavailable for both beam and detectors

ManagementManagementThe The JEEP JEEP project will be managed in the design, project will be managed in the design, construction and operation stages by a panel of experts construction and operation stages by a panel of experts each championing an engineering application themeeach championing an engineering application themeThe panel will include two representatives from The panel will include two representatives from industry and one liaison member from ISISindustry and one liaison member from ISISChair of the panel will rotate annually between theme Chair of the panel will rotate annually between theme representativesrepresentativesThe panel will be tasked with maintaining the balance The panel will be tasked with maintaining the balance between themesbetween themesThe panel will advise on optimal experiment The panel will advise on optimal experiment schedulingscheduling

Development frameworkDevelopment frameworkThe choice of initial range of detector systems will be The choice of initial range of detector systems will be based on further research during the next two yearsbased on further research during the next two yearsLarge scale ancillary equipment will be separately Large scale ancillary equipment will be separately funded and developed within funded and developed within ‘‘clustersclusters’’ of experts which of experts which will deliver it for the use by all other userswill deliver it for the use by all other usersThe outer hutch will provide a special location and The outer hutch will provide a special location and unprecedented opportunities for developmentunprecedented opportunities for developmentSpecial capabilities will be developed for offSpecial capabilities will be developed for off--line line experiment setexperiment set--up based on laser coordinate up based on laser coordinate measurement proceduresmeasurement proceduresAvailability of the outer hutch will encourage Availability of the outer hutch will encourage involvement of UK industry in longer term projects involvement of UK industry in longer term projects

EquipmentEquipmentOptics hutch 1 (inner)Optics hutch 1 (inner)

Slits/shuttersSlits/shuttersMonochromatorMonochromator/Focussing/Focussing

Experiment hutch 1 (inner)Experiment hutch 1 (inner)

Kappa diffractometer (e.g. KUMA)Kappa diffractometer (e.g. KUMA)Translation/MiniTranslation/Mini--loadrigloadrig/Thermal/ThermalTheodolitesTheodolites / Laser positioning/ Laser positioningDetector arraysDetector arrays

Optics hutch 2 (outer)Optics hutch 2 (outer)

Slit/shuttersSlit/shuttersMonochromatorMonochromator/Focussing/Focussing

Experiment hutch 2 (outer)Experiment hutch 2 (outer)

Building (double storey height, crane)Building (double storey height, crane)TranslationTranslation

Cost estimate: Cost estimate: ££3.5M3.5M

ConclusionsConclusionsJEEPJEEP will be a world beater will be a world beater –– thanks to clear vision of the thanks to clear vision of the objectives and targeted design objectives and targeted design

JEEPJEEP will offer unprecedented flexibility and range will offer unprecedented flexibility and range thanks to the twothanks to the two--hutch design philosophyhutch design philosophy

JEEPJEEP will be a truly general purpose will be a truly general purpose –– operation mode operation mode and beamline optics will be tuned to the sample (physical and beamline optics will be tuned to the sample (physical size, microstructure, grain size, etc.)size, microstructure, grain size, etc.)

JEEPJEEP will have builtwill have built--in management and development in management and development procedures to ensure rapid adoption of best techniquesprocedures to ensure rapid adoption of best techniques