2015

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88888

2016

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PrefaceThe Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in producing new textbooks

according to the new syllabi prepared which in turn are designed based onNCF – 2005 since June 2010. Textbooks are prepared in 11 languages; seven ofthem serve as the media of instruction. From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS and5th to 10th there are three core subjects namely mathematics, science and socialscience.

NCF – 2005 has a number of special features and they are:

• Connecting knowledge to life activities

• Learning to shift from rote methods

• Enriching the curriculum beyond textbooks

• Learning experiences for the construction of knowledge

• Making examinations flexible and integrating them with classroomexperiences

• Caring concerns within the democratic policy of the country

• Make education relevant to the present and future needs.

• Softening the subject boundaries-integrated knowledge and the joy oflearning.

• The child is the constructor of knowledge

The new books are produced based on three fundamental approaches namely.

Constructive approach, Spiral Approach and Integrated approach

The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, master skills andcompetencies. The materials presented in these books are integrated with values.The new books are not examination oriented in their nature. On the other handthey help the learner in the total development of his/her personality, thus helphim/her become a healthy member of a healthy society and a productive citizen ofthis great country, India.

In Social science especially in standard V the first chapter deals with thehistorical, geographical, cultural and local study of the division in which learnerslive. Chapters on sociology, business studies and commerce are introduced instandard VIII as per the guidelines of NCF-2005. A lot of additional information isgiven through box items. Learners are encouraged to work towards constructionof knowledge through assignments and projects. Learning load of memorizing dateshas been reduced to the minimum. Life values have been integrated with contentof each chapter.

The Textbook Society expresses grateful thanks to the chairpersons, writers,scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs and the members of the EditorialBoard and printers in helping the Text Book Society in producing these textbooks.

Prof. G S Mudambadithaya Nagendra KumarCoordinator Managing DirectorCurriculum Revision and Textbook Preparation Karnataka Textbook Society®Karnataka Textbook Society Bengaluru. Bengaluru.

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Foreword

The text book which is being prepared for the high school studentshas come out differently and distinctively. This book has come out withunique features while compared with the previous texts that haveappeared in the Text book. It should be noted that the 8th standard textbook has incorporated Political Science, Sociology, Economics andBusiness Studies along with the traditional subjects like History andGeography as per the guidelines of NCF-2005.

We have made all the attempts to make this text easily understoodand read comfortably, since this is a project of the Government orientedtowards the common man. The present text has included the creativecurriculum in order to discourage rote-learning in the system. We havedesigned the texts as it should correlate with the experiences of thestudents. We have deleted unnecessary dates and data that areburdensome to the students. Instead, the text gives attention to thehistorical understanding and the process. Besides, the text has providedample information in order to understand contemporary affairs in theboxes throughout the text. We have endeavoured to project these issuesas part of the experience of both the students and teachers. Members ofthe text book preparation committee dedicated themselves to preparethis text on international academic standards.

I acknowledge the members of the text book preparation committeefor bringing this text successfully. I extend my gratitude to the EditorialBoard, Translation Committee, Scrutinizers and Chief Advisors for theirvaluable suggestions in bringing out this text book.

I am grateful to Prof. G.S. Mudambadithaya, Officers and technicalassistant of the Karnataka Text Book Society for their dedication ininvolving in the text book preparation project. I thank Dr. ShashikanthaKoudur of NITK, Surathkal for his effort in editing the language in thetext book.

Prof. Vijay Poonacha ThambandaChairperson, Text Book Committee.

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Text Book CommitteeCHAIR PERSONDr II Vijay Poonacha Thambanda, Professor, Department of History, Kannada University, Hampi, Vidyaranya,

Ballari.

MEMBERSDr II M. Shashidhar, Associate Professor, Department of History, Bengaluru University, Bengaluru-56.

Sri N. Sathyaprakash, Asst. Master, Vidyavardhaka Sangha High School, Ist Block, Rajajinagar, Bengaluru-10.

Sri P. A. Kumar, Retd. Head Master, Vijaya High School, 3rd Block, Jayanagara, Bengaluru-11

Dr II Lakshmipathi .C .G, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Smt. VHD Home Science College,

Sheshadri Road, Bengaluru- 01.

Sri K. R. Manjunath, Principal, MES Pre-University College, BTM Layout, Bengaluru-76.

Sri B. Hanumantharao, Lecturer, Govt. Pre-University College, Chikkaballapura.

Sri G.N. Kempaiah, Lecturer, Govt. Pre-University College, Dandinasivara, Turvekere Tq., Tumakuru Dist.

Sri A.S. Dikshit, Retd. Principal, Vani Education Centre, Basaveswaranagar, Bengaluru-79.

Sri Shaik Irfan, Drawing Teacher, Police Public School, KSRP Campus, Koramangala, Bengaluru.

SCRUTINIZERSDr II Rajaram Hegde, Professor, Deparment of History, Kuvempu Univesity, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga.

Prof. T.D. Devegowda, Professor, Deparment of Political Science, Dean (study centers) K S O U, Mysuru.

Dr II Ranganatha, Professor and Head, PG center of Geography, Maharani’s woman Arts & Commerce

College, Mysuru.

Dr II Jogan Shankar, Professor, Department of Sociology, Mangaluru University, Mangaluru.

Dr II S.R. Keshav, Faculty, Department of Economics, Bengaluru University, Bengaluru-56.

Dr II K. R. Srilakshmi, Associate Professor, Department of Commerce, Govt. First Grade College, 6th

Block, Jayanagar, Bengaluru.

EDITORIAL BOARDDr II R. L. M. Patil, Retd. Professor, Department of Political Science, Bengaluru University, Bengaluru-56.

Dr II Eshwarappa, Professor, Department of Geography, Bengaluru University, Bengaluru-56.

Sri Ramprasad, (History ) Principal, Sri ARS PU College, Hariharapura, Chikkamagaluru District.

TRANSLATORSSri Shashidhar Singh, Asst. Master, Govt. High School, Chandagalu, K.R. Nagara Taluk, Mysuru.

Sri C.S. Nagaraj, Retd. H.M., Kanchagatta, New Extn., 9th Cross, Tiptur.

Sri K.S. Vijayakumar, A.M., Padvathi Girls High School, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 30.

CHIEF COORDINATORProf. G.S.Mudambadithaya, Coordinator, Syllabus Revision and Text Book preparation committee,

Karnataka Text Book Society, Bengaluru.

CHIEF ADVISORSri Nagendra Kumar, Managing Director, Karnataka Text Book Society, Bengaluru- 85.

Sri Panduranga, Deputy Director (incharge), Karnataka Text Book Society, Bengaluru -85.

PROGRAMME COORDINATORSri A. T. Rangadasappa, Senior Asst. Director, Karnataka Text Book Society, Bengaluru -85.

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B{Vhmg1. AmYma 12. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ bjU VWm B{Vhmg nyd© H$mb 53. ^maV H$s àmMrZ gä`Vm 134. {díd Ho$ àmMrZ gä`Vm 215. J«rH$, amo_Z² VWm A_o[aH$m H$s gä`Vm 296. ZdrZ Y_m] H$m CX` 437. _m¡`© Am¡a Hw$fmU 508. Jwá Am¡a dY©Z 559. X{jU maV-emVdmhZ, H$X§~, J§J 6210. ~mXm_r Ho$ MmbwŠ` Am¡a H§${M Ho$ n„d 7011. _mÝ`Ho$Q> Ho$ amï´>Hy$Q> Am¡a H$ë`mU Ho$ MmbwŠ` 7712. Mmob Am¡a Ûma g_wÐ Ho$ hmoægb 84

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AZwH«$_{UH$m

H«$_m§H$ AÜ`m` n¥ð> g§»`m

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g_mOemó1. _Zwî` Am¡a g_mO 1312. _Zwî` Am¡a g§ñH¥${V 1363. g_m{OH$ _ob-{_bmn Am¡a X¡{ZH$ OrdZ 1394. g_mO Ho$ àH$ma 142

yJmob emó1. n¥Ïdr h_mam gOrd J«h 1472. {ebm _§S>b 1553. dm w_§S>b 1764. Ob_§S>b 1925. Ord _§S>b 203

AW©emñÌ1. AW©emñÌ H$m AW© Am¡a _hËd 2112. àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ (Natural Resources) 2203. _mZd g§gmYZ (Human Resources) 2324. Jar~r Am¡a ^yI 243

ì`mdh[aH$ AÜ``Z1. dm{UÁ` joÌ H$s A{^d¥{Õ Am¡a {dH$mg 2552. ì`dhma H$m AW© Am¡a _hËd 2623. {d{dY ì`mdhm[aH$ g§KQ>Zm| H$m CØd 2724. ~¥hV² ì`mdhm[aH$ g§JR>Z 279

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B{Vhmg (HISTORY)

AÜ`m` - 1

AmYmaBg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX {ZåZ{b{IV A§emo§ H$mo g_P|JoŸ&

● B{Vhmg AÜ``Z H$s Amdí`H$ gm_{J«`m| Ho$ ~mao _|

● {d{dY AmYmam| Ho$ ~mao _|

● àmŠV Ho$ AmYmam| H$m AW© Am¡a à_wIVm

● hpë_{S> emgZ Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar

● _m¡{IH$ AmYma, B{Vhmg AÜ``Z H$s Oê$aV H$mo g_PZm

B{Vhmg H$s aMZm Ho$ {bE AmYma Š`mo OéaV h¡ ?AmYma {H$go H$hVo h¡ ? AmYma H$m AW© h¡ {H$ B{Vhmg H$s aMZm Ho$ {bE Adí`H$

_ybmYma hr h¡Ÿ& do S>Z H$mb_mZ H$m {ddaU XoVo h¡Ÿ&

~rVr hþB© KQ>Zm Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZo Ho$ {bE AmYma ~hþ _w»` h¡Ÿ& B{Vhmg H$sVwbZm _mZd eara Ho$ gmW H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ& {Og àH$ma eara H$m _yb AmYma ApñWn§Oa(H§$H$mb) hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bgr àH$ma B{Vhmg AÜ``Z _| AmYmam| H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVrh¡Ÿ& Bg AmYma H$s Pm{H$`m± B{Vhmg H$mo {_bVo h¢Ÿ& Bg{bE gmd©H$m{bH$ B{Vhmg{H$gr _| ^r Zht h¡Ÿ& `h gmd©H$m{bH$ B{Vhmg H$mo {_bVr h¢Ÿ& AmYma gmd©H$m{bH$VËW h¡ {H$ B{Vhmg _| {ddaU XoZodmbo g~ {dMma VWm KQ>Zm {Z{X©ï> AmYma nahmoZm Mm{hEŸ& BZ AmYmam| H$mo Xmo {d^mJ _§ ~m±Q> gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

1) gm{hË` Ho$ AmYma 2) àmŠV Ho$ AmYma

gm{hË` Ho$ AmYma _| Xmo àH$ma h¡Ÿ&

1) Xoer gm{hË` 2) {dXoer gm{hË`

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àmŠV Ho$ AmYma Ho$ VrZ àH$ma h¡Ÿ&

1) emgZ 2) {gdHo$ 3) ñ_maH$

^ma{V`m| go a{MV J«§Wm| H$mo Xoer gm{hË`$ H$hVo h¡Ÿ& CZ _| à`wŠV AmYmam| H$moXoer gm{hË` H$hVo h¡Ÿ& {demIXÎm H$m _wÐmamjg, H$ëhU H$m amOV§a{J{U, AídYmofH$m ~wÕM[aV, H$m¡{Q>ë` H$m AW©emñÌ, ~m¡Õ gm{hË` Ho$ {Ì{nQ>H$mE±, A_moKdf© H$mH${damO_mJ© AmXr `hm± CëboIZr` h¡Ÿ&

{dXoer boIH$, Kw_ŠH$S> {dÛmZm| go a{MV J«§W, {dXoer AmYma H$hVo h¡Ÿ& _oJmñVZrgH$s B§{S>H$m, h² y Z Ëgm§J H$s {g. w.{H$, \$m{h`mZ H$s Kmo.H$mo.{H$, {gbmoZ Ho$ Xrnd§eAm¡a _hmd§e {dO`ZJa H$mo |Q> {H$`o \${Z©`moÝ`y{ZO, Sw>dQ>m}, ~m~m}gm, {ZH$bmoH$m|Q>rAm{X`m| H$s H¥${V`m| H$m CXmhaU Xo gH$Vo h¡Ÿ&

àmŠV Ho$ AmYma {H$go H$hVo h¢ ? Š`m AmnH$mo _mby_ h¡ ? g§emoYZ Am¡a CËIZZm|go {_bo hþE emgZ, Ae{\©$`m|, ñ_maH$m|, _Q>{H$`m± VWm àmMrZ dñVwAm| H$s Z_yZoAmXr nwamVËd AmYma H$hbmVo h¡Ÿ&

emgZm| H$m AÜ``ZemgZ, CZ H$mb_mZ H$s Ord§V I~Q> h¡Ÿ& o Cg

g_` Ho$ Y_©, g§ñH¥${V, àemgZ AmXr A§em| Ho$ ~mao_| I~a {XbmVo h¢Ÿ& h_mao Xoe _| {_bo hþE ~hþV àmMrZemgZ, _m¡ © gm_«mQ> AemoH$ go ~Zm o hþE emgZ h¡Ÿ&`o nËWa na VWm nËWam| Ho$ ñW^m| na emgZm| H$moIwXdm`oŸ& `o emgZ ^maV Ho$ ~hþV ñWmZm| na {_boh¡Ÿ& o Iamoï>> ~«m÷r {b{n _| VWm àmH¥$V mfm _| h¡Ÿ&Ama§{^H$ Iamoï>r VWm J«rH$ ^mfm go hr Hw$ð> emgZ{_bo h¡Ÿ& H$ÞS> ^mfm _| àmá àW_ emgZ hpë_{S>h¡Ÿ& `h H$X§~ d§e Ho$ amOm H$mH¥$Ëgd_m© Ho$ emgZH$mb _| a{MV h¡Ÿ& dsfldfk

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{g¸$m| H$m AÜ``Z{gŠH$m| Ho$ ñdê$n, {dH$mg VWm d¥{Õ Ho$ ~mao _| g_PmZ

H$m AÜ``Z hr Ae{\©$`m| H$m AÜ``ZŸ& {^Þ {^Þ bmohm|go Ae{\©$`m| H$mo Q>m±Ho$ h¡Ÿ& `o àmMrZ B{Vhmg H$s aMZm _|~hþ _w»` h¡Ÿ& Ae{\©$`m| H$m AÜ``Z CZH$m H$mb_mZ,Cg H$mb H$m Y_©, g§ñH¥${V, emgZ, gm_m{OH$ VWmAm{W©H$ pñW{V H$mo g_PmZo _| ghm`H$ h¡Ÿ&

ñ_maH$m| Am¡a AdgoIm| H$m AÜ``ZAm{XH$mb go A~VH$ _mZd H$s gmYZm m¡{VH$ dñVwAm|

go ì`ŠV hþE h¡Ÿ& BZ_| ñVy\$, ~g{X`m| _hbm|, {H$bmE±Am¡a AdgoI r h¡Ÿ& àmMrZ maV Ho$ ñ_maH$ ZmJarH$Vm, V§ÌkmZ, gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$pñW{V H$mo g_PZo _| ghm`H$ h¡Ÿ& `o amOmAm| H$s gmYZmAm| H$s nhN>mB© h¡Ÿ& AemoH$ñV§^, AO§Vm, Eëbmoam, E{b\|$Q>m, ~mXm_r, Eohmobo, nQ²>Q>XH$„þ AmXr ^maV Ho$ ^ì`na§nam Ho$ YmoVH$ h¡Ÿ&

^maVr` dmñVw{eën H$s J[a_m ~hþV {d{eï>> h¡Ÿ& ^maV Ho$ g~ OJh _| ñWm{nVñVy\$, ~g{X`m|, Mm¡Ë`m| Am¡a hOmam| _§{Xa H$mbm§Va _| CJ Am`oŸ& BZHo$ AÜ``Z goCg H$mb H$m Ym{_©H$, amOH$mO gm_m{OH$ VWm Am{W©H$ OrdZ H$mo g_PZo Ho$ namojghm`H$ h¡Ÿ&

_m¡{IH$ AmYmaAmO maV Ho$ ~hþ_wIr na§nam H$mo g_PZo Ho$ {bE _m¡{IH$ A§em| H$mo BñVo_mb H$a

aho h¡Ÿ& àmMrZ H$mb go hr _Zwî` AnZm AZw^d VWm ñ_aUm| H$mo bmdUr, H$mì`AmXr _m¡{IH$ én _| àmMrZ H$mb go AmOVH$ Am`o h¡Ÿ& Eogr na§nam Ho$ Ûmam h_mao^maV H$m B{Vhmg Ama§^ hþAmŸ& {b{IV ñdê$n nmZo Ho$ nhbo ~hþV nr{T>`m| VH$_m¡{IH$ na§nam hr WmŸ&

AZwlVr (X§VH$j)^maV Ho$ ~hþV àXoe, ì`{ŠV, KQ>Zm na§namJV Eo{Vø h¡Ÿ& BZ g§àXm`m| H$mo

{g¸o$

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ñWm{ZH$ nwamU H$hVo h¡Ÿ& gm_mÝ`V… B{Vhmg AÜ``Z H$mo `o gQ>rH$ I~ao Zht XoVoh¡Ÿ& BZ namoj g~am| go B{Vhmg {bIZo H$s H$mo{ee AmOH$b B{Vhmgk H$a aho h¡Ÿ&`o g_mO na {dídmg {XImVo h¡Ÿ& ì`{ŠV d¡^d AWdm ñWmZ _{h_m H$mo `o X§VH$Wm{XImVo h¡Ÿ& Ym{_©H$ ñWmZm| go g§~§{YV ñZmZrH$ nwamUm| H$mo h_ XoI gH$Vo h¡Ÿ&

Aä`mgI. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| H$mo nyU© H$s{OE :

1. gm{hË` Ho$ AmYmam| _o ________

Am¡a ________

Zm_H$ Xmo ^mJ h¡Ÿ&

2. AídKmof H$m ________

gm{hpË`H$ AmYma h¡Ÿ&

3. H$ÞS> ^mfm H$m nhbm emgZ ________

h¡Ÿ&

II. CÎma {b{IV :1. AmYma {H$go H$hVo h¡ ?

2. Xoer Am¡a {dXoer gm{hË`H$ AmYmam| H$mo Xmo-Xmo CXmhaU Xr{OE Ÿ&

3. àmº$ Ho$ AmYma {H$go H$hVo h¡ ? CXmhaU Ho$ gmW {ddaU Xr{OE &

III. H$m¡eë` :1. B{Vhmg _| àmMrZ KQ>Zm, Adm©MrZ KQ>Zm Ho$ H$m`©-H$maU g~§Y

CXmhaUm| Ho$ gmW {ejH$m| Ho$ gmW MMm© H$s{OE

2 {H$gr EH$ ñ_maH$m| H$mo ^o§Q> H$a {ddaUm| H$mo g§J«hU H$s{OEŸ&

3 B{Vhmg H$mb Ho$Ae{\©$`m| H$mo g§J«hU H$s{OE

4. àmMrZ dñVw g§J«hmb` H$mo |Q> H$ssOE

IV. `moOZm | :Ae{\©$`m| Ho$ ~mao _o {df`m| H$mo g§J«hU H$aVo EH$ N>moQ>r-gr`moOZm V¡`ma

H$s{OE

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AÜ`m` - 2

^m¡Jmo{bH$ bjU VWm nyd© Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mbBg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX {ZåZ{b{IV A§emo§ H$mo g_P|JoŸ&● ^maV Ho$ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ bjUm| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar boZm&

● ^maV EH$ CnIÊS> VWm n`m©` Ûrn Zm_ go nhMmZZmŸ&

● ^maV Ho$ nS>mogr amï´>m| H$mo nhMmZZmŸ&

● B{Vhmg nyd©H$mb VboQ>r Ho$ _mZd OrdZ Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZmŸ&

● B{Vhmg nyd©H$mb Ho$ nmfU nËWa `wJm| H$mo g_PZmŸ&

{díd Ho$ ha EH$ amï´> Am¡a OZ g_wXm` na ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n`m©daU H$m Aga nS>Vmh¡Ÿ& _mZd OrdZ Am¡a n`m©daU XmoZm| _| {ZH$Q> g§~§Y h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE _mZd B{Vhmg H$sOmZH$mar Ho$ {bE m¡Jmo{bH$ n`m©daU H$m kmZ Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& E{e`m _hmÛrn (IÊS>)Ho$ X{jU mJ Ho$ {demb àXoe maV H$m EH$ àm`Ûrn (n`m©nÛrn) h¡Ÿ& AmO maVnm{H$ñWmZ, AmâKm{ZñWmZ, MrZm, Zonmb, ^yVmZ, ~§Jmb Am¡a _`Ý_ma Ho$ gmWAnZr gr_m OwS>r hþB© h¡Ÿ& 29 amÁ` VWm 6 (N>…) Ho$ÝÐ emgZ àXoe Am¡a EH$ amï´>amOYmZr {Xëbr àXoe BgHo$ VbhQ>r (ì`már) Ho$ ~rM _| AmVo h¡Ÿ&

^maV ^y^mJ H$s aMZm CÎmar ^mJ _| {h_mb` nhmS>r àXoe, qgYw, J§Jm Ho${demb àXoe XŠIZ ßboQ>m| VWm (Costal area) g_wÐ VQ>Ÿ& CÎma Ho$ {h_mb` nhm{S>`m|H$s loUr {díd _| ~hþV ~S>r D±$Mo {eIa h¡Ÿ&

^maV H$s gwajVm Am¡a g§ajU _| ghm`H$ h¡Ÿ& àmMrZ ^maV na CÎma{h_mb` H$s Am¡a> go A{VH«$_U hmo ahm WmŸ& H$hVo h¡ {H$ dm`ì` ^maV ~mobZ,Io~a ImS>r Ho$ Ûmam H$_ _mÌm _| A{VH«$_U hþE h¡Ÿ& {g§Yw, J§Jm H$s _¡XmZr

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àXoe H$s ^y_r ~hþV CnOmD$ àXoe h¡Ÿ& àmMrZ gä`Vm, qgYy Am¡a doX H$mb H$sgä`Vm `hm± CJ Am`oŸ& `hm± Hw$N> g_` Ho$ gmW Bg CnOmD§$ ^y_r H$mo H$ãOm H$aZoHo$ {bE H$B© `wÕ hþEŸ& gm_mÝ`V… Cg CnOmD±$ àXoe na {OZH$m {Z`§ÌU Wm do hrdhm± Ho$ gm_«mQ> ~Zo WoŸ&

Z_©Xm ZXr, ^maV H$mo Xmo {d^mJm| _| ~m§Q>r§ h¡Ÿ& CÎma {Xem H$s D±$Mr àXoe `mZr_mëd ßboQ>m| Am¡a XŠIZ ßboQ>moŸ& _m¡`© Am¡a JwßV amOmAm| Zo àmMrZ ^maV H$mo Xmo ^mJm|_| ~m±Q> H$a emgZ {H$`oŸ& CÎma Am¡a X{jU ^maVŸ& BZ Xmo {d^mJm| _| gm§ñH¥${VH${d{^ÞVm H$m H$maU ^r hþEŸ& ^maV H$m g_wÐ ~hþV b§~m 6100 {H$._r. VH$ \¡$bhþAm h¡Ÿ& nyd© g_wÐ VQ> aoIm> H$moa_ÊS>b H$s g_wÐ VQ> Zm_ go, npíM_ VQ> aoIm H$moH$m|H$U Am¡a _b~ma H$s {H$Zmao Zm_ go à{gÕ h¡Ÿ& ~hþV àmMrZ H$mb go `hm§° Ho$~§XaJmh, amo_bmoJm| H$mo AmH${f©V {H$`oŸ& Cg g_` Ho$ {dXoer ì`mnma g_wÐ Ho$ Ûmamhmo ahm WmŸ& Bg H$maU go H$Jmam| H$s (Costal area) VaŠH$s hmoH$a X{jU _| ~S>oe{º$`wV amÁ`, nmÊS>`m| H$m, Moamo H$m, Am¡a Mmob Ho$ amÁ` n¡Xm hþEŸ&

{d{dYVm go ar maVr` m¡Jmo{bH$ n[aga hm§° Ho$ OZm§Jr` bmoJm| na a§J O_m`mŸ&bmoJm| H$s AZÝ`Vm Ho$ ~rM `hm§° ^mdZmË_H$ g§ñH¥${V AnZr {d{dYVm H$mo AnZm`oŸ&{d{dYVm _| EH$Vm hr BgH$s OrdmË_m h¡Ÿ&

B{Vhmg nyd©H$mb AWdm àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ H$mb

_mZd, {b{n g§emoYZ Ho$ nyd© H$mb H$mo àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ H$hVo h¡Ÿ& Cg H$mb H$s^mfm VWm {b{n Ho$ à`moJ Ho$ ~mao _| h_o H$moB© OmZH$mar Zht {_brŸ& `hm§° _mZd H$moH$moB© {b{IV gm_J«r M[aÌ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE Zhr {_br Bg H$mb H$mo AÜ``Z H$aZodmbo{deofkmo| H$mo h_ àmº$ AWd àmÀ`dñVw AÚ`ZH$ma H$hVo h¡Ÿ& Bg H$mb _| _Zwî`Kw_¸$S> OrdZ {~VmVo, {eH$mar H$aVo Am¡a Amhma g§J«hU H$m`© _| bJo WoŸ& àmÀ`dñVwAÜ``ZH$mam| H$mo BZ bmoJm| go ~Zm o Hw$N> Cn`moJr dñwVE± {_br h¡Ÿ& ~hþYm (à`e… o)

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bmoJ nËWa, BªQ>>, bH$S>r VWm hS²>{S>`m| go V¡`ma {H$`o Am¡Omam| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVohm|JoŸ& BZ_| h_o nËWa go ~Zm`r J`r dñVw _mÌ hr AmO AÜ``Z Ho$ AmYma Ho${bE ghm`H$ h¡Ÿ& àm{U`m| H$m _m§g VWm hS²{S>`m| H$mo H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE, noS>m| H$s N>mbAm¡a àm{U`m| H$s M_S>o H$mo MraZo, \$b Am¡a OS>m| H$mo H$mQ>Zo nËWa Ho$ Am¡Omam| H$mCn`moJ H$aVo WoŸ& _Zwî`, hS²>S>r Am¡a bH$S>r go ^mbo Am¡a Vra ~ZmH$a {eH$maH$aVo WoŸ& noS>mo§ H$mo H$mQ>Zo Ho$ {bE nËWa H$s Hw$ëhmS>r ~Zm`o J`oŸ& Pm|nS>r ~ZmZonoS>m| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`oŸhm|Jo noS>m| go Hw$N> Am`wY-XñVm ~Zm`o hm|JoŸ&

nyd}{Vhmg H$mb Ho$ bmoJ {H$Z {H$Z ñWmZm| _| ~go Wo? {eH$mar Am¡a g§J«hUgo Or{dH$m {~VmZo H$s nVm ^maV _o q~~oQ²>H$m, hþUg{J Am¡a H$Zw©b àXoem| _| {_boh¡Ÿ& {eH$mar Am¡a g§J«hU Ho$ AbJ AbJ ñWmZ ^r ^maV _| {_bo h¡Ÿ& Eogo ñWmZ,Z{X`m± Am¡a Vmbm~ Ho$ {H$Zmao _| {XIm`r XoVo h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm Bg H$mb VboQ>r Ho$_Zwî` CÎma Or{dVm nËWa H$s dñVwAm| H$s Oê$aV Ho$ H$maU AnZr gw{dYm Ho$ {bEEogm nËWa {_bZo H$o ñWmZ H$mo {Zdmg Ho$ {bE MwZ {b`oŸ& _Zwî` nËWam| goOrdZmon`moJr dñVwE± ~Zm`oŸ& Eogo àXoem| H$mo Am¡Úmo{JH$ ñWmZ H$hm OmVm h¡¡Ÿ&

h_ H¡$go g_PJ| {H$ Eogo Am¡Úmo{JH$ ñWmZ H$hm h¡? MÅ>mZ {XIm`r XoZodmbo (nWarboàXoe) àXoem| _| Hw$N> nËWa H$s dñVwE± XoI gH$Vo h¡Ÿ& àm`… Hw$N> dñVwAm| H$m {Z_m©UH$aVo dº$ AZwn`moJr nËWam| H$mo Ë`mJ {X`o hm§oJoŸ& {Z_m©U Ho$ gX§^m] _| Eogo nËWam| H$moXwH$S>m| H$s amer {_bVr h¡Ÿ§Ÿ& _Zwî` Eogo ñWmZm| _| ~hþV df© ~go hm|JoŸ& Eogo ñWmZm| H$moAm¡Úmo{JH$ ñWmZ H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&

A{¾ H$s OmZH$marH$Zy©b H$s Jw\$m _| amI Ho$ {MÝh {_bo h¡Ÿ& `h A{¾ Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar VWm

Cn`moJ H$s gyMZm XoVo h¡Ÿ& A{¾ H$mo AbJ AbJ H$m`m} _| Cn`moJ {H$`oŸ& Amhma,amoeZr VWm, àm{U`m| H$mo S>amZo Ho$ {bE A{¾ H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m H$aVo WoŸ&

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Jw\$m Ho$ aoIm {MÌ{ebm`wJ Ho$ _mZd Ho$ ~go hþE Hw$N> Jw\$m _| h_ aoIm{MÌm| H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¡Ÿ& do

CZ aoIm{MÌm| H$mo Jw\$m Ho$ {Xdmam| na VWm MQ²>Q>mZm| na {M{ÌV {H$`o h¡Ÿ& Eogo Hw$N>{MÌm| H$mo _Ü` àXoe, CÎmaàXoe VWm H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ Hw$N> Jw\$mAm| _| XoIVo h¡Ÿ& BZ_|O§Jbr OmZda VWm {eH$mar Ho$ {MÌ h¡Ÿ& do ~hþV gw§Xa h¡Ÿ&

n[ad{V©V n`m©daUbJ^J 12,000 dfm} Ho$ nhbo {díd n[aga _| Hw$N> n[adV©Z hþEŸ& Bg g_`

_| ^y_r H$s Ja_r ~T>rŸ& H$B© ñWbmo _| MamJmh ~‹T> J`rŸ& new-n{j`m| _| A{YH$à_mU _| g§VVr d¥{Õ hþB©Ÿ& BZ g§Hw$b Ho$ gmW {haZ, ~mahgtJ, ^oS>-~H$ar VWmAmXr àm{U`m± MamJmh àXoe _| g_¥Õ hþEŸ& BZH$s {eH$ma H$aVo H$ñVo _mZd,CZH$m ñd^md, Amhma, ar{V-[admO VWm g§VVr H$s d¥{Õ Ho$ ~ma _| g_P J`oŸ&H$B© {XZm| Ho$ ~mX Hw$N> àm{U`m| H$mo nH$S>H$a nmbZ-nmofU H$aZo bJo Bg VahnewnmbZ Am¡a S>oar \$m_© Ama§^ hþAmŸ& Par, Vmbm~m| _| _N>br nH$S>Zm grI {b`oŸ&Bg g_` _| H$B© YmZ XoZodmbo nm¡Yo ñdm^m{dH$ ê$ngo§ n¡Xm hþEŸ& BZgo Mmdb, Jo§hÿ±VWm ~mabr AmXr YmZ H$mo Amhma Ho$ én _| Cn`moJ {H$`oŸ& CZH$mo CnOmZo H$m{dYmZ ^r _mby_ H$a {b`o &

D$na`wº$ H$mb VboQ>r H$m àmº$ emñÌkm| Zo H$B© Zm_m| go ì`º$ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& Bg_oAË`§V nyd© H$mbVboQ>r H$mo àmMrZ nmfmU `wJ H$hVo h¡Ÿ& àmMrZ nmfmU `wJ Ho$ H$mbXmo 2 {_{b`Z df© nwamZm h¡ VWm H$ar~ 12,000 dfm] VH$ {dñV[aV h¡Ÿ& Bg XrK©g_` H$mo VrZ ^mJm| _| ~m±Q>Vo h¡Ÿ& Am{X, _Ü` Am¡a A§Ë` àmMrZ `wJ &

H$ar~ 12000 dfu go 10,000 df©VH$ Ho$ H$mb H$mo _Ü` nmfmU `wJ H$hVo h¡Ÿ&Bg H$mb Ho$ n[aH$a gm_mÝ`V… ~hþV N>moQ>o WoŸ& Bg{bE gyú_ {ebm n[aH$a H$hVoh¡Ÿ& gyú_ {ebmAm| go {Z{_©V Am`wYm| _|o, _mZd H$s hS²>S>r VWm bH${S>`m| Ho$ XñVm(handles) hmWm V¡`ma H$aVo WoŸ& BgHo$ gmW nwamZo Am`wY (Am¡Oma) H$s ^r{gb{gbm Omar ahmŸ&

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H$ar~ 10,000 df© Ho$ ~mX Omo H$mbVboQ>r _| Omo, d¥{Õ hþB© Cgo ZdrZ nmfmU`wJ H$hVo h¡Ÿ& Bg H$mb Ho$ nmfmU `wJ, nhbo go hr {^Þ h¡Ÿ& `o Am`wY M_H$Vo WoŸ&VrIr Yma Ho$ WoŸ& OS>r-~y{Q> Am¡a AZmO nrgZo MŠH$s H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo WoŸ& BgH$mb Ho$ h§S>r H$‹S>mhr {_bo h¡Ÿ& Omo a§Jm| go Ab§H¥$V h¡Ÿ& h§{S>`m| H$mo YmZ H$s IOmZmHo$ ê$n _| Cn`moJ H$aVo WoŸ& BZ_| Mmdb, Johÿ± Am{X H$mo nH$mVo WoŸ& o H$nS>o ~wZZmgrI {b o WoŸ&

Am`wY

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Aä`mgI. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| H$mo nyU© H$s{OE :

1. ^maV EH$ ___________

Ûrn h¡Ÿ&

2. amI H$s {MhZ ___________

Jw\$m _| {_bo h¡Ÿ&

3. _Ü` nmfmU`wJ H$s dñVwAmo H$mo ___________

H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

II. g§{já _| CÎma {b{IE :1. ^maV H$s ^m¡Jmo{bH$ aMZm H$mo ñWyb én _| {b{IEŸ?

2. ^maV na A{VH«$_U {H$Z Im{S>`m| Ho$ Ûmam hþB©Ÿ?

3. àmJ¡{Vhmg H$mb (nyd© B{Vhmg H$mb) {H$go H$hVo h¡?

4. newnmbZ Am¡a Xw½Yembm CÚ_ (S>oar\$m_©) H¡$go àma§^ hþAm?

5. àmJ¡{Vhmg Ho$ H$mbVboQ>r H$m àmŠV emñÌkm| Zo {d{dY Zm_ go nwH$maoh¡Ÿ& do H$m¡Z H$m¡Z go h¡Ÿ&

III. à{H«$`m`o :{H$gr EH$ Jw\$m ^|Q>H$a CgHo$ ~mao _| {ejH$mo go Á`mXm OmZH$mar nm{``oŸ&

I Was Willing To Accept What I Couldn't Change.

-Abdul Kalam

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AÜ`m` - 3

^maV H$s àmMrZ gä`VmBg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX {ZåZ{b{IV A§emo§ H$mo g_P|JoŸ&

● ^maV Ho$ àmMrZ gä`Vm Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZmŸ&● gä`Vm _| àW_ ZmJarH$aU, ZJam| H$s {deofVm, ZJa `moOZm, ZJa

OrdZ, ZJam| H$s AdZ{V, AmXr Ho$ ~mao _| {díbofU H$aZmŸ&● doXm| H$m {dH$mg, àH$a Am¡a doXm| Ho$ H$mb VWm VXwnam§V Ho$ OZOrdZ H$mo

g_PZmŸ&

Kw_¸$S>r OrdZ H$s pñWaVmYw_ŠH$S>r OrdZ H$s pñWaVm Ho$ ~mX àmŠV emñÌkm| Zo H$B© ñWmZm| _| Hw$Q>ra Am¡a

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BamZ H$m _mJ© _| ~mobZnmg Ho$ CnOmD±$ _¡XmZ Ho$ nmg _ohaKa Zm_H$ ñWmZ h¡Ÿ&_ohaKa Ho$ bmoJ ~mabr Am¡a Johÿ± H$mo CnOmZo Ho$ {bE VWm oS> ~H$[a`m| H$m nmofU H$aZmOmZVo WoŸ& `ht nhbm Jm±d WmŸ& _ohaKa Ho$ bmoJ Ka _| ahVo WoŸ& BZ_| go Hw$N> Ka MmaH$_ao dmbo WoŸ& OmZdam| Ho$ AdgoI Ho$ Abmdm g_m{Y`m± ^r `hm± {_bo h¡Ÿ& _Zwî`m| Ho$gmW àm{U`m| H$mo {MÝh {_bo h¡Ÿ& _Zwî`m| Ho$ gmW àm{U`m| H$mo ^r JmS>Vo WoŸ&

nhbm ZJarH$aUH$ar~ 150 df© nyd© n§Om~ H$s qgYy ImS>r àXoe _| nhbo nhb aob _mJ© ~ZmZo Ho$

g_` B§{O{Z`am| Zo hS>ßnm Ho$ àmMrZ ñWmZm| H$mo XoImŸ& dh BªQ>m| go ~Zm`o EH$ Q>rbm

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gm XrI n‹S>mŸ& dhm± {_bo BªQ>m| H$mo aob _mJ© ~ZmZo _| Cn`moJ {H$`oŸ& Bg Vah `hm±~hþV B_maVm| H$m nVm bJm`m J`mŸ&

Hw$N> df© ~mX àmŠV emñÌkm| Zo hS>ßnm ZJa H$mo Ty>±T>mŸ& CZH$mo bJm {H$ dh EH$àmMrZ ZJa h¡Ÿ& dhm± Mmam| Amoa {XImB© XoZodmbo Am¡a nhbo {_bo ñWmZm| _| gmå` WmŸ&Bg{bE Cgo hS>ßnm gä`Vm H$hVo h¡Ÿ& `o g~ ZJa600 df© àmMrZ H$mb Ho$ WoŸ&

ZJam| H$s {deofVm :hS>ßnm _| ZJam| H$mo Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ ^mJm| _|

XoI gH$Vo h¡Ÿ& n{ÀN>_ ^mJ EH$ N>moQ>m hmoVm h¡ & OmoD±$Mo ñWmZ _| h¡Ÿ& àmŠV emñÌkm| Bgo "{H$bm' H$hVoh¡Ÿ& H$ar~ nyd©^mJ Ho$ ZrMo EH$ {demb _¡XmZ gmVbhQ>r hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Bgo {ZMbm J«m_ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& BgHo$Mmam| Amoa Obr BªQ>mo Ho$ {Xdma ~Zm`o J`o h¢Ÿ& `o {Xdmao~hþV _O~yV WoŸ&

{H$bo Ho$ A§Xa gw§Xa B_maVo Wo, Xygam ZJa _moh|OXmam| _| EH$ Vmbm~ ~Zdm`mWmŸ& Bgo ñZmZ H$aZo H$m Vmbm~ H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ& Bgo BªQ>m| go ~Zm`o OmZo Ho$ H$maU nmZr

~mha Zht OmVm WmŸ& XmoZm| Amoa gr{T>`m± Wt& Mmam|

ZV© H$s H$m±g H$s à{V_m

_oh|OXmam| H$m ñZmZ Hw±$dmnwéf _w§S> H$s {ebm _y{V©

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Amoa H$_ao WoŸ& Hw$E± go nmZr ^amVo WoŸ& ñZmZ Ho$ ~mX nmZr H$mo ~mha N>moS>Vo WoŸ& BgVmbm~ _| ~hþ_w»` ì`{ŠV ñZmZ H$aVo hm|JoŸ& H$m{b~§JZ Am¡a bmoWmb ZJam| _| Mwëho{XImB© {X`o h¡Ÿ& _moh|OXmam|, hS>ßnm VWm bmoWmb _| ì`dpñWV H$_am| H$m {Z_m©U{H$`o h¡Ÿ&

ZJa `moOZm : ZJa Ho$ Vb _§{Ob bmoJm| H$m {Zdmg ñWmZ WmŸ& CgH$m énaofm~hþV AÀN>m WmŸ& Ka gS>Ho$ VWm _mo[a`m| H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¡Ÿ& bmoJ EH$`m Xmo _§{Obo Ka~ZmVo WoŸ& do BªQ>m| go ~Zm o WoŸ& CZHo$ Xrdma _O~wV WoŸ& Am±JZ Ho$ Mmam| Amoa H$_amo KaHo$ XadmOm gS>H$ Ho$ ~Jbo _| WoŸ& {IS>{H$`m§° ^r gS>H$ H$s Amoa Zht WoŸ& Ka _| ñZmZH$_ao WoŸ& ZJam| _| _moar H$s ì`ŠñWm WrŸ& BªQ> Am¡a nËWa Ho$ Mm¡ag go _mo[a`m± ~§X H$aVoŸ&Ka H$s _mo[a`m§° ~mhar _mo[a`m| go {_bVo WoŸ& Ka Am¡a ñZmZ H$m J§Xo nmZr Zmbo Ho$ Ûmam_moar go {_bVm WmŸ& _moar H$mo ñdÀN> H$aZo Ho$ {bE g|K ~Zm o J o WoŸ&

ZJa OrdZ : B_maVm| Ho$ {~Zm Omo dñVwE± {_bo CZ_o bmohm VWm H$s_Vr aËZm|H$mo XoIVo h¡Ÿ& ZJam| H$m _ZH$m (_{U) Am¡a _wha H$s N>mn XoI gH$Vo h¡Ÿ& ZJam| H$mà~§Y, emgZ dJ© Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar XoVo h¡Ÿ& H$s_Vr bmoho, aËZ Am¡a Oodam| H$mCn`moJ H$m_ _| boVo WoŸ& _wham| H$s {b{n go _mbw_ hmo OmEJm {H$ nT>o {bIo bmoJ H$sH$_r Z Wr & AV… hOmam| _wham| na {b{n CJ Am`oŸ&

hS>ßnm g§ñH¥${V Ho$ bmoJ IoVr~mar Am¡a ì`mnma na {Z^©a WoŸ& Johÿ§°, Om¡, AZmO,VWm gagmo AmXr _w»` YmÝ` WoŸ& H$nmg go nmoemH$ V¡`ma H$aZm ^r grIo WoŸ& H$B©ZJa ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao na pñWV ahZo Ho$ H$maU do qgMmB© H$s OmZH$mar r aIVo WoŸ& oHy$~S> ~¡b, Jm`, ¢g, oS>-~H$ar, Hw$Îmm VWm _wJu AmXr new nmbZ H$m`© _| bJo WoŸ&~¡bm| go ^moO qIMmZo H$m H$m_ boVo WoŸ& IoVr~mar Ho$ gmW ì`mnma dm{UÁ` à_wIñWmZ nm`o WoŸ& `hm§° ZJa J«m_rU g§ñH¥${V Ho$ gmW gmW ì`mdhm[aH$ g§~§Y aIo WoŸ&~obw{MñWmZ, gm¡amï> VWm XŠIZ àXoe _¡gnmoQ>m{_`m _| {_bo H$B© _wha {gYw ZmJarH$VmH$s _whao BZ àXoem| H$m g§~§Y {XImVo h¡Ÿ&

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ZJam| H$s AdZ{V : H$ar~ 4000 df© nhbo `hm§° H$s ì`dñWm n[adV©Z hmoZobJmŸ& hS>ßnm {H$bo H$s Xrdmam| H$mo Am¡a r _O~yV ~Zm`oŸ& Am{Iar {XZm| _| npÀN>_XadmOm| H$mo g§nyU© ~§X H$am`oŸ& qgYy ZJa H$s emgZ ì`dñWm na X~md AmZo bJmŸ&_moh|OXmam| Ho$ {demb H$_ao N>moQ>o hmo J`oŸ& nW `moOZm ì`dpñWV én _| Zht WmŸ&

B{VhmgH$mam| Zo BZH$m AZoH$ H$maU {X`m h¡Ÿ& gyIr ZXr, ZXr H$s J{V _|n[adV©Z ^r BgH$m H$maU h¡Ÿ& Am¡a O§Jb Zme ^r H$maU h¡Ÿ& ~mT> go Obmd¥V ^rEH$ H$maU h¡Ÿ& qgYw Am¡a npÀe_ n§Om~ Ho$ bmoJ Cg àXoe H$mo N>moS>H$a nyd© Am¡aXpúU Ho$ Z`m ñWmZ H$mo àdmg Om`m H$aVo hm|JoŸ& JwOamV Ho$ bmoWmb ZJa _| `hgä`Vm AZoH$ df© AmJo ~T>rŸ& `h {H«$`m Ho$ VXwnam§V Cg H$mb H$s g§ñH¥${V go hmW~§°Q>m`oŸ& {\$a r qgYw gä`Vm ma{V`m| H$m Jd© H$s ~mV h h¡ mZr gm§ñH¥${VH$ _ybH$m A{^_mZ h¡ VWm h_mar gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yb H$mo _wH¥$Q> àmá h¡Ÿ&

doXmo§ Ho$ H$mb : {díd Ho$ AË §V àmMrZ gm§{hË` Ho$ AmYma _| doX ~hþ_w»` h¡Ÿ&doXm| _| Mma oX h¡Ÿ& do F$½doX, gm_doX, `Owd}X Am¡a AWd©UdoXŸ& BZ_| F$½doX ~hþVàmMrZ aMZm h¡Ÿ& `h H$ar~ 3500 df© nwamZm h¡Ÿ& F$½doX _| hOmam| íbmoH$ h¡Ÿ& BZH$mogyŠV H$hVo h¡Ÿ& doXm| Ho$ íbmoH$m| _| ^JdmZ H$s ñVw{V h¡Ÿ& A{¾, B§Ð gmo_ `hm± Ho$ àYmZXodVmE± h¡Ÿ&

doX H$m _Vb~ kmZ h¡Ÿ& `h _m¡{IH$ én nr{T>`m| go nrT>r VH$ Am`o hþE doXm| H$molw{V H$hVo h¡Ÿ& {dídmg h¡ {H$ doX Anm¡éfo` h¡Ÿ& doXm| _| g§{hVm ^mJ, ~«m÷Ur,AaÊ`H$ Am¡a Cn{ZfX mJ h¡Ÿ& BZ doXm| _o§ Cg H$mb Ho$ gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, Ym{_©H$Ed§ amOH$s` pñW{V J{V H$m C„oI {H$`o h¡Ÿ& doXm| Ho$ {eën, H$ën, {Zéº$, ì`mH$aU,N>§X Am¡a Á`mo{V{fZm_H$ N>… ^oX h¡Ÿ& Am`wd}X, YZwd}X {eëndoX, J§Yd© doX O¡gmCndoX Am¡a gm§»`, `moJ, Ý`m`, d¡eo{fH$, CÎma_r_m§gm, nyd©_r_m§g Zm_H$ N>… de©Zh¡Ÿ& BZ g~H$mo d¡{XH$ gm{hË` ^r H$hVo h¡Ÿ& d¡{XH$ gm{hË` {díd Ho$ àmMrZ gm{hË`h¡Ÿ& `h gm{hË` g§ñH¥$V ^mfm _| WoŸ& d¡{XH$ `wJ _| O¡go F${f_w{Z`m± Wo d¡go _{hbm{dXw{f`m± ^r WrŸ& CÝho ~«÷dm{XZr H$hVo h¡Ÿ& CZ_| Anmb, bmon_wÐ, Kmofm, _¡Ìo`r,Jm{J© Am¡a {dídmda AmXr à_wI h¡ŸŸ&

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`o doX _m¡{IH$ na§nam Ho$ {d^mJ _| H$B© g{X`m| go ~hH$a Am`o h¡Ÿ& BZH$mo(O~mZr `mX) {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& nwamo{hV AË`§V AZwemgZ go AnZo Mobm| H$mo ~moYH$amVo Am`o h¡Ÿ& BZH$mo H$B© eVmãXr Ho$ ~mX {b{IV én _| nm`oŸ& doXm|, ~«m÷Um|VWm Cn{ZfX Ho$ H$mbVboQ>r, B{Vhmg nyd©H$mb go AmO Ho$ B{Vhmg _| pñWV h¡Ÿ&^maV H$s B{Vhmg _| `hm§° go AmJoŸ& {b{IV na§nam H$m Ama§^ XoIZo Ho$ H$maU BgoMm[a{ÌH$ VboQ>r H$hVo h¡Ÿ& Š`m|{H$ Bg VboQ>r, B{VhmgH$ma AdgoI Ho$ AÜ``Z naAÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ gmW {b{IV AmYmam| H$mo Aä`mg H$aVo h¡Ÿ&

F$½doX Ho$ Cnam§V, Am o Y_©J«§W AmO ^r d¡{XH$ na§nam H$s Ádb§V gmjr h¡Ÿ& CZ_§Ìmo H$mo d¡{XH$m| Zo AnZm OrdZ H$m A§e ~ZmH$a Cn`moJ H$a aho h¡Ÿ& `Owd}X Am¡aAWd©UdoX _| {XImB© XoZo dmbo `km| Ho$ {Z`_ VWm Cn{ZfX² H$s AÏ`mpË_H$Vm god¡{XH$ na§nam H$s g§ñH¥${V H$m én bo {b`m h¡Ÿ& doX gyº$m| _| h_ XoIVo h¡ {H$ Cg H$mbH$s nr{T> m§° Amng _| g§Kf© H$a aho WoŸ& CZ_| ‘^aV’ Zm_ H$s nrT>r nyd© n§Om~ Ho$‘gVÐþ’ Am¡a `_wZm àXoe _| ~go WoŸ& Bg àXoe H$mo ‘Am`m©dVm©’ H$hVo h¡Ÿ& do IwX AnZoAmnH$mo ‘Am ©’ bmoJ H$hVo h¡Ÿ& Am © H$m _Vb~ "AÀN>o' `mZr B‚mVdmbo h¡ &

BZ nr{T> m| _| H$B© Zm`H$m| Ho$ Zm_ C„oI h¡Ÿ& CZ_| ^aV nrT>r H$m amOm gwXmgà_wI h¡Ÿ& `h dm`ì` ^mJ Ho$ Xg nr{T> m| H$s EH$Vm H$mo namñV {H$`mŸ& BZ_| EH$e{º$ embr amOm nwé WoŸ& BZHo$ amOm ‘nwaHw$Ëg’ Bg wÕ _| _a J`mŸ& BgHo$ ~mX‘^aV’ Am¡a nwé H$s nr{T> m± nrN>o hQ>J oŸ& ‘^aV’ H$s nr{T> Ho$ J§Jm-`_wZm Ho$ CnOmD§°$àXoe Hw$é d§e Ho$ hmW Am oŸ& Bg Amngr \y$Q> Ho$ Abmdm Xygao g_wXm` ‘Xmg’ Am¡aXñ wAm| Ho$ {déÕ bS> aho WoŸ& {H$bo _| ahZodmbo Xmgm| Ho$ nmg ~hþV OmZdma WoŸ& Bgo‘nwa’ H$hVo WoŸ& Eogo hOmam| {H$bmo H$mo gmhgr BÝÐ Zo Zme {H$ o WoŸ&

Am`m} Ho$ Xyí_Z nm{U bmoJ Wo& do A_ra WoŸ& do d¡{XH$ nm¡amo{hË` H$mo BZH$ma{H$`oŸ& nm{U bmoJ Am`m} Ho$ OmZdma H$mo h_oem de _| boVo WoŸ& doXm| H$s àmW©Zm _oJm`, KmoS>o nyÁ` WoŸ& do Jm`m| H$mo g§ajU Ho$ {bE bS>mB© {H$`oŸ& `wÕ H$aZo dmbm| H$mo_X© g§VmZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm WrŸ& CgH$s {Zarjm _| do àmW©Zm H$aVo WoŸ& Jm` Am¡aKmoS>m| H$mo MamZo H$m MamJmh H$mo AnZmZo Ho$ {bE `wÕ H$a aho WoŸ& Xodr-XodVmAm|H$s Vwï>r Ho$ {bE, Anma g§nÎmr Ho$ {bE, `wÕ H$aVo WoŸ& `wÕ _| nm`o Hw$N> g§nÎmr H$mo`km| H$mo Amhþ{V Ho$ én _| g_{n©V H$a aho WoŸ&

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d¥{Îm go Xmo àYmZ g_wXm`m| H$mo nhMmZ gH$Vo h¡Ÿ& d¡{XH$ H$_© H$aZodmbm~«m÷U, bS>mB© _| Zm`H$Ëd {Z^mZodmbo j{Ì` bmoJŸAm¡a H¥${f dm{UÁ` newnmbZ_| pñWV d¡í` ewÐ Cn`w{º$ VrZm| Ho$ gmW F¥$½doX Ho$ A§{V_ _| gpå_{bV Mm¡Wm dU©BZHo$ _w{I`m± amOmAm| H$s ar{V _| Zht WoŸ& BZH$mo H$moB© amOYmZr, amO^dZ, `mbJmZ H$m à~§Y Zhr WmŸ& bmoJmo Ho$ {X`o hþE Cnhma VWm `wÕm| _| H$ãOo YZamer goemgZ H$a aho WoŸ& BZH$mo gbmh XoZo Ho$ {bE ‘g^m’ Am¡a g{_{V Zm_H$ g§ñWmE§moWrŸ& ~hþV OZ à{V{Z{Y`m| go `wº$ g^m amOH$s` g§ñWmAm| H$s Vah {Z{X©ï> H$m`©{Z^mVo WoŸ&

amOmAm| H$mo gbmh XoZo Ho$ {bE nwamo{hV, goZmZr Am¡a J«m{_Ur WoŸ& nwamo{hVm| Ho$ñWmZ H$mo F${f _w{Z`m± boVo WoŸ& CXm : d{eï>, {dídm{_Ì AmXr nwamo{hV WoŸ&nwamo{hV, amOm H$mo Jwé _mJ©Xeu Am¡a VËdkmZr WoŸ&

J«m_ H$s _w{I`m§ J«m{_Ur VWm goZm H$m _w{I`m WmŸ& goZmZr amOm Ho$ H$m`© _|_XX H$aVo WoŸ& Am_, OZ g_wXm` H$mo ‘OZ’ H$hVo WoŸ& AmO ^r H$ÞS> _| ^rg_yh H$mo ‘OZ’ H$hVo h¡Ÿ& ^aVOZ, nwéOZ, Hw$éOZ, VWm `Xw AmXr g_wXm`m| H$moH$B© nmo{W`m| _| C„oI h¡Ÿ&

emgZ H$m nhbm A§e J«m_ h¡Ÿ& J«m{_Ur CgH$m _w{I`m WmŸ& H$B© J«m_m| Ho$g_yh H$mo {df` ({df) H$hVm WmŸ& {df`n{V CgH$m _w{I`m WmŸ& H$B© {df`{_bmZo go ‘OZ’ `m amÁ` ~Z J`mŸ& Bgo amOm, amOZ² A§WdmŸ& ‘Jmonm’ H$hVo WoŸ&dh hr emgZ H$aVm WmŸ& d¡{XH$ `wJ _| JUamÁ` ^r WoŸ& {demb amÁ` H$mo emgZH$aZodmbm| H$mo gm_«mQ> H$hVo WoŸ& gm_«mQ>m| H$mo {damQ>, EH$amQ>, gd©amQ> Zm_ goH$hbmVo WoŸ&

doXH$mb Ho$ ~mXF$½doX H$mb Am¡a ~wÕ H$mb Ho$ ~rM EH$ hOma (1000) df© Ho$ A§Va XoI

gH$Vo h¡Ÿ& Am`© bmoJ Bg Ad{Y go nyd© J§Jm ZXr H$s Amoa J`oŸ& ^maV Ho$ àmº$emók hpñVZmnwa, A§Ì{OHo$a _| {H$E CËIZZ Cg g_` Ho$ g§~§Y ahoŸ& amIrHo$ a§JHo$ _Q>Ho$, Vm_« H$s dñVwE± Jrbo BªQ> ^r h_o {_bo h¡Ÿ& Bg H$mb Ho$ AmYma J«§Wm| _|_w»` ^oX d«m•U Cn{ZfX VWm _hmH$mì` WoŸ& BZ_o _hm^maV H$mb Ho$ {df`m| _|

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{dÛmZm| _o {^Þm{^àm` h¡Ÿ& Bg Ad{Y Ho$ g§ñH¥${V VWm amOH$s` H|$Ð J§JmZXr Ho$CnOmD$ àXoe Hw$éd§e H$s amOYmZr hpñVZmnwa WmŸ&

BgHo$ Cnam§V Am`©bmoJ J§Jm ZXr Ho$ nwd© àXoe CÎmaH$mogb VWm {dXoh AmH$a~go `o àXoe am_ VWm OZH$ _hmamO go »`mVr nm`oŸ& ~wÕ H$mb Ho$ g_` OZH$ H$m{dXoh Am¡a CgH$s amOYmZr {_{Wbm AnZr nwamZr _hËd H$mo Imo J`oŸ& BgHo$ Abmdm`hm± d‚mr bmoJm| Ho$ ñWmZ ~M J`oŸ& BZ_| {bÀMmdr à_wI WoŸ&

_JY _| d¡{XH$ {d{Y H$mo Zht _ZmVo WoŸ& ~m¡Õ H$mb _| _JY AnZm à{gÕamOm q~~gma Ho$ emgZ H$mb _| à_wIVm nm`rŸ& `h gm_«mÁ` Ho$ H|$Ð hmoH$aà_wIVm nm`rŸ& Bg Vah `_wZm go ~§Jmbm ImS>r VH$ N>moQ>mgm amÁ` ‘A§JX’ VH$Am`© bmoJ AnZm amÁ` ñWm{nV {H$`oŸ& `_wZm Ho$ nmg _Wwam àXoe Ho$ `mXd bmoJWoŸ& _hmH$mì` Ho$ àH$ma `mXd bmoJ H¥$îU Ho$ Ûmam gm¡amï´> nhþ±MoŸ& Cg g_` Ho$ Am`©bmoJ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o amÁ` ñWm{nV H$a amOYmZr ~ZmH$a emgZ ì`dñWm H$m à~§Y{H$`oŸ& `hm± amOm H$m A{YH$ma ~«m÷U VWm g§àXm`Ho$ {Z`§ÌU _| WoŸ& nwamZrnr{T>`m| JU `mZr JUg§Ymo _| hOmam| dfm} VH$ Or{dV ahoŸ&

Bg H$mb _| `k-`mJ à_wI WoŸ& amOm bmoJ amOgy , dmOno , gn©_oY VWmAíd_oY `km| H$m AmMaU H$aVo IyX gm_«mQ> ~ZVo WoŸ&

Aíd_oY `mJAíd_oY mJ _| amOm EH$ {d{eï> KmoS>o H$mo _wº$ N>moS>Vo WoŸ& BgHo$ nrN>o moÕmAmo H$s

^rS> OmVr Wr& dh {Og àXoe H$mo àdoe H$aVo, Cg, àXoe Ho$ amOm BZH$m gmd© m¡_Ëd H$mo_mZH$a AYrZ ~ZH$a ‘‘amOH$a’’ XoVo WoŸ& H$moB© KmoS>o H$mo ~m§Yo Vmo Cg amOm Ho$ gmd© m¡_ËdH$m gdmb WmŸ& CgHo$ gmW wÕ H$aZm WmŸ& Bg Vah do EH$ gmb VH$ CZ àXoem| H$moOrVH$a ~mX _o Aíd_oY `k H$aZm WmŸ& o ~hþV amOmAm| H$s _hmËdmH$m§jm WrŸ&

doXm| Ho$ H$mb _| gmoZm, Vm_«, H$m§g, bmohm, grgm, Mm§Xr AmXr bmohmo H$s OmZH$marWrŸ& bmoJ O§Jb H$mQ>H$a Xoe {dñVma H$aVo J`oŸ& `o AñÌm| go hmWr H$mo H$ãOo _|bmVo WoŸ& do Mmdb H$s IoVr~mar grIoŸ& gwZma, Owbmho, ~T>B© gyVH$mVZodmbm,

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Q>moH$ar dmbm VWm Hw$åhma AmXr Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar {_bVo h¡Ÿ& Zm¡H$a, Á`mo{V{f`m±,~m±gwar ~OmZodmbm, Z¥Ë`H$aZodmbm VWm ì`mnm[a`m| H$m C„oI ì`º$ hþE h¡Ÿ& BgVah {d{eï> ar{V Ho$ g§ñH¥${V ^maV _| pñWV hþB©Ÿ&

Aä`mgI. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| H$mo nyU© H$s{OE :

1. ~mobZnmg H$s CnOmD§°$ _m¡XmZ Ho$ nmg H$s ^y_r ___________

2. H$ar~ 90 ~f© Ho$ nhbo àmº$ emñÌk _______

ZJa H$mo ImoO {b`oŸ&

3. ~hþV àmMrZ doX ___________

4. _JY gm_«mÁ` Ho$ à{gÕ amOm ___________

5. haßnm gñH¥${V Ho$ bmoJ H¥${f Am¡a ___________

na Adb§{~V WmŸ&

II. g§{já én _| {b{IE :1. haßnm ZJa H$s {deofVm {b{IE >>Ÿ&

2. _mohoOXmamo H$s Prb Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IEŸ&

3. ZJa `moOZm H¡$gr Wr ?

4. doXm| H$m Zm_mo„oI H$s{OEŸ&

5. doXm| Ho$ H$mb _| H$m¡Z - go `k à{gÕ Wo?

6. doXH$mb Ho$ ~mX H$s d¥Îmr Ho$ ~mao _| {ddaU Xr{OE ?

III. H$m¡eë` :1. _moh|OXmamo - haßnm ZmJarH$Vm, BZ_o§ {H$gr EH$ H$s `moOZm V¡`ma

H$s{OE

2. Cmo{ZfX²> H$s H$WmAm| H$mo n{T>EŸ&

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AÜ`m` - 4

{díd H$s$ àmMrZ gä`VmBg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX {ZåZ{b{IV A§emo§ H$mo g_P|JoŸ&

● B©{Oá, _ognQ>mo{_`m Am¡a MrZm H$s gä`Vm Am{XŸ& {díd H$s$ loï> gä`VmHo$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar boZmŸ&

● Bg H$mb H$s gä`Vm OZOrdZ, H$bm, dmñVw{eën OrdZ {dYmZ Ho$ ~mao _|g_PZmŸ&

{g§Yw gä`Vm H$s Vah {díd Ho$ H$B© àXoem| _| àmMrZ ZmJarH$Vm H$mo CgHo$g_H$mbrZ pñWVr _| XoIVo h¡Ÿ& B©{OßQ> ZmJarH$Vm, _ognQ>mo{_`m ZmJarH$Vm, MrZmZmJarH$Vm H$mo h_ Eo{e`m Am¡a Am{\«$H$m _hmÛrn _| XoI gH$Vo h¡Ÿ&

B©{OßQ> gä`Vm~hþYm g^r gä`VmE± ZXr Ho$ _¡XmZr àXoemo _| n¡Xm hþB© h¡Ÿ& B©{OßQ> gä`Vm Z¡b

ZXr Ho$ VQ> _| \y$bm-\$bmŸ& `hm§° Ho$ AdeoI BgHo$ d¡ d H$mo {XImVo h¡Ÿ& ~S>o {nam{_S>,_y{V©{eën, Xodmb` VWm CZ_| {_bo {b{n, `hm§° H$s g§ñH¥${V VWm B[Vhmg H$m n[a``H$amVo h¢Ÿ&

B©{OßQ> Zm| H$m `moJXmZB©{OßQ> bmoJ AÀN>o H¥${fH$ WoŸ& qgMmB© Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar WrŸ& do _§{Xa dZm oŸ&

BZHo$ Š`mboÊS>a ({V{WnÌ) H$mb_mnZ _| Cn wº$ h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm {b{n Am¡a boIZH$bm H$m én V¡ ma {H$ oŸ& o gm§Ho${VH$ mfm WrŸ& N>moQ>o {MÌm| go wº$, BgH$mo {hamob¡{\$Šg(n{dÌ boIZ) H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

Z¡b ImS>rha gmb ~marf Ho$ {XZm| _| Z¡b ZXr H$s ImS>r, Vmbm~ ~ZmVo WoŸ& gyIr IoV,

VWm MamJmh H$mo g»V {MH$Zr {_hr go Amd¥V H$aVo WoŸ& göX`r B©{OßQ> H$s ZXrhOmam| bmoJm| H$m H$m_ H$aVr WrŸ& dhm± Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo Amhma XoVo WoŸ& N>moQ>r ZmbmE±, Hw$Am|

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go, g§H$sU© qgMmB© go IoVr~mar H$m à~§Y Xoe ^a {H$ oŸ J o& B©{OßQ> Ho$ {H$gmZm| VWmZJadm{g`m± AnZo {dlm§V g_` _| H$B© H$bmË_H$ dñVwAm| H$s aMZm _| bJJ oŸ& nwamo{hVàH¥${V Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar XoVo WoŸ& o {dÛmZ WoŸ& {b{IV XñVmdoO H$m g§ajU H$s{Oå_oXmar BZH$m| gm¢n {X oŸ& _aZo Ho$ ~mX, OrdZ a {dídmg Wo {H$ _Zwî` nabmoH$ _|`hm± Ho$ H$_m} H$m ~`mZ OrdZ Am¡a _¥Ë w Ho$ A{YnVr Amo{gag H$mo XoZm nS>Vm WmŸ& oOrdZ j{UH$ g_PH$a mdr OrdZ H$s XrK© V¡ mar H$aZo H$m n[aUm_, Z¡b àXoe H$mo,bme Ho$ {bE aIo J oŸ& _¥V eara bmem| H$m AZoH$ amgm`{ZH$m| go nmoVH$a, _hrZ H$nS>onhZmH$a g§ajU H$aVo WoŸ& Eogo Xohm| H$mo "_på_' H$hVo WoŸ& Bg Xoh H$mo bme H$s noQ>r _|aIVo WoŸ& o B©{OßQ> bmoJm| H$s g_m{Y WoŸ& ^mdr OrdZ H$mo Oê$aV g_PH$a bme Ho$Mmam| Amoa {ZË` Cn`moJr dñVwEoo§ agmoB`m Am¡a ZmB© H$s nwVbr ~ZmH$a aIVo WoŸ&

àma§^ _| g_m{Y`m| H$monhmS>r MQ²>Q>Zm| H$mo Q>m§°H$ H$a aMZmH$aVo WoŸ& BgHo$ ~mX B©{OßQ> bmoJCÎma {Xem OmH$a ao{JñWmZm| _ohr g_m{Y ~Zm oŸ& CgHo$ D$na~S>o ~S>o nËWam| go D§°$Mr MmoQ>r~Zm oŸ& J«rH$ bmoJ Bgo ‘{na{_S>’H$hVo h¡Ÿ& B©{OßQ> Ho$ amOmAm| H$mo"â`mam|' H$hVo h¡Ÿ& \$`mamo ‘~S>oKa _| ahoZdmbm _Zwî`’ h¡Ÿ& H¥${fH$ {Og Vah Amo{gag Ho$ emgZ H$mo _mZ {bE d¡goâ`mamo Ho$ emgZ H$mo _mZ {b o WoŸ&

~rgdr gXr H$s AmOmXr OrdZ Ho$ ~mX ‘h¡H²$gmog’ Zm_H$ Aao{~`m Ho$ oS>-~H$[a`m MamZodmbo nwíVo H$s g_wXm` B©{OßQ> na h_bm {H$ o Am¡a 500 dfm]VH$ emgZ{H$ oŸ& do dhm§° Ho$ g§JÎmr H$mo byQ> {b oŸ& Bggo do OZ{à` Zht ~ZoŸ& `hÿ{X`m§° nZmhñWmZ H$mo Ty>§T>H$a Ky_Vo Ky_Vo Am oŸ& bmoJ CZ na ^r Ûof H$aZo bJoŸ& {dXoer emgZ Ho$ghH$ma go ‘H$a’ dgybr VWm emgZ godm _| ^r ghH$ma {X oŸ&

{na{_S>

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{H«$.nw 1700 _| Vo{~pñg bmoJ {dXo{e`m| Ho$ {déÕ X§JmŸ& {H$ oŸ& do XrK© g§Kf© Ho$~mX h¡H²$gmogm| H$mo Xoe go ~mha ^JmEŸ& B©{OßQ> {\$a EH$ ~ma ñdV§Ì hþAmŸ& hOmam|gmb Ho$ ~mX Am{g[a`m Ho$ gmS>m©Z\$bñg gm_«mÁ` Ho$ emgZ na Am oŸ&

{H«$.ny 6 (N>…) dr gXr _| n{f© m Ho$ amOm Š §~o{gñg B©{OßQ> H$mo H$ãOm H$a{X`mŸ& {H«$.ny. 4 ~t gXr _o AboJ²>gm§S>a Ho$ EH$ goZmZm`H$ IwX B©{OßQ> amÁ` Ho$ amOmKmofUm H$aHo$ ‘Q>mobo{_’ amOKa~ma ñWm{nV {H$ oŸ& hr ‘Abo½gm§{S> m’ ZJa H$m {Z_m©U{H$ oŸ& A§V _| {H«$.ny _| 39 _| amo_ bmoJ Am oŸ& B©{OßQ> H$s Am{Iar amUr pŠb`monmÌ XoeH$s ajm Ho$ {bE H$mo{ee H$sŸ& CgH$s Qw>H$S>r goZm go ^r CgHo$ gm¡X§ © go amo_Z² ~hþVS>aVo WoŸ& Xmo ~ma h_bm {H$ o hþE amo_Zm¡ Ho$ {Xb na dh h_bm H$s MwH$s WrŸ& na {H«$.ny 30 _| grμOa Ho$ CÎmam{YH$mar Xm_mX AJñQ>g AnZm ggwa H$s Vah gm¢X © H$mo

wbH$a CgH$s goZm H$mo namñV H$a {X`mŸ& CgZo CgH$m Ord ~Mm`mŸ& bo{H$Z AnZo H$mowÕ g§n¡ Ho$ én _| bo OmZo H$m CÕoe gwZH$a {H«$`monmÌm {df nrH$a AmË_hË`m H$a XrŸ&

Cg {XZ go B©{OßQ> amo_Zm| H$m àm§Ë` hþB©Ÿ&

_ognQ>mo{_`m gä`VmXmo Z{X`m| Ho$ ~rM H$m KmQ>r ñWb _ognQ>mo{_`m h¡Ÿ& ~mB~b Ho$ nwamZo BƒmnÌ

(Q>oñQ>m_oÝQ>) _o d{U©V àXoe `hm± h¡Ÿ& {dñ_` Am¡a AmúM © àXoe Ho$ H$maU J«rH$ bmoJBgo _ognQ>mo{_`m AWdm ""Z{X`m| Ho$ ~rM H$m Xoe'' H$hVo h¡Ÿ& `hm± Ho$ yào{Q>g Am¡aQ>¡{J«g Zm_H$ Xmo Z{X`m§° npíM_ E{e`m Ho$ ~§Oa y_r H$mo bh bhm oŸ& BZ Xmo Z{X`m| Ho$CnOmD$ àXoe, _Ü` àXoe Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo AmH${f©V {H$`mŸ& WmoS>r _ohZV go Amhma XoZo Ho$H$maU CÎma Ho$ nhmS>r {Zdmgr VWm X{jU Ho$ aoJrñWmZ Ho$ Kw_¸$S> nwñVo Bg àXoe H$moAnZmZo Ho$ {bE à`ËZH$aVo ahoŸ& nhmS>r bmoJ Am¡a Kw_¸$S> bmoJmo Ho$ Amngr \y$Q> Ho$H$maU {Za§Va g§Kf© MbVo ahoŸ& BZ g§Kf© Ho$ ~rM EH$ Z o bmoJmo H$s ZmJarH$Vm CJAm ogw_o[a`mZ bmoJ, _ognQ>mo{_`m H$s {b{n H$m Va¸$s {H$ oŸ& H$ar~ 30 gXr VH$ CnOmD$§°ImS>r Am o gw_o[a`Z ã`m{~bmo{Z`Z, A{g[a`Z VWm n{f© Z Bg {bnr H$mo AnZmEŸ&Bg {b{n H$mo ‘Š y{Z\$m_m©’ H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

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yào{Q>g Am¡a Q>¡{J«g ZXr Ho$ gÚ H$s ImS>r Ho$ XpŠIZ ^mJ hr Bg gä`Vm H$mHo$ÝÐ ñWb hþAmŸ& Bgo àmMrZ H$mb go ã`m{~bmo{Z`m Zm_ go nwH$maVo WoŸ& ã`m{~bmo{Z`mHo$ CÎma ^mJ H$mo ‘AIS’> VWm X{jU ^mJ H$mo ‘gw_oa’ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm Wm&_ognQ>mo{_`m Ho$ CÎma ^mJ H$mo ‘Agm[a`m’ Zm_ go OmZVo WoŸ&

ã`m{~bmo{Z`m Ho$ PybVo ~JrMonm¡am{UH$ H$Wm Ho$ AZwgma PybVo ~JrMo nyào{Q>g ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao H$am~ {H«$.ny 7

(gmVdr) gXr _| {Z_m©U hþAmŸ& h {díd Ho$ gmV AmúM`m] _| EH$ WoŸ& AMaO H$s~mV `hm h¡ {H$ ã`m{~bmo{Z`m ZJa Ho$ {Xdmao PybVo ~JrMo Ho$ ~mao _| C„oI Zht{H$`mŸ& Zo~wH$S²>{ZμOa Bg PybVo ~JrMo H$m {Z_m©U {H$`mŸ& Zo~wH$S²>{ZμOa H$s nËZrA_o{Q>g _rS> àXoe H$s WrŸ& _m`Ho$ Ho$ nhmS>, noS> nm¡Yo hao-^ao gw§Xa n[aga go{~XmB© amZr H$mo Iye aIZo Ho$ {bE ~Zmdm o J oŸ& Hw$N> bmoJm| H$m _V `h h¡ {H$Añgm[a`m H$s amZr gå_w-am_V go h ~Zm`r h¡Ÿ& h dm{Q>H$m hdm _| Zht PybVoŸ&`hm§° {OJ½wamQ> Ho$ noS>-nm¡Ymo H$mo bJm o J oŸ& Wo PybVo hþE noS> nm¡Yo XoIZo go dm{Q>H$mH$s Vah XrI nS>Vo WoŸ& BgH$mo wào{Q>g ZXr go nmZr ~hmVo WoŸ&

_ognQ>mo{_`m H$m B{Vhmg Xwí_Zr VWm g§Kf© H$s H$Wm h¡Ÿ& CÎma Ho$ nhmS>rdmgrgw_o[a`Z mh§° Ho$ nhbm {Zdmgr h¡Ÿ& AnZr XodVmAm| H$mo nhmS>m| na nwOm H$aVo WoŸ& hm§°AmH$a dgZo Ho$ ~mX `hm§° _¡XmZr àXoe _| nhmS> ~ZmH$a Cg na nyOZr` ñWbmo H$m

{O½JwamQ>

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{Z_m©U {H$ oŸ& CÝh ‘{O½JwamQ>’ H$hVo h¡Ÿ& CZH$mo gr{T>`m| H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm Zht AmVoWoŸ& `hÿ{X`m| BZ Mm¡{Q>`m| H$mo ~o~ob H$s Mmo{Q>`m| H$hVo WoŸ&

hå_wa~r Ho$ emgZhå_a~r H$s {d{Y g§{hVm H$m _w»` AmYma 1901 _| ImoOo hþE {ebmemgZŸ&

Bgo AmO no[ag Ho$ ‘bmoa’ dñVw g§J«hmb` _| aIo h¡Ÿ& hå_wa~r H$s g§{hVm Am§°I Ho$~Xbo Am§°I Am¡a Xm§°V Ho$ ~Xbo Xm§°V A§e H$mo à{VnmXZ {H$ o h¡Ÿ& hå_wa~r H$s g§{hVmh_o {_bo AË`§V àmMrZ {Z`_m| _| EH$ h¡Ÿ& _{hbm VWm Jwbm_m| H$mo bä`ã`m{~bmo{Z`m g_mO Ho$ g~ dJm] H$s ajm `hm emgZ _| a{MV hmoJmŸ&

{H«$.ny. 4000 ~f© _| gw_o[a`Z, _ognQ>mo{_`m àdoe {H$ oŸ& BgHo$ Cnam§V BZH$moAao{~`m Ho$ aoJrñWmZr nwíVoHo$ AH$m{S>`Z bmoJ namñV H$a {X oŸ& BÝho ‘{g_¡Q>g’ Zm_ goàM{bV WoŸ& hOmam| ~f© Ho$ ~mX go_o{Q>H$ nwíVo Ho$ A_moa¡Q> emgZ H$mo AH$m{S> Z hmoZodmbmWmŸ& A_moa¡Q>a Ho$ à{gÕ amOm hå_wa~r WmŸ& n{dÌ ZJa ã`m{~bmo{Z`m _| AnZo {bEEH$ ^ì` amO_hb ~Zdm oŸ& AnZr àOm H$mo Hw$N> {Z`_ ~ZdmH$a, àmMrU {díd _|ã`m{~bmo{Z`m amÁ` CÎm_ emgZ gm_«mÁ` Zm_ go à{gÕ hþAmŸ& CgHo$ ~mX {hQ>¡Q> bmoJCnOmD§°$ Im{S>`m| H$mo AnZo de _| boH$a ~hþV dñVwAm| H$mo Zme H$a {X oŸ& ‘Aewa’Zm_H$ ao{JñWmZr ^mJdmZ Ho$ AZw m`r Apñg[a`Z {hQ>¡Q> bmoJm| H$mo KoaH$a {H«$.ny 7 ~rgXr VH$ dhm| Ho$ bmoJm| go bJmZ g§J«h {H$ oŸ& {H«$.ny. 7 dr. gXr go Am¡a EH$ {g_o{Q>H$nwíVo Ho$ Mm{bS>`Z bmoJ ã`{~bmo{Z`m H$mo nwZ… ñWmnZm H$aHo$, Cgo Cg H$mb H$m à_wIamOYmZr H$am oŸ& Zo~wH$S²>{ZOa CZ_| gd©loï> amOm, d¡km{ZH$ AÚ`Z H$mo CH$gm oŸ&{H«$.ny 6 dt gXr _| n{f© Z Ho$ AmH«$_U go namñV hmo J oŸ& 200 dfm} Ho$ ~mX Abo½gm§S>a{S>_o{Q>H$ bmoJm| go Amd¥V àXoe H$mo J«rH$ àm§Ë` ~Zm`mŸ& amo_Z Am¡a Q>H$s© Ho$ ~mX `hZmJarH$Vm Zme hmoH$a {ZO©Z àXoe ~Z J`mŸ&

MrZm Xoe H$s gä`Vmg~ àmMrZ gä`Vm ZXr Ho$ _m¡XmZr àXoe _o {XIm o OmVo h¡Ÿ& MrZm H$s gä`Vm

^r Bg_| EH$ h¡Ÿ& `h hdm§J| ZXr Ho$ VQ> na CJ Am oŸ& Bg ZXr H$mo ‘‘MrZm H$m Xw…I’’

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H$hVo h¡Ÿ& H$^r H$^r ~mS> Ho$ ~mX`h ZXr AnZm nW ~Xb H$a Ka VWm IoVm| H$mZme H$aVo WoŸ& `hm§° H$s ZmbmEo| {H«$`mhrZ ~ZmVo WoŸ& Bggo MrZm Ho$ bmoJ Bgo Xw…I H$màVrH$ H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

àmº$emó Ho$ AmYma na MrZm _| {XImB© XoZodmbr gä`Vm àW_ amOd§e‘em§J’ Ho$ WoŸ& `o {H«$.ny 18 ~r gXr Am¡a 12 dr gXr Ho$ ~rM amO {H$`oŸ& {H«$.ny. 14~r§ gXr _| em§J OZVm CÎm_ g§ñH¥${V ~Zmdm`o J`oŸ& em§J amOd§e nS>mogr ‘Mm¡’d§e H$mo namñV H$aHo$ A{YH$ma nm`oŸ& ‘Mm¡’ amOd§e, em§J g§ñH¥${V Ho$ CÎm_ A§emogo {H«$.ny 250 VH$ emgZ {H$`oŸ&

BZ emgZH$mb _| amOmAm| Ho$ ZrMo A{YH$mar dJ© WoŸ& amOm BZH$mo y_r ~m§°Q>oWoŸ& BgHo$ ~Xbo amOmAm| H$mo wÕ _| ghH$ma XoVo WoŸ& g_mO Ho$ dJuH$aU _| ì`mnm[a`m§°VWm hñVH$arJa WoŸ& BZ_o ~hþV {H$gmZ WoŸ& g_mO Ho$ Am[aVar dJ© Jwbm_ WoŸ&amOm, wÕ Ho$ H¡${X`mo H$mo Jwbm_ ~ZmVo WoŸ&

MrZm H$m _hmZ {XdmaMrZm gm_«mÁ` H$B© N>moQ>o

N>moQ>o g§ñWmZm| go ^am Wm BZH$mo{_bmH$a gmV ~S>o amÁ`m| H$m{Z_m©U {H$`mŸ J`m& ha EH$amÁ` H$s ajm Ho$ {bE amÁ` H$sgr_m ^a {Xdmam| H$m {Z_m©U{H$ oŸ& gm_«mQ> {¹$Z {fhþ m§J ZoAmXoe {X`m {H$ CÎmar mJgo h_bm H$aZodmbm| H$mo Hw$MbZo Ho$ {bE CÎma amÁ` H$moEH$Ì H$aZm hmoJmŸ& MrZm Ho$ _hmZ {Xdma H$mo {H«$.ny gmV (7) dt gXr _| ~ZmZo H$mAma§ {H$`mŸ& Bg {Xdma H$mo 16(gmobh) dr gXr VH$ {Z_m©U {H$ oŸ& Bg {Xdmam| Ho$Qy>Q>o hþE ^mJ H$mo {\$a _O~wV ~Zm o Ÿ& `h 5000 {H$._r b§~m h¡Ÿ& `h Xw{Z`m Ho$gmV AûM`mo© _| EH$ h¡Ÿ&

MrZm H$m _hmZ² {Xdma

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em§J amOmAm| AnZo g_` H$mo wÕ Am¡a h_bo _o ~rVoŸ& dhm| H$s goZm ~hþV à_wIñWmZ nm o WoŸ& g_mO _| g¡{ZH$ H$mo CÎm_ ñWmZ {_bo WoŸ& g¡{ZH$ H$m§mog Ho$ {eaómUVWm bmoho H$m ZmJmoXm nhZVo WoŸ& H$m§°g Ho$ {eaóU VWm bmoho H$m ZmJmoXm nhZVo WoŸ&H$m§°g Ho$ Nw>am Hw$ëhmS>r, YZwf Am¡a bmoho Ho$ {gao Vra r {_bVo h¡Ÿ& em§J OmZVm IoVr~marH$aVo WoŸ& MrZr qgMmB© H$s ì`dñWm _o H$m\$s Mmdb CJmVo WoŸ&

MrZr H$s {_Q²>Q>r (qnJmUr){H«$.ny 1600 dfm] go MrZr H$s {_Å>r H$s dñVwAm| H$mo MrZm _| Cn`moJ H$a aho h¡Ÿ&

{dídmg h¡ {H$ `h MrZm _| hr CJ Am oŸ& nyd© MrZm _o h² mZ d§e Ho$ emgZH$mb _|M_H$Vo MrZr H$s {_Å>r H$s Va¸$s hþEŸ& `h Cg g_` go EH$ joï> H$Ýi Ho$ én _oVa¸$s {H$ oŸ& àmMrZ MrZr, _wÐmo Ho$ gmW MrZr H$s {_Å>r Ho$ _Q>Ho$ àm{U`m§° VWmCZHo$ {à` dñVwAm| Ho$ gmW JS>Vo WoŸ&

MrZr, gyV go ~Zo _hrZ H$nS>o nhZVo WoŸ& em§J H$moJ aoe_ H$nS>o nhZVo WoŸ&aoe_ H$moQ>m| H$s IoVr~mar H$aVo WoŸ& aoe_ H$m CËnmXZ à_wI CÚmoJ WmŸ& do AÀN>o _Q>H$moH$mo V¡ ma H$aVo WoŸ& MrZr bmoJ {_Å>r Ho$ H$B© dñVwAm| H$s V¡ mar grIo WoŸ& nwaImo H$mo nyOmH$aZm OZ{à` WmŸ& CÝho `H$sZ Wm {H$ _wXm© _Zwî` AmË_m Ho$ én _| n[adm{V©V hmoH$aCg AmË_m H$mo {deof e{º$ AmVr h¡Ÿ& _wXm} Ho$ g§ñH$ma H$aVo g_`, bH$S>r H$s dñVwE§°,_Q>H$m H$m±g Ho$ ~V©Z AmXr g_m{Y _| aIVo WoŸ& amOmAm| H$m í_emZ {demb WmŸ& MrZrna§nam, {MÌ {b{n go Ama§ hmoH$a d¡km{ZH$ g§Xoe XoZodmbm {b{n VH$ nhþ§°MrŸ& boIH$aoe_ Am¡a ~m±g H$s N>mbm| na {b{n {bIVo WoŸ& MrZr H$s {_Å>r VWm MrZm Ho$ _hmZ{Xdma Bg g§ñH¥${V H$m ~S>r XoZ h¡Ÿ&

Aä`mgI. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| H$mo nyU© H$s{OE :

1. {hamoJ«m{\$Šg H$mo ___________

H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

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2. B©{Oá Ho$ amOmAm| H$mo ___________

H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

3. J«rH$, _ognQ>mo{_`m Ho ___________

H$hbm oŸ&

4. A_moa¡Q>a Ho$ à{gÕ amOm ___________

II. OmoS>H$a {b{IE :E ~r

1. hdm§Jmo ZXr E. _ognQ>mo{_`m

2. Š y{Z\$m_m© {d. A_moa¡Q> Ho$ amOm

3. pŠb`mnmÌm {g. em§J

4. hå_wa~r {g. MrZm

5. MrZr H$s nwíVo S>. B©{OßQ> H$s Am{Iar amZr

III. g§{já CÎma {b{IE :1. _å_r H$mo H¡$go g§ajU H$aVo Wo ?

2. {nam{_S> Ho$ ~mao _o {b{IEŸ&

3. MrZr g_mO Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE >&

IV. H$m¡eë` :1. Z¡b ZXr Ho$ ~mao _| {df` g§J«hU H$s{OE

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AÜ`m` - 5

J«rH$, amo_Z² VWm A_o[aH$m H$s gä`VmBg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX {ZåZ{b{IV A§emo§ H$mo g_P|JoŸ&

● J«rH$ gä`Vm H$m {dH$mg Am¡a XoZ Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZmŸ&

● amo_ H$s gä`Vm H$m {dH$mg Am¡a XoZ Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZmŸ&

● A_o[aH$m Ho$ àmMrZ H$mob§{~`m gä`Vm _m`m, AñQ>oH$ VWm B§H$m H$s gä`VmH$mo g_PZmŸ&

J«rH$ gä`VmJ«rH$ bmoJ CÎma Ho$ E{O`Z, g_wÐ àXoe go Am o WoŸ& o oS>-~H$[a`m| H$mo MamZodmbo

d§e Ho$ bmoJ WoŸ& AnZo nwamZm àXoe H$mo N>moS>H$a Z`m àXoe Ho$ MamJmh H$mo Ty>±T>Vo Am oŸ&BZHo$ ha EH$ g_yh H$mo EH$ EH$ Zm_ WmŸ& do A{H$`Z, n`mo{Z`Z VWm S>mo[a`ZŸ& AnZoAmnH$mo hoboZrg AWdm J«rH$ Zm_ go (~mobVo) H$hVo WoŸ& J«rg Ho$ KamZo Ho$ g_wXm` Ho$WoŸ& H$B© KamZo H$mo EH$ amOm WoŸ& o H¥${fH$ Am¡a new g§JmonZ H$aVo WoŸ& _Q>H$m, VbdmaVWm nNw>E ~ZmZo H$s XñVH$mar H$a aho WoŸ& ì`mnma dñVw {d{Z_`m| Ho$ Ûmam MbVo WoŸ&

wÕ, h_bm Am¡a gmhg BZHo$ Iw{e WrŸ& J«rH$m| H$m {dídmg Wm {H$ AnZr XodVm‘Amob§{ng’, nhmS>r na ahVo WoŸ& AÀN>o \$gb VWm H$B© H$m`m} _o_ `e àmá Ho$ {bEXodVm H$mo àmW©Zm H$aVo WoŸ& J«rH$m| _| nwamo{hV Zht WoŸ& amOm IwX bmoJm| Ho$ dmñVo àmW©ZmH$aVo WoŸ&

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Ama§ _| Eogo ZJa amÁ`m| na amOà w emgZ H$aVo WoŸ& BgHo$ Cnam§V A_ray_m{bH$ CZgo A{YH$ma N>rZH$a amOà wËd H$mo A§V H$a {X oŸ& ì`mnma dm{UÁ` VWm

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Amob§{nH$ Iob{H«$.ny. 776 _| nhbm Amob§{nH$ Iob J«rg _| Ama§ hþAm& Mma dfm} _| EH$ ~ma

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A[añQ>mQ>b : nmíMmË` VËdemó _o ßboQ>m| Ho$ g_mZ, J«rH$ qMVH$ AañVw ^rEH$ _hmZ WoŸ& h ßboQ>m| H$m {eî` WmŸ& BgH$m {dMmaYmam gmH«$Q>rg Am¡a ßboQ>mo naà^md S>mboŸ& amÁ`emó Ho$ {nVm_h Zm_ go à»`mV hþEŸ& AañVw, Abo½gmÊS>a Ho$Jwé Am¡a A{^_mZr hmoZo go H$B© nyd©J«h nr{S>V bmoJ BgH$mo {damoY {H$ oŸ& Xwí_Zm| H$sg§»`m ~T> J`rŸ& Am{Ia {~Zm AÝ` _mJ© go {df nrH$a AmË_hË`m H$a {X`mŸ& CÎm_amÁ` aMZm, ñÌr`m| H$m ñWmZ-_mZ, Jwbm_r, Om`XmX H$m à_mU, ZmJarH$Vm,{ejU H«$m§{V, g_mOdmX, bmoH$V§Ì AmXr {dMmam| na MMm© {H$ oŸ& BgH$m VËdqMVZ, ßboQ>mo Ho$ qMVZ H$s ~T>dmar H$aVo h¡Ÿ& ßboQ>mo H$m {dÚmb` AWoÝg _o§ ‘b¡{f`_’Zm_H$ {ejU g§ñWm H$s ñWmnZm {H$`mŸ& CgZo AnZo {eî`m| H$mo ~moY {H$`m {H$ ‘‘_¢_oao Jwé H$mo Jm¡ad XoVm hÿ§°, _Ja gË` H$mo Cggo ^r A{YH$ B‚mV Xy§°Jm”Ÿ& J«rH$d¡Úemó VWm g§»`memó AÚ`Z {H$`mŸ& g§emoYZm _| V{ZIm àd¥{Îm Ho$ ~mao _|Jham AÚ`Z {H$ oŸ& AnZm 17 (gÌh) C_a _o `h ßboQ>m| H$m {eî` WmŸ& ßboQ>mo goà^m{dV hmoH$a `h Bgo Z¡{VH$emó, gm¡ÝX ©emñÌ Am¡a J«rH$ Ama§ H$m VËdemóH$s OmZH$mar WoŸ& Bg H$maU go dh Abo½gmÊS>a Ho$ gmWr ~Z J oŸ&

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amo_Z²> g_mO _| no{Q>{f`Z VWm ßbo{~`Z Zm_H$ Xmo dJ© WoŸ& no{Q>{f`Z g_mO Ho$à{V{ï>V bmoJ WoŸ& o D§°$Mo dJ© Ho$ Wo VWm y_m{bH$ WoŸ& o goZoQ> H$mo {Z §ÌU H$aVo WoŸ&ßbo{~`Z gm_mÝ` bmoJ WoŸ& Am¡a gmYmaU H$m_ H$aZodmbo WoŸ& ßbo{~`Z gm_mÝ` bmoJ WoAm¡a gmYmaU H$m_ H$aZodmbo WoŸ& N>moQ>o w_m{bH$, hñVH$marJa, N>moQ>o ì`mnm[a`m§° VWmg¡{ZH$ WoŸ& BZHo$ hH$ (A{YH$ma) gr{_V W|& bJmZ XoZm, VWm X§T> XoZo Ho$ {bE ^rV¡ ma WoŸ& H$m¡pÝgb VWm goZoQ> ßbo{~`Z Ho$ {ZYm©am| H$mo ‘Q>~yZ’ BZH$ma H$a gH$Vo WoŸ&{H«$.ny. 5 (nm§M) dt gXr _| o ì`dñWm Ho$ {déÕ X§Jm {H$ oŸ& Bggo no{Q>{f`Z H$mo Hw$N>Ny>Q> {X oŸ& ‘Q>~yZ’ Ho$ gXñ`m| Ho$ MwZmd Xmdm (hH$) nm oŸ& Cg g_` ‘‘amo_Z bm”Zm_H$ H$mZyZ go emgZ bmJy _| bm oŸ& Bggo àOmAm| H$s Xmdm H$m n[aM` XoZo Ho$ AbmdCgH$m {damoY H$aZm ^r grI {b oŸ&

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ì`dpñWV `moOZm CZHo$ g§nH©$ gmYZm go hþB©Ÿ& amÁ` _| H$B© N>moQ>r gS>Ho$ VWm Xmoà_wI gS>Ho$ WrŸ& erK« g§Xoe oOZo Ho$ CÕoe go gS>H$m| _| bmoJm| H$mo {Z wº$ {H$ o WoŸ&B§H$m Ho$ à_wI XoZ, CgHo$ ~S>m nËWa-B_maVŸ& BZHo$ dmñVw{eën gm_«mÁ` ^a \¡$bo WoŸ&BZ_o noé H$s B_maV joï> h¡Ÿ& `hm§° Ho$ H$B© _hbm| Am¡a _§{Xa XrI nS>Vo h¡Ÿ& `hm§° Q²> ynoH$go ~Zm o {H$bm h¡Ÿ& {Q>{Q>H$mH$ gamoda Ho$ Ûrn na amOm^dZ VWm M§Ð Ho$ _§{Xa XmoZm|à{gÕ B_maVo h¡Ÿ&

_Q>H$m, H$nS>o VWm bmoho H$m H$m_ _| Z o {dYmZ H$mo AnZm oŸ& gmoZo H$s nNw>E H$mH$m_ CÎma noé Ho$ ^mJ _| A{^d¥{Õ hþ rŸ& ZmJmoXm _§{Xa Ho$ gy © {MÌ VWm amO^dZ,{d{dY gmoZo H$s nNw>E BZH$s H$bmË_H$ {ZnwUVm H$s gmjr h¡Ÿ&

gy © Xod B§H$m Ho$ AmamÜ` Xod h¡Ÿ& draH$moƒ Zm_H$ XodVm g¥{ï> Ho$ H$maU WoŸ& BZH$mo {dídmg Wm {H$ gy © Xod dmoaH$mƒ Am¡a bmoJm| Ho$ ~rM _| g§nH©$ aIo WoŸ& Bg H$maU gog~ B§H$m Ho$ÝÐ _| gy © _§{Xa WmŸ& àH¥${V Ho$ {dñ_`, M§Ð, ZjÌ {~Obr H$s nyOm H$aVoWoŸ& BgHo$ Abmdm Xygao àmH¥${VH$ A§emo H$mo ^r àmW©Zm H$a aho WoŸ&

Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| H$mo nyU© H$s{OE :

1. hmo_a go a{MV _hmH$mì` B©{b`S> Am¡a ___________

h¡Ÿ&

2. J«rH$ gdm©{YH$m[a`m| H$mo ___________

H$hVo WoŸ&

3. d¡ÚH$s` AÜ``Z H$mo ___________

Zo Ztd S>mboŸ&

4.___________

àW_ B{Vhmg {díbofU H$ma h¡Ÿ&

5. B§H$m Ho$ AmamÜ` Xod ___________

6. amo_Z H$s ^mfm ___________

7. _m`m ZmJarH$Vm Ho$ nËWa H$s H$bm§H¥${V H$mo ___________

H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

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8. Q>oŠgH$moH$mo, _opŠgH$mo Ho$ EH$ ___________

h¡Ÿ&

9. B§H$m Ho$ à{gÕ Zm`H$ ___________

h¡Ÿ&

10. B§H$mAm| Ho$ AmamÚ Xod ___________

II. {ZåZ{b{IV àúZmo H$mo g§{já CÎma {b{IE :

1. J«rH$ gm{hË` H$mo hmo_a H$s XoZ Š`m h¡ ?

2. J«rH$m| Ho$ ZJa amÁ`m| Ho$ Zm_ ~VmBEŸ&

3. amo_Z² JUamÁ`m| Ho$ A§em| H$mo g_PmBE &

4. àmMrZ H$mob§{~`m H$s ZmJarH$Vm H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z gr h¡ ?

5. ‘_m`Z²’ {H$go H$hVo h¡ ?

6. AñQ>oH$ bmoJ àH¥${V Ho$ AmamYH$ WoŸ& H¡$go ?

III. H$m¡eë`

1. AÚmnH$m| H$s ghm`Vm go J«rH$ VËdkm{Z`m| Ho$ OrdZ M[aÌ H$mo g_{PEŸ&

2. eoŠg{n`a Ûmam a{MV Owbr`g grOa ZmQ>H$ H$mo Xo{IE Am¡a n{T>EŸ&

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AÜ`m` - 6

ZdrZ Y_m] H$m CX`Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX {ZåZ{b{IV A§emo§ H$mo g_P|JoŸ&

● Z`o Y_m] H$m CX` Ho$ nyd©kmZ H$s OmZH$mar boZmŸ&● O¡Z, ~m¡Õ Y_m] Ho$ VËdm| H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$aZmŸ&● O¡Z ~m¡Õ Y_m] Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZmŸ&● Z`| Y_m] Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZmŸ&

{H$.ny. 6 dr gXr VH$ d¡{XH$ g§ñH¥${V J§Jm-`_wZm ZXr H$s gr_m VH$ \¡$b J`rWrŸ& BZHo$, AZoH$ {dMma dhm§° Ho$ amÁ`m| na à^md S>mboŸ& g_mO, H¥${f VWm CgH$s{dñVma na, Adb§{~V n[aga H$s Amoa Om aho WoŸ& ZJam|, amÁ`m| VWm OZg§»`m r ~T>J`r WrŸ& bmoho H$s OmZH$mar nmH$a _Zwî`, bmoho Ho$ hb go H$m_ H$aVo WoŸ& `h O§JbH$mQ>H$a amÁ` ~Zm oŸ& d¡{XH$ na§nam bmoJm| na à^md S>mboŸ& AmÜ`mpË_H$ gË` H$mo Ty>§°T> Zo|_| H$B© Z o Y_© n¡Xm hþEŸ& Z o ì`m»`mZm| _| ~m¡Õ Am¡a O¡Z Y_© ^maV _| emídV ñWmZnmH$a ^mdr OrdZ H$s B{Vhmg H$s Ztd ~Z J oŸ&

O¡Z Y_©~hþV àmMrZ Y_m] _| O¡Z Y_ª ^r EH$ h¡Ÿ& gm_mÝ`V… {dídmg h¡ {H$ O¡Z Y_© _|

24 VrWªH$a WoŸ& F$f^ BZ_o nhbm VrWªH$a, nmúdZmW© 23 dt VrWªH$aŸ& nmúdZmW{H«$. ny 8 dt gXr _| amOm AídeoZ H$m nwÌ hmoH$a OÝ_ {b`mŸ& `h gwI ^moJ ß`mJH$aA_a ~Z J`m h¡Ÿ& gd© g§K n[aË`mJ H$aVo gÝ`mgr ~ZoŸ& `h gwI OrdZ Ho$ {bE MmaVËdm| H$mo ~moK {H$ oŸ&

nmúd©ZmW Ho$ Mma VËd(1) Aqhgm (2) gË` (3) AñVo (Mmoar Z H$aZm) (4) An[aJ«h (gn§Vr

àmáZ H$aZm) nm±Mdr VËd ~«÷M`m© H$mo dY©_mZ Zo g_Pm`mŸ& hr 24 dm VrWªH$a h¡Ÿ&

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dY©_mZ _hmdra ({H«$.ny 599-527)dY©_mZ d¡embr Ho$ Hw$ÊS>bJ«m_ _| OÝ_ {b oŸ&

BZHo$ {nVm {gÕmW©, km{ÌH$ nwíV Ho$ amOm WoŸ& _mVm{ÌebmXodr WrŸ&

AnZr 30 dr. C_a _| gË`mÝdofU H$aVo AnZmKa Am¡a Hw$Qw>§~ Ë`mJ H$a {X oŸ& `h ~mah df© VH$gË` H$s emoY _| ^Q>H$Vo ahoŸ& Vnñ`m {H$ o {Zamhmago IwX AnZm Xoh H$mo X§[S>V {H$ oŸ& dh 42 dr C_« _|H¡$dë` kmZ (àmá) {H$ oŸ& ‘H¡$dë` kmZ’ H$m _Vb~kmZmoX`Ÿ& `h BpÝÐ`m| H$m {ZJ«h H$aVo gwI VWmXw…I (XX©) na {Z §ÌU nm oŸ& `h gmYZm go Bgo_hmdra H$hH$a ‘{OZm’ hmo J`m Ÿ& ‘{OZm’ H$m _Vb~ {ZJ«hrŸ& "{dO`r' BZHo$AZw m{``m| H$mo O¡Z H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

_hmdra AnZo ~Mo 30 gmb VH$ J§Jm ZXr àXoe H$s OZVm H$mo AnZr OmZH$marH$mo ~moY H$am oŸ& `h npÀe_ ^maV _o hr ~moY H$am oŸ& `h 72 Am w _| {dhma Ho$nmdmnw[a _| {Zdm©U hmo J oŸ& _hmdra nm±M à{VkmE± VWm VrZ {Z`_m| H$mo ~moY H$am oŸ&BÝh| ‘{ÌaËZ’ H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

nm§°M à{VkmE§° : (1) Aqhgm (2) gË` (3) AñVo (4) An[aJ«h (5) ~«÷M`m©

{ÌaËZ : (1) gå`J²> kmZ (2) gå`J² Xe©Z (3) gå`J² M[aVm

O¡Z Y_© nyU© én go na_mË_m H$mo BZH$ma Zht H$aVmŸ& {\$a ^r ZmpñVH$dmX H$mona _mZVm h¡Ÿ& Xw{Z`mXmar _| ^JdmZ Ho$ nmÌ H$mo Zhr _mZVmŸ& `hm± {OZm go ^r^JdmZ H$mo {ZMbo ñWmZ _| aIo J o h¡Ÿ&

BZH$mo {dídmg Wm {H$ g~ MamMa dñVwAmo _o OrdmË_m h¡Ÿ& Cg AmË_m H$sewÕrH$aU go hr nwZO©Ý_ go _w{º$ VWm {Zdm©U gmÚ h¡Ÿ& ewÕrH$aU Vnñ`m Am¡a Xoh X§S>

_hmdra

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Cndmg Ho$ Ûmam go hr hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bgo ‘g„oIZ’ H$hVo h¡Ÿ& H$_© {gÕm§V O¡Zm| H$m _w»`Ñ{ï> H$moZ h¡ (aspect) CÎm_ nwÊ`H$_© Ho$ Ûmam {d_moMZ (_w{º$) nm gH$Vo h¡Ÿ&H¡$dë` kmZ nmZo Ho$ {bE Xoh ~§YZ go AmË_m H$s _w{º$ hmoZm Mm{hE Ÿ&

gm§àXm{`H$ én go O¡Z _w{Z Am¡a CZHo$ AZw m`r`m| _| ídoVm§~a Am¡a {XJ§~aZm_H Xmo ^mJ h¡Ÿ& ídoV dó Ym[a`m| H$mo ídoVm§~a, Z§Jo earadmbm| H$mo {XJ§~a ({~Zmdó) H$hVo h¡Ÿ& nhbm O¡Z g_mdoe Ho$ ~mX _hmdra Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo 12 (~mah) J«§Wmo_| g§J«hU {H$ o h¡Ÿ& BZH$mo O¡Z bmoJ 12 A§J H$hVo h¡Ÿ& o àmH¥$V ^mfm _| h¡Ÿ& dñÌ ZnhZZodmbo O¡Z _w{Z Am¡a CZHo$ AZw m`r`m| H$mo {XJ§~a _mZm J`m h¡Ÿ&

nhbo O¡Zm| Ho$ EH$ g_yh {dhma Ho$ AH$mb go Cgo N>moS>H$a X{j>U Ho$ ldU~obJmobAm oŸ& `hm§° O¡Z Y_© H$m àMma {H$ oŸ& Bggo AZoH$ J«§W H$ÞS>, VobwJw, VWm V{_b ^mfm_| aMZm hþEŸ& H$ÞS> Ho$ à{gÕ H${d`m§°, n§n, aÞ, OÞ, nmoÞ, AmXr ^r O¡Z WoŸ&

~m¡Õ Y_©{H«$.ny. 6 dr gXr _| Jm¡V_ ~wÕ Zm_ go

à»`mV {gÕmW© H$m OÝ_ hþAmŸ& emŠ` d§e Ho$ amOmewX²>XmoXZ BgHo$ {nVm WoŸ& {gÕmW© amO^moJ VWmg§gma gwI Ë`mJH$a gÝ`mgr ~ZoŸ& àM{bV OrdZH$s {ZaW©H$Vm H$mo XoIH$a gË` H$s ImoO _| nS>H$akmZmoX` nmH$a ‘~wÕ’ ~ZoŸ& kmZmoX` Ho$ ~mX nhbo~Zmag (H$mer) Ho$ nmg gmaZmW nhþ§°MoŸ& `hm§° Ho${haÊ`dZ _| nhbr ~ma àdMZ Ama§ {H$ oŸ& `hm§°~wÕ, Mma Am ©gË`m| Am¡a Aï>m§{JH$ _mJ© ~Vm o&Bgo ‘Y_© MH«$ àdV©Z’ H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&

gmar Xw{Z`m _| Xw…I Am¡a XX© h¡Ÿ& Xw…I Ho$ _yb Am¡a CgHo$ H$maU, H$mo MVwa Am ©gË` H$s {ddaU XoVo h¡Ÿ& bmbM, Xw…I H$m nhbm H$maU h¡Ÿ& ~wÕ Am¡a EH$ gË` H$mog_Pm`m {H$ bmbM H$mo N>moS>Zo go g§Vwï> OrdZ {~Vm gH$Vo h¡Ÿ& do Aï>m§{JH$ _m§J©~Vm oŸ& Bgo ‘_Ü`_ nW’ H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

~wÕ

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Aï>§m{JH$ _mJ©(1) gƒ[aÌ (2) ~mV (3) Ñ{ï> (4) OrdZ (5) à`ËZ (6) ñ_aU (7)

{ZYm©a (8) qMVZ

Z o Y_© Ho$ AZw m{``m±A_ra ì`mnm[a`m§°, hñV{eënr, gm_mÝ` bmoJ, Bg Z o à{VnmXZ go ào[aV hþEŸ&

H$B© na§nam Ho$ {dMma VWm àmH¥$V ^mfm ~wÕ H$s ~moYZ H$m _mÜ`_ hþB©Ÿ& Z o ZJam| Ho$OrdZ J{V _| n[adV©Z hþAmŸ& Bg hmbV _| Z o ZJamo§ H$m dmVmdaU bmoJm| H$s OrdZH$s JVr{d{Y`m| _| n[adV©U bm`mŸ& CZ_| ~m¡Õ Y_© Z o nmÌ nmH$a àdV©Zm Ho$ nW naA{Wd¥{Õ hþEŸ&

~wÕ Am¡a CgHo$ AZw m{``m§°, H$mogb, _JY VWm J§Jm ZXr Ho$ _¡XmZr àXoe Am¡aH$B© ZJamo _| AnZr {dMmaYmam H$mo ~hm oŸ& EH$ àXoe go Xygao àXoeH$mo n¡Xb MbH$aAnZo OrdZ H$mo Xygam| Ho$ OrdZ Ho${bE A{n©V {H$ oŸ& AnZo 80 (Añgr) gmb H$s C_a_| ~wÕ Ho$ gmW©H$ OrdZ Hw${eZJa _| g_má hþEŸ& Bgo _hmn[a{Zdm©U H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

~wÕ Ho$ {dh[aV$ àXoemo _| {dhmam| H$m {Z_m©U {H$ oŸ& CgHo$ H§$H$mb (H$boda) H$mobmoJ CZH$s ApñV H$mo AnZm ñ_¥{V {M• ~ZmE& M¡Ë`mb` VWm ñVynmo§ H$mo {Z_m©U H$aHo$CgH$s gmYZm H$mo ñ_aU H$aVo nyOm H$aVo ahoŸ& Bg Vah nhbo nhb _§{Xa, à{V_mVWm _y{V© nyOm Ama§ hþB©&

gm§Mr ñVyn

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~m¡ÕY_© Xoe {dXoe _| \¡$b J`mŸ& MrZm Ho$ àdmgr \$m{h`mZ, BpËgJ, VWmøw ZËgm§J BgHo$ d¡ d H$m dU©Z {H$ o h¡Ÿ& _b`m, ~_m©, W¡ë`m§S> {d`Q²>Zm_² H§$~mo{S> m,lrb§H$m VWm ~m{_`mZ VH$ ~m¡Õ Y_© \¡$b J`m& nhmS>r {ebmAm| H$mo IwXdmH$a~wÕ H$s _w{V© m§° ~Zm oŸJ o & H$B© OJh ~S>o ~S>o _y{V© m§° {Z_m©U {H$ oŸ& H§$~mo{S>`m Ho$A§Hy$d©Q> VWm Am\$Km{ZñWmZ Ho$ ~m{_`mZ _o§ XoI gH$VoŸ& `h h_mam ~XZgr~ h¡{H$ ~m{_`mZ H$s à{V_mE±, {dXo{e`m| Ho$ AmH«$_U go Zme hmo J oŸ&

1956 _| ^maV Ho$ à_wI gm_m{OH$ qMVH$ g§{~YmZ {epën ~m~m gmho~S>m° ~r.Ama. A§~oS²>H$a Or ~wÕ Ho$ VËdm| go ào[aV hmoH$a ~m¡Õ Y_© ñdrH$ma {H$ oŸ&

Y_© Am¡a [a{b{OZ[a{b{OZ wamon H$s n[aH$ënZm {dídmg h¡ {H$ `h EH$ ì`{º$ VWm g_mO go

Ama§ hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& dh X¡d Ho$ÝÐrH¥$V h¡Ÿ& Omo X¡drH¥$V Zht Cgo VËdkmZ H$hVo h¡Ÿ&ha EH$ g§àXm` _| n{dÌ J«W h¡Ÿ& _yb nwéf Ho$ Ame` H$mo à{VnmXZ H$aVo h¡Ÿ& O¡gog§àXm` ~T>o d¡go ‘n§W’ ^r n¡Xm hmo J oŸ&

^maV _| Bñbm_ Am¡a BgmB© Y_© H$mo hr [a{b{OZ H$hVo h¡Ÿ~m¡Õ, O¡Z Y_© Ho$bmoJ {d{^Þ g§àXm` H$m ñdê$n [a{b{OZ go {^Þ h¡Ÿ& BZ_| AmpñVH$ Am¡a ZmpñVH$Ho$ oX H$mo nhMmZ gH$Vo h¡Ÿ& doX Ho$ _yb ñdê$n H$mo Z _mZZodmbm| H$m| ZmpñVH$H$hVo h¡Ÿ& doX H$mo _mZZo dmbmo§ H$m| AmpñVH$ g§àXm`dmbo H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

~wÕ H$s _¥Ë w Ho$ ~mX, CgHo$ AZw m{``m§° ~wÕ Ho$ Amerdm©X VWm na§nam H$mo{Ì{nQ>H$mAm| _| g§J«{hV {H$ o h¡Ÿ& BZH$mo {dZ`, gwÎm, VWm A{^Yå_m {nQ²>Q>H$m H$hVoh¡Ÿ& hrZ`mZ, _hm`mZ dO« mZ VWm CZHo$ gyÌ n¡Xm hþEŸ& {díd^a _| AmO ~wÕ H$moImoOZo H$m AZoH$ _mJ© BZ g§KQ>Zm _| XoIVo h¡Ÿ&

{dXoem| H$s h_bmBg H$mb _| J«rH$ _| ZJa amÁ` {dH$mg hþEŸ& àmMrZ n{f© m EH$ _O~yV gm_«mÁ`

hmoH$a nbm WmŸ& BZ Xmo àXoem| g§Yf© Ho$ H$maU ~ZoŸ& BZ_| àmMrZ n{f© m Ho$ A{I_o{Z`Z

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^r àemgZ {H$ oŸ& {H«$.ny. 6 dr gXr _| Bg d§e Ho$ amOm S>o[a`g, EH$ _O~yV gm_«mÁ`{Z_m©U {H$ oŸ& BgHo$ H$mb _| CgH$m gm_«mÁ` ^maV H$s gr_m VH$ \¡$b J`m& {H«$.ny. 4gXr _| Abo½gm§S>a J«rH$ Ho$ ZJa amÁ`m| H$mo OrV H$a n{f© m H$mo r AnZo de _| bo {b`mŸ&n{e© m H$mo OrVZo Ho$ ~mX Abo½gm§S>a ‘H$ÝXmhma’ VWm {hÝXyHw$e Ho$ _mJ© go ^maV àdoe{H$`mŸ& am{d Am¡a {~`mg Z{X VH$ Am o dhm± go AmJo Zht Om gHo$Ÿ& dh Orb_ ZXr Ho$Ûmam ^maV H$s gr_m go bm¡Q>Vo hþE ã`m{~bmo{Z`m _| CgH$s _¥Ë w hþB©Ÿ&

Abo½gm§S>a Am¡a nm¡ad H$s bS>mB©Vj{ebm Ho$ amOm A§{~ Ho$ {Z_§ÌU go Abo½gm§S>a ^maV Am oŸ& `hm§° nm¡ad

BgH$m gm_Zm {H$`mŸ& BÝho nmoag H$hVo h¡Ÿ& ^`mZH$ Vw\$mZ VWm ~mT> wº$ Orb_ZXr Ho$ gm_Zo XmoZm| H$s goZm gm_Zm {H$ oŸ& Abo½gm§S>a H$so goZm Zo ZXr Ho$ àdmh H$monma H$aHo$ nm¡ad na h_bm {H$`mŸ& Bg bS>mB© _| Abo½gm§S>a {dO`r hmo J oŸ& H¡$Xrnm¡ad go Abo½gm§S>a Zo nyN>m {H$ ‘‘Vwåhmao gmW H¡$go ~Vm©d {H$`m Om`? nm¡ad {ZS>aAm¡a ñd{^_mZ go CÎma {X`m {H$ {Og Vah EH$ amOm Xygao amOm go ~Vm©d H$aVo h¡d¡go ~Vm©d H$amo” nm¡ad Ho$ Y¡ ©, gmhg J«rH$ H$s {b{n _| A_a h¡Ÿ& Abo½gm§S>a Ho$AmH«$_U _m¡ © amOà wËd Ho$ H$maU ~Z J oŸ& _hmOZnX Ho$ ~rM ì`mnmar g§nH©${Ja J oŸ& _Ja J«rH$ _| CÎma ^maV H$s H$bm VWm {dkmZ na à^md S>mbo dhm§° Ho$Jm§Yma {eënH$bm J«rH$ bmoJm| go à^m{dV hþB©Ÿ&

Aä`mgI. Imbr OJh ^[aE

1. O¡Z Ho$ nhbm VrWªH$a ___________

h¡Ÿ&

2. dY©_mZ H$m OÝ_ ñWmZ ___________

h¡Ÿ&

3. _hmdra AnZm 42 C_a _| ___________

nm oŸ&

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4. _hmdra AnZm (72) ~hÎma H$s C_a _o§ ___________

ñWmZ _|{Zdm©U hmo J oŸ&

5. Jm¡V_ ~wÕ H$m nhbm Zm_ ___________

6. ~wÕ AnZm àW_ àdMZ ___________

_| {H$ oŸ&

7. ~wÕ Ho$ àW_ ~moYZm H$mo ___________

H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

II. g§{já CÎma {b{IEŸ&

1. _hmdra Ho$ OrdZ {ddaU Xr{OEŸ&

2. {ÌaËZ {H$go H$hVo h¡ ?

3. O¡Zmo Ho$ g_yh H$m {ddaU Xr{OE >&

4. _Ü`_ n§W {H$go H$hVo h¡ ?

5. ZdrZ _Vm| go H$m¡Z à^m{dV hþE ?

6. {Ì{nQ>H$ Ho$ ~mao _| {Q>ßnUr {b{IE &

III. H$m¡eë`

1. _hmdra Ho$ OrdZM[aÌ na {df` g§J«hU H$s{OEŸ&

2. Jm¡V_ ~wÕ Ho$ OrdZ g§~§{YV {MÌm| Ho$ g§J«hU H$s{OE

3. Y_©, _V n§W Am¡a ZmpñVH$ nXm| H$m _Vb~ g_{PEŸ&

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AÜ`m` - 7

_m¡ © Am¡a Hw$fmUBg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX {ZåZ{b{IV A§emo§ H$mo g_P|JoŸ&

● ^maV Ho$ àW_ amOd§e (gm_«mÁ`) Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZmŸ&● _m¡`© gm_«mÁ` Ho$ à{gÕ amOm AemoH$ H$s gmYZm àemgZ Am¡a XoZ Ho$ ~mao

g_PmZmŸ&● H¥$îUm Ho$ B{Vhmg VWm H$m{ZîH$ Ho$ emgZ Am¡a dñVw{eën H$s XoZ Ho$ ~mao _|

g_PZmŸ&● _m¡`©H$mb Ho$ AemoH$ gm_«mÁ` Ho$ àXoem| H$mo maV Ho$ _mZ{MÌ _| nhMmZZmŸ&

_m¡ © gm_«mÁ`^maV _|$ nhbm gm_«mÁ` _m¡`© Ho$ h¡Ÿ& `o _JY go emgZ {H$`oŸ& M§ÐJwá _m¡`,

{~ÝXwgma, VWm AemoH$ Bg KamZo amOmAm| _| à_wI WoŸ& `h amOd§e M§ÐJwá _m¡`©go ñWmnZm hþEŸ& BgH$s »`mVr J«rH$ Ho$ amOXyV _oJmñVZrg H$s B§{S>H$m _| Xm{Ibm{H$`o h¡Ÿ& `h h_o _mbw_ Zht {H$ B§{S>H$m _o Xm{Ibm {H$`o h¡Ÿ& `h h_o _mbw_ Zht{H$ B§{S>H$m _| Š`m Š`m {bIo h¡ ? `h J«§W AmO ^r bú` ZhtŸ& `o J«rH$ {b{nH$mam|Zo C„oI {H$`o h¡Ÿ& M§ÐJwá Ho$ _§{Ì MmUŠ` h¡Ÿ& `h H$m¡{Q>ë` Zm_ go à{g{Õ hþEŸ& `og~ AW©emó J«§W _| {ddaU {X`o h¡Ÿ&

AW©emñÌ : 1902 _| _¡gya Ho$ Amo[a §Q>b J«§Wmb` _o Ama em_mem{ó Or H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$AW©emó H$s hñVà{V H$mo nVm bJm oŸ& `h nmíMmË` Xw{Z`m Ho$ AW©emó go {^Þh¡Ÿ& Bg AW©emó _| amÁ` emgZ H«$_, amOm, àYmZr Am¡a ~hþV bmoJmo H$s {Oå_oXm[a`m§°{dXoem§J Zr{V, Am{W©H$ {Zd©hU, MMm© {H$ o h¡Ÿ& Omgygr (BbmIm) [a`mgV, g¡{ZH$ì`dñWm Am{X H$mo AW©emó _| {deofVm {X o h¡Ÿ& AW©emñÌ hOmamo dfm] Ho$ ~mX ^rAnZr {d{eï>Vm go {díd Ho$ {dÛmZmo H$mo AmH${f©V H$a aho h¡Ÿ&

AemoH$ Bg KamZo Ho$ à{gÕ amOm h¡Ÿ& _m¡ © H$s amOYmZr nmQ>brnwÌ, Vj{ebm,C‚m{`{Z, H$qbJ VWm gwdU©{J[a Zm_H$ à_wI ZJa Ho$ÝÐm| H$mo nhMmZ H$a gH$Vo

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h¡Ÿ& `o ~hþ_w»` g§nH©$ _mJ© ^r hmo J`o WoŸ& Vj{ebm dm`wì` ^maV Ho$ XídmOm WoŸ&C‚m{`{Z CÎma go X{jU Ho$ ì`mnma _mJ© WoŸ& H$qbJ, J§Jm ZXr Ho$ g§nH©$ _mJ© gog_wÐ Ho$ _hmZ XadmOm h¡Ÿ& gwdU©{J[a, XŠIZ Ho$ öX` ^mJ AmO ^r H$Zm©Q>H$ _|h¡Ÿ& `o g~ àXoe ì`mnmar _mJ© _| ahH$a namñna g§nH©$ _| WoŸ&

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H$qbJ `wÕAemoH$ Zo amÁ`m{^foH$ Ho$ AmR> df© Ho$ ~mX H$qbJ H$mo de _| bo {b`m& Bg

`wÕ _| 150 hOma g¡{ZH$ H¡${X hmo J`oŸH$ar~ EH$ bmI bmoJ wÕ _| _mao J`o & Eogo`wÕ go hmoZodmbo _¥Ë`w Xw…I-XX© go AemoH$ H$mo IoX hþAmŸ& gÝ_mJ© _o MbZodmbr^mobo ^mbo OZVm `wÕ _| Km`b hmo J`r VWm ß`ma H$aZodmbo AnZo go AbJ hmoJ`oŸ& BZ g~ go AemoH$ {IÞ hmo J`oŸ& H$qbJ H$mo AnZo de _| boZo Ho$ ~mXAemoH$ nN>Vm`oŸ& ~mX _o§ Y_© H$mo AnZmH$a em§{V H$m à{VnmXZ {H$`oŸ&

AemoH$ Zo {d{^Þ joÌm| go {demb ^y àXoe _|emgZ {H$`mŸ& dh AnZr BÀN>m H$mo emgZ Ho$ Ûmamì`º$ {H$`mŸ& o {ebmemgZ VWm ñV§^ emgZ, h_maoàW_ emgZ hmo J`oŸ& AemoH$ H$qbJ `wÕ Ho$ ~mXàmUhmZr H$mo XoIH$a n[ad{V©V hþAmŸ& ~wÕ Ho$ VËd‘X`m’ BZ na à^md S>mboŸ& `o ~m¡Õ VËdm| H$mo gmao Xoe_| àMma-àgma {H$ oŸ& Bg H$m © Ho$ {bE Y_© _hm_mÌm|H$mo {Z`wº$ {H$`oŸ& AemoH$ Ho$ emgZ _| Ym{_©H$ {dMmabmJy {H$`o J`o h¡Ÿ&

AemoH$ Ho$ AZoH$ emgZ àmH¥$V ^mfm _| h¡Ÿ& Am¡a ~«mh²_r {b{n _| ^r h¡Ÿ&H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ {MÌXwJ© {Obo Ho$ ~«÷{J[a _o r {ebmemgZ {_bo h¢Ÿ& gmaZmW ñVy\$Ho$ A§emo H$mo h_ ^maV Ho$ amï´> {M• Ho$ ê$n _| BñVo_mb {H$`o h¡Ÿ&

AemoH$ emgZ H$mb ì`mnma Am¡a H¥${f Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar XoVo h¡Ÿ& H¥${f _|A{^d¥{Õ H$aZo Ho$ {bE gaH$ma Ho$ Ûmam AZoH$ H$m`m] H$mo Omar {H$`m J`m &{deof H$a go Ny>>Q> {X`o WoŸ& amÁ` _| emgZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ A{YH$m[a WoŸ& CÝhoemídV goZm H$s OéaVo ^r WrŸ& ^y_rH$a amÁ` Ho$ _yb Am_XZr WmŸ& BZH$mo

Mma {g§hmodmbm bm§N>ZAmH$f©H$ Y_© MH«$

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g§J«hU H$aZo Ho$ {b`o AZoH$ A{YH$m[a H$m_ H$aVo WoŸ& JwáMa AZoH$ I~am| H$mo XoVoWoŸ& ZXr VWm ^y_mJ© Ho$ Ûmam ì`mnma VWm dm{UÁ` na {Z`§ÌU aIo WoŸ& BZ na{d{dY bJmZ Omar {H$`m J`m Wm&

Hw$fmUJ«rH$ Ho$ ~mX Hw$fmU bmoJ ^maVr` B{Vhmg Am¡a gñH¥${V na à^md S>mboŸ&

~m¡Õ Y_© na {deof Ü`mZ {X`oŸ& BZHo$ Aml` _| ‘_hm`mZn§W’ H$mo Á`mXm àmoËgmh{_bmŸ& BZgo Jm§Yma {eën H$bm {dH$mg hþB©Ÿ&

_m¡`m] Ho$ ~mX Ho$ amOHw$b _| Hw$fmUm| H$m amOHw$b hr à_wI h¡Ÿ& _Ü` E{f`m go^maV H$mo ñWmZm§VaU Ûmam Am`o g§Mmar bmoJ hr Hw$fmU h¡Ÿ& o y{M g§VmZ Ho$ WoŸ& Bgg_` ‘eH$’ bmoJ VWm nm{W©`Z dm`ì` ^mJ Ho$ {dXoer g_wXm` Ho$ WoŸ& Hw$emU.eH$ Am¡a nm{W©`Z H$mo hamH$a Jm§Yma àXoe _| ahZo bJoŸ&

"Hw$ObH$S>\$sgg' Bg amOHw$b Ho$ñWmnH$ WoŸ& {d_H$S>\$sgg Am¡a H$m{ZîH$ Bgd§e Ho$ à_wI amOm WoŸ& y{M bmoJ _ybV… nwíVoHo$ {ZdmgrŸ& Hw$ObH$S>\$sgg Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _|`wMr bmoJ EH$Ì hmo J`oŸ& `o {hÝXyHw$e nd©VH$mo nma H$a H$m~yb VWm H$mí_ra AmH$a ahZobJoŸ& dr_mH$S>nrgg Ho$ H$mb _| gmoZo H$sAe{\©$`m§° {ZH$mbo `hm§° go AmJo Hw$fmU gmoZmAm¡a Vm_« H$s Ae{\©$`m| H$mo Q>m±Ho$Ÿ&

{d_mH$S>nrgg Ho$ ~mX H${ZîH$ JÔrna ~¡R>o, BgHo$ H$mb _| Hw$fmU Hw$b ì`mnH$én go {dH${gV hþAmŸ& `h {H«$. e. 78 _|emgZ Ama§^ H$aVo Z`o `wJ H$s Ztd S>mboŸ&Bgo "eH$ wJ' H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

Jm§Yma e¡br H$s ~wÕ à{V_m

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^maV _| H$m{ZîH$ Ho$ emgZ H$s ì`már XpúIU Ho$ gm§{M VWm nyd© _| ~ZmagVH$ \¡$bo WrŸ& _Ü`E{f`m Ho$ gmW, BgH$m emgZ {demb gm_«mÁ` WmŸ& nwéfnwaH${ZîH$ H$s amOYmZr WrŸ& Bg H$mb Ho$ Am¡a EH$ _w»` ZJa ‘_Wwam’ WmŸ&

H$m{ZîH$mo Zo ~m¡Õ Y_© H$mo àmoË`m{hV {H$`m& Bggo ~m¡Õ Y_© Am¡a r {dH${gVhþAm & AídKmof dgw{_Ì g§Jaj AmXr ~m¡Õ {dÛmZm| H$mo§ XoIVo h¡Ÿ& Mm¡Wm ~m¡Õg_mdoe H$mí_ra _| H${ZîH$ Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _o _Zm`m J`mŸ& h r AemoH$ Ho$ g_mZ ~m¡ÕY_© àMma Ho$ {bE _Ü` E{f`m VWm MrZm H$mo {Z`moJ oOoŸ& BgHo$ H$mb _| H$bm Am¡adñVw{eën H$mo ^r àmoËgmh {_bm &

Aä`mgI. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| H$mo nyU© H$s{OE :

1. MmUŠ` ___________

Zm_ go à»`mV hþEŸ&

2. _m¡`© H$s amOYmZr ___________

WrŸ&

3. Hw$fmU amOd§e Ho$ ñWmnH$ ___________

WmŸ&

4. H$m{ZîH$ Ho$ emgZ H$mb Ho$ Z`o `wJ H$mo ___________

H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

II. g§{já én _| CÎma {b{IE1. AemoH$ Ho$ H$mb Ho$ à_wI ZJam| H$mo {b{IE &2. AemoH$ Ho$ emgZ Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE &3. Hw$fmU {H$g g§V{V dmbo Wo ?4. H${ZîH$ gm_«mÁ` H$hm§° VH$ \¡$bm Wm?

III. H$m¡eë` :1. Jm§Yma H$bm Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar br{OE Ÿ&

2. H$m{ZîH$ H$mb Ho$ ~m¡Õ gå_obZ Ho$ ~mao _| AmnHo$ {ejH$m| go Á`mXm{ddaU g_{PE

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AÜ`m` - 8Jwá Am¡a dY©Z

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX {ZåZ{b{IV A§emo§ H$mo g_P|JoŸ&● Jwá gm_«mÁ` Ho$ à{gÕ, amOm, ì`{á Am¡a CZHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZmŸ&● Jwá gm_«mÁ` Ho$ gm{hË`H$ Am¡a {dkmZ H$s XoZ H$mo g_PZmŸ&● dY©Z gm_mÁ` H$m {dH$mg, gm{hË` Am¡a e¡j{UH$ joÌ H$s XoZ Ho$ ~mao _|

g_PZm>Ÿ&● Jwá gm_«mÁ` H$s ì`m{á H$mo ^maV Ho$ _mZ {MÌ _| nhMmZZmŸ&

g{X`m| VH$ amOH$s` ApñWaVm Ho$ ~mX {H«$.e. 4 dr gXr _| Jwá gm_«mÁ` H$mCJ_ hþAmŸ& g§ñH¥$V ^mfm VWm Cggo {d\w$b gm{hË` Bg H$mb H$s AmBZm h¡Ÿ& `o_JY àXoe go AnZm ApñWËd ~ZmEŸ& nhbm MÐJwá {bÀN>dr H$s `wdamUr Ho$ gmW

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emXr Ho$ ~mX AnZm amÁ` H$mo _O~yV ~Zm`mŸ& Bggo {H«$.ny. 320 _| ‘JwáeH$m’Ama§^ hþB©Ÿ& `o _hmamO{YamO’ H$hbmVo WoŸ&

BgHo$ ~mX BgH$m ~oQ>m g_wÐJwá H$mo XoIVo h¡Ÿ&h[agoZ go a{MV "Abhm~mX àeVr' go CgH$s gmYZmA_a hmo J`rŸ& `h g§ñH¥$V ^mfm _| h¡Ÿ& Bgo AemoH$ñV§^ na ^r IwXm`o h¡Ÿ& ^maV Ho$ H$B© ^mJ Jwá emgZHo$ A§VJ©V WoŸ& BZH$m Aíd_oY `mJ, d¡{XH$ {d{Y-{dYmZm| H$mo ñ_aU _| bmVm h¡Ÿ& g_wÐJwá Ho$dbAmH«$_UH$mar hr Zhr _hmH${d VWm g§JrV {à` ^rWm& gmoZo H$s Ae{\©$`m| _| {XImB© XoZodmbm _wha BgHo$g§JrV ì`m_moh Ho$ ~mao _| ~VmVm h¡Ÿ&

`h Xohbr _| pñWV Hw$Vw~ {_Zma Ho$ nmg H$m _ohê$br_o pñWV bmoho H$m ñW§^Ÿ& h23 \y$Q> Am¡a 8 B§M b§~mB© 6000 {H$.bmo.J«m§. dOZ H$m h¡Ÿ& `h Cg O_mZo H$sVm§{ÌH$ gmYZm H$s gmjr h¡Ÿ&

_oKXyV : `h H$m{bXmg H$s aMZm h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ à{gÕ H¥${V`m| _| EH$ h¡Ÿ& Bg _|H¡$bmg nd©V àXoe _| ahZodmbm, EH$ `j AnZr {à` nËZr H$mo g§Xoe {^OdmZoH$m à`ËZ EH$ ~mXb H$mo gm¢nVm h¡Ÿ& ~mXb Cg g§Xoe nhþ§°MmZo Ho$ _mJ© _| {XImB©XoZodmbo gw§ÝXa Ñí`m| H$m {ddaU Bg "_oKXyV' H$mì` _| h¡Ÿ& `h AmO ^r {dídà{gÕ H$mì` h¡Ÿ& ^maV H$s g~ ^mfmAm| _|, Am¡a {díd Ho$ à_wI ^mfmAm| _|AZwdmX hþAm h¡Ÿ& _oKXyV ZmQ>H$ Ho$ én _| XoIH$a AmO ^r AmZ§X nm aho h¡Ÿ&

g_wÐJwá H$m$ gm_«mÁ`, Xygao M§ÐJwá Ho$ H$mb _| {dñVma hþAmŸ& BgZo eH$m| H$mohamH$a npÀN>_ ^maV H$mo Jwá gm_«mÁ` Ho$ A§Xa {_bm`m& ^maV Ho$ AZoH$ amOHw$bm|Ho$ gmW {ddmh g§~§Y ~T>mH$a "à^mdr {dH«$_m{XË`' Cnm{Y nm`rŸ& Bg H$mb Ho$ wÕgo ^r gm{hË` VWm H$bm H$mo àmoËgmh {_bo h¡Ÿ&gwà{gÕ g§ñH¥$V H${d VWm ZmQ>H$H$maH$m{bXmg Bg H$mb Ho$ h¡Ÿ& _oKXyV, aKwd§e, Hw$_mag§ d VWm F$Vwg§hma CgHo$ loï>H$mì`h¡Ÿ& "A{^kmZ emHw§$Vbm' BZHo$ loï> ZmQ>H$mo _o EH$ h¡Ÿ& eyÐH$ H$s "_¥ÀN>H${Q>H$m'VWm {demH$XÎm H$m "_wÐmamjg' Am{X loï> H¥${V`m§° h¡Ÿ&

_ohê$br_o pñWV bmoho H$m ñW§

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A{^kmZ emHw§$Vbm`h H$m{bXmg H$s gd©loð>> H¥${V h¡Ÿ&

emHw§$Vbm H$s H$Wm _hm^maV _| h¡Ÿ& H$hmZr_| Xwî`§V amOm {eH$mar H$aVo H$Êd _h{f© Ho$Aml_ Am oŸ& dhm§° Xwî §V eHw§$Vbm go _mo{hVhþ`o& H$Êd F${f H$s AZwnpñW{V _o do XmoZmoJm§Yd© {ddmh hþEŸ& Hw$N> {XZm| Ho$ ~mX Xwî §VeHw§$Vbm H$mo Cg Aml_ _| N>moS>H$a amOYmZrbm¡Q> o Ÿ& Bg {dah Ho$ g_` Xydm©g_w{ZH$Êd_w{Z Ho$ Aml_ Am`oŸ& eHw§$Vbm, X¥î`§VHo$ Ü`mZ _o ~¡R>H$a Xydm©g_wZr H$s gËH$ma^yb ~¡R>rŸ& Hw${nV Xydm©g_w{Z eHw§$Vbm H$moemn {X`m {H$ ‘‘Vw_ {OgH$s ñ_aU _| g~

ybH$a ~¡R>r hmo dh Vwåho yb Om`”, AnZr^yb H$s OmZH$mar Ho$ ~mX Xwdm©g _w{Z Cgo{demn {X`o {H$ Xwî`§V go {X`o MrμO H$mo XoIZo go {\$a `mX bm¡Q>oJmŸ& dh MrμOXwî`§V H$r Xr hþB© A§°JyR>r WrŸ& Cg emn Ho$ AZwgma Xwî`§V Cgo yb ~¡R>oŸ& H$ÊdF${fHo$ {eî` J^©dVr eHw§$Vbm H$mo Xwî`§V Ho$ Xa~ma _| bo OmVm h¡Ÿ& _mJ© _| Xwî`§V Ho${X`r hþB© A§°JyR>r Imo OmVr h¡§ & Xa~ma _| Xwî`§V BgH$mo nhMmZ Zht gHo$Ÿ& Bg~oB‚mVr go eHw§$Vbm dhm§° go {ZH$bH$a EH$ AZOmZ àXoe J`rŸ& Hw$N> {XZm| Ho$~mX _N>br Ho$ noQ> _| A§°JyR>r {_brŸ& Cg A§°JyR>r go Xwî`§V H$m ñ_aU {\$a dmngAm`mŸ& níMmÎmmn go X½Y hmo J`oŸ& Hw$N> dfm] Ho$ ~mX Xwî`§V _arM_w{Z Ho$ Aml__| Am oŸ& dhm§° eoa Ho$ ~ƒo Ho$ gmW IobZodmbm ~mbH$ H$mo XoIH$a CgH$m nyd}{VhmgH$s OmZH$mar bo {b`mŸ& dh AnZm nwÌ gd©X_Z g_PH$a Iwer go \y$b CR>oŸ&BgHo$ ~mX Xwî`§V nËZr eHw§$Vbm Am¡a nwÌ H$m nwZ{_©bZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& A{^kmZemHw§$Vbm {díd Ho gd©loï> ZmQ>H$m| _| EH$ h¡Ÿ&

emHw§$Vbm

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{Za§Va hÿUm| Ho$ AmH«$_U go Jwá gm_«mÁ` Zme hþAmŸ& Jwá Ho$ nmg ~¥hX² goZmZht WrŸ& gm_§V amOmAm| Zo `wÕ Ho$ g_` goZm H$s ghm`Vm Zht {H$`m& gm_§V amOmAnZm A{YH$ma MbmVo WoŸ& A{YH$ma dJ© Hw$_ma A_mË`m| go ^am WmŸ& {d{dY AmohXona Hw$_ma A_mË` àmá {H$`o WoŸ& emgZ _| {dHo$§ÐrH$aU H$s ì`dñWm WrŸ& nwamo{hVH$B© XmZ nmVo WoŸ& ^yXmZ Ho$ Abmdm H$B© Jm±dmo§ H$mo ^r XmZ Ho$ ê$n _| {X`m OmVm WmŸ&Bggo AZoH$ _§{Xam| H$s (Xodmb`) CÞVr hþB©Ÿ& o àXoe H$B© Am{W©H$ VWm emgZmË_H$Ny>Q> nmH$a ñdV§Ì hþEŸ& `hm§° Ho$ {Zdm{g`m§° H¥${fH$, hñV{eënr, ^y_m{bH$m| Ho$ {Z`_Ho$ AYrZ _| WoŸ& Bg Vah gm_«mÁ` g§H$sU©Vm H$s Amoa ~T>mŸ&

Bg g_` nmpíM_mË`m| Ho$ gmW Jwám| H$m ì`mnma jrU hþAmŸ& BgHo$ gmW BZHo$A{W©H$ ì`dñWm ^r jrU hmoZo bJrŸ& gm_«mÁ` H$m Am§VarH$ ì`mnma ^r éH$ J`mŸ&ì`mnma Ho$db J«m_m| H$mo gr{_V WmŸ& ì`mnma H$s {JamdQ> ZJa Ho$ÝÐ H$s AdZVr Ho$H$maU ~Z J`m & BgHo$ ~mX nmQ>brnwÌ r Ho$db EH$ J«m_ Ho$ ê$n _| n[adV©Z hþAmŸ&

Y_©J«§W, Y_©emó VWm nwamU ^{º$ Ho$ AmYma na WoŸ& damh{_{ha, ^mñH$a,Am`©^Q>, MaH$m, VWm ewe¥V Bg H$mb Ho$ loï> d¡km{ZH$ WoŸ& damh{_{ha mñH$a Am¡aAm`©^Q>, Á`mo{Vî` emó, IJmobemó VWm J{UV AÜ``Z H$mo _hËd {X`oŸ& MaH$mVWm ewe¥V d¡ÚH$s` AÜ``Z {H$ oŸ& MaH$m ‘‘MaH$g§{hVm” aMZm {H$ o, ewe¥V ‘emó{M{H$Ëgm Ho$ ~mao _| ewe¥V g§{hVm’ aMZm {H$`oŸ&

JwáH$mb Ho$ d¡km{ZH$1) YÝd§Var : `o d¡ÚmH$s` emó _| à{gÕ {dÛmZ WoŸ& `h Am`wd}X emñÌ Ho$kmZr WoŸ& BÝho ^maV Ho$ ‘d¡ÚmemñÌ {nVm_hm’ H$hVo h¡Ÿ& BZH$m Am`wd}X H$m‘‘eãXH$moe” d¡Úmemó H$s XoZ h¡Ÿ&2) MaH$m : `o d¡Ú {dkmZr WoŸ& Wo "MaH$ g§{hVm' Zm_H$ J«§W {bIoŸ& `hd¡ÚH$s` joÌ H$m _hËdnyU© J«§W h¡ &3) ewe¥V : o eó (eë`) {M{H$Ëgm Ho$ d¡Ú WoŸ& ^maV H$s na§nam _o eë`{M{H$Ëgm H$aZo H$s ar{V H$s OmZH$mar XoZo _| hr àW_ WoŸ& Cg H$mb _| g¡{ZH$m| H$mo{M{H$Ëgm Ho$ {bE àË oH$ {d^mJ WmŸ& AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s {M{H$Ëgm H$s Vah, ewe¥Veë` {M{H$Ëgm _| àm{dÊ`Vm nmH$a d¡ÚmH$s` joÌ H$mo EH$ A_yë` XoZ {X`m h¡Ÿ&

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4) Am © Q> : `o IJmob Am¡a J{UV emó Ho$ à{gÕ {dkmZr WoŸ& damh{_{ha Ho$~mX AmZodmbo d¡km{ZH$mo _| `o à_wI WoŸ& IJmob Am¡a J{UV joÌ H$mo BZ{H$ XoZ{d{eï> h¡Ÿ& Bg H$maU go AmO ^maV gaH$ma gd©loð> d¡km{ZH$m| H$mo ‘Am`©^Q>’Cnm{Y XoH$a gå_mZ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& ^maV Ho$ à_wI CnJ«h H$mo ‘Am`©^Q>’ Zm_ aImJ`m h¡Ÿ& `h Ame` h¡ {H$ BgZo AmbOr~«m (~rOJ{UV) Ho$ eyÝ` (Zero) H$mgem|YZ {H$`m& ^maV _| ~rOJ{UV nÕ{V H$mo nhbo nhb BgZo hr n[aM`H$am`mŸ& BgZo g_Pm`m {H$ gy`© Am¡a M§ÐJ«hU amhþ go Zhr, n¥Ïdr AnZo nW _| haamoO àX{jU H$aZo go hmoVm h¡ŸŸ&

5) damh{_{ha : `o à»`mV IJmob emók WoŸ& n§M {gÕm§{VH$ Zm_H$ IJmobemó Ho$ J«§W {bIoŸ& Bg J«§W H$mo IJmobemó H$m ‘~mB©~b’ H$hVo h¡Ÿ& ~¥hVg§{hVm,~¥hV² OmVH$$, bKwOmVH$, Zm_H$ J«§Wmo H$mo ^r aMZm {H$`o h¡Ÿ& do IJmob emó,Á`mo{Vî`, ^yJmob, Obdm`w AmXr joÌm| Ho$ {dÛmZ WoŸ&

dY©ZXmo g{X`m| VH$ amÁ` àemgZ H$aZodmbm Jwá gm_«mÁ` H$ar~ {H«$.ny. 6 (N>…)

dr gXr _| AdZ{V H$s Amoa ~T>mŸ& H$B© N>moQ>o amÁ` n¡Xm hþEŸ& BZ_| dY©Zmo H$m amÁ` rEH$ h¡Ÿ& o 6 (N>…) dt gXr ‘WmZoída’ go emgZ {H$ oŸ& Vm_« emgZ ~mU Ho$ hf©M[aV,VWm MrZm Ho$ `m{ÌH$ øw`ZñVm§J Ho$ {bImdQ> Bg H$mb Ho$ ~ma _| amoeZr S>mbVr h¡&

"nwî`^y{V' Bg d§e Ho$ ñWmnH$ WoŸ& à^mH$a dY©Z VWm hf©dY©Z, Bg Hw$b Ho$à_wI amOm WoŸ& hf© {nVm à^mH$a dY©Z VWm mB© amOdY©Z H$s _¥Ë w Ho$ ~mX WmUoídaHo$ amOm ~Z J`oŸ& BgH$s ~hZ amOlr H$mo H$Zm¡O Ho$ amOm go {ddmh H$a {X`mŸ&

~§Jmb Ho$ amOm eem§H$, H$ZmoO Ho$ amOm H$mo _maZo Ho$ ~mX, hf©dY©Z H$Zm¡OH$mo de _| H$a {X`mŸ& ~§Jmb Ho$ amOm na h_bm {H$`mŸ& ~§Jmb Am¡a _JY BZHo$AYrZ hmo J`oŸ& _Ja XpŠIZ _| Z_©Xm ZXr H$mo nma H$aZm Zhr hmo gH$mŸ& MmbwŠ` Ho$H$ÞS> amOm Xygam nw{bHo$er BgHo$ A{VH«$_U na éImdQ> S>mboŸ& hf©dY©Z H$mo `hm± go

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hQ>m oŸ& BgH$s gmYZm Xa~mar H${d a{dH$s{V© H$s aMZm _| ì`º$ hþB© h¡Ÿ& nw{bHo$er gonam{OV hf©dY©Z H$m ‘hf©’ g_má hþAm& Bgo a{dH$s{V© Zo amoMH$ ar{V go ì`º$ {H$`m h¡Ÿ&àemgZ _§{Ì_ÊS>b go ^am WmŸ& _hm g§{Y {dJ«h, _hm~bm{YH¥$V (_hmgoZmn{V),^moJn{V, XyV AmXr A{YH$mar dJ© WoŸ& amÁ` àm§Ë`m| _| {d^m{OV WmŸ&

^y_r H$a amÁ` H$m$ _w»` Am` (Income) WmŸ& BÝh| gm_§V amOm amOm H$mo ^|Q>Ho$ én _| XoVo WoŸ& amOm BZH$mo ^y_r H$mo XoZ Ho$ én _o XoH$a, BgHo$ ~Xbo goZm H$sghm`Vm nmVo WoŸ& amOm ~bhrZ hmoZo na gm_§V amOm ñdV§Ì hmo J`oŸ&

Xygao g_wXm`m| H$mo, VWm Ym{_©H$ bmoJm| H$mo y_r XmZ _| XoVo WoŸ& Bg H$mb Ho$ ~m¡ÕY_© H$m {ddaU øy ZËg§J Ho$ boIZ go g_P gH$Vo h¡Ÿ& ~m¡Õmo§ H$m$Zb§Xm {díd{dÚmb`Bg H$mb H$m AË §V {H«$`merb {díd{dÚmb` WmŸ& `h amOm[lV WmŸ&

Zb§Xm~wÕ Ho$ AZw`m`{`m| H$m {dídmg

Wm {H$ ~wÕ Ho$ nyd© OÝ_ H$m Xygam Zm_Zb§XmŸWm& `h EH$ àmMrZ{díd{dÚmb` Ho$ Zm_ go à»`mV h¡Ÿ&~wÕ Bg Zb§Xm H$mo ^|Q> {H$`o WoŸ&hf©dY©Z 25 _rQ>a H$s D§°$Mr H$m§°g H$s~wÕ à{V_m, Zb§Xm H$mo Cnhma Ho$ én_| {X`o h¡Ÿ& Hw$_maJwá `hm§° b{bV H$bm {dÚmb` H$mo XoZ Xr h¡ & `hm§° _mÜ`{_H$gyÌ Ho$ à{VnmXH$, ZmJmOw©Z, {XÞJ, Am¡a Y_©nmb Zm_H$ à{gÕ {dÛmZ Wo Ÿ&øw`ZËgm§J `hm§° Hw$N> g_` VH$ ahH$a Bg àXoe H$m dU©Z {H$`o h¡Ÿ& `hm§° H$B©ñVy\$, M¡Ë`{dhma, A{V{WJ¥h, gr{T>`m±, Ü`mZ Ho$ H$_ao AÜ`mnZ Ho$ H$_ao VWm`hm§° Ho$ d¡^d {XImZodmbo AZoH$ H$_ao r WoŸ& AemoH$, Jwá Ho$ amOm VWm hf©dY©ZBgHo$ ajH$ WoŸ& Zb§Xm Ho$ H$B© H¥${V`m§° AmJ _o ObH$a Zme hmo J`oŸ& Am{Ia^{º$`ma {IëOr Ho$ AmH«$_U go {díd {dÚmb` nyU© ê$n go Zme hþAmŸ&

Zb§Xm

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Aä`mgI. Imbr OJh ^[aE

1. Jwá bmoJ AnZo ApñWËd H$mo ___________

àXoe go nm`o&

2. nhbm M§ÐJwá ___________

Zm_ go à{gÕ h¡ &

3. H$m{bXmg Ho$ loï> ZmQ>H$m| _| ___________

EH$ h¡Ÿ&

4. eyÐH$ go {bIo J«§W ___________

h¡Ÿ&

5. {demH$XÎm H$s H¥${V ___________

h¡Ÿ&

6. dY©Z d§e Ho$ ñWmnH$ ___________

h¡Ÿ&

II. {ZåZ{b{IV àlm| H$mo g§{já CÎma {b{IE :

1. Xygam M§ÐJwá Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE ?

2. Jwá gm_«mÁ` H$s AdZ{V Ho$ H$maU Š`m h¡ ?

3. Jwá H$mb Ho$ loï> d¡km{ZH$mo Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE ?

4. dY©Zm| H$m emgZ {H$g Vah Wm ?

III. H$m¡eë` :

1. H$m{bXmg Ho$ g~ H¥${V`m| H$m {ddaU àmá H$s{OE &

2. Jwá H$mb Ho$ d¡km{ZH$m| H$m {ddaU VWm Vñdram| H$mo g§J«h H$s{OE

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AÜ`m` - 9X{jU ^maV-emVdmhZ, H$X§~ Am¡a J§J

({H«$.ny. 3 dt H$s eVmãXr go {H«$.e. 13 dt eVmãXr VH$)Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX {ZåZ{b{IV A§emo§ H$mo g_P|JoŸ&

● X[jU ^maV _| emVdmhZ d§e H$m {dH$mg, à_wI Jm¡V_rnwÌ emVH${U© H$sgmYZm, àemgZ, H$bm dmñVw{eën Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZm&

● H$Zm©Q>H$ _| ñWm{nV àW_ amOd§e H$X§~m| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$aZmŸ&● H$X§~m| Ho$ loð> amOm _`yad_m© Ho$ àemgZ H$s ar{V, H$bm, dmñVw{eën,

Ym{_©H$ joÌ H$s XoZm| Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZmŸ&● J§J de§ H$s ñWmnZm Am¡a H$bm, dmñVw{eën VWm gm{hË` joÌ H$mo {X`o hþE

CZH$s `moJXmZm| Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZm&● H$X§~, J§Jm| Ho$ gm_«mÁ` H$mo ^maV Ho$ _mZ {MÌ (Map) _| nhMmZZmŸ&

{dÝY nd©V, CÎma Am¡a X{jU ^maV H$mo àË oH$ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& {dÝY nd©V go X{jU^maV Ho$ H$Ý`mHw$_mar VH$ X{jU ^maV AWdm XŠIZ àm§ß` H$hVo h¡Ÿ& emVdmhZ,H$X§~m, MmbwŠ`, amï>Hy$Q>, n„d Bg àXoe Ho$ à_wI h¡Ÿ&

emVdmhZ ({H«$.ny. 230 - {H«$.e. 220)emVdmhZ d§e XŠIZ _| Ï`m{nV hþAmŸ& `h nhbm amOHw$b h¡Ÿ& MÝÐJwá _m¡ © Ho$

H$mb _| JmoXmdar, H¥$îUmZXr Ho$ ~rM _| ahH$a, gm_§V hmoH$a amO H$aVo WoŸ& {H«$.ny 220Ho$ g_` _| {g_wI ñdV§Ì hþEŸ& BgZo lrH$mHw$b_² H$mo amOYmZr ~Zm`mŸ&

Jm¡V_rnwÌ emVH${U©Bg d§e Ho$ à_wI amOm Jm¡V_rnwÌ emVH${U© h¡Ÿ& BgZo gm_«mÁ` Ho$ Xwí_Z, grŠIm|

(Singhs) H$mo ^maV H$s gr_m go ~mha ^JmH$a, AnZm gmhg {XIm`mŸ& Bggo‘embrdmhZ emH$’ àma§ hþAmŸ& H$m|H$U ~rama, gm¡amï> _mbdm Ho$ Abmdm AZoH$ Z oàXoem| H$mo de _| H$a {b`m& BgH$mo ‘g_wÐVmo` nrVdmhZ’ emVdmhZ Hw$b`e…à{Vï>mnZH$ma Cnm{Y`m§° WrŸ&

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`klr emVH${U© Bg d§e Ho$ Am{Iar amOm WoŸ& Cg H$mb Ho$ eH$m| Ho$ {Za§VaAmH«$_U go Bg gm_«mÁ` AdZ{V hþEŸ&

emVdmhZ Ho$ H$mb _| amOm hr amÁ` Ho$ gdm}À` A{YH$mar WoŸ& emgZ H$s gw{dYmHo$ {bE amÁ` H$mo ‘OZnX’ Zm_H$ {Obm ~ZmH$a, A{YH$m[a`m| H$s {Z wº$r H$s J`rWr& ZJa Am¡a J«m_m| H$s ì`dñWm H$mo ñd`_² emgH$s` g§ñWmE± XoI aho WoŸ&

g_mO _| dU© oX Zht Wm&ór`m± r D§°$Mo ñWmZ _mZ _| Wr&{H$gmZ, H$maHy$Z, ì`mnmar,gwZma, _Nw>E, ~T>B©, Owbmhm,Am¡f{Y V¡ maH$, hñVH$marJaAmXr WoŸ& CÚmoJdmbmo _| d¥{Îmlo{U`m§°, dm{UÁ` g§Y ^r WoŸ&`h dm{UÁ` g§K Ho$ én _| H$m ©{Zd©hU H$a aho WoŸ& ì`mnma D§°$MrpñW{V na WmŸ& {dXoer ì`mnmaH$mo no«Ëgmh XoZo Ho$ Abmdm Zm{gH$ H$ë`mU, ~«moM ^Q>H$b AmXr ì`mnmar Ho$ÝÐ WoŸ&

d¡{XH$ Y_© Ho$ emVdmhZ, ~m¡Õ VWm O¡Z _Vm| H$mo àmoËgmh XoH$a ghH$mar ^mdZmgo ahVo WoŸ&

H$bm, gm{hË` Am¡a {ejU H$mo àmoËgmh {X oŸ& {dÛmZm| VWm gm_mÝ` bmoJm| H$s^mfm àmH¥$V WrŸ& àmH¥$V mfm _| gm{hË` H$s g¥{ï> hþB©Ÿ& ‘hmbm’ go {bIo "JmWmgáeVr'BgH$m CXmhaU h¡Ÿ&

BZgo AO§Vm {MÌH$bm, A_amd{V {MÌH$bm Ama§ hþEŸ& ^dZ, _§{Xa, {dhmaM¡Ë`mb` Am¡a {H$bmAm| H$mo ~Zm o J oŸ& H$mb©o _| M¡Ë`J¥h H$m, ~Zdm{g Ho$ A_ra ì`mnmar

yVnmb Zo {H$`mŸ& emVdmhZ Ho$ H$mb _o H$ÞS> amÁ` g_¥{Õ go nm`mŸ& gmh{g`m±,g_W© emgZH$ma ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$mo XoZ, XoH$a Bg Xoe H$mo g_¥Õ ~Zm oŸ&

H$mb©o M¡Ë`mb`

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H$X§~ ({H«$.e. 325 go {H«$.e. 540)H$X§~, H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m nhbm amOd§e WmŸ& BZH$s amOYmZr ~Zdmgr Wr & Omo CÎma

H$ÞS> {Obm _o§ h¡Ÿ& _ yad_m© Bg d§e H$m ñWmnH$ Am¡a loï> amOm WoŸ& n„d amOm{edñH§$XdZ© go An_m{ZV hmoH$a _ yae_© AnZm dU© H$mo Ë`mJ H$a j{Ì` dU© ñdrH$maH$aHo$ _ yad_m© ~Z J oŸ& n„dm| H$mo hamH$a H$X§~ amÁ` H$mo ñWmnZm {H$ oŸ& h H$Þ{S>Jm|Ho$ ñd{^_mZ H$m g§Ho$V h¡Ÿ&

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H$Zm©Q>H$ Am¡a maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$mo H$X§~mo H$s XoZ _hËdnyU© h¡Ÿ& H$X§~m| Ho$ emgZH$mb_| H$ar~ 30 (Vrg) g{X`m§° amOH$s` EoŠ`Vm WrŸ& emgZ _| _m§S>brH$ amOnwamo{hVm|,_§{Ì`m§° goZmZm`H$m| à_wI nmÌ {Zd©hU {H$`oŸ& àemgZ H$s gwJ_Vm Ho$ {bEàm§Ë`m{YH$m[a`m§°, àm§Ë`mo H$mo XoIZo Ho$ {bE {Z wº$ H$aVo WoŸ&

^y_rH$a amÁ` H$s _w»`Am_XZr WrŸ& ~T>B©, gwZma,bwha, Owbmhm, Hw$åhma, VobrAmXr CÚmoJ _w»` WoŸ& IoVr~mar,ì`mnmat H$mo Á`mXm àmoËgmh XoVoWo Ÿ& g_mO _| ~hþYm bmoJdUm©lm_ Y_© AnZm`o WoŸ&{nÌwàYmZ Hw$Qw>§~ VWm A{d^º$Hw$Qw> §~ H$mo àYmZVm Xr WrŸ&({MÌXwJ© Ho$ MÝÐd„r emgZ Ho$

àH$ma _ yad_m© MÐd„r Vmbm~ Ho$ {H$Zmao D§°$Mm H$adm o) H$X§~ d¡{XH$ Y_© Ho$ AZw m{``m§°WoŸ& {\$a ^r O¡Z Y_© Am¡a ~m¡Õ Y_© H$mo àmoËgmh {X oŸ& hmZJb² nw{bJoao Am{X ñWmZmo _|O¡Z _§{Xam| H$mo Am¡a {dÛmZm| H$mo XmZ (X{Îm) XoH$a H$Zm©Q>H$ _| O¡Z g§ñH¥${V \¡$bZo Ho${bE àmoËgmh {X oŸ&

AO§Vm Am¡a ~Zdmgr, ~m¡Õ Y_© Ho$ Xmo à_wI Ho$ÝÐ WoŸ& do A{^d¥{Õ pñW{V _| WoŸ&_§{Xao Ë`mohma Owbyg Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ WoŸ& àmH¥$V-g§ñH¥$V mfm H$mo àmoËgmh {X oŸ& nhbo àmH¥$V,~mX _| g§ñH¥$V amO^mfm ~Z J`rŸ& H$ÞS> bmoH$ ^mfm WrŸ& 5 (nm§°Mdr gXr _|H$ÞS> ^mfm Ho$ ñdén {XIm o OmVo h¡Ÿ& ~hþV n«mMrZ hpë_{S> emgZ H$ÞS> Ho$ nhbmemgZ hmo J oŸ&

_bd{„ emgZ àmH¥$V ^mfm H$m n[aM` XoVo h¡Ÿ& VmbJw§X emgZ H$Zm©Q>H$ _|{_bo g§ñH¥$V emgZ h¡Ÿ&

_YwHo$ída _§{Xa, ~Zdmgr

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H$Zm©Q>H$ _| dñVw{eën H$bm H$s Ztd S>mboŸ& ~Zmdmgr _| AZoH$ _§{Xa Am¡a ~g{X`m|H$mo {Z_m©U {H$ oŸ& _§{Xa H$s MmoQ>r H$s aMZm BZHo$ {d{eï> XoZ h¡Ÿ& ~obJm{d {Obo H$mH$mXmo{b Ho$ e§H$aXod _§{Xa EH$ CXmhaU h¡Ÿ& H$X§~mo Ho$ H$mb _| àmW{_H$ Am¡a Cƒ{ejU A{^d¥{Õ hmoH$a {ejU Ho$ÝÐ AJ«hma, ~«÷nw[a Am¡a K{Q>H$ ñWmZm| _o§ ñWm{nV{H$ oŸ& CgH$mb Ho$ à_wI AJ«hma, VmbJw§X Am¡a ~{„Jm{d _| WoŸ& AJ«hma, JwéHw$bhmoH$a dg{Vembm H$s Vah MbVo WoŸ&

J§J ({H«$.e. 350 - {H«$.e. 1004)J§J amOHw$b H$s CÞ{V Am¡a AdZ{V H$Zm©Q>H$ B{Vhmg Ho$ Am{X^mJ H$m EH$ _w»`

AÜ`` h¡Ÿ& J§J d§e Ho$ ñWmnH$ hr BúdmHw$ d§e Ho$ h¡Ÿ& Hw$dbmb VbH$mSw> VWm _mÝ`nwa(AmO H$m _pÊU, Zob_§Jb, ~|Jbya J«m_m§Va {Obm) go àemgZ {H$ o>Ÿ&

X{S>J go àma§ hmoH$a J§Jdm{S> amÁ` H$ar~ 27 (gÎmmB©g) amOmAm| go àemgZ{H$ o J o h¡Ÿ& J§J amOmAm| _| ‘Xw{d©ZrV’ EH$ à{gÕ amOm WmŸ& o _hmZ dra VWm{dÛmZ, XrY© g_` VH$ emgZ {H$ oŸ& AnZm amÁ` H$mo _O~yV ~ZmZo H$mo ‘nwÞmQ>’ H$moOrV {b`m Ÿ& Z„mb Vm_« nQ> go h _mbw_ hmoVm h¡ {H$ o AZoH$ Vmbm~m| H$mo qgMmB© Ho${bE {Z_m©U {H$ oŸ& `h gm{hË` ào_r Ho$ Abmdm IwX g§ñH¥$V Am¡a H$ÞS> ^mfm _|gm{hË` aMZm {H$EŸ& JwUmS²>` Ho$ dmoS²>S>H$Vm H$mo àmH¥$V go g§ñH¥$V H$mo AZwdmX {H$ o h¡Ÿ&

J§J amOmAm| H$s XoZ : amOm H$mo gbmh XoZo Ho$ {bE _§ÌmbmoMZm g^m WrŸ&_§{Ì`m§°,{d{^Þ emgZ H$s emImAm| H$m XoI~mb H$aVo WoŸ& J«m_ Ho$ àemgZ ì`dpñWV WmŸ&J«m_ g^m y{_H$a bJmZ (H$a) Ý`m`, Z¡_©ë`, ajU na Ü`mZ XoVo WoŸ& IoVr~marCZH$m _w»` CÚmoJ WmŸ& Owbmh, bwhma Am{X CÚmoJ ^r WoŸ& H$B© amï>m| Ho$ gmW ì`mnmag§~§Y aIo WoŸ&

J§Jm| Ho$ H$mb H$m g_mO H$B© n§W, Om{V _| {d^m{OV hmoZo na ^r namdb§{~`m§°WmŸ& {nÌw àYmZ A{d^º$ Hw$Qw>§~ nÕ{V Omar _| WoŸ& g_mO _| gË`erbVm, ñdm{_{Zï>,em¡ © Am¡a ghZm Am{X gm_m{OH$ _m¡ë` à^m{dV WoŸ&

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M¡Ë`mb`, Xodmb`, _R> VWm AJ«hma {ejU Ho$ÝÐ WoŸ& CÞV {ejU Ho$ ~«÷nw[aAm¡a K{Q>H$ ñWmZ WoŸ& VbH$mSw>, ldU~obJmobm, ~§H$mnwa Am¡a noéé kmZmO©Z Ho$ Ho$ÝÐ WoŸ&

J§J O¡Z Y_© Ho$ Adb§{~V hmoZo Ho$ H$maU O¡Z Y_© H$s A{^d¥{Õ hþEŸ& nyÁ`nmX,dO«Z§{X, A{OVgoZ Am{X`m| go `h Y_© OmZ{à` ~Z J oŸ& ldUdobJmob _| 58 \w$Q>EH${ebm Ho$ Jmo_Q>oída _y{V© H$mo à{Vï>mnZ {H$`o Am¡a ~mah gmb _| EH$ ~ma_hm_ñVH$m{^foH$ H$aVo Bgo AË §V à{gÕ Ho$ÝÐ ~Zm o J oŸ&

~mhþ~{b - Jmoå_Q>oídaldU~obJmob Ho$ Jm oå_Q> oída

(~mhþ~{b) {daº$ OrdZ H$s _y{V© H$m gwkmh¡Ÿ& M¡Wm amM_„ Ho$ _§{Ì Mmdw§S>am` BgH$m{Z_m©nH$ h¡Ÿ& 100 ^mB`m| _| ^aV Ooð> WmŸ&~mhþ~{b N>moQ>m WmŸ& ^aV Ho$ amÁ`m{^foH$ Ho$~mX EH$ MH«$aËZ n¡Xm hþAm& Cggo g~ amÁ`m|H$mo OrVH$a gm_«mÁ` Ho$ A{Yn{V ~ZoŸ& g~^mB© BgHo$ emgZ$ H$mo _mZ {bE & na ~mhþ~{bZ _mZoŸ& BZ XmoZm| _| wÕ ŸhþAm& Ñ{ï> wÕ,Ob wÕ, _„ wÕ Ho$ A§Ë` _| ~mhþ~{b aV H$moMH«$ H$s Vah Kw_mH$a \|$H$Zm Wm, {H$ ~mhþ~{bHo$ _Z _| {da{º$ n¡Xm hþB©& ~S>o mB© H$mo Yrao goCVmaH$a Z_ñH$ma H$aHo$ {Zdm©U go IS>o hmoH$a Vnñ`m {H$ oŸ& Cggo ^r _w{º$ Z {_boVmo Á`mo{Vî`m| Zo H$hm {H$ ~mhþ~{b, AnZo mB© Ho$ amÁ` _| IS>o Vnñ`m H$aZo Ho$ H$maU{Zdm©U Zht àmá Zhr hþAmŸ& V~ aV IwX AmH$a ~mhþ~br go H$hm {H$ gmam gm_«mÁ`~mhþ~{b H$m h¡Ÿ& BgH$mo emgZ H$aZo dmbm _¡ hÿ§°Ÿ& BgHo$ ~mX Cgo _moj {_bmŸ&

J§J amOm H$bm Am¡a dmñVw {eën H$mo àmoËgmh {X oŸ& o gwÝXa _§{Xa, ~g{X`m| H$m{Z_m©U H$adm oŸ& _ÊUo Ho$ H${nboída _§{Xa VbH$mSw> Ho$ nmVmboída Am¡a _éboída

~mhþ~{b - Jmoå_Q>oída

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H$mobma Ho$ H$mobmaå_m, ~oJya Ho$ ZJaoída, ldU~obJmob Ho$ Jmoå_Q>oída Am{X J§Jmo Ho${d{eð> XoZm h¡Ÿ& D§°$Mr _mZñV§ Am¡a ~«h²__mZ ñV§ ^r BZHo$ loï> XoZ h¡Ÿ&

gm{hË`m{^_mZr J§J amOm g§ñH¥$V, àmH¥$V Am¡a H$ÞS> mfm H$mo àmoËgmh XoH$a J«§WaMZm H$adm oŸ& Bå_{S> _mYd ‘‘XÎmH$ gyÌ” na {Q>ßnUr {bIoŸ& Xw{d©ZrV Ho$ ‘eãXmdVma’g§ñH¥$V H¥${V aMZm Ho$ Abmdm JwUmS²>` H$s ‘dS²>S>H$Vm’ H$mo g§ñH¥$V _| AZwdmX {H$ oŸ& lrnwéf Ho$ JOemó, Xygam {ed _mYd Ho$ ‘JOmï>H$’ H$ÞS> H¥${V aMZm {H$ o J oŸ& H${dho_goZ Ho$ amKd nmÊS>dr`, dmXr~qgh Ho$ JÜ` qMVm_{U Am¡a jmÌ MyS>m_{U, Zo{_MÝÐHo$ Ðì`gma g§J«h MmdwÊS>am` Ho ‘MmdwÊS> nwamU’ AmXr aMZmAm| go o à{gÕ hþEŸ&

Aä`mgI. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| H$mo nyU© H$s{OE :

1. lr_wI ___________

H$mo amOYmZr ~Zm`m

2. hmbm go {bIo JǤW ___________

h¡

3. H$ÞS> Ho$ nhbm emgZ ___________

h¡

VbH$mSw> Ho$ nmVmboída _§{Xa

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4. H$X§~ H$s amOYmZr AmO Ho$ ___________

{Obo _| h¡Ÿ&

5. J§Jd§e Ho$ à_wI amOm ___________

h¡Ÿ&

6. MmdwÊS>am` ___________

J«§W H$mo aMZm {H$ oŸ&

II. g§jon _| CÎma {b{IE :1. emVdmhZ Ho$ Am{Iar amOm H$m¡Z h¡ ? BgHo$ H$mb _| amOd§e H¡$go

AdZ{V hþE ?

2. emVdmhZ H$s H$bm Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE &

3. J§J gm_«mÁ` {H$Z {H$Z _m¡ë`m| go à^m{dV Wo ?

4. J§J H$mb Ho$ Mma J«§Wm| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE &

III. H$m¡eë` :1. emgZ nT>Zo Ho$ ~mao _o {ejH$mo Ho$ gmW MMm© H$s{OE

2. EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ _§{Xa H$mo |Q> H$a CgH$m {ddaUm g§J«h H$s{OEŸ&H$jmAm| _| ~m§°Q> H$s{OE

IV. `moOZm :1. emgZmo H$mo nT>Zo H$m Aä`mg H$am|>&

2. {H$gr EH$ emgZ XoIH$a CgHo$ ~mao _| `moOZm H$s{OE&

3. J§J amOYmZr`m| H$mo |Q> H$a {df` g§J«hU H$amoŸ&

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AÜ`m` - 10

~mXm_r Ho$ MmbwŠ` Am¡a H§${M Ho$ n„dBg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX {ZåZ{b{IV A§emo§ H$mo g_P|JoŸ&

● ~mXm_r MmbwŠ` Ho$ Ama§^, à{gÕ amOm Bå_{S> nw{bHo$er H$mb Ho$ gm_«mÁ`H$m {dH$mg g_PZmŸ&

● Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$, g¡{ZH$ àemgZ Am¡a Ý`m{`H$ àemgZ ì`dñWm Ho$ ~mao_| g_PZmŸ&

● ~mXm_r MmbwŠ` gm_«mÁ` H$s gr_m H$mo _mZ {MÌ _| nhMmZZm● H§${M Ho$ n„d Ho$ gm{hË`, Y_©, H$bm Am¡a dmñVw{eën VWm e¡j{UH$ joÌ

H$mo {X`o hþE XoZm| Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZmŸ&

~mXm_r Ho$ MmbwŠ` : ({H«$.e. 540 - {H«$.e. 753){H$. ny. 6 dr gXr _| H$Zm©Q>H$ _| _hmZ e{º$embr amOmAm| Zo emgZ {H$`mŸ&

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X{jU XŠIZ _| n„d d¡ d go emgZ H$a aho WoŸ& amOm _hoÝÐd_© nw{bHo$er Ho$na_m{YH$ma H$mo Zm-_mZZo Ho$ H$maU nw{bHo$er Cgo namñV H$a {X`mŸ& CÎma ^maV Ho$hf©dY©Z H$mo Z_©Xm ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao _|, Z_©Xm namñV H$a {X`mŸ& Bggo ‘X{jU nWoída’‘‘{ÌgmJa JqbXm Amd¥VdmX àXoe Ho$ AmYn{V’’ Zm_H$ Cnm{Y nm oŸ&

Bå_{S> nw{bHo$er : AnZo gmam Xoe H$mo EH$ hr Ho$ÝÐ go emgZ H$aZm nw{bHo$ergo Z hmo gH$mŸ& Bg{bE AnZm N>moQ>m ^mB© Hw$ãO {dîUwdY©Z H$mo d|Jr Am¡a O`qgh H$mo

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JwOamV àm§Ë` Ho$ A{YH$mar ~Zm oŸ& do AJbo~fm] _| d|{J MmbwŠ` Ho$ Zm_ go H$ar~ 5(nm§°M) g{X`m|° VH$ àemgZ {H$ oŸ&

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Aa~ B{VhmgH$mam| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$Bå_{S> nw{bHo$er _hËdmH$m§jr amOm WoŸ&{dXoer amOmAm| Ho$ gmW ñZoh-g§~§Y H$m~Vm©d aIo WoŸ& n{f©`m amOm Bå_{S> Iwg¥ Ho$ gmW XyV g§~§Y ^r aIo WoŸ&

Hw$N> dfm] Ho$ ~mX n„d amOm àW_ Zaqghd_m© AnZo {nVm _hoÝXd_m© Ho$namO` H$s$ ~Xbm boZo Ho$ {bE MmbwŠ`m| na `wÕ {H$`mŸ& MmbwŠ` amÁ` H$mo Koa H$a‘dmVm{n’ H$mo AnZo de _| bo {b`mŸ& MmbwŠ` Ho$ Am{Iar amOm H$s{V©d_m© Ho$ H$mb _|amï´>Hy$Q> Bg gm_«mÁ` H$mo AnZo de _| {bE&

MmbwŠ`m| H$s XoZH$ÞS> amÁ`, ^mfm, g§ñH¥${V H$mo nmoËgmh XoH$a, CZH$s ajm H$aVo hþE Y_©,

gm{hË`, H$bm dmñVw{eën H$mo ~hþV XoZ {X`o h¡Ÿ& BÝhmoZo hr Bg amÁ` H$mo ‘H$Zm©Q>H$’Zm_ aImŸ& H$Zm©Q>H$ B{Vhmg _| ~mXm_r MmbwŠ` Ho$ nemgZ ~hþV loï>, d¡^d`wV wJh¡Ÿ& Bg `wJ _| g¡{ZH$ joÌ, H$bm Am¡a gm{hË` Ho$ joÌ _| ^r A{^d¥{Õ nm`oŸ&

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H$ar~ 200 gmb VH$ àemgZ {H$ oŸ&amOm IwX amOH$mO _| ^mJ boVo WoŸ& amÁ` H$mo{df`m ({Obm) _| {d^m{OV H$a{df`m{Yn{V XoI-^mb H$aVo Wo J«m_ hremgZ A§emo _| ~hþV N>moQ>m WmŸ& J«m_ H$s_w{I`m, O_m-IM© ì`dhma H$s XoI ^mbH$aVo WoŸ&

MmbwŠ` e¡d, d¡îUd, O¡Z Am{X g~g§àXm`m| H$mo àmoËgmh {X`oŸ& O¡Z _§{Xam| H$m{Z_m©U H$mo ^r àmoËgmh {X`oŸ& ~m¡Õ _V Ho${dhmam| H$mo ^r àmoËgmh {X`oŸ&

~mXm_r MmbwŠ`, gm{hË` H$mo àmoËgmh {X o & H$ÞS> VWm g§ñH¥$V mfm {dH${gVhþ`oŸ& H$ÞS> BZH$s ‘Xoer^mfm’ WmŸ& Bg H$mb Ho$ H$mì` _| {ÌnXr e¡br H$mo BñVo_mb{H$`oŸ& H$ÞS> _| Ho$db H¥${V`m§° hr Zhr H$B© {ebmemgZ ^r {bIo J`oŸ& ~mXm_r Ho$‘H$ßno Aa^Q²>Q>’ Ho$ emgZ H$m EH$ nÚ {ÌnXr e¡{b _| h¡Ÿ&

H$ßno Aa^Å> emgZ H$m {ÌnXr nÚ

{dénmj _§{Xa, nÅ>XH$„þ

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~mXm_r MmbwŠ` _hmZ {Z_m©Vm VWm H$bmào{_ WoŸ& ~mXm_r, Eohmobo, nQ²>Q>XH$b_| gwÝXa, CƒV_ _§{Xamo H$mo {Z_m©U {H$ oŸ& o ‘MmbwŠ` e¡br’ Zm_H$ {d{eï> {eënH$bmH$s e¡br H$mo ^maVr` dmñVw{eën _o àma§^ {H$`oŸ& ~mXm_r Ho$ MÅ>mZmo _| IwXoJw\$m§VaXodmb` H$mo {Z_m©U {H$`oŸ& H$B© H$bmH$ma VWm {epën`m| H$mo àmoËgmh {X`oŸ&

MmbwŠ` e¡{b Ho$ CÎm_ _§{Xa Eohmobo Am¡a nÅ>XH$b _| h¡Ÿ& _§{Xa {Z_m©U e¡{bHo$H$B© Pybm| _| Eohmobo ^r EH$ h¡Ÿ&

`hm§°, _§{Xa Ho$ dmñVw {eën Ho$ {dH$mg H$m à`moJ {H$`o h¡Ÿ& `h e¡br nÅ>XH$b_| g§nyU© {dH$mg hþB©Ÿ& dhm§° bmoHo$ída ({dénmj) Am¡a Ì¡bmoHo$ída (_{„H$mOw©Z)AmXr à{gÕ _§{Xam| H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¡Ÿ& ~mXm_r H$s Jw\$mAm| Ho$ {dîUw damh, h[aha,AY>©Zmarída H$s D§°$Mr _y{V© m± MmbwŠ`m| H$s H$bmË_H$ gmYZm H$m EH$ CÎm_ {Mh²Z h¡Ÿ&{MÌH$bm H$mo ^r àmoËgmh {_bmŸ& BZHo$ H$mb _| AO§Vm H$s H$bm {díd à{gÕ h¡Ÿ&

H§${M Ho$ n„d ({H«$.e. 350 - {H«$.e. 895)n„d V{_bZmSw> Ho$ ààW_ amOmbmoJ h¡Ÿ& X{jU ^maV Ho$ amOmAm| _| {deof

ñWmZ h¡Ÿ& {H«$.e. 4 dr§ gXr {H«$.e 9 dt gXr VH$ àemgZ {H$`oŸ& àma§^ _| `oemVdmhZ Ho$ A{YH$m[a`m§° WoŸ& emVdmhZ amÁ` H$s AdZ{V Ho$ ~mX n„d AnZoAmnH$mo ñWm{ZH$ amOm Zm_ go KmofUm {H$`o>&

{edñH§$Xd_m© Bg d§e H$m nhbm amOm h¡Ÿ& n„dm| Am¡a H$X§~m| Ho$ ~rM {Za§VaXwí_Zr WrŸ& BgHo$ ~mX MmbwŠ` d§e Ho$ Bå_S>r nw{bHo$er n„d Ho$ _hoÝÐd_m© H$monam{OV {H$`mŸ& àW_ Zaqghd_m© n„d amOmAm| _| ~hþV à{gÕ WoŸ& MmbwŠ`m| na~Xbm boH$a Bå_S>r nw{bHo$er H$mo hamH$a dmVmnr H$mo de _| bo {b`oŸ& Bggo do‘_hm_„’ Am¡a ‘dmVm{nH$mo§S>’ Zm_H$ Cnm{Y nm oŸ& BgHo$ emgZ H$mb _| hþ ymZËgm§JH§${M H$mo |Q>{H$`m WmŸ& H§${M Ho$ ZμOXrH$ g_wÐVQ> _| Zaqgh d_m© EH$ ZJa {Z_m©U{H$ oŸ& CgH$mo ‘_hm~{bnwa_’ Zm_ aI {X oŸ& H$B© EH${ebm _§{Xa BZgo {Z_m©U hþEŸ&Anam{OV n„d Ho$ emgZ H$mb _| n„~ gm_«mÁ` Mmobm Ho$ ‘Am{XË`’ go A§V hþAmŸ&

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n„dm| H$s XoZV{_bwZmSw> _| emgZ H$mo R>rH$ ì`dñWm {H$`oŸ& gm{hË`, Y_©, H$bm Am¡a

dmñVw{eën VWm {ejU _| BZH$s XoZ ~hþV à_wI h¡Ÿ& dmVmnr _| MmbwŠ`m|, H§${M _|n„dm| Ho$ emgZH$mb hr X{jU _| dra `wJ h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ amÁ` gÑ‹T> Am¡a gwì`dpñWVWmŸ& _§{V« àm§Ë`m{YH$m[a`m§° WoŸ& amÁ` H$mo _§S>b, ZmSw>, J«m_ - {d^m{OV {H$`o WoŸ&J«m_ g^m J«m_ H$s g_ñ`m na Ü`mZ aIo WoŸ& ‘J«m_ ^moOH$’ J«m_ Ho$ emgZ XoI aho WoŸ&

n„d g§ñH¥$V Am¡a V{_b XmoZm| mfmAm| H$mo àmoËgmh {X oŸ& H§${M g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`H$m$ Ho$ÝÐ WmŸ& n„d Ho$ Xa~mar H${d`m| _| ^ma{d ({H$amVmOw©Zr`) VWm X§{S> Ho$‘XeHw$_ma M[aV’, à{gÕ H¥${V`m§° h¡Ÿ&

amOm _h|Ðd_m© IwX, ‘_Îm {dbmg àhgZ’ Zm_H$ gm_m{OH$ ZmQ>H$ VWm‘^mJdXw‚mwH$$’ J«§Wm| H$mo aMZm {H$`o h¡Ÿ& n„d g~ Y_m] H$mo n«moËgmh {X`oŸ& nhbon„d amOmAm| ~m¡ÕY_u` WoŸ& Zb§Xm {díd{dÚmb` Ho$ _hmZ {dÕmZ Y_©nmb H§${M_| OÝ_o WoŸ& _hoÝÐd_m© O¡ZY_©dmbo hmoZo go Xoe _| H$B© O¡Z WoŸ&

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_hmd{bnwa_ _| nËWam| H$mo Q>m§°H$H$a Omo _§{Xa ~Zm`o CZH$mo XoI gH$Vo h¡Ÿ&EH${ebm _| AX²^wV _y{V©`m| H$mo ImoXoo h¢Ÿ& BZ _| _hm^maV VWm ^mJdV H$WmE§° h¡Ÿ&`hm§° Ho$ n§MaW, à{gÕ EH${ebm _§{Xa ‘AOw©ZZ Vnñgw’ Zm_H$ IwXo Ñí` CÎm_H$bmH¥${V h¡Ÿ&

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H§${M Ho$ H¡$bmgZmW, EH$m§~a ZmW, d¡Hw§$R> noé_mbm| Ho$ _§{Xa Am¡a _hm~{bnwa_Ho$ g_wÐVQ> Ho$ _§{Xa àmMrZ ^maV Ho$ dmñVw{eën H$m CÎm_ {ZXe©Z h¡Ÿ&

Ym{_©H$ VWm H$bmË_H$ H$m¡eb H$m H|$Ð _§{Xa _§{Xa Ho$ Am§JZ _| em_ Ho$ dº$J«m_rU bmoJ H$B© {df`m| H$mo MMm© H$a aho WoŸ& Amam_ Ho$ g_` _| bmoJ `hm§° EH$V«hmoH$a, nwamU ldU VWm Zr{V JrVm| H$mo JmVo WoŸ& Bg go _§{Xa gm_m{OH$ VWme¡j{UH$ H|$Ð ~Z J`o WoŸ&

n„d Ho$ nmg AÀN>o Zm¡H$m~b WoŸ& ì`mnm[a`m| _b`m, B§S>moZo{f`m, Am¾o` Eî`mamï´>m| Ho$ gmW dm{UÁ` g§~§Y aIo WoŸ& maVr` mfm, Y_©, g§àXm`, g§ñH¥${V BZ Xoem|_| à^md S>mbo h¡Ÿ&

Aä`mgI. Imbr OJh ^[aE

1. nw{bHo$e go nam{OV n„d amOm ___________

2. H$Zm©Q>H$ Zm_ H$mo ___________

d§e Zo {X`mŸ&

3. ‘hanmd©Vr’ g§ñH$V ZmQ>H$ H$m H$V¥ ___________

_hmd{bnwa_ Ho$ n§MaW

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4. dmVmnrH$moS> CnmYr Ho$ n„d amOm

5. ‘AOw©ZZ Vnñgw’ Zm_H$ H$bmH¥${V _| h¡Ÿ&

II. g§jon _| CÎma {b{IE1. Bå_{S> nw{bHo$er Zo AnZo gm_«mÁ` H$m {dñVma H¡$go {H$`m ?

2. MmbwŠ`m| Ho$ emgZ ì`dñWm H¡$gm Wm ?

3. MmbwŠ` gm{hË` {à` h¡Ÿ& CXmhaUm| Ho$ gmW g_PmBEŸ&

4. H§${M H$mo emgZ {H$`o n„d amOmAm| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IEŸ&

5. g§ñH¥$V Am¡a V{_b H$mo n„d {H$g T>§J go àmoËgm{hV {H$`oŸ&

III. H$m¡eë`1. H$ÞS> ^mfm H$mo MmbwŠ`m| H$s XoZ Ho$ ~mao _o_ MMm© H$s{OEŸ&

2. {V«nm{X Ho$ ~mao _| AÜ`mnH$m| go MMm© H$s{OE

3. H§${Mnwa-_hm~{bnwa H$mo àdmg H$s{OEŸ&

IV. `moOZm :1. {H$gr EH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ H|$Ð H$mo ^|Q>H$a {df` g§J«hU H$s{OE Ÿ&

2. {MV« ItMH$a g§J«hU H$aVo EH$ Amë~_² V¡`ma H$s{OEŸ&

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AÜ`m` - 11_mÝ`Ho$Q> Ho$ amï´>Hy$Q> Am¡a H$ë`mU Ho$ MmbwŠ`

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX {ZåZ{b{IV A§emo§ H$mo g_P|JoŸ&● amï´>Hy$Q> d§e ñWmnH$ X§{VXwJ© à{gÕ amOm A_moKdf© Ho$ ~mao _| g_PmZmŸ&● àemgZ, gm{hË` Am¡a dmñVw{eën joÌ H$mo amï´>Hy$Q>m| Ho$ `moJXmZ Ho$ ~mao _|

g_PZmŸ&● H$ë`mU MmbwŠ`m| H$s A{^d¥{Õ Am¡a nemgZ gm{hË` joÌ H$mo {X`o hþE XoZ

Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZmŸ&● amï´>Hy$Q> gm_«mÁ` H$s ì`már H$mo ^maV Ho$ _mZ{MÌ (Map) _| nhMmZZmŸ&

amï´>Hy$Q> ({H«$.e. 753 - {H«$.e. 973)amï´>Hy$Q> H$ÞS> Ho$ bmoJ h¡Ÿ& nhbo do MmbwŠ` Ho$ gm_§V WoŸ& ~mX _| ñdV§V« hmoH$a

X{jU Ho$ {demb gm_«mÁ` Ho$ amOm ~ZoŸ& H$ÞS> amÁ` Ho$ B{Vhmg _| amï´>Hy$Q> `wJ EH$loï> `wJ h¡Ÿ& H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` Ho$ d¡^d H$mo D$§°Mo ñWmZ bo OmZo H$s H$s{V© BÝh| {_bo h¡Ÿ&CÎma Ho$ Z_©Xm ZXr go X{jU H$mdoar VH$ \¡$bo gm_«mÁ` E„moam, H¡$bmgZmW _§{Xa,H$ÞS> Ho$ nhbm J«§W H${damO_mJ© `o g~ BZ H$mo Zm_r ~Zm`o J`oŸ&

X§{VXwJ© go àma§^ hmoH$a H¥$îU, Bå_{S> JmoqdX, Y¥d, _wå_{S> JmoqdX A_moKdf©Am{X go AmJo ~T>H$a D§°$Mr-MmoQ>r na nhþ§°MoŸ& A_moKdf© Ho$ Ama§{^H$ emgZ H$B©AS>MZ go WrŸ& Bgo bS>mB© _| BÀN>m Zht WrŸ& J§Jm| Ho$ gmW VWm n„dm| Ho$ gmW {ddmhg§~§Y go Xwí_Zr H$mo hQ>m`oŸ& `o em§{V {à`ŸWoŸ& CÎma Ho$ Hw$N> gm_«mÁ`m| H$mo Imo J`oŸ&npíM_ Ho$ ~§XaJmh H$mo _hmZ dm{UÁ` Ho$ÝÐ hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo n{f©`m, Aao{~`m Ho$ gmWì`mnma g§~§Y ~ZmH$a g_¥Õ amï´> ~ZmE& H$B© `m{ÌH$, ì`mnm[a`m± Bg gm_«mÁ`m| H$mog§Xe©Z {H$`oŸ& BZ_| Aa~ `m{V«H$ gwb¡_mZ à_wI WoŸ& BgZo H$hm h¡ {H$ "A_moKdf©{díd Ho$ Mma loð> amOmAm| _| EH$ h¡Ÿ'&

A_moKdf© eya Am¡a em§{V{à` WoŸ& g~ Y_m] H$mo àmoËgmhZ {X`oŸ& BgHo$ ~mXBå_S>r H¥$îU àemgZ {H$`oŸ& H$ë`mU MmbwŠ` Xygam V¡bn amï´>Hy$Q> gm_«mÁ`, XygaoH$H©$ Ho$ H$mb _| AdZ{V hþEŸ&

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amï´>Hy$Q>m| H$s XoZamï´>Hy$Q> Ho$ amOËd d§e na§nam

Ho$ gmW gmW Am`o WoŸ& amOmAm| H$moghm` H$aZo H$m o _§{V«_§S>bWmŸ&_§{V«_ §S >br _| {dXoer ì`dhmaXoIZodmbm _hmg§{Y doJ«h Zm_H$Jì` WoŸ& emgZ H$s gw{dYm Ho$ {bEgm_«mÁ` H$mo amï´> (_ÊS>b) {de`m,ZmSw>, J«m_ Am{X {d^mOZ {H$`o WoŸ&

J«m_ Ho$ _w{I`m H$mo J«m_n{VAWdm à wJmdw§S>m H$hVo WoŸ& J«m_ goZmH$s _w{I`m Wo& J «m_ boIH$BgH$m ghm`H$ WoŸ& J«m_ g^mEo| WrŸ&Xoe _| ‘ZmS>Jmdw§S>m’ Zm_H$ A{YH$marWmŸ& {df` Am ¡a amï ´ > na ^rA{YH$m[a`m§° Wo&

y{_H$a, gm_{J« na H$a, Ka, Tw>H$mZ Z{X nma H$aZoH$s, d¥{Îm na bJmZ Am{X amÁ` H$m da_mZ WmŸ& {dXoerì`mnma go Á`mXm Am_XZr AmVr WrŸ&

Am{XH${d n§n Ho$ Zm_ _| h§{n H$ÞS> {díd{dÚmb`,‘ZmS>moO’ Zm_H$ nwañH$ma H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ ~S>o gmYH$m|H$mo XoVo Am aho h¡Ÿ&

amï´>Hy$Q>m| Ho$ H$mb _| H$ÞS> Am¡a g§ñH¥$V XmoZm| H$mo àmoËgmhZ {_boŸ& g§ñH¥$V_| loï> J«§Wm| H$s aMZm hþEŸ& {V«{dH«$_ Zo ‘ZbM§nw’ Zm_H$ g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` Ho$àW_ M§nyH¥${V aMZm {H$EŸ& hbm`wY ‘H${dahñ`’ H$mo {bIoŸ& {OZgoZ, J{UVk

ZmS>moO n§n

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_hmdramMm`©, ì`mH$aU emñVk emH$Q>m`Z, JwU^Ð, dragoZ, A_moKdf© Ho$ Xa~ma_| WoŸ& Am{XH${d n§n Ho$ ‘Am{X nwamU’, ‘{dH«$_mOw©Z {dO`’ H$mo H$ÞS> _| {bIoŸ&C^` H${dMH«$d{V© ‘nmoÞ’ em§{VnwamU {bIoŸ& A_moKdf© Ho$ Xa~mar H${d lr {dO`,H${damO _mJ© aMZm {H$ oŸ& h H$ÞS> H$s$ loï>H¥${V h¡Ÿ& BZgo H$ÞS> gm{hË` àmMrZH$mbgo \y$bo - \$boŸ&

amï>oHy$Q> H$mb Ho$ Am¡a loï> JÚ H¥${V {edH$moÅ>mMm`© Ho$ dS²>S>mamYZm h¡Ÿ& `hO¡Z Ym{_©H$ H$WmAm| H$m gmam§e h¡Ÿ& `hm§° H$ÞS> àmXo{eH$ ^mfm H$mo {deofàmYmÝ`Vm {_bo h¡Ÿ& g§X^© aMZm, nmV«g¥{ï>, g§dmXm| _| gOrdZm h¡Ÿ& n§n nyd© `wJHo$ loð> JÚ J«§W h¡Ÿ& gmao H$ÞS> gm{hË` _| qMVZ H¥${V h¡Ÿ&

AJ«hmam|, _R>m| Cg H$mb Ho$ à_wI e¡j{UH$ H|$Ð WoŸ& Á`mo{Vî`, VH©$emñV«,nwamUm| _| {ejU XoVo WoŸ& {~Omnwa {Obo Ho$ ‘‘B§{S>’’ VmbmoH$ Ho$ gmbmoQ>{J à_wI {dÚmH|$Ðm| _| EH$ WoŸ&

amï´>Hy$Q> amOm {ed Am¡a {dîUw Ho$ AmamYH$ WoŸ& O¡Z_V amOml` nm`o WoŸ& {\$a^r g~ _Vm| H$mo àmoËgmhZ {X`o WoŸ& H$B© {ed, {dîUw _§{Xam| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`o h¡Ÿ&

amï´>Hy$Q> amOmAm| H$bmnmofH$ WoŸ& E„moa Am¡a E{b\|$Q>m _| nËWa _| Q>m§Ho$ _§{Xa^maVr` H$bm H$mo _hmZ XoZ {X`o h¡Ÿ& nhbm H¥$îU go ~Zm`o E„moa H$m H¡$bmgZmW_§{Xa nH${ebm H$s loð> aMZm h¡Ÿ& 100 \y$Q> D§°$Mm, 276 \y$Q> b§~m, VWm 154 \y$Q>Mm¡S>m h¡Ÿ& _hmZ MÅ>mZ H$mo H$mQ>H$a~Zm`o h¡Ÿ& `hm§° à{gÕ XemdVmaJw\$mb` h¡Ÿ& _w§~¡ Ho$ nmg E{b\|$Q>mH$s Jw\$mAm| H$s {eënH$bm amï´>Hy$Q>H$mb H$s {eënH$bm Ho$ _wHy$Q> h¡Ÿ&AY©Zmarída, _ohe_y{V© {b_wI H$s_y{V© m§°, Iy~ IwXdm oŸ& am`Mwa {ObmHo$ ‘{eImb’ _| BZHo$ _§{Xa h¡Ÿ&nÅ>XH$„ _| gw§Xa {OZ _§{Xa h¡Ÿ& H¡$bmgZmW _§{Xa, E„moa

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H$ë`mU Ho$ MmbwŠ` ({H«$.e. 973 - {H«$.e. 1189)H$ë`mU MmbwŠ` Ho$ H$mb, ^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg _| Jm¡ad nyU© ñWmZ h¡Ÿ& `o H$bm,

{ejU, g{hË` H$mo {deof àmoËgmhZ {X oŸ& H$ÞS> Am¡a g§ñH¥$V^mfm nZnZo H$mo {deofàmoËgmh XoH$a _m¡H$m à~§Y {H$`o h¡Ÿ& à{gÕ H$ÞS> Ho$ H${d`m§° XwJ©qgh, aÞ, ZmJM§ÐAm{X H$mo Aml` {X`o h¡Ÿ& Bgr H$mb _| dMZ gm{hË` àH$me _| Am`oŸ& H$ë`mUZm_H$ Z`m ZJa ~ZmH$a, amOmYmZr ~ZmZo H$s H$s{V© gd©àW_ gmo_oñda H$mo{_bVm h¡Ÿ&

amï´>Hy$Q> H$m gm_§V Xygam V¡bn, amï´>Hy$Q> Ho$ amOm Xygam H$H©$ H$mo nam{OV H$a_mÝ`IoQ> H$mo de_| boH$a H$ë`mU MmbwŠ` Ho$ gm_«mÁ` ñWmnZm {H$`oŸ& H$ar~ 24gmb VH$ emgZ {H$`oŸ& Bg d§e Ho$ à_wI amOmAm| _| nhbm gmo_oída à_wI h¡Ÿ&H$ë`mU Zm_H$ Z`m ZJa ~ZdmH$a amOYmZr ~Zm`mŸ& `hr ~rXa {Obm H$m~gdH$ë`mU h¡Ÿ& Bgo AZoH$ `wÕ H$aZo nS>o {\$a ^rŸgm_«mÁ` Ho$ {dñVma H$_r Z ahr&Mmob Ho$ amOm{YamO H$mo H$moßn_² _| ham`mŸ&

{H«$.e. 1076 _| nhbm gmo_oeda H$m nwV« 6 dr {dH«$_m{XË` Bg d§e Ho$ loï>amOm h¡Ÿ& dh (AgmYmaU) Aà{V_ dra, CÎm_ emgH$ WoŸ& `h {H«$.e. 1076 _|MmbwŠ` {dH«$_ eHo$ Ama§^ {H$`oŸ& `h hmo`²gb Ho$ {dîUwdY©Z H$m X§Jm H$mo {ZJ«h{H$`mŸ& lrb§H$m Ho$ amOm {dO`~mhþ Ho$ gmW g§nH©«$ WoŸ&

BgHo$ H$mb Ho$ {dkmZoída {_Vmja Ho$ H$V¥ Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ n¥Wdr _| H$ë`mUO¡gm ZJa nhbo {H$gr Zo Zhr XoIm AmJo Z XoI gHo$Jm& {dH«$_m{XË` Ho$ O¡gmamOm H$mo Z {H$gr Zo XoIm h¡ Z gwZm h¡&

N>R>m {dH«$_m{XË` VWm Vrgam gmo_oída Ho$ ~mX Am`o amOmAm| Ho$ H$mb _|,Mm¡Wm gmo_oída Ho$ H$mb _| amÁ` jrU hmoH$a, H$bMw[a Ho$ {~‚mb, H$ë`mU H$moh_bmH$a ñdV§V« emgZ H$aZo bJoŸ& Bgr H$mb _| gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ H«$m§{V goOJÁ`mo{V ~gdoída g_mO H$mo amoeZ H$adm oŸ& o drae¡d n§W Ho$ _yë`m| H$mo OZgmYmaUH$mo nhþ§°MmZo Ho$ H$m_ _| bJoŸ&

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~gdoída Ho$ ~moYàX CnXoe, H$Qw> ì`m»`m({dS>§~Z), H$S>r MoVmdZr Zm_H$ VrZ àH$ma Ho$ CnXoe{X`oŸ& {ed _| AZÝ` ^{º$ go eaU nmZm hr _w{º$Ho${bE _mJ©« h¡Ÿ& {H«$.e. 1162 _| AZw d_ÊQ>n ñWmnZm{H$`oŸ& bmoJm| H$mo$ ~mobMmb ^mfm H$ÞS> _| JÜ` Am¡adMZmAm| H$r aMZm go _Z H$mo ~hbmEŸ& OJÁ`moVr ~gdoída

H$ë`mU MmbwŠ`m| H$s XoZH$ë`mU MmbwŠ` ~mXm_r MmbwŠ` H$s Vah {d{eï> XoZ {X`o h¡Ÿ& amOmËd d§e

na§nam go hmoVm WmŸ& amOm H$mo àm§Ë`m| (_ÊS>b) Am¡a N>moQ>o àm§Ë`m| _| (ZmSw>Jbw) {d^mJ{H$`o WoŸ& BgHo$ Abmdm H§$nUm| (hmo~br) J«m_m| Ho$ emgZ Ho ghm`H$ WoŸ&

‘^y{_H$a’ amÁ` H$s _yb Am_XZrWrŸ& Am_XZr H$B© _ybm| _| gm¡Xm (ì`mnma)H$a d¥{Îm H$a Am{X WoŸ& ^y{_ H$a H$sË`dñWm Ho$ {bE ‘H${S>VdoJ©S>o’ Zm_H$A{YH$mar H$mo {Z`wº$ {H$`mWmŸ& ì`mnma _|VWm hWH$S>>r (CÚ_) _| {d{dY loUr WoŸ&MmbwŠ` Ho$ H$mb _| gm{hË` H$mo àmoËgmh{_boŸ& O¡Z {dÛmZ H$s _XX go H$ÞS>gm{hË` A{^d¥{Õ hþB©Ÿ& aÞ Ho$ ‘JXm wÕ’

(gmhg ^r_ {dO`) XwJ©qgh Ho$ n§MV§Ì{~ëhU Ho$ ‘{dH«$_m§H$ M[aV’ Z`goZ H$m ‘Y_m©_¥V’ VWm {dkmZoída Ho$ H$mZyZ J«§W,{_Vmja _w»` J«§W h¡Ÿ& amOm Vrgam gmo_oída go {bIo ‘_mZgmo„mg’, g§ñH¥$V {dídH$moeH$hbmVo h¡Ÿ& MmbwŠ` Ho$ H$mb H$s {d{eï> XoZ dMZ gm{hË`Ÿ& ~gdÊU, A¸$_hmXodrA„_à^w, _mMæ`m Am{X JÊ` dMZH$ma WoŸ&

{gŠHo$

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JÚmU, nU, Xwå`, nmoÞ, gwdU© Zm_H$ Ae{\©$`m| H$mo _w{ÐV H$aZo Ho$ {bEb¸w§${S> VWm gy{S> _| Q>§H$Uembm ñWmnZm {H$`oŸ&

gm{hË`{^_mZr MmbwŠ` H$bmamYH$ WoŸ& H$bm Ho$ joV« _| CZHo$ XoZ ~hþV h¡Ÿ&b¸w§${S> Ho$ H$m{e {dídoída, BQ>{J Ho$ _hmXod _§{Xa, Hw$éd{Îm Ho$ _{„H$mOw©Z _§{Xa,JXJ Ho$ {ÌHy$Q>oída Am{X à{gÕ _§{Xa BZH$s XoZ h¡Ÿ& Bg d§e Ho$ amOmAm| hOmam|_§{Xa BZH$s XoZ h¡Ÿ& Bg d§e Ho$ amOmAm| hOmam| _§{Xa {Z_m©U H$aVo H$ÞS> Xoe H$moH$bm Ho$ {e{~a Ho$ én _| n[adV©Z H$aVo A_yë` XoZ {X`oŸ&

g§JrV, Z¥Ë` A{^d¥{Õ hþEŸ& BZH$s godm Ho${bE H$bmH$mam| H$mo {Z`wº$ H$aVoWoŸ& _hmamUr M§ÐboIm AZoH$ g§JrV {dÛmZm| H$mo Am¡a Z¥Ý`H$m[aZm| H$mo Aml` Xr WrŸ&g§JrV, Z¥Ë`, H$bm, nNw>Am (Am^aU) Am{X {df`m| Ho$ ‘_mZgmo„mg’ VWm XygamOJXoH$_„ Ho$ g§JrV MyS>m_{UJ«§W ^r WoŸ&

H$m{e {dídoída _§{Xa, b w§$S>r

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Aä`mgI. Imbr OJh ^[aE :

1. amï´>Hy$Q> Ho$ àma§{^H$ amOm ___________

2. amï>Hy$Q>m| H$s AdZ{V Ho$ H$maU ~Zo H$ë`mU MmbwŠ` Ho$ amOm __________

3. H${d ahñ` ___________

Zo {bIoŸ&

4. nmoÞ Ho$ à{gÕ H$mì` ___________

5. H$ë`mU MmbwŠ` Ho$ à{gÕ amOm ___________

6. gm_m{OH$ H«$m§{V Ho$ h[aH$ma ___________

H$mo H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

II. {ZåZ {b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma g§jon _| {b{IE :1. amï´>Hy$Q> Ho$ emgZ ì`dñWm H¡$gr Wr ?

2. amï´>Hy$Q> Ho$ {ejU ì`dñWm Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE Ÿ&

3. E„moam _§{Xa Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE &

4. H$ë`mU MmbwŠ` gm{hË` H$mo H¡$g àmoËgm{hV {H$`o ?

III. H$m¡eë` :1. amï´>Hy$Q> H$mb Ho$ _§{Xam| Ho$ ^oQ> {H$`o {H$gr {dÚmWu `m {ejH$m| Ho$ gmW

{dMma H$s{OEŸ&

2. _mÝ`IoQ>, E„moam {H$gr EH$ Ho$ÝÐ H$m àdmg H$s{OEŸ&

IV. `moOZmE§° :1. Mma ^rS> ~ZmH$a E„moam Ho$ ~moa _| `moOZm V¡`ma H$s{OEŸ&

2. _mÝ`Ho$Q> Ho$ {MV«m| H$mo g§J«hU H$s{OEŸ&

3. ~gdoída Ho$ OrdZ JmWm Ho$ ~mao _| `moOZm V¡`ma H$s{OEŸ&

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AÜ`m` - 12Mmob Am¡a Ûma g_wÐ Ho$ hmoægb

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX {ZåZ{b{IV A§emo§ H$mo g_P|JoŸ&● Mmob gm_«mÁ` H$m {dñVaU, {d{dY joÌm| H$mo àmá `moJXmZmo§ H$mo g_PZmŸ&● hmoægb gm_«mÁ` H$s ñWmnZm Am¡a Ym{_©H$, gm{hË` VWm H$bm, dmñVw{eën

joÌm| H$mo àmá `moJXmZmo§ H$mo g_PZmŸ&

Mmob ({H«$.e. 850 go {H«$.e. 1279)o V{_bZmSw> Ho$ n„d Ho$ ~mX X{jU _| 9 dr gXr go 13 dr gXr VH$ V{_bZmSw>,

AmÝY« Am¡a H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ AZoH$ àXoem| H$mo H$ãOo _| boH$a, maVr` g§ñH¥${V H$mo {dXoem| _|àgma H$aZo Ho${bE H$maU ~Z J oŸ& ì` _§{Xam| H$mo {Z_m©U {H$ oŸ& ‘~¥hXrída’ Xodmb`BZH$s XoZ h¡Ÿ& V{_b gm{hË` H$mo àmoËgmh XoH$a à{gÕ ~Zo &

~¥hXrída Xodmb`Mmob n„dm| Ho$ Aml` _| ahH$a, VXwnam§V ñdV§Ì hþEŸ& g§J_ gm{hË` Ho$ H$[aH$mb

Mmob Bg d§e H$m _ybnwéf WmŸ& H$hVo h¡ {dO`mb` Mmob amÁ` H$mo nwZíMoVZ H$aHo$V§Omdya H$mo amOYmZr ~Zm oŸ&

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Mmob Ho$ à_wI amOm Am|XZo amOm amOm eya, loð> `moÕm VWm g_W© emgH$ WmŸ&Mmob amÁ` Ho$ {epën VZH$a CgH$s Zr§d _O~yV H$aHo$ AnZm amÁ` H$mo {dñVma {H$ oŸ&Moam| H$mo, J§Jm| H$mo Am¡a nm§ÊS>`m| H$mo ham oŸ& Zm¡H$m goZm go lrb§H$m H$mo de _| bo {b oŸ&_bo{e`m, qgJnwam| _| AmO ^r V{_bm| H$m A{YŠ` H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¡Ÿ& do amOmH$s`Am{W©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m¡eë`m| _| à^mdem{b`m| WoŸ& BgHo$ Ûmam gmJamoÎma dm{UÁ`ì`dhma H$mo àma§ H$aHo$ A{^d¥{Õ H$aVo Am oŸ& V§Omdya Ho$ à{gÕ ~¥hXrída _§{Xa Bggo ~Zm o J oŸ& Vrgao amOoÝÐ Ho$ H$mb _| Mmob amÁ` jrU hmoH$a nm§S²>` bmoJ CÞVr nm oŸ&

Mmobm| H$s XoZamÁ` _| AË §V g_W© emgZ Mmobmo H$m WmŸ& amÁ` _§S>b_², H$moQ²>Q>§{J, ZmSy> Hw$a²a_

AWdm J«m_ g_wXm` VWm Va-Hw$a Zm_ go {d^m{OV WoŸ& ha J«m_ _| ‘D$a’ Zm_H$ àOmH$s g^m WrŸ& J«m_ Ho$ ñd § A{YnË` Mmob emgZ Ho$ à_wI bjU h¡Ÿ&

J«m_ g^mE§° àW_ g^m Wr & Va-Hw$a_ EH$ Jm§°d WmŸ& ha EH$ Hw$a_² H$mo _hmg^mZm_H$ J«m_ g^m WrŸ& Bgo no§ê$Jw[a `mZr, CZHo$ gXñ`m| H$mo ‘noé_¸$b’ H$hVo h¡Ÿ&gXñ`m| H$mo MwZmd Ho$ Ûmam MwZVo WoŸ& Ho$db g§ñH¥$V {dÛmZ VWm A_ra bmoJ MwZmd Ho$`mo½` WoŸ&

y{_ H$a ^mJ H$mo bJmZ Ho$ én _| dgyb H$aVo WoŸ& qgMmB© H$s ì`dñWm ~hþV

AÀN>r WrŸ& H$B© Vmbm~ ~Zm oŸ& ~|Jbya Ho$ nmg ~o„|Xya Vmbm~ ^r ~Zm oŸ& J§J¡H$m|S>Mmobnwa_ _| EH$ {demb gamoda H$mo ~Zdm oŸ&

Mmob e¡d_V Ho$ Wo& BÝhmoZo AZoH$ {edmb`m| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`mŸ& V§OmCa Ho$~¥hXrída _§{Xa 500 \y$Q> b§~m 250 \y$Q> Mm¡S>m, {demb àmH$mam| _| h¡Ÿ& CgH$s MmoQ>r200 \y$Q> D§°$Mr h¡Ÿ& MÞnÅ>U Ho$ nmg, amOoÝÐ Mmoboída _§{Xa ~Zdm oŸ& (J§J¡H$m|S>Mmobnwa_²) ~|Jbya Ho$ nmg ~oJya Ho$ Mmoboe²da, {~Þ_§Jb Ho$ _wºo$ída H$Zm©Q>H$ _| ~hþV_§{Xa ~Zdm oŸ& o A{YH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ho$ÝÐ Ho$ én _| H$m_ H$a aho WoŸ& Bg H$mb Ho$ {ed,JUn{V, {dîUw, XwJm©, H$m{V©Ho$` _y{V© m± à{gÕ h¡Ÿ&

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Mmob {dÚm H$mo àmoËgmh XoVo WoŸ& H$B© AJ«hmam| H$mo ñWmnZm {H$ oŸ& CÎma _oéa Ho$AJ«hma ~hþV à{gÕ h¡Ÿ& _§{Xa {dÚm Ho$ H|$Ð WoŸ& Am¡a Ym{_©H$ H$m`m] Ho$ H|$Ð ^r WoŸ&V{_b gm{hË` Ho$ gd©Vmo_wI àJ{V Ho$ H$mb h¡Ÿ& H§$~ am_m`U, go{¸$ba Ho$ no[a`mnwamU, {Vé¸$mXod Ho$ OrdH$ qMVm_{U Am{X à_wI h¡Ÿ&

Ûmag_wÐ Ho$ hmoægb ({H«$.e. 984 - {H«$.e. 1346)MmbwŠ`m| H$s AdZVr Ho$ ~mX

H$Zm©Q>H$ _| hmoægb AnZo amÁ`ñWmnZm {H$ oŸ& {M¸$_Jbya {Obo Ho$_y{S>Joao Vmb²H$ gmogoD$a (AmO Ho$A§JS>r) Zm_H$ J«m_ Ho$ nmg Bg Hw$bH$m _yb nwéf ‘gb’ O¡Z _w{Z gwXÎm_w{Z Ho$ AmXoe go ~mK go {^S§>V Ho$~mX Cgo _maH$a ‘hmoægb’ Zm_ go Bgd§e Ho$ ñWmnH$ ~ZoŸ& `o gm{hË`,{ejU H$bm Am¡a dmñVw{eën, qgMmB© Am{X H$mo {d{eï> XoZ {X o h¡Ÿ&

Z¥nH$m_m, Eao §J, ~„mb Ho$ ~mX {dîUwdY©Zhmo ²gb Ho$ à_wI amOm ~ZoŸ& o Bg Hw$b Ho$ loð> amOmWoŸ& o Mmob go J§JdmS>r H$mo OrVH$a ‘‘VbH$mSw>Jm|S>m”Zm_H$ Cnm{Y nm oŸ& H$s{V©Zmam`mU _§{Xa VWm ~obyaHo$ MoÞHo$ed ({dO` Zmam`U) _§{Xa {Z_m©U {H$ oŸ&amÁ` H$mo {dñVma H$aVo MmbwŠ` Ho$ 6 dr {dH«$_m{XË`hma J oŸ& am_mZwOmMm © AnZm {d{eîÅ>mÛ¡V VËd MmobamÁ` _| àMma H$a Zhr nm o Vmo {~{Å>Xod({dîUwdY©Z)Ho$ Aml` _| ahH$a gmao H$Zm©Q>H$ _| àMma {H$ oŸ&Vrgam ~„mb Ho$ H$mb _| `h amÁ` jrU hþAmŸ& Bgrg_` {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` A{YH$ma H$aZo bJoŸ&

hmoægbmo§ H$m bm§N>Z

lr am_mZwOmMm ©

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hmoægbm| H$s XoZhmoægb àm§Ë` emgZ H$s ì`dñWm Omar aIoŸ& emgZ H$mo, wdamO, amZr Am¡a

amOHw$b XoIVo WoŸ& ZmSy> Am¡a {df` Ho$ emgZ H$mo A{YH$m[a`m§° XoI aho WoŸ& Jm§°dm| _|Jm¡S>m, goZ~mod, Vbdma Am{X gaH$ma H$s à{V{Z{Y`m§° WoŸ&

hmoægb IoVr~mar H$mo àmoËgmh XoVo WoŸ& em§{VgmJa, ~„mbam` g_wÐ, {dîUwg_wÐAm{X hOmam| Vmbm~ {Z_m©U {H$ oŸ& ZJam| _| {eënH$ma, d¡{UH$ lo{U`m| WoŸ& y{_H$aamÁ` H$s _w»` Am_XZr WrŸ& amOm H$mo ‘JéS>’ Zm_H$ {deof A§JajH$ Xb WoŸ& `hg_mO H$s {d{eï>Vm WrŸ& dh amOm _aZo go do (JéS>) IwX àmU Ë`mJ H$aVo WoŸ&

hmo ²gb Ho$ H$mb _| O¡Z, ~m¡Õ, e¡d, d¡îUd, drae¡d, lr d¡îUd _V àM{bVWoŸ& gd©Y_© g_Ýd` H$s ^mdZm ~obya _§{Xa _| h¡Ÿ&

gd© Y_© g_Ýd` H$s mdZm H$mo ~obya Xodmb` _| pñWV {ZåZ{b{IVnÚ g_PmVm h¡Ÿ&

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H$ÞS> gm{hË` H$s A{^d¥{Õ hþB©Ÿ& éÐ^Å> Ho$ ‘OJÞmW {dO`’ H${dMH«$dVu OÞHo$ ‘`emoYa-M[aV’ h[aha Ho$ {J[aOm H$ë`mU Zm_H$ M§ny H$mì`, amKdm§H$ Ho$ ‘h[aíM§ÐH$mì`’ VWm Ho${eamO Ho$ ‘eãX_{U Xn©U’ aMZm {H$ o h¡Ÿ& g§ñH¥$V _| am_mZwOmMm © Ho$lr^mî ² namea ^Å> Ho$ lr JwU aËZH$moe Am{X aMZm hþB©Ÿ&

hmo ²gb Ho$ {eënH$mì` OJV² à{gÕ h¡Ÿ& {gbIS>r go (Soap stone) hmo ²gb~hþV _§{Xa ~Zdm oŸ& BZHo$ _§{Xa _| ZjÌmH$ma Ho$ J ©J¥h, CnnrR> {^Îmr Ab§H$aU,MmoQ>r VWm ñV§ Zm_H$ nm§M bjUm| H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¡Ÿ&

MoÞHo$ed _§{Xa, ~obya

~obya Ho$ MoÞHo$ed _§{Xa ñV§ m|, VhImZo nrR>m|_| gw§Xa _X{ZH$m H$s _y{V©`m§° h¡Ÿ& hbo~rSw> Ho$hmoW²gboída _§{Xa H$mo goZmZm`H$ Ho$V_„ Zo ~Zdm oŸ&gmo_ goZmZm`H$ go ~Zdm o gmo_ZmWnwa Ho$ Ho$ed_§{Xa à{gÕ h¡Ÿ& AagrHo$ao, Jmo{dÝXZ h„r Am{XñWbm| _| H$B© _§{Xam| ~g{X`m§° ^r h¢Ÿ& o g~ ~hþVgyú_ ZmOyH$ IwXmB© go à{gÕ h¡Ÿ& dmñVw{eën _| à^mdS>mbo XmgmoOm, MmdU, OH$U, S>§H$U Am{X {epën`m§°~hþV à{gÕ h¡Ÿ&

{ebm~m{bH$m

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Aä`mgI. Imbr OJh ^[aE

1. Mmobm| H$s amOYmZr ___________

2. Mmob H$mb _| ha J«m_ Ho$ àOmà{V{Z{Y g^m ___________

3. ~hþV à{gÕ Mmob {dÚm H|$Ð AWdm AJ«hma ___________

4. ~|Jbya Ho$ nmg Mmob go ~Zm o ~oJya _§{Xa ___________

5. hmo ²gbm Ho$ A§JajH$ goZm ___________

6. amKdm§H$ go a{MV H$mì` ___________

II. {ZåZ {b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :1. Mmob gm_«mÁ` Ho$ {epën H$m¡Z Wo?

2. Mmob emgZ Ho$ à_wI bjU {b{IEŸ&

3. hmo ²gb, gm{hË` H$mo {H$g àH$ma àmoËgmh {X oŸ?

III. H$m¡eë` :1. Amn Ho$ ZOXrH$ {H$gr EH$ _§{Xa H$mo |Q>H$a H$jm _| MMm© H$s{OEŸ&

2. ~obya {ebm~m{bH$m na AmnHo$ AÜ`mnH$ go Á`mXm {df` g_{PEŸ&

IV. `moOZm :1. ~obya hbo~rSw> H$mo |Q>H$a `moOZm V¡ ma H$s{OEŸ&

2. hmo ²gb H$s H$bm Ho$ ~mao _| nT>H$a EH$ `moOZm V¡ ma H$s{OEŸ&

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amÁ`emó (POLITICAL SCIENCE)

AÜ`m`-1amÁ`emó H$m AW© d _hËd

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX BZ {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmáH$a|JoŸ&● amÁ`emó H$s n[aH$ënZm Ho$ ~mao _| g_PboZmŸ&● amÁ`emó {dH$mg H«$_ H$mo g_PZmŸ&● amÁ`emó Ho$ {deofkm| H$mo nhMmZZmŸ&● amÁ`emó Ho$ _hËd Ho$ ~mao _¢ g_PZmŸ&

AW© : amÁ`emó EH$ gm_mO {dkmZ h¡Ÿ& h _mZd OrdZ H$s amOH$s` à{H«$`mAm|Am¡a amÁ` H$s ê$naoIm go g§~§{YV h¡Ÿ& dh ì`{º$ H$s amOH$s` MmbMbZ amOH$s`ñd^md VWm CZgo OÝ_ boZodmbo amÁ` Am¡a gaH$ma H$s ì`dñWm H$m AÜ``ZH$aVm h¡Ÿ&

amOZr{Vemó H$s Ztd h_ J«rg Xoe _| XoI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& J«rH$m| Ho$ Ûmam `h AÜ``Zàma§^ hþAmŸ& J«rH$ go ^r nhbo B©Or{ßKZ ~mo{~bmo{Z`Z, nmagr, ^maVr` VWm MrZrbmoJ amOZr{V go g§~§{YV {dMmam| H$mo ì`º$ {H$` WoŸ& {\$a r amÁ`emñÌ H$mo H«$_mZwJVAÜ``Z H$s {df`dñVw Ho$ ê$n _| A{^d¥{Õ Zhr {H$`mŸ& amÁ`emó H$mo ñdV§Ì ñWmZ_mZ {XbmZo H$m lo` J«rH$m| H$mo {_bVm h¡Ÿ§&

J«rH$ Ho$ à{gÕ VËdkmZr gwHw$amV (gmH«o$Q>rg) Am¡a CZHo$ {eî` ßboQ>mo Zo AnZr"[anpãbH$' _hmH¥${V _| amOZr{V go g§~§{YV Hw$N> A_yë` {dMmam| H$mo gd©à^_ ì`º${H$`mŸ& naÝVw Cgr Xoe Ho$ Am¡a EH$ VËdkmZr "A[añQ>mQ>b amÁ`emó Ho$ AÜ``Z H$moH«$_~Õ ~ZmH$a amÁ`emó H$s ~¥{Z`m{X S>mbZodmbo àW_ {M§VH$ H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ&A[aï>mQ>b amÁ`emó go g§~§{YV {díd _| hr àW_ J«§W nmobr{Q>Šg' Zm_ H$s H¥${V H$saMZm H$aZodmbo àW_ amOZr{Vk H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ Bg H¥${V _| amÁ` H$m CJ_ {dH$mg Am¡aH$We¡br H$s MMm© hþB© h¡Ÿ& H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ AW©emó _| ^r amOH$s` Zr{V`m| go g§~§{YV

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AZoH$ {df` h¡& amÁ`emó A[añQ>mQ>b go hr àma§^ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bgr H$maU go A[añQ>mQ>bH$mo hr {nVm_h H$m Jm¡ad àmá h¡Ÿ&

A[añQ>mQ>b Ho$ gmW gmW àmMrZ J«rH$ bmoJ amÁ` Ho$ g^r à{H«$`mAm| Ho$ {bE"amOZrVr' eãX H$m à`moJ H$aVo WoŸ& nm{b{Q>Šg eãX H$s ì`wßn{Îm "nmo{bg' eãX gohþB h¡Ÿ& {OgH$m AW© hmoVm h¡ "ZJa amÁ`' J«rH$m| H$mo ZJa hr amÁ` amÁ` WmŸ& ZJaamÁ` H$m AÜ``Z hr "amOZrVr' H$hbmVm WmŸ&

amÁ`emó H$mo nm{b{Q>Šg Zm_ go hr AmO ^r OmZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$mo EH$ hr AW©_| à`moJ H$aZm R>rH$ Zhr h¡Ÿ& amOZr{V eãX gH$m©a à{V{XZ gm_Zm H$aZodmbr AZoH$g_ñ`mAm| H$mo gy{MV H$aVm h¡Ÿ& H$B© ~ma ì`{º$ H$s ñd{hV H$mo ^r gy{MV H$aVm h¡Ÿ&amOZr{V A{YH$ma Ho$ {bE MbZodmbo hmoS> Am¡a A{YH$ma àmá H$aZodmbm| Ho$ X~md H$mo^r gy{MV H$aVm h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z amÁ`emó (nmo{b{Q>H$b gmB©Ýg) amÁ` Ho$ _yb {dH$mgñdê$n, àemgZ nÕ{V aAÁ` H$s H$m`©ì`m{á$ nm¡am| Ho$ A{YH$ma Am¡a H$V©ì` Am{XAZoH$ {df`m| H$mo boH$a AÜ``Z H$aVm h¡Ÿ& amÁ`emó amÁ` Ho$ g^r {XemAm| H$mAÜ``Z H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

amÁ`emó amÁ` Ho$ dV©_mZ, ^yV, ^{dî` Am¡a amOH$s` g§ñWm, amOH$s` H$m`©Am¡a {gÕm§Vm| H$m AÜ``Z H$aVm h¡Ÿ& amÁ`, gaH$ma Am¡a _mZd H$s amOH$s` à{H«$`mAm|H$mo AÜ``Z H$aZodmbm {df` gm_mÝ`Vm… amÁ`emó H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&

amÁ`emó H$m _hËd : dV©_mZ `wJ _| amOemó H$m kmZ ha EH$ Ho$ {bE AË`§VAmdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& EH$ amÁ` H$s A{^d¥{Õ Am¡a àJ{V dhm± Ho$ bmoJm| H$s AmbmoMZm kmZAm¡a amOH$s` _| bJo ahZo na Admb§{~V h¡Ÿ&

● amÁ`emó amÁ` H$m CJ_, {dH$mg Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$aZo _|ghm`Vm àXmZ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& amÁ` Ho$ H$m`m] _| amOH$s` J{V{d{Y`m± Am¡a{d{dY gaH$mam| Ho$ AnZm`o OmZodmbo à{H«$`m H$s gyMZm XoVm h¡Ÿ&

● amÁ`emó MH«$m{YnË` ñdmV§Í`, Ý`m`, H$mZyZ, g_mZVm, CÎm_ gaH$ma,`wÕ Am¡a em§Vr BË`m{X H$s n[aH$ënZmAm| H$s CËnÎmr Am¡a A{^d¥{Õ H$sOmZH$mar XoVm h¡Ÿ&

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● amÁ`emó amÁ` Am¡a gaH$ma H$s aMZm Am¡a H$m`m] H$s OmZH$mar XoVm h¡Ÿ&

● amÁ`emó gaH$ma Ho$ ^yV dV©_mZ H$mb H$s à{H«$`mAm| Ho$ àH$me _| ^{dî`H$s à{H«$`mAm| H$m Am`moOZ H$aZo _| _XX H$aVm h¡Ÿ& gmW hr AmYw{ZH$H$ë`mU amÁ` H$s ñWmnZm H$m ghm`H$ ~ZVm h¡Ÿ&

● amÁ`emó amÁ` Ho$ g§{dYmZ Am¡a H$mZyZ Ho$ ~mao _| kmZ àXmZ H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

● amÁ`emíÌ emgH$m§J, H$m`mªJ VWm Ý`m`m§J Am¡a CZHo$ H$m`m] H$s OmZH$maràXmZ H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

● amÁ`emó Am_ OZVm _| amOH$s` kmZ H$mo OmJ¥V H$aZo Ho$ gmW gmWgaH$ma Am¡a OZà{V{Z{Y`mo§ H$mo ^r OmJ¥V Am¡a gH«$s` ~ZmVm h¡Ÿ&

● amÁ`emó H$m kmZ CÎm_ ZoVm g_mO godH$ Am{X`m| H$mo bmoJm| H$s g_ñ`mAm|H$mo g_PH$a n[aUm_H$mar H$m`m] H$mo AnZmZo _| _XX H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

● amÁ`emó H$m kmZ CÎm_ ZoVm Am¡a CÎm_ ZmJ[aH$m| H$s g¥{ï> _| ^r_XX H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

● amÁ`emó Ho$ kmZ go amOH$s` nj, ñWmZr` g§ñWm BË`m{X H$s OmZH$mar^r àmá hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

● bmoJ gH«$s` ê$n _| amOH$s` _| ^mJboZodmbo nyaH$ VËd Am¡a Zr{V`m| H$moàmoËgm{hV H$aZo _| amÁ`emó H$m kmZ _XX H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

● amÁ`emó A§Vaamï>r` g§~§Ymo Ho$ ~mao _| kmZ XoZo Ho$ gmW gmW {deof ê$n goXoem| Ho$ ~rM _| hmoZo dmbo wÕm| Ho$ ~mao _| Am¡a em§Vr ghH$m[aVm Ho$ _hËd H$mog_PmVm h¡Ÿ&

Cn`w©dV g^r H$maUm| go amÁ`emó H$m AÜ``Z amÁ` H$s Amdí`H$Vm, CÎm_amÁ` àemgZ ZoVm Am¡a àOm Ho$ ^mJboZo Ho$ ~mao _| CgHo$ H$V©ì`m| Ho$ ~mao _| ñnñQ>OmZH$mVr XoVm h¡Ÿ& amÁ`emó H$m kmZ gË`, em§Vr àJ{VXm`H$ gwIr amÁ` H$s ñWmnZm_| _hËd nyU© `moJXmZ XoZo Ho$ gmW gmW ghò bmoJm| H$s gnZo H$mo nyam H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

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Aä`mgI. gmW©H$ eãXm| go [aº$ ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE:

1. "amOZr{V' eãX H$s CËnÎmr ___________________

J«rH$ eãX go hþB© h¡Ÿ&2. [anpãbH$ J«§W Ho$ aMZmH$ma

___________________

3. amÁ`emó Ho$ gd©àW_ Xme©{ZH$ ___________________

4. amÁ`emó Ho$ {nVm_h ___________________

II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Xr{OE:1. amÁ`emó H$m AW© Š`m h¡?2. amÁ`emó H$m H«$_~Õ AÜ``Z {H$Zgo àma§^ hþAm?3. amÁ`emó Ho$ {nVm_h H$m¡Z h¡Ÿ?4. amÁ`emó H$s EH$ n[a^mfm {b{IEŸ&5. amÁ`emó Ho$ AÜ``Z go hmoZodmbo H$moB© EH$ à`moOZ {b{IE&

III. nyaH$ à{H«$`m`| :

1. nyd© ^maV _| pñWV amOH$s` ì`dñWm H$mo à{Vq~{~V H$aZodmbo {MÌ nQ>m|H$m gJ«§hŸ&

2. AnZr H$jm _| amÁ`emó go g§~§{YV A[añQ>mQ>b Ho$ {dMmam| H$s MMm© H$s{OEŸ&3. ""_mZd H$s gm_m{OH$ Amdí`H$Vm amÁ` {Z_m©U H$aZo _| H¡$go ghm`Vm

H$a|Jo'' Bg na {dMmaJmo{ð> H$m Am`moOZ H$s{OEŸ&

IV. `moOZm H$m © :1. "H$ënZm H$s{OE {H$ Amn EH$ nwamVZ J«rg Xoe Ho$ {Zdmgr h¡ Vmo ZJa amÁ`

Ho$ H$moB EH$ {dMma Ho$ ~mao _| MMm© H$s{OEŸ&2. "{Za§Hw$eVm ì`{º$ñdmV§Í` Am¡a àOmà^wËd g§ñWmAm| H$m X_Z H$aVm h¡' Bg

{dMma go g§~§{YV {ddaU Am¡a {MÌ nQ>m| H$m g§J«h H$s{OEŸ&3. _hmH$mì`m| _| {M{ÌV amOZr{V {dMmam| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar g§J«h H$s{OEŸ&

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AÜ`m`-2

ZmJarH$ Am¡a ZmJ[aH$VmBg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX BZ {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmáH$a|JoŸ&● "ZmJm[aH$', "ZmJ[aH$Vm' H$m AW© Am¡a A§Va H$mo g_PZmŸ&● ZmJarH$ H$mo Xoe _| {X`oOmZodmbo gw{dYmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZmŸ&● ZmJarH$ Am¡a {dXoer Ho$ ~rM Ho$ A§Va H$mo g_PZmŸ&● ZmJarH$Vm àmá H$aZo Ho$ {dYmZ Am¡a Cggo {ZañV hmoZo Ho$ {dYmZm| H$mo g_PZmŸ&

AW© : ZmJarH$Vm eãX H$mbmZwgma {d{dY AWm] H$mo J«hU {H$`m h¡ŸŸ& J«rH$m| Ho$O_mZo _| ZmJarH$Vm H$m AW© g§Hw${MV WmŸ& Cg O_mZo _| ZJa amÁ` Ho$ àemgZ _|gH«$s` ê$n _| ^mJ boZodmbm| H$mo "ZmJarH$' eãX bmJy hmoVm WmŸ& amÁ` {dVaU Am¡aemgH$s` H$m`m] _| gH«$s` ê$n _| ^mJ boZo dmbm| H$mo "ZmJarH$' H$h OmVm WmŸ& ór,Jwbm_, ~ƒo, {dXoer Am¡a ì`mnmar AmXr nm¡a Zhr hmo gH$Vo Bg àH$ma H$s n[aH$bnZmJ«rH$m| _| WrŸ&

bo{H$Z AmYw{ZH$ H$mb _| AmH$a nm¡aËd H$m AW© {dñV¥V hþAmŸ& EH$ ZmJ[aH$g_mO/ amÁ` H$m gXñ`Ëd àmá H$aHo$ {Og amÁ` _| dh {Zdmg H$aVm h¡ Cg amÁ`Ho$ à{V {Zð>m go ahH$a amÁ` Ho$ Ûmam Xr OmZodmbr amOH$s` hH$mo H$m| àmá H$aZodmbmH$moB© ^r ì`{º$ H$mo ZmJarH$ H$hm OmVm h¡ "ì`mMob' Ho$ AZwgma… ZmJ[aH$ g_mO H$mgXñ` ahH$a {Z{X©ï> H$V©ì`m| go g§~§{YV hmoH$a g_mÝ` àm{YH$ma Ho$ ^rVa ahVo hþ`oCgHo$ ömam {_bZodmbo gm¡bVm| H$mo Cn^mJ H$aZodmbm hr gm_mÝ`V: nm¡a H$hbm`oJmBg àH$ma EH$ ì`{º$ H$mo nm¡a H$hbmZo Ho$ {bE dh amÁ` H$m ñWmB© {Zdmgr hmoZmMm{hE Am¡a amÁ` H$m gXñ` ~ZH$a ZmJ[aH$ Ed§ amOH$s` hH$m| H$mo Cn^moJH$aZm Mm{hEŸ& gmW hr dh H$V©ì`m| H$m {Zd©hU H$a| Am¡a amÁ` Ho$ à{V {Zð>m goahZm Mm{hEŸ&

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àOm Am¡a ZmJarH$m| _| ñnñQ> A§Va h¡Ÿ& 1947 Ho$ nhbo h_ g~ {~«Q>re àemgZ _|àOm WoŸ& ñdV̧Vm Ho$$ ~mX h_ g~ ^maVr` ZmJarH$ hmo MwHo$ h¢Ÿ& gm_mÝ`Vm EH$amÁ` go g§~§{YV VWm dhm± {Zdmg H$aZodmbo bmoJ "ZmJarH$' H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ& H$moB© nm¡aH$hbmZm h¡ Vmo dh {Og amÁ` _| {Zdmg H$aVm h¡ Cg amÁ` AWdm Xoe Ho$ H$mZyZm| H$mAZwnmbH$ hmoZm Mm{hEŸ& amÁ` AWdm Xoe {H$gr H$mo nm¡am| H$s ajm Am¡a gw{dYmAm| H$moXoVm h¡ Vmo dh nm¡a Xoe H$s Zr{V {Z`_ H$mZyZ H$m n[anmbH$ ~ZH$a Xoe H$s àJVr _|AnZr CÞVr H$mo XoIZm Mm{hEŸ&

EH$ Xoe H$m ZmJarH$ AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ AZwHy$bVm Ed§ gw{dYmAm| H$mo Cn^moº$mh¢Ÿdo h¢,

● dh amï´> go ^ÐVm Am¡a gwajm àmá H$aVm h¡Ÿ&● dh amï´> Ho$ Ûmam Xr OmZodmbr gwì`dñWm Ed§ H$mZyZ go CgH$m OrdZ em§Vr

go ~rVVm h¡Ÿ&● dh AmO Ho$ g_mO H$b² mU moOZmAm| Ho$ A§VJ©V {_bZodmbo {ejU, ñdñÏ`,

{~_m, Aj`, amoOJmar VWm AÝ` gw{dYmAm| H$mo nm¡a àmá H$aVm h¡Ÿ& BgHo$Abmdm ZmJarH$ Am¡a amOH$s` hH$m| H$mo ^r dh Cn^moº$m h¡Ÿ&

● dh amÁ` Ho$ Ûmam Xr OmZodmbr _yb^yV hH$m| H$mo ^r dh ^moJVm h¡Ÿ& MwZmdm|_| à{V{ZYr hmoH$a MwZmd bS>Zo Am¡a _VXmZ O¡go amOH$s` à{H«$`mAm| _| ^r^mJboZo H$m _m¡H$m dh àmá H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

● dh amï´>n{V, Cnamï´>n{V gdm}ƒ VWm loð> Ý`m`mb`m| Ho$ Ý`m`mYre VWmAm¡a H$B© CÞV nXm| H$mo J«hU H$aZo H$s Ah©Vm/`mo½`Vm ^r àmá H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

● dh g~ àH$ma H$s gmd©O{ZH$ godmAm| _| {Z`wŠ` hmoZo H$s Ah©V ^r nm¡a àmáH$aVm h¡Ÿ&

ZmJarH$ Am¡a {dXoer Ho$ ~rM Ho$ A§VaEH$ amÁ` _| n¡Xm hmoH$a dht nbH$a dhm± H$s ZmJ[aH$Vm H$mo àmá H$aHo$ emídV

ê$n go {Zdmg H$aZodmbo H$mo ZmJarH$ H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z H$moB© amÁ` H$m ZmJarH$

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hmoH$a VmËH$m{bH$ ê$n go Xwgao Xoe _| R>haZodmbo {dXoer H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ& ZmJarH$ Ed§{dXoer Ho$ ~rM Ho$ A§Va H$mo {ZåZ{b{IV ê$n go {ddaU Xo gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

1. ZmJarH$ AnZo Xoe H$m H$m`_ {Zdmgr hmoVm h¡Ÿ& dhm± H$m dh nyU© gXñ`ahVm h¡Ÿ& {dXoer VmËH$m{bH$ {Zdmgr AWdm àdmgr hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

2. ZmJarH$ H$mo amOH$s` hH²$ àmá ahVm h¡Ÿ& dh _VXmZ _| ^mJ bo gH$Vm h¡¡Ÿ&MwZmd bS> gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& gaH$ma _| H$moB© ^r nX àmá H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& {dXoerH$mo `o gw{dYmE± Zhr ahVrŸ&

3. ZmJarH$ AWdm ZJarH$ AnZo Xoe Ho$ à{V {Zð>m aIVm h¡Ÿ& {dXoer CgHo$Xoe Ho$ à{V {Zð>m aIVm h¡Ÿ&

4. amÁ` gaH$ma AZno{jV {dXo{e`m| H$mo Xoe go ~mha OmZo H$m AmXoe Xo gH$Vmh¡Ÿ& AWdm Xoe go {ZH$mbm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z nm¡a H$mo Bg àH$ma H$sAmkm Zhr Xo gH$VmŸ&

ZmJ[aH$Vm$ H$mo àmá H$aZo Ho$ {dYmZ:VmJ[aH$Vm H$mo àmá H$aZo Ho$ Xmo {dYmZ h¡Ÿ&

1. OÝ_ñWmZ 2. ghOr H$aU

1. OÝ_ : AmYw{ZH$ amï´>m| _| OÝ_ ñWmZ Ho$ AmYma na ZmJ[aH$Vm XoZo Ho$ {Z`_h¢Ÿ& {Og ñWmZ _| OÝ_ àmá H$aVo h¡§ dhm± Ho$ nm¡aËd H$mo àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& bo{H$ZHo$db OÝ_ ñWmZ Ho$ AmYma na hr ZmJarH$Vm XoZm C{MV Zhr h¡Ÿ& Š`mo§{H$ AMmZH$OMH$s (àgd) Xygao Xoe _| ^r hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm ahVr h¡Ÿ&

2. ghOrH$aU : ghOrH$aU Ho$ Ûmam ^r ZmJarH$Vm àmá {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡{H$gr ^r Xoe Ho$ {d{YdV² {Z`_m| H$m nmbZ H$aZo na Cg Xoe Ho$ ZmJarH$Vm H$mo àmáH$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& àË`oH $Xoe _| ghOrH$aU Ho$ {Z`_ {^Þ {^Þ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& Bg H$maUghOrH$aU Ho$ gm_mÝ` {Z`_ {ZåZ {b{IV h¢Ÿ&

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A) dmgñWmZ : EH$ Xoe H$m ZmJarH$ Xwgao Xoe _| b§~o g_` VH$ {Zdmg H$aVmh¡ Vmo dh Cg Xoe H$m ZmJ[aH$Vm àmá H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma b§~o g_`H$s AdYr ^r AZoH$ Xoem| Ho$ ~rM {^Þ h¡Ÿ& A_o[aH$m Am¡a S>§½b¡S> _| bJmVma5 df© VH$ H$s AdYr h¡ Vmo \«$mÝg _| BgH$s AdYr 10 df© H$s h¡Ÿ&

Am) {ddmh : EH$ Xoe H$s Am¡aV {dXoer nwê$f Ho$ gmW emXr H$aVr h¡ Vmo dhAnZo n{V Ho$ Xoe H$s ZmJ[aH$Vm H$mo àmá H$aVr h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z n{V AnZrnËZr Ho$ Xoe Ho$ ZmJ[aH$Vm H$mo àmá Zhr H$a gH$VmŸ& bo{H$Z OnmZ Am¡aH$Bª Xoe BgHo$ _| AndmX h¡Ÿ&

B) {dXoer gaH$mar godm : EH$ Xoe H$m nm¡a {dXoer gaH$mar godm {Z`wº$hmoVm h¡ Vmo dh Cg Xoe H$m ZmJ[aH$Vm àmá H$aVm h¡Ÿ& {dXoer`m| H$s Xoe{Zð>m Ho$ ~mao _| Am§eH$m Ho$ H$maU AZoH$ Xoem| _| gaH$mar godm _| Zhr boVmŸ&

B©) {ZdoXZ Ho$ Ûmam: gQ>rH$ AmdoXZ AWdm {ZdoXZ Ho$ Ûmam Xygao Xoe Ho$ZmJarH$Vm H$mo àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& Bg àH$ma ZmJarH$Vm àmá H$aZo {ZpíMVH$madmB©`m| H$mo nyam H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ&

C$) Om`XmX àmá H$aZo Ho$ Ûmam: Om`XmX àmá H$aZo na ^r Cg Xoe _|ZmJarH$Vm Cgo Xo gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& _opŠgH$mo Xoe _| Eogm {Z`_ h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z AmO{dXo{e`m| H$mo Om`XmX IarXZo H$s AZw_{V AZoH$ Xoe Zhr XoVoŸ&

^maV H$s ZmJarH$Vm H$mo àmá H$aZo H$s {d{Y`m±Ÿ^maV Xoe _| ZmJarH$Vm go g§~§{YV H$mZwZ Am¡a emgZ ~ZmZo H$m A{YH$ma g§gX

H$mo h¡Ÿ& amÁ` H$m emgH$m§J Eogm H$moB© A{YH$ma Mbm Zhr gH$Vm ^maV _| 1955 _|ZmJarH$Vm go g§~§{YV H$mZyZ H$mo bm`m J`mŸ& `h H$mZyZ ZmJarH$Vm àmá H$aZo Am¡aCgHo$ Imo OmZo go g§~§{YV {ddaU XoVm h¡Ÿ& `h A{Y{Z`_ nwZ… 1986 _| n[añH$aUhþAmŸ& Bg_o ZmJarH$Vm H$mo nmZo Ho$ {Z`_m| H$m {ddaU {X`m J`m h¡Ÿ& 1955 H$mnm¡aËd H$mZyZ ZmJ[aH$Vm àmá H$aZo H$s {d{Y`m| H$mo {ZåZ{b{IV ê$n go {ZX}{eVH$aVm h¡ do h¢Ÿ-

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1. OÝ_OmV ZmJarH$Vm : ^maV _| 26 OZdar 1950 go Omo ^r OÝ_ {b`m h¡dh ì`{º$ OÝ_OmV go ^maVr` nm¡a hmoVm h¡Ÿ& 1950 go OÝ_ boH$a (^maV_| {Zdmg H$aZodmbm|) H$mo ^r nm¡aËd {X`m J`m h¡Ÿ&

2. AZwd§{eH$ ZmJarH$Vm : H$moB© ^r ì`{º$ 26 OZdar 1950 Ho$ ~mX {dXoe_| OÝ_ {b`m hmo CgHo$ _mVm `m {nVm ^maV H$m nm¡a hmoZo na CgH$m| ^rZmJarH$Vm àmá hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

3. n§OrH$aU ZmJarH$Vm : ^maVr` ZmJarH$ Z hmoH$a H$moB© ^r ì`{º$ ^maVH$m nm¡a ~ZZm MmhVm h¡ Vmo ^maV g§{dYmZ Ho$ {Z_mZwgma AWdm nm¡aËdH$mZyZZ n§OrH$aU H$aHo$ nm¡aËd H$mo àmá H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&

4. ghO ZmJarH$Vm (ñdm^m{dH$ ZmJarH$Vm) : ^maV Ho$ amï´>n{V H$moZmJarH$Vm go g§~§{YV AmdoXZ nÌ XoH$a {dXoer ^r ZmJarH$Vm àmá H$agH$Vo h¢Ÿ& bo{H$Z AmdoXH$ 5 gmb VH$ ^maV _| {Zdmg {H$`m ah|ŸAm¡a AÝ`Hw$N> {Z`_m| H$mo nyam H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ&

5. ZyVZ ^yàXoe {dbrZ go : `{X H$moB© ZdrZ àXoe ^maV _| {dbrZ hmo OmZogo ^r Cg ZdrZ ^yàXoe Ho$ bmoJ ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ AmXoe Ho$ Ûmam ^maV Ho$ZmJarH$Vm H$mo àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

^maVr` ZmJarH$Vm go AbJ hmoZo H$s {d{Y`m±/^maVr` ZmJarH$Vm ImoZo Ho$ {dYmZŸ&^maV Ho$ nm¡aËd H$mo Imo OmZo Ho$ VrZ {dYmZ h¢Ÿ& do h¢Ÿ& 1. n[aË`mJ 2. g_már

Am¡a 3. nXË`mJ

1. n[aË`mJ : H$moB© ^r ^maVr` ZmJarH$ Am¡a EH$ Xoe Ho$ ZmJarH$Vm H$mo àmáH$aZo na ñd BÀN>m go n§OrH$aU Ho$ Ûmam àH${Q>V H$aHo$ ZmJarH$Vm H$mo Ë`mJgH$Vm h¡Ÿ&

2. g_már : ^maV H$m H$moB© ^r nm¡a `m ZmJ[aH$ Xygao ZmJarH$Vm Xoe Ho$ nm¡aËdH$mo O~ àmá H$aVm h¡ Vmo CgH$s Anrb H$s B§VOma {H$`o {~Zm H$s g_márH$s OmVr h¡Ÿ&

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3. nX go hQ>mZm (nXÀ`w{V): H$moB© ^r ì`{º$ YmoIo go ^maV H$s ZmJ[aH$Vmàmá H$a MwH$m hmo Eogo ì`{º$ H$s ZmJ[aH$Vm H$mo ^maV gaH$ma aX²X H$agH$Vm h¡ŸŸ& ^maV Ho$ à{V A{dYo`Vm ì`º$ H$aZo na Cgo nm¡aËd go hQ>m`mOmVm h¡Ÿ& `h O~aXñVr nXÀ wVr h¡Ÿ&

ZmJarH$Vm H$s {dYm±E : ZmJarH$Vm AWdm ZmJarH$Vm _| Xmo àH$ma h¡Ÿ& nhbmEH$ ZmJarH$Vm Xygam {Õnm¡aËd EH$ ZmJarH$Vm _| ì`{º$ AnZo dmgñWmZ Ho$ Xoe H$mH$moB© ^r amÁ`dmbm hmo amï´>r` ZmJarH$Vm H$mo àmá H$aZo H$m h¡Ÿ& Eogr n[apñW{V _|amÁ` nm¡aËd H$s H$moB© Amdí`H$Vm Zhr hmoVrŸ& CXm… ^maV n«H$a amÁ` ì`dñWm _|A_o[aH$m Am¡a pñdS²>Oab¢S>m| _| {Õnm¡aËd H$s ì`dñWm Omar h¡Ÿ& `hm± amÁ` Am¡a amï´> H$màË`oH$ ê$n go nm¡aËd ahVm h¡Ÿ&

ZmJ[aH$Vm Am¡a gaH$ma : amÁ` Am¡a ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ ~rM _| {ZH$Q> g§~§Y hmoVm h¡Ÿ&ZmJarH$m| Ho$ {~Zm amÁ` H$m H$moB© _hËd Zhr hmoVm amÁ` AWdm gH$m©a AnZo ZmJ[aH$m| H$sajm H$aHo$ {dXo{e`m| Ho$ Am§VH$ go dMmH$a H$mZyZ Ho$ Ûmam Eod`Vm H$mo gwa{jV aIVm h¡Ÿ&

amÁ` H$mZyZ H$s aMZm H$aHo$ hS>Vmbm| Am¡a Am§VH$ H$m X_Z H$aHo$ amÁ` _o§ em§VrñWmnZm H$m à`mg H$aVm h¡Ÿ& ZmJ[aH$m| H$s Cn`mo{JVm Ho$ {bE AZoH$ gm_m{OH$Am{W©H$ Am¡a e¡j{UH$ `moOZmAm| H$m Am`moOZ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& gaH$ma {ZajaVm, Jar~r,Ag_mZVm Am¡a doamoOJmar O¡gr g_ñ`mAm| H$m {ZdmaU H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ H$m`©`moOZmAm| H$mo Omar H$aZo Ho$ Ûmam g§{dYmZ Ho$ _yb^yV hH$m| H$s ajm H$aVr h¡Ÿ&

amï´> H$m ZmJarH$ AnZo Xoe Ho$ {bE AZoH$ H$V©ì`m| H$m nmbZ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ&hH$ Am¡a H$V©ì` {gdHo Ho$ Xmo nhby Ho$ g_mZ h¡Ÿ& ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$à`moOZ H$V©ì`nmbZ H$aZo go hmoVm h¢Ÿ&

● ZmJarH$ gaH$ma Ho$ H$mZyZ Ho$ à{V {dYo` hmoH$a g§{dYmZ H$mo Jm¡ad XoZmMm{hEŸ&

● ZmJm[aH$ amï´> H$m Jm¡ad Am¡a _`m©Xm H$s ajm Ho$ {bE H$Q>r~Õ ahZm Mm{hEŸ&

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● ZmJ[aH$ H$moB© amï´>{damoYr H$m`© _| ^mJ Z boŸ&● ZmJarH$ «ï>mMma, njnmV, XohoO, ~mb{ddmh Am{X A{Zï> nÕ{V`m| H$m

{damoY H$aVo hþ o CZH$mo amoH$Zo gm§doYm{ZH$ _mJ© Cnm`m| H$m nmbZ H$aZm Mm{hEŸ&● gaH$ma H$s AÀN>mB©-~wamB© dhm± H$s ZmJ[aH$m| H$s AÀN>mB© ~wamB© na Adb§{~V

hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE ZmJarH$ gH«$s` ê$n go amOH$s` J{V{d{Y`m| _| ^mJ boZmMm{hEŸ&

● ZmJarH$ AnZr ì`{º$JV AmñWm go Á`mXm amîQ´> H$s AmñWm H$mo D±$Mo ñVaVH$ bo OmZm Mm{hEŸ& amï´> H$s àJVr Ho$ {bE {ZñdmW© ^md go H$moB© ^r Ë`mJH$aZo {gÕ ahZm Mm{hEŸ&

● ZmJarH$ amï´> H$s ajm Am¡a {Z`{_V ê$n go H$a AXm (TAX) H$aZo H$s{Oå_oXmar boZm Mm{hEŸ&

Cn`wº$ BZ H$m`m] Ho$ gmW Am¡a ^r AZoH$ H$V©ì` Omo g§{dYmZ _| g§`mo{OV {H$`mJ`m h¡Ÿ Cgo `WmdV² nmbZ H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& g§{dYmZ _| Eogo AZoH$ H$V©ì`m| H$mo H$hmJ`m h¡ amï´> H$s {hV Ho$ {bE ZmJarH$ H$m¡Z gm H$a| Am¡a H$m¡Z-gm Z H$a| BZH$mo g_PZoHo$ {bE g§{dYmZ ghm`Vm àXmZ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& ha EH$ ZmJarH$ AnZo H$V©ì`m| Ho$ gmWgmW gaH$ma Ho$ gmW CÎm_ nmañn[aH$ g§~§Y H$mo aIZm Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ&

h_mam g§{dYmZ 1976 dm n[aîH$aU _| _yb ^yV H$V©ì`m| H$mo bmJw {H$`m J`mh¢Ÿ& g§{dYmZ Ho$ n[aÀN>oX 51 (A) _| _yb^yV H$V©ì` {_bm`o J`o h¡Ÿ&

Aä`mgI. Imbr OJhm| H$mo gmW©H$ eãXm| go ^[aE:

1. {~«Q>rem| Ho$ àemgZ _| ^maV _| {Zdm{gV bmoJm| H$mo ________________ H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

2. h_mao Xoe _| naXoe Ho$ bmoJ VmËH$m{bH$ ê$ngo {Zdmg H$ao Vmo CZH$mo _____________

H$hmOmVm h¡Ÿ&3. ZmJ[aH$Vm H$m H$mZyZ Om[a {H$`m J`m df©

_______________

4. Amn H$s ZmJarH$Vm H$m {dYmZ ________________

h¡Ÿ&

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II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| H$m CÎma Xr{OE:1. ZmJ[aH$Vm {H$go H$hVo h¢Ÿ?2. ZmJ[aH$ Cn^moº$ Ho$ Š`m bm^ h¢Ÿ?3. ^maV _| ZmJ[aH$Vm Ho$ H$mZyZ Am¡a emgZm| H$m ~ZmZo H$m A{YH$ma

{H$gH$mo h¡?4. ZmJ[aH$Vm àmá H$aZo Ho$ {dYmZ H$m¡Z-go h¢Ÿ?5. naH$s` bmoJ ZmJ[aH$Vm àmá H$aZo Ho$ {dYmZ Ho$ dmao _| {ddaU Xr{dEŸ&6. ZmJarH$Vm Ho$ Zï> hmoZo Ho$ {dYmZ H$m¡Z-go h¢?7. ZmJ[aH$Vm g_már H$m EH$ àg§J {b{IE&8. ZmJ[aH$Vm Ho$ àH$ma H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¢Ÿ CZHo$ ~rM _| Š`m A§Va h¡?9. ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ H$V©ì` Š`m-Š`m h§¡?

III. gbmh à{H«$`m :1. _yb^yV H$V©ì`m| go g§~§{YV g{MÌ Vm{bH$m ~ZmH$a àXe©Z H$a|Ÿ&2. {ejH$m| Ho$ gmW _yb^yV hH$ MbmZo go hmoZodmbo à`moOZm| H$s MMm© H$am|Ÿ&3. {ejH$m| Ho$ _mJ©Xe©Z _| g_mZVm H$m A{YH$ma Am¡a ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ A{YH$mam|

Ho$ à`moOZm| Ho$ ~mao _| MMm© H$a|Ÿ&4. ZmJ[aH$Vm àmá H$aZo Ho$ Am¡a Imo OmZo Ho$ {dYmZm| go g§~§{YV {MÌnQ>

V¡æ`ma H$s{OEŸ&5. ^maV Ho$ EH$ ZmJarH$Vm {dYmZ Ho$ AZwHy$bVmAm| H$s MMm© H$s{OEŸ&6. Am_o[aH$m g§`wº$ g§ñWmZ _| {Z{hV {Ûnm¡aËd Zr{V H$mo ^maV _| AnZmZo go

hmoZodmbo à`moOZm| H$s MMm© H$s{OEŸ&

IV. `moOZ H$m © :1. _yb^yV hH$m| H$m Cb§KZ H$aZo go hmoZodmbo ì`m[V[aº$ n[aUm_m| H$mo nÌ

n{ÌH$mAm| go g§J«h H$a|Ÿ&2. H$moB© ^maVr` {dXoe _| VËH$m{bH$ ê$n _o§ {Zdmg H$aZo {H$Z _mJm] H$m

AZwgmaU H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ? {H$gr g§~§{YV A{YH$mar go {dMma g§J«h H$s{OEŸ&

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AÜ`m` - 3

bmoH$V§Ì (DEMOCRACY)

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ`m`Z Ho$ ~mX BZ {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmáH$a|JoŸ&● bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ AW© H$mo g_PZmŸ&● {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ gaH$ma Ho$ AW© {ddaU g_PZmŸ&● bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ àH$mam| H$mo nhMmZH$a CZHo$ ~rM Ho$ A§Va H$mo g_PZmŸ&● bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ bjU, A§e Am¡a bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ AZwHw$b Am¡a à{VHy$b A§emo H$mo

nhMmZZmŸ&● ^maV _| n[aMm{bV gmd©{ÌH$ d`ñH$ _VXmZ nÕ{V {Zdm©MZ ì`dñWm Ho$ ~mao

_| g_PZmŸ&● bmoH$V§Ì ì`dñWm _| amOH$s` njm| Ho$ H$V©ì` Am¡a {Oå_oXm[a`m| H$mo g_PZmŸ&● bmoH$V§Ì ì`dñWm _| g_yh _mÜ`_m| H$s {Oå_oXm[a`m| H$m {díbofU H$aZmŸ&● 2005 Ho$ à{VdoXZ (_{h{V) A{YH$ma Am¡a H$mZyZ Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZmŸ&

bmoH$V§Ì AË`§V nwamVZ gaH$mam| _| go EH$ h¡Ÿ& àmMrZ ^maV _o§ ^r bmoH$V§Ì Ho${M• {_bVo h¢Ÿ& bmoH$V§Ì énr gaH$ma H$s aMZm Ho$ {bE AZoH$ X§Jo Mbo h¢Ÿ& H«$m§Vr`m±hþB© h¢Ÿ& {díd Ho$ H$B© àXoem| _| BgH$s gmjr {_bVr h¡, "S>o_mH«$gr' eãX J«rH$ ^mfm Ho$"S>o_mo{H«${f`m' eãX go OÝ_m h¡Ÿ& BgH$m AW© hmoVm h¡ bmoJm| H$m àemgZ bmoH$V§Ì H$sì`dñWm _| {Zdm©MZ H$s _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m h¡Ÿ& bmoJ AnZr _Ou H$s gaH$ma aMZm H$aboZo _| {Zdm©MZ H$m ñWmZ _hËdnyU© h¡Ÿ& MwZmd/{Zdm©MZ EH$ ZmJarH$ EH$ _V Ho$VËd na H$m`© H$aVo h¡Ÿ& gaH$ma bmoJm| Ho$ Ûmam hr {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡Ÿ& àOm hr à^w hmoVmh¡Ÿ& A_o[aH$m Ho$ ^yVnyd© AÜ`j A~«mh_ qbH$Z Ho$ AZwgma ""bmoJm| go bmoJm| H$mo bmoJm|Ho$ {bE ñWm{nV ì`dñWm hr bmoH$V§Ì h¡Ÿ&

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{d{dY àH$ma Ho$ gaH$maamOà^wËd : MH«$m{YnË` ê$nr gaH$ma ~hþV àm{MZ

gH$m©a h¡Ÿ& amOm hr BgH$m A{YnVr hmoVm h¡Ÿ& amOm hrBgH$m A{YnVr hmoVm h¡Ÿ& amOm na_m{YH$ma MbmVm h¡Ÿ&H$mZyZ H$m {Z_m©nH$ amOm hr hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Ho$MH«$m{YnË` H$mo "{Za§Hw$e MH«$m{YnË`' H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& AmOm^r H$Vma, Hw$d¡V Am¡a Hw$N> _Ü`nyd© Xoem| _| {Za§Hw$eMH«$m{YnË` gaH$ma XoI gH$Vo h¡Ÿ&

Bg g_H$mbrZ AdYr _| hr OnmZ Am¡a B§½b¢S> _| g§{dYmZmË_H$ MH«$m{YnË`gaH$ma àemgZ H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& g§{dYmZmË_H$ MH«${YnË` _| amOm AWdm amUrgaH$ma Ho$ A{Yn{V Ho$ ê$n _| Zm_ {ZX}{eV hmoVo h¡Ÿ& {Zdm©{MV _m§S>{b`m± H$mZyZ Am¡a{Z`_m| H$mo ~ZmVo h¢Ÿ&

gdm©{YH$maËd : `h gaH$ma H$m Xygam ê$n h¡Ÿ& O_©Zr Ho$ AS>më\$ {hQ>ba Am¡aBQ>br Ho$ ~o{ZQ>m| _wgbmoZr gdm©{YH$ma Ho$ gaH$ma MbmVo WoŸ& gdm©{YH$mar gaH$mam| _|amÁ`m{^{fº$ ì`{º$ Ho$ hmWm| _| gdm©{YH$ma H|${ÐH¥$V hmoVm h¡Ÿ& gm_mÝ`Vm _| gdm©{YH$marbmoH$V§Ì Ho$ _m¡ë` Am¡a VËdm| H${Zï>V_ Jm¡ad aIVo WoŸ&

g¡{ZH$ gdm©{YH$ma : g¡{ZH$ gdm©{YH$ma ê$nr gaH$ma _| amOH$s` A{YH$mag¡Ý` Ho$ Cƒ A{YH$mar Ho$ hmWm| _| hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Eogo gaH$ma àOmOZm| Ho$ dmH²$ ñdmV§Í`gaH$ma H$s `moOZmAm| H$mo {d_em© H$aZodmbo g§KQ>Zm| Ho$ A{YH$ma na àhma H$aVo h¡Ÿ&g_yh _mÜ`_ Am¡a Ý`m`m§J goZm Ho$ de_| H$m`© {Zd©hU H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ nhbonmH$sñVmZ _| ^r Eogm hr àmemgZ WmŸ&

H$å`y{Zï> gaH$ma : H$å`y{Zï> gaH$ma _| bmoJm| H$mo {Z~ª{YV ñdmV§Í` hmoVm h¡Ÿ&H$å`y{Zï>m| Ho Abmdm H$moB© ^r amOH$s` nj Bg Xoe _| Zhr ~M gH$VmŸ& E¡go gaH$ma_mbrH$Ëd H$mo _m¡H$m Zhr XoVo Bg{bE CËnm{XV g^r gm_J«r amï´>rH¥$V hmoVo h¢Ÿ& MrZm,CÎma H$mo[a`m Am¡a Š`y~m Xoem| _| H$å`y{Zï> gaH$ma àemgZ Mbm ah h¢Ÿ&

A~«h_² qbH$Z

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g^r àH$ma Ho$ gaH$ma Ho$ AnZo JwU hmoVo h¢Ÿ& bmoH$V§Ì gaH$mam| _| AdJwU H$_AÀN>o JwU Á`mXm h¡ Eogo gaH$ma Am_ OZVm Ho$ à{V AmñWm aIVo h¡ŸAm¡a bmoJm| Ho$gm_Ï`© na {dídmg aIZo Ho$ H$maU bmoH$V§Ì àH$ma Ho$ gaH$ma OZ{à` h¢Ÿ&

bmooH$V§Ì Ho$ àH$ma : bmoH$V§Ì _| Xmo àH$ma h¢Ÿ& àË`j bmoH$V§Ì Am¡a namojàOmà^wËd>Ÿ&

àË`j bmoH$V§Ì : Bg àH$ma Ho$ Om à^wËd _| bmoJ AnZo gaH$ma H$mo {Zdm©MZ(MwZmd) Ho$ Ûmam M`Z H$aVo h¢Ÿ& CZH$s àJ{V Ho$ {bE ghm`H$ ~Zo Eogo H$mZyZ Am¡a{Z`_m| H$mo ~Zm boVo h¢Ÿ& àË`j àOmà^wËd O¡go gH$m©a gm_mÝ`V… Am~mXr Am¡a {dpñVU©_| {Z`{_V ì`º$r go `wº$ Xoe _| XoI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& Bg àH$ma H$s ì`dñWm àm{MZ J«rH$Am¡a dV©_mZ pñd‚mab¢S> Xoemo _| h¢Ÿ& àË`j àOmà^wËd àOm-A{^àm` Am¡a ZoV¥Ëd Ho$AmYma na n[aUm_H$mar hmoVo h¢Ÿ& maV _| Bg àH$ma gaH$ma H$s aMZm CgH$s m¡Jmo{bH$ì`º$s Am¡a AmdmXr Ho$ AmYma na é{‹T>JV H$aZm Ag§^d h¡Ÿ&

namoj bmoH$V§Ì : Bg àH$ma H$s nÕ{V AWdm bmoH$V§Ì ^maV A_o[aH$m g§`wº$g§ñWmZ O¡go amï´>m| Ho$ {bE gQ>rH$ h¡Ÿ& namoj bmoH$V§Ì H$s ì`dñWm _| bmoJ AnZoà{V{Z{Y `m| H$mo Amd{V©V {Zdm©MZ Ho$ Ûmam {Zdm©{MV H$aHo$ emgZ g^m _| ^oOVo h¢Ÿ&Eogo {Zdm©{MV gXñ` emgZm| H$mo AWdm H$mZyZm| H$s aMZm H$aHo$ àemgZ MbmVo h¢Ÿ&Bg Ñ{ï> go Bg àOmà wËd H$mo H$mbmZwgma MbZodmbo {Zdm©MZm| _| {Zdm©{MV OZà{V{Z{YgH$m©a H$h gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& Bg àH$ma {Zdm©{MV à{V{Z{Y AnZo amï>Zm`H$ H$m M`Z H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ VËd/bjU1. bmoH$V§Ì bmoJm| H$s AZw_{V na {Z^©a hmoVm h¡Ÿ&2. `h EH$ à{V{Z{YH$ gaH$ma h¢Ÿ& bmoJ AnZo à{V{Z{Y`m| H$mo {Zdm©{MV H$aVo

h¢Ÿ& o à{V{Z{Y àOmon`moJr H$mZyZ ~ZmVo h¢Ÿ&3. `h gmd©{ÌH$ dgñH$ MwZmd Ho$ VËd na AmYm[aV h¡Ÿ&4. `hm± {Zdm©MZ (MwZmd) {Z{X©ï> H$mbmZwgma {Zñnj Am¡a _wº$ ê$n _|

MbVo h¢Ÿ&

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5. Bg_| ZmJ[aH$ {H$gr oX-^mX Ho$ {~Zm ñdV§Ì Ed§ yº$ ê$n go AnZo hH$moH$m Cn`moJ H$aboVo h¢Ÿ& Bg{bE àOmà wËd _| ì`{º$JV A{^d¥{Õ H$mo _hËd{X`mOmVm h¡Ÿ&

6. bmoH$V§Ì gH$m©a àOm{hVofr hmoVm h¡Ÿ&7. gaH$ma àOm{hV H$aZodmbmZhr h¡ Vmo em§Vr Ed§ g§{dYmZmË_H$ {dYmZm| go

gaH$ma H$mo ~XmbZo H$m hH$ bmoJm| H$mo ahVm h¡Ÿ&8. Bg àH$ma Ho$ gaH$ma _| bmoJmo H$mZyZ H$s Ñ{ï> _| g~ g_mZ ahVo h¢Ÿ& Bg

àH$ma Ho$ H$mZyZ g§{dYmZmË_H$ {Z`_m| H$s n[a{_{V _| hmoVm h¡Ÿ&9. bmoH$V§Ì _| amOH$s` njm| H$m ApñWËd ahVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ `hm± H$moB© ^r àOm

H$mo AnZo nj H$s aMZm H$a boZo H$m _m¡H$m ahVm h¡Ÿ&10. bmoH$V§Ì àË`oH$ ì`{º$ H$s _mZ _`m©Xm H$s ajm H$aVm h¡Ÿ&11. ñdmV§Í` Am¡a g_mZVm àOmà^wËd Ho$ _w»` VËd h¡Ÿ& {g\©$ OmVr, Y_©, qbJ,

A_rar Jar~r Ho$ AmYma na ^oX^md Zhr H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&12. bmoH$V§Ì _| na_m{YH$ma bmoJm| Ho$ hmWm| _| hmoVm h¡Ÿ& gaH$ma bmoJm| go hr

A{YH$ma nmVm h¡Ÿ& Bgr CÔoí` go ^maV MwZmd ha nm±M gmb _| EH$ ~maMbVo h¢&

13. bmoH$V§Ì H$ë`mU amÁ` h¡Ÿ& `hm± bmoJm| H$s gdmªJrU A{^d¥{Õ H$s Amoa{deof Ü`mZ {X`m OmVm h¡&

bmoH$V§Ì _| `e àmá H$aZo Ho$ AmdíM`H$ A§e1. bmoH$V§Ì H$s ajm H$aZo H$s _mZmo^mdZm bmoJm| _| hmoZm Mm{hEŸ&2. bmoJ gXm gMoV ahZm Mm{hEŸ&3. bmoH$V§Ì H$s g\$bVm ghZerbVm na {Z^©a hmoVm h¡Ÿ& bmoJ boZo Am¡a XoZo Ho$

VËdmnmbH$ hmoZm Mm{hEŸ&4. bmoH$V§Ì H$s A{^d¥{Õ CÎm_ ZoVm{Jar na Adb§{~V h¡Ÿ& Omo ZoVm/Zm`H$

H$hbmVm h¡ dh bmoJm| H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo g_PH$a CZHo$ {ZdmaU H$m à`ËZH$aZm Mm{hEŸ& ZoVmAm| AWdm Zm`H$m| _| godm_Zmo^md Xoeào_ Am¡a Ë`mJO¡go JwU hmoZm Mm{hEŸ&

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5. {dnj ^r àemgZ Ho$ H$m`©e¡br na gXm gMoV ahH$a gdm©{YH$ma {Za§eHw$VmH$mo amoH$Zm Mm{hEŸ&

6. gmja Am¡a kmZr _VXmVm bmoH$V§Ì H$s OrV H$m H$maU ~ZVm h¡Ÿ&7. bmoH$V§Ì H$s CÞVr bmoJm| na Adb§{~V ahVr h¡Ÿ& bmoJ A{Zdm`© ê$n go

_VXmZ H$aZm Mm{hE Ÿ& ^«ï> A{Zï> _mJm] H$mo AnZmZm Zhr Mm{hEŸ& bmoJEogo Zm`H$mo H$m M`Z H$ao Omo CZH$s g_ñ`Amo H$m {ZdmaU H$aVm hmoŸ&

8. ñdV§Ì, {Z^©`, {ZînjnmV g_yh _mÜ`_ à^mà^wËd H$s A{^d¥{Õ _|ghm`H$ h¡Ÿ&

9. CÎm_ g§J{R>V, n[aUm_H$mar, CÎmaXm`r ñWmZr` g§ñWm bmoH$V§Ì H$s g\$bVmH$m H$maU ~ZVo h¢Ÿ&

bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ JwU{díd Ho$ AZoH$ amï´> àOmà^wËd ê$nr gaH$ma Cn`moJr h¡ Eogm _mZVo hþ`o ñdrH$ma

{H$`o h¢Ÿ& bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ JwU {ZåZ{b{IV h¡Ÿ&1. bmoH$V§Ì àOm H$s hH$ ñdm§VÍ`Vm H$s ajm H$aVm h¡Ÿ&2. bmoH$V§Ì g_mZVm Ho$ VËd na AmYm[aV h¡Ÿ&3. bmoH$V§Ì _| bmoJ ñdV… ^mJ boH$a {ZU©` bo gH$Vo h¡Ÿ&4. bmoJ AnZo à{V{Z{Y H$m M`Z VWm gaH$ma H$s aMZm H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&5. gmd©O{OH$ MMm© Ed§ A{^àm` Ho$ ~mX hr bmoH$V§Ì _| _hËdnyU© {ZU©` bo

gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&6. {dnj àemgZ nj Ho$ Xwén`moJ H$m narjUŸ& H$aHo$ amoH$Zo H$m AdH$me

bmoH$V§Ì _| h¢Ÿ&7. ì`{º$Ëd {dH$gZ _| _yb^yV hH²$ H$m AdH$me XoVm h¡Ÿ&8. em§V arVr go MwZmd ({Zdm©MZ) Ho$ Ûmam gaH$mam| H$mo ~Xbm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&

Bg{bE bmoH$V§Ì H«$m§Vr H$mo ~T>mdm Zhr XoVmŸ&9. amï´>r`Vm, Xoe^{º$, àOm Jm¡ad Am{X H$s A{^d¥{Õ H$aHo$ {d{dYVm _|

EoŠ`Vm H$mo bmVm h¡Ÿ&

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bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ Xmof1. CÎm_ e¡j{UH$ `mo½`Vm {Zd©hU Hw$ebVm CÎm_ Zm`H$Ëd Ho$ bjU,

gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, kmZ H$s H$_r ahZodmbo Hw$N> OZ à{V{Z{Y`m| gobmoH$V§Ì Xw~©b hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

2. A{YH$ma àmá H$aZo amOH$s` njm| Ho$ ~rM ñnYm© MbVr h¡Ÿ& Eogm hmoZo gonjnmV Am¡a ^«ï>mMma ~‹T> OmVm h¡Ÿ&

3. amï´>{hV go ~‹T>H$a nj H$m {hV hr _w»` ~Z OmVm h¡Ÿ&4. EH$ nj go Xygao nj _| njm§Va H$aZo H$s à{H«$`m go gaH$ma Xw~©b hmo

OmVm h¡Ÿ&5. Om{V~b, n¡gm ~mhþ~b {Zdm©MZ _| à`wº$ hmoZo go gaH$ma Xw~©b hmoVm h¡Ÿ&6. bmoH$V§Ì _| H$mZyZ H$s aMZm Ho$ {bE b§~m g_` {b`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&7. {Zdm©MZ MbmZo Ho$ {bE A{YH$ n¡go IM© hmoVo h¡ Am¡a {Zdm©MZ à{H«$`m b§~m

g_` boVr h¡Ÿ&8. ~hþ_V àmá {H$`o hþ`o àemgZ nj AnZr gdm©{YH$mar _Zmo^mdZm go {dnj

Ho$ A{^àm`m| H$mo _hËd Zhr XoVm&9. Jar~ AZn‹T> bmoJ A{YH$m[a`m| go emo{fV hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm hmoVr h¡Ÿ&10. AnZm n¡gm Ed§ ~mhþ~b go g_mOÐmohr g§KQ>Z gaH$ma na AnZm à^md

S>mbZo H$s g§^mdZm ahVr h¡Ÿ&

gmd©{ÌH$ d`ñH$ _VXmZ H$m A{YH$ma^maV _| {Zdm©MZ _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^mVo h¡Ÿ& ^maV _| à{V{Z{Y bmoH$V§Ì H$s

ì`dñWm h¡Ÿ& _VXmZ H$m A{YH$ma 18 df© Ho$ A{YH$ H$moB© ^r ì`{º$ {~Zm OmVr dU©qbJ ^oX {~Zm e¡{jH$ `mo½`Vm Ho$ Ûmam _V Mbm gH$Vm h¡Ÿ&

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CÎm_ gaH$mam| H$s aMZm ~w{Õ_mZ {Zdm©MH$m| na {Z^©a h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE {Zdm©MH$_V MbmVo dº$ OmVr, dU©, n¡gm {e\$m[agm| H$s Omb _| Z \$±gZm Mm{hEŸ& AnZoZm`H$ Ho$ M`Z H$aVo dº$ dh OmJéH$ ahZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& _VXmZ H$aVo dº$ {ZåZ{b{IV ~mVm| H$m Ü`mZ aIZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ&

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joÌŸ& {Zdm©MZ joÌ _| {Zdm©{MVm| H$mo Xmo àH$ma go {d^m{OV H$aVo h¡Ÿ& nhbo bmoH$g^m{Zdm©MZ joÌ go {Zdm©{MV ì`{º$ {dYmZ g^m Ho$ gXñ` (E_.Eb.E) H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ&BZ XmoZm| {Zdm©MZ joÌmo _| {Z`_mZwgma AZwgy{MV OmVr/dJ© {nN>S>o dJ© Am¡a _{hbmAm|Ho$ {bE AmajU ñWmZ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& CÝho AmajU/ Ama{jV {Zdm©MZ joÌ H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&

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_VXma H$m n[aM` ^md {MÌ g{hV (EPIC)

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gyMZm : {Zdm©MZ à{H«$`m gyMZm Ho$ Ûma àma§^ hm oVm h¡Ÿ& {Zdm©MZAm`moJ {Zdm©MZ MbZodmbm {XZm§H$ (VmarI) g_` AÝ` nyU© {ddaU H$mo ao{S>`m|,XyaXe©Z, am_mMma nÌm| Ho$ Ûmam gy{MV H$aVm h¡Ÿ& gaH$ma Ho$ JoOoQ> _| ^ràH${Q>V {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&

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^mJ boZo H$m Am¡a MwZmd bS>Ho$ H$m hH²$ ahVm h¡Ÿ& {Zdm©MZ _| ñnYm© H$aZo H$s BÀN>maIZodmbm ì`{º$ Hw$N> Ah©VmAm| H$mo nyam H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& àË`mer {ZpíMV g_` Ho$^rVa g§~§{YV A{YH$mar Ho$ gm_Zo Zm_m§H$Z H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& Zm_m§H$Z AmdoXZ nÌHo$ gmW ""gwa{jV O_m amer'' (Fixed Deposits) aIZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ&

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à`mg H$aVo h¡Ÿ& AJa h_mao njH$m àË`{e O`embr hmoJm Vmo {X o OmZodmbo gw{dYmAm|H$m ^amogm {X`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Ho$ ^amogo `m AmídmgZm| H$mo "{Zdm©MZ àUmbr'H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg AdYr _| gdm©O{ZH$ g_mdoe Kam| _| OmH$a _mVm| H$s `mMZm H$aZmÜdO, {ZemZm H$n‹S>mo§ Ho$ VmoaU {^{Îmn{ÌH$m, H$anÌ KmofUm BË`m{X H$m ^a_ma XoIZo{_bVm h¡Ÿ& ha àË`mer {Zdm©MZ Am`moJ H$s "Zr{V g§{hVm' H$m nmbZ H$aZm nS>Vm h¡Ÿ&

_VXmZ H$m {XZ : _VXmZ Ho$ {XZH$m VmËn`© hmoVm h¡ _V MbmZo Ho$ {bE V`{H$`m hþAm {Z{üV {XZŸ& Cg {XZ _VH|$Ð_| OmH$a _V MbmZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& _VH|$Ð H$mAW© hmoVm h¡ _V MbmZo H$m {Z{üV OJhŸ&dhm± à{e{jV {Zdm©MZ A{YH$mar {Z`mo{OVahVo h¢Ÿ& _VXmVm H$s nhMmZ àmá H$aZo Ho$~mX _V nÌ (Ballot paper) {X`m OmVmh¡Ÿ& Bg _VnÌ _| g^r àË`m{e`m| Ho$ Zm_VWm {ZemZo ahVo h¢Ÿ& `o {M• AZn‹T> bmoJm| H$mo ^r _V S>mbZo _| _XX H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

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hmoVr h¡Ÿ& {dÚwÝ_mZ `§Ìm| Ho$ AmZo Ho$ ~mX `h H$m`© AË`§V AmgmZ hþAm h¡Ÿ& Hw$N> {deofg§X^m] _| nwZa{JZVr H$m _m¡H$m ^r ahVm h¡Ÿ& `{X _Vm| H$s JrZVr _| H$moB© Aì`dhmahmoVm h¡ Vmo àË`mer Ý`m`mb` _| Anrb H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& {aQ>{ZªJ A{YH$mar _Vm| H$s{JZVr Ho$ ~mX \${bVm§e H$s KmofUm (àH$Q>) H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

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àXo{eH$ amOH$s` nj (nmQ>u) : àmXo{eH$ amOH$s` nj amÁ` amOH$s` nm{Q>©`m|Ho$ Zm_ go ^r OmZo OmVo h¢Ÿ& {dYmZ g^m _| A{YH$ _mÌm _| gXñ`m| H$mo nmZodmbo njH$mo nmXo{eH$ nj H$s _mÝ`Vm {_ëVr h¡Ÿ& ~hþV gmao àmXo{eH$ n{Q>©`m± AnZo à^md go~hþ_V àmá H$aHo$ gaH$ma H$s aMZm H$a MwHo$ h¢Ÿ& do h¡ DMK, AIADMK Amagm_JU n[anX Am§Y«àXoe Ho$ VobwJwXoe_² nmQ>u _hmamï´> _| {edgoZm nmQ>u H$Zm©Q>H$ _|OZVmXb (OmË`mVrV) Am{Y à_wI h¢ Omo AnZo hr {Zdm©MZ {M•m| H$mo àmá {H$`o h¢Ÿ&

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bmoH$g^m _| ^r àmXo{eH$ njm| Ho$ à{V{Z{Y`m| H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& H$moB© ^r nmQ>uñnï> ~hþ_V àmá Zhr H$anmVm Eogo Adgam| _| àmXo{eH$ nj gaH$ma H$s aMZm _|à_wI ^y{_H$m {Z^mVo h¢Ÿ&

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gmd©O{ZH$ A{^àm` : Am_ AmX_r AnZo go g§~§{YV {H$gr {df` na AnZoA{^àm` H$mo ì`º$ H$aZm gmd©O{OH$ A{^àm` H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& Eogm A{^àm` ~hþOZamOH$s` A{^àm` Zhr H$hbmVm gaH$ma gmd©O{ZH$m| Ho$ A{^àm`m| Ho$ AmYma na{Z`_m| H$mo ~ZmVm h¡Ÿ& gmd©O{ZH$ A{^àm` {df`mYm[aV hmoH$a H$mbmZwgma n[adV©ZhmoZo H$s g§^mdZm ahVr h¡Ÿ& gmd©O{ZH$ KQ>Zm Ho$ à{V OmJ¥V hmoH$a AnZo A{^àm`H$mo ñdV§Ì ê$n go {~Zm H$moB© ^` Am¡a nydm©J«h go ì`º$ H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& gaH$ma Am¡aamOH$s` nj gmd©O{ZH$ A{^àm`m| H$mo àmoË`m{hV H$aVo h¢Ÿ& ao{S>`mo, XyaXe©Z, g_mMmanÌ n{ÌH$m, A§VOm©b Am{X g_yh _mÜ`_ gmd©O{ZH$ A{^àm` àmß` H$aZo _| _XXH$aVo h¡§Ÿ&

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g_yh _mÜ`_ Am¡a bmoH$a§Ì : à{V{XZ hmoZodmbo KQ>ZmAm| H$s gyMZm g_yh_mÜ`_ XoVo h¢Ÿ& gaH$ma H$s `moOZm Am¡a {Z`_m| H$mo bmoJm| VH$ nhþ§MmVo h¢Ÿ& _mÜ`_gaH$ma H$s H$m`© e¡br Ho$ ~mao _| bmoJm| H$mo OmZH$mar XoZo Ho$ gmW gmW bmoJm| Ho$ Ûmam

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Aä`mgI. gmW©H$ eãXm| go [aº$ ñWmZmo§ H$s ny{V© H$s{OEŸ&

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III. gbhm à{H«$`mŸ:1. gd©m{YH$ma Am¡a g_VmdmX Am¡a bmoH$V§Ì _| H$m¡Z gm ~ohVa h¡ MMm© {H${OEŸ&2. CÎm_ Zoam[Jar `m Zm`H$Ëd àOmà^wËd H$s g\$bVm H$s XoZ h¡ Bgna {dMma

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AÜ`m` - 4

ñWmZr` gaH$maBg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX BZ {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmáH$a|JoŸ&● ñWmZr` ñd`§ gaH$ma H$s aMZm Ho$ nydm}Îma OmZH$mar g_PmZmŸ&● ñWmZr` ñd`§ gaH$ma Ho$ CÔoí` Ed§ H$m`m] Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$aZmŸ&● {d{dY ñWmZr` g§ñWm H$s aMZm àemgZ, {Oå_oXmar (CÎmaXm{`Ëd) Am¡a H$V©ì`m|

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J«m_ n§Mm`Vm| H$s g§KQ>Z H$aZo Am¡a n[aUm_H$mar H$m`© {Zdm©h Ho$ {bE A{YH$maXoZo Ho$ g§~§Y _| g§{dYmZ Ho$ Ûmam amÁ`m| H$mo ñnñQ> {ZX}e {X`m J`m h¡Ÿ& g§{~YmZ H$m73 dm Am¡a 74 dm n[aï>H$aU 1993 _| Omar H$aHo$ n§Mm`VamO ì`dñWm Zo B{Vhmg{Z{_©V {H$`m h¡Ÿ&

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● n§Mm`V H$s Om`XmX H$s ajm H$aZmŸ&● ñWm{Z` _§S>{b`m| Ho$ dm{f©H$ Am`-ì`` H$m ~OQ> V¡`ma H$aZm Ÿ&● ñdmñÏ` Am¡a Hw$Qw>§~ H$ë`mU H$s `moOZm ~ZmZmŸ&● _mJ© {Z_m©U {~Obr, J¥h {Z_m©U Am¡a nrZo H$m nmZr Am{X`m| H$s A{^d¥{Õ

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● nmZr, gohV (ñdmñW) {ejm J«§Wmb` Am¡a dmMZmb` Ho$ CnH$am| go àmáH$aŸ& (g§J«h H$s OmZodmbr YZamer)

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J«m_ n§Mm`V : BgH$s aMZm OZg§»`m Ho$ AmYma na hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Hw$b 5000 go7000 VH$ H$s OZg§»`m H$m EH$ Jm±d AWdm Xmo VrZ Jm±dm| H$mo {_bmH$a EH$ J«m_n§Mm`V H$s aMZm hmoVr h¡§Ÿ& CÎma H$ÞS>, X{jU H$ÞS> nhmS>r àXoem| _| {g\©$ 2000OZg§»`m Ho$ Jm±d ^r J«m_n§Mm`V H$s aMZm H$a bo gH$Vo h¡§Ÿ& Eogm Adga CÝho àXmZ{H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& J«m_ n§Mm`V Ho$ gXñ` AnZr gr_m _| AmZodmbo àXoem| Ho$ d`ñH$_VXmVmAm| go MwZo OmVo h¢Ÿ& ha 400 _VXmVmAm| H$m EH$ à{V{Z{Y hmoVm h¡Ÿ& BZ J«m_n§Mm`Vmo§ _| ^r AZwgy{MV OmVr/dJ© {nN>S>o dJ© Am¡a _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE Ama[jVñWmZ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& J«m_ n§Mm`V H$s àemgZ AdYr àW_ ~¡R>H$ go boH$a nyao nm±M df© VH$H$m hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

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VmbyH$ n§Mm`V : 1993 Ho$ n§Mm`V amO A{Y{Z`_ VmbwH$m| _| VmbwH$ n§Mm`Vm|H$s aMZm H$m Adga àXmZ {H$`m h¡Ÿ& VmbwH$ n§Mm`V _| {Zdm©{MV à{V{ZYr hmoVo h¢Ÿ&`o bmoJ {Zdm©MZ Ho$ Ûmam `mo½` _VXmVmAm| go MwZo OmVo h¢Ÿ& VmbwH$ n§Mm`V _| gXñ`m|H$s g§»`m dhm± H$s OZg§»`m na {Z^©a hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ha 10000 _VXmVmAm| H$m EH$gXñ` ~ZVm h¡Ÿ& gXñ` ñWmZm| Ho$ ~Q>dmao _| AZwgy{MV OmVr/dJ©, {nN>S>o dJ© Am¡a_{hbm AmajUm| Ho$ {Z`_m| H$m nmbZ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW Cg VmbwH$ H$sì`már _| AmZodmbo AÜ`j VmbyH$ n§Mm`V H$s gXñ` Ho$ ê$n _| H$m_ H$aZo H$mAdga ^r nmVo h¢Ÿ& Eogo gXñ`m| H$mo bmQ>ar Ho$ Ûmam M_Z {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& BZH$s Ad{Y1 df© H$s hmoVr h¡Ÿ& BZH$m M`Z n`m©ZwH«$_ Ho$ AZwgma MbVm h¡Ÿ& VmbwH$ n§Mm`V Ho$gXñ`m| H$s AdYr 5 df© H$s hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Hw$N> g§X^m] _| BpñV\$m XoZo `m gaH$ma Ho$ ÛmamCÝho nX go hQ>mZm (CÀN>mQ>Z) H$aZo H$m Adga ^r àXmZ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& {dYmZg^m,{dYmZ n[afV A¡a bmoH$g^m Ho$ gXñ` AnZo joÌ H$s ì`már _| AmZodmbo VmbwH$n§Mm`Vm| _| ^mJ bo gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

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● J«m_ n§Mm`V H$s dm{f©H$ `moOZmAm| Am¡a àñVmdZm| H$m KZrH$aU(Consolidate) H$aHo$ {Obm n§Mm`Vm| H$mo admZm H$aZm (`moOZm)

● amÁ` gaH$ma Am¡a {Obm n§Mm`V H$s gyMZmZwgma g^r OZH$ë`U `moOZmAm|H$mo Omar H$aZm (H$m`©JV H$aZm)

{Obmn§Mm`V : {Obm àemgZ H$s XoI^mb Ho$ {bE àË`oH$ {Obm _| {Obmn§Mm`V H$s ñWmnZm H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ nhbo BÝho {Obm _§S>br `m {Obm g{_{V Ho$

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Zm_ go OmZm OmVm WmŸ& {Obm n§Mm`V Ho$ gXñ` àË`j nÕ{V Ho$ Ûmam bmoJm| go{Zdm©{MV hmoVo h¢Ÿ& OZg§»`m Ho$ AmYma na gXñ`m| H$s g§»`m {Z^©a ahVr h¡Ÿ& Hw$N>{Obm n§Mm`Vm| _| gXñ`m| H$s g»`m _| A§Va {XIm`r XoVm h¡Ÿ& X{jU H$ÞS> {Obm _|30000 OZg§»`m Ho$ {bE EH$ à{V{Z{Y ahVm h¡Ÿ& H$moS>Jy (Hy$J©) _| 18000 OZg§»`mna EH$ à{V{Z{Y ahVm h¡Ÿ& Am¡a Hw$N> {ObmAm| _| 40000 OZg§»`m Ho$ {bE EH$à{V{Z{Y {Zdm©{MV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {Zdm©{MV {Obm n§Mm`V Ho$ gXñ`m| Ho$ gmW Cg {ObmHo$ g^r VmbwH$ n§Mm`V Ho$ AÜ`j {dYmZg^m Am¡a {dYmZ n[afV Ho$ emgH$ Am¡a Cg{Obm Ho$ bmoH$g^m gXñ`, {Obm n§Mm`V H$s ~¡R>H$ _| ^mJboZo Am¡a _VXmZ H$aZo H$mA{YH$ma nmVo h¢Ÿ& {Obm n§Mm`V _| {Z`_mZwgma AZwgy{MV OmVr/dJ© {nN>S>o dJ©Am¡a _{hbm AmajU bmJy hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {Obm n§Mm`V Ho$ gXñ`m| H$s Am{YH$ma AWdmàemgZ AdYr 5 df© hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

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{Obm n§Mm`V H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ {Obm ñVa H$m gaH$ma A{^d¥{Õ H$m`© Am¡aOZH$ë`U `moOZmAm| H$mo H$m`©JV H$aZo H$m nyU© A{YH$ma {Obm n§Mm`V H$mo h¡Ÿ& {Obmn§Mm`V Ho$ Ûmam hr gaH$ma H$s g^r `moOZm`| nm[aV {H$`o OmVo h¢Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW {Obmn§Mm`V {ZåZ {b{IV H$m`m] H$mo ^r H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

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● gaH$ma H$s `moOZm Am¡a H$m`©H«$_m| H$s g\$bo AZwð>mZ Ho$ {bE {Obm, VmbwH²$Am¡a J«m_ n§Mm`Vm| Ho$ ~rM _| nmañn[aH$ {dídmg, ghH$ma _Zmo^mdZm H$mdmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aZmŸ&

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● amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ {ZX}emZwgma H$m`© {Zd©hU H$aZmŸ&

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1. ZJa {ZJ_ (_hmZJa nm{bH$m) - à_wI ZJa)2. ZJa nm{bH$m (eha, Jm±d)3. bîH$a dmg àXoe (gwa{jV goZmYrZ àXoe)

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● gS>H$m| H$m {Z_m©U g§Mma ì`dñWm nmZr H$s ì`dñWm {ejm {~{Obr, ~mOmañdmñÏ` Am{X gm¡bVm| H$mo XoZmŸ&

● Zmbm| H$s ì`dñWm, ñdÀN>Vm, H$Mam Am{X H$mo {ZH$mbH$a {Z_©b ZJa~ZmZmŸ&

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CÎm_ ~ZmZm>>&● ~mb^dZ ({eewH$ë`mU Ho$§Ð), ~mbnamYr J¥h {^jwH$m| H$s H$mbmoZr

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Ho$ {bE `moOZmAm| H$m Am`moOZ H$aZmŸ&● ZJa H$mo ñdÀN> gw§Xa ham ^am aIZo Ho$ AZoH$ H$m`©H«$_m| H$m {Zd©hU H$aZmŸ&

Am_XZr Ho$ _ybmYma : ZJa àXoem| H$s A{^d¥{Õ Am¡a àJVr Ho$ {bE Am_XZrH$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& ZJa nm{bH$m H$s Am_XZr Ho$ _ybmYma h¡, ^dZm| H$m H$a,Imbr OJhm| H$m H$a, XwH$mZ, g§Mmar XwH$mZ (R>obZo H$s Jm{S>`m|) H$m H$a, nmZr H$mH$a BZHo$ gmW ZJa nm{bH$m Ho$ AYrZ Ho$ ^dZ dm{UÁ` g§H$sU©, go àmá {H$am`m,VWm {dH«$` Ho$ CnH$a _Zmoa§OZ Ho$ H$a, BË`m{X amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ Ûmam àmá AZwXmZm| goZJa g§ñWm OZH$ë`mU H$m`© H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

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ZJa ñWmZr` g§ñWmAm| H$s g§aMZmZJa nm{bH$m: ZJa àXem| H$mo OZg§»`m Ho$ AmYma na ZJa/eha ~S>o ZJa

Am{X ê$nm| _| dJuH$aU {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& 20 hOma go 50 hOma VH$ H$s OZg§»`m Ho$àXoem| H$mo eha Ho$ Zm_ go Am¡a 50 hOma go 3 bmI OZg§Š`m Ho$ àXoem| H$mo ZJa Ho$Zm_ go dJuH$aU {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& eham| _| àemgZ MbmZodmbo g§ñWm H$mo nwag^m Am¡aZJa Ho$ àemgZ _§S>br H$mo ZJa nm{bH$m H$hVo h¡Ÿ& nwag^m Am¡a ZJa nm{bH$m Ho$gXñ` àË`j _VXmZ Ho$ Ûmam {Zdm©{MV hmoVo h¢Ÿ& {OZH$mo "H$m¡§pÝgba' (Councilor)H$hVo h¢Ÿ& BZ gXñ`m| H$s g§»`m dhm± H$s OZg§»`m na {Z^©a hmoVr h¡Ÿ& nwag^mAm| _|gmYmaUV… 23 go 27 gXñ` hmoVo h¡ Vmo ZJa nm{bH$m _| gXñ`m| H$s g§»`m 31 go 37VH$ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ gmW amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ Ûmam nwag^m Am¡a ZJa nm{bH$mAm| Ho$ {bE5 (nm±M) Zm_{ZX}{eV gXñ`m| H$s {Z`wº$s H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ& BZ Zm_ {ZX}{eV gXñ`m|H$mo ~¡R>H$ Am¡a MMm© _| ^mJboZo H$m A{YH$ma ahVm h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z _VXmZ H$m A{YH$maZhr ahVmŸ& ñWmZr` {dYmZ g^m, {dYmZ n[afV Ho$ emgH$ bmoH$g^m Ho$ gXñ`~¡R>H$m| _| ^mJ boZo Am¡a _V MbmZo H$m A{YH$ma aIVo h¢Ÿ& ZJa ñWmZr` g§ñWmAmo _|^r {Z`_mZwgma AZwgy{MV OZ, dJ© {nN>S>o dJ© _{hbmAm| Ho$ AmajU H$m nmbZ H$aVoh¢Ÿ& ñWmZr` g§ñWm Ho$ AÜ`j Am¡a CnmÜ`j hr dhm± Ho$ _w{I`m hmoVo h¢Ÿ& nwao H$m`©H$bmn AÜ`j Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| MbVo h¢Ÿ& CZH$s AZwnpñW{V _| CnmÜ`j H$s XoIaoI _|~¡R>H$ Mbm`r OmVr h¡Ÿ& ZJa ñWmZr` g§ñWmAm| H$s A{YH$ma AdYr 5 df© H$s hmoJrh¡Ÿ& Hw$N> {deof g§X^m] _| AdYr H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mZo H$m A{YH$ma amÁ` gaH$ma H$mo ahVmh¡Ÿ& geº$ à^mgZ Ho$ {Zd©hU Ho$ {bE Mma ñWm`r g{_{V`m| H$s aMZm H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ&amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ Ûmam {Z`wº$ _w»` A{YH$mar AWdm (Mr\$ Am{\$ga) àemgZm{YH$marHo$ én _| H$m`© H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

ZJa {ZJ_ (City Corporation)1976 Ho$ H$Zm©Q>H$ _wZ{gnb H$mnm}aoeZ AmŠQ> (ñWmZr` ZJa g§ñWm A{Y{Z`_

1976) Ho$ AZwgma ZJa {ZJ_m| H$s ñWmnZm H$s J`r h¡& Xmo bmI (200000) goA{YH$ OZg§»`m Am¡a EH$ H$amoS> go Á`mXm Am_XZr Ho$ ZJa àXoem| _| ZJa {ZJ_ H$saMZm H$s J`r h¡Ÿ& ZJa {ZJ_ Ho$ gXñ` MwZmd ({Zdm©MZ) Ho$ Ûmam {Zdm©MV hmoH$a

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gXñ` ~ZVo h¢Ÿ& BZ gXñ`m| H$s g§»`m OZg§»`m na AmYm[aV hmoVr h¡Ÿ& gmYmaUV…30 go 100 VH$ BZH$s g§»`m hmoVr h¡Ÿ& ZJa {ZJ_m| Ho$ gXñ`m| H$s g»`m gaH$ma ÛmamVW H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ&

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BZH$s A{YH$ma AdYrŸ& (EH$) df© H$s hmoVr h¡Ÿ& _hmnm¡a {ZJ_m| H$s AÜ`jVmJ«hU H$aHo$ ~¡R>H$ H$s \¡$gbo H$mo H$m`©JV H$aVm h¡Ÿ& {ZJ_ Ho$ H$m`© {Zd©hU H$m{Z`§ÌU ^r _hm nm¡a H$aVo h¢Ÿ& n[aUm_H$mar àemgZ Ho$ {bE ñWm`r g{_{V`m| H$saMZm H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ&

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2011 _| H$Zm©Q>H$ ZJa {ZJ_ g§{hVm _| n[aîH$aU {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& Bg n[aîH¥$Vg§{hVm ~¢Jbya Ho$ gmW gmW H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ gmV (seven) {ZJ_m| Ho$ {bE ^r bmJyhmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg g§{hVm Ho$ AZwgma {ZJ_ H$s {H«$`m H$bmnm| _| g_wXm` Ho$ bmoJ ^r^mJ bogH$Vo h¡Ÿ& ha {ZJ_ joÌr` g^m db` g{_{V O¡go Xmo A{V[aº$ _§S>{b H$saMZm H$a boVm h¡Ÿ& BZ _§S>{b`m| H$mo {ZJ_ Ho$ A{^d¥{Õ H$m`m] _| Cn`moJ _| bo {b`mOm gH$Vm h¡&

{ZJ_ H$m H$m ©{Zd©hU {ZJ_ Ho$ Am wº$ XoIVo h¢Ÿ& gm_mÝ`V… (IAS) H$m A{YH$marBg nX H$mo J«hU H$aVm h¡Ÿ& BgH$s A{YH$ma Ad{Y 3 df© H$s hmoVr h¡Ÿ& `h ì`{º$gaH$ma Ho$ Ûmam {Z`wº$ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& {ZJ_ Ho$ {H«$`mH$bmnm| _| ^mJ boH$a gyMZm Xo gH$Vmh¡Ÿ& _hm nm¡a Ho$ gmW ghH$m[aVm go ghH$ma {ZJ_ Ho$ {ZU©`m| H$mo nm[aV H$aZo _| _XXH$aVm h¡Ÿ&

Aä`mgI. [aº$ ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE:

1. àñVwV g_` H$s H$Zm©Q>H$ n§Mm`V amO g§{hVm H$mo Omar {H$`m hþAmdf©

___________

2. J«m_ (Jm±d) Ho$ g^r _VXmVm ^mJ boZodmbo J«m_ _§S>br H$mo ___________

H$hmOmVm h¡Ÿ&3. VmbwH$ n§Mm`V J«m_ n§Mm`V Ho$ AÜ`jm| H$m M`Z H$aVo dŠ`

__________

H$hm OmVm h¡¡Ÿ&4. {Obm n§Mm`V Ho$ à{V{XZ Ho$ àemgZ H$s XoI^mb H$aZo Ho$ {bE {Z`wº$

A{YH$mar H$mo ___________

H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

5. ~|Jbya H$mo {_bmH$a H$Zm©Q>H$ _| Hw$b ZJa {ZJ_m| H$s g§»`m __________

h¢Ÿ&

II. {ZåZ {b{IV àíZm| H$m g§{já _| CÎma {X{OEŸ:1. ñWmZr` ñd`§ gaH$ma Ho$ CÔoí` Š`m h¢ ?2. AnZo joÌ H$s ñWmZr` _§S>br H$s aMZm H¡$go H$s J`r h¡ ?

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3. AnZo ñWmZr` _§S>br Ho$ H$m`m] H$mo {b{IE ?

4. AmnHo$ ñWmZr` _§S>br Ho$ Am_XZr Ho$ _ybmYma Š`m Š`m h¡Ÿ?5. ñWmZr` g§ñWmAm| _| _VMbmZodmbo Am¡a _V Z MbmZo dmbo gXñ`m| H$s gyMr

~ZmBE ?6. ñWmZr` g§ñWmAm| _| ñWm`r g{_{V aMZm H$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Š`m h¡?7. ñWmZr` g§»`m _| Ama{jV ñWmZm| H$s gyMr Xr{OE?8. {H$VZr OZg§»`m Ho$ AmYma na ZJa Am¡a eha H$m dJuH$aU {H$`m

OmVm h¡?9. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| n§Mm`V amO Ho$ VrZ àH$ma H$m¡Z-go h¢ ?

III. gbhm à{H«$`m :1. AnZr nmR>embm _| ñWmZr` g§ñWm Ho$ AÜ`j H$m Am_§ÌU H$aHo$ àmXo{eH$

`moOZm Am¡a g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ ~mao _| MMm© H$s{OEŸ&2. Amn AnZr ñWmZr` g§»`m Ho$ gXñ` ~ZVo h¢ Vmo dhm± H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo

gwbPmZo H$m¡Z go _mJ© AnZm`|Jo?3. {ejH$m| H$s ghm`Vm go ZH$br ñWmZr` g§ñWm H$s ~¡R>H$ H$s{OEŸ&4. ñWmZr` g§ñWm Ho$ AmajU Ho$ ~mao _| MMm© H$s{OEŸ&

IV. `moOZm H$m`© :1. àmMrZ ^maV _| H$m`© H$aZo dmbo ñWmZr` g§ñWmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| AÜ``Z H$aHo$

{dMma g§J«h H$s{OEŸ&2. AnZo dmgñWmZ H$s g_rjm H$aHo$ gyMr V¡`ma H$s{OE {H$ dhm± H$m¡Z gr

g_ñ`m`o§ h¡ CZHo$ {bE Š`m _mJm}nmg h¢Ÿ?3. AnZo àXoe H$s g_rjm H$aHo$ gaH$ma Ho$ Ûmam XrOmZo dmbr gm¡bVm| H$m

bm^ Am¡a ZwH$gmZ Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IEŸ&4. ñWmZr` g§»`m Ho$ nm±M `m N>… gXñ`m| go _wbmH$mV H$aHo$ CZHo$ àXoem| _|

A{^d¥{Õ Ho$ {bE H$m¡Z-go _mJ© AnZm`o J`o h¡? g§J«h H$aHo$ n[a`moOZmV¡`ma H$s{OEŸ&

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g_mOemó (SOCIOLOGY)

AÜ`m`-1

_Zwî` Am¡a g_mO

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX BZ {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmá

H$a|JoŸ&

l _mZd g_mOOrdr H¡$go ~Zm BgHo$ ~mao _| g_P Ho$ZmŸ&l g_mOrH$aU _mZd ^mdZmAm| H$mo ì`º$ H$aZo Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$aZml àma§{^H$ g_mOemókm| H$m n[aM` àmá H$aZmŸ&

{díd Ho$ g^r Ord-OÝVwAm| _| go {g\©$ _Zwî` H$mo hr AnZo H$m nwam kmZ h¡Ÿ& Am¡a

do AnZo OrdZ Ho$ ApñVËd bú` Ho$ ~mao _| qMVZ ({dMma) H$aVo h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ H$maU

_Zwî` Ho$ _Z _| H$B© àíZ n¡Xm hþEŸ& BgHo$ H$maU _Zwî` Ho$ _Z _| H$B© àíZ n¡Xm hþEŸ&

_Zwî` EH$ gm_m{OH$ àmOr Š`m| h¡? _Zwî` ^JdmZ H$s g¥{ï> h¡ `m ^JdmZ hr _Zwî`

H$s g¥{ï> h¡? {d{^Þ g_wXm`m| Ho$ ~rM _| Ag_mZVm Š`m| h¡? {d{^Þ g_wXm`m| Ho$

~rM _| Ag_mZVm Š`m| h¡? g^r _Zwî`m| Am¡a g_wXm`m| H$mo EH$ gmW OmoS>Zo dmbr

eº$s H$m¡Z gr h¡? g_mO _| {Za§Va n[adV©Z AmZo H$m H$maU Š`m h¡? Eogo àíZm| Ho$

CÎma ‹Tz>§‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE Am¡a _mZd g_mO Ho$ H«$_~Õ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE d¡km{ZH$ {H {d{Y

H$m Cn`moJ H$aZo H$m à`ËZ EH$ gm¡ nMmg dfm] go nhbo hþAmŸ&

Eogo à`ËZm| Ho$ \$bñdê$n EH$ ZE AÜ``Z-emó H$m OÝ_ hþAmŸ& Am¡a Bgr

AÜ``Z emÌ H$m Zm_ h¡ g_mOemÌŸ& _mZd g_mO Ho$ ~mao _| d¡km{ZH$ ê$n go

AÜ``Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE àmUr g_mO Am¡a _mZd g_mO Ho$ ~rM Ho$ A§Va H$mo g_PZm

Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ&

_Zwî` ~mH$s àm{U`m| go {^Þ h¡Ÿ& gä`Vm Am¡a {dH$mg H$s Ñ{ï> go ~hþV AmJo

~‹T> MwH$m h¡Ÿ& _Zwî` EH$ g¥OZerb àmUr h¡Ÿ& BgHo$ AZoH$ H$maU h¢Ÿ& Bg_| go nhbm

H$maU h¡-BgHo$ hmW H$s CJ{b`m± ^r _Zwî` H$s Vah hmoVr h¢, na do CVZr ghm`H$

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Zhr hmoVtŸ& h_ {bIVo g_` AJa Ü`mZ X|, Vmo h_| h_mao A§JyR>o H$s à_wIVm g_P _|AmVr h¡Ÿ& Xygam H$maU h¡ CgH$m grYm I‹S>m hmo nmZmŸ& `h Cgo AnZo D$na AmZodmbo{H$gr ^r _wgr~V H$m gm_Zm H$aZo _| ghm`H$ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& {Vgam H$aU h¡, _Zwî` H$m_pñVîH$Ÿ& `h _pñVîH$ {dH$m{gV hmoVm ahVm h¡, BgHo$ g_P§Zo H$s e{º$ Am¡a{H«$`mem©bVm Ho$ H$maU hr AmO Ho$ g_mO H$s g¥{ï> hþB© h¡Ÿ& naÝVw àm{U`m| H$m OrdZHo$db Amhma ^` Am¡a gwI VH$ hr gr{_V h¡Ÿ&

_Zwî`-EH$ gmZm{OH$ àmUr

ì`{º$ Am¡a g_mO Ho$ ~rM H$m gå~ÝY A{ÛVr` h¡Ÿ& ì`{º$ Ho$ {~Zm g_mO Zhrh¡Ÿ& Am¡a g_mO Ho$ {~Zm ì`{º$ Zht h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE H$B© g_mOemókm| H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$_Zwî` g_mO H$s g¥{ï> h¡ Am¡a g_mO _Zwî` H$sŸ& h_ g~ EH$ jU Ho$ {bE Am±I ~§XH$aHo$ `h gmoM| {H$ Š`m _¢ AHo$bm AnZo Jm±d AWdm eha _| ah gH$Vm h±y? VT> g~H$moEH$ hr CÎma {_boJm- Am¡a dmo h¡- "Agå^d' h¡ ZmŸ? h_ g~Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bEg_mO H$m hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& Š`m| {H$ _Zwî` Ho$ ApñVËd Ho$ {bE gm_m{OH$ gå~ÝYm|H$m H$m hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& Bgr{bE _mZd g_mO H$mo gm_m{OH$ gå~§Ym| H$m OmbH$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE _Zwî` H$mo gm_m{OH$ àm{U H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&

g_mOrH$aU (Socialization)

AJa h_| g_mO H$m gXñ` ~ZZm h¡, Vmo h_| g_mO _| hr ahZm hmoJmŸ& AJah_ g_mO _| Zht ahVo, Vmo h_ `hm± H$s ^mfm, {dÚm, Iob, gmoM Am¡a X¡{hH$ ^mfmZht grI nmVo, Omo h_Zo grIr h¡Ÿ& `h g~ grIZo H$s Bg {H«$`m H$mo g_mOrH$aUH$hVo h¡Ÿ& h_mam n[adma, {dÚmb`, XmoñV Am¡a g§Mma _mÜ`_ BË`m{X h_mao g_mOrH$aU_| ghm`H$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& n[adma h_| Amha {ejm ajm Am¡a nmbZ - nmofU H$s gw{dYmE±CnbãY H$amVm h¡Ÿ& _mVm -{nVm h_| _mZ{gH$ Am¡a X¡{hH$ ê$n go Amamo½` ~ZZo _|ghm`Vm H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

{dÚmb` h_| Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejm àXmZ H$aVm h¡Ÿ& {_Ìm| Ho$ gmW ahH$a h_ Xygam|H$m gh`moJ H$aZm Am¡a EH$ gmW ahZm grIVo h¢Ÿ& g§Mma _mÜ`_ h_| Xw{Z`m-^a H$s

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OmZH$mar àXmZ H$aVo h¢, Am¡a Bg_| {_b-OwbH$a ahZm {gImVo h¢Ÿ& Bg Vah g^r Ho$gh`moJ g| _Zwî` g_mO _| EH$ g\$b OrdZ Or nmVm h¡Ÿ&

_mZd Ho$ _mZd ~ZZo _| gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU H$s Amdí`H$Vm

AJa _Zwî` gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU _| Z nbo-~‹T>o, Vmo dh _mZdr` JwUm| H$mo ZhtgrI nmVmŸ& gm_mO Am¡a g_yh go Xya ahH$a EH$ ì`{º$ H$m gm_mOrH$aU Zhr JmogH$VmŸ& Bg ~mV Ho$ g_W©Z Ho$ {bE Bg CXmhaU H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

H$_bm Zm_H$ EH$ bS>H$s 1920 _| {_X²Zmnwa _| nmB© JB© WrŸ& CgZo 9 gmb O§Jb_| OmZdam| Ho$ gmW {~VmE WoŸ& dh EH$ OmZdma H$s Vah Mmam| n¡am| na MbVr Wr Am¡aH$ƒm _m±g ImVr WrŸ& ~mX _|, _Zwî`m| Ho$ gmW ahVo hþE CgZo nH$m hþAm ImZm ImZm,~mobZm Am¡a ~mH$s ~ƒm| H$s Vah ì`dhma H$aZm grImŸ& nhbo Cgo AnZo ñd^md Ho$dmao _| kmZ Zht WmŸ& Bg CXmhaU go `h nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ AJa _mZd g_mO _| Zmaho Vmo dh ~mH$s àm{U`m| H$s Vah ~Z OmVm h¡Ÿ&

_Zwî` Am¡a ^mfmŸ

h_ AnZr ^mdZmE± H¡$go ì`º$ H$aVo h¢? h_ yI, ß`mg, ZtX, XwI Am¡a IwerH$mo AnZo X¡{hH$ g§Ho$Vm| go ì`º$ H$a gH$V| h¢Ÿ& na h_ AnZr g^r ^mdZmAm| H$mog§Ho$Vm| Ûmam ì`º$ Zht H$a gH$VoŸ& Eogo g§X^m] _| ^mfm A{ZdmB© hmo OmVr h¡Ÿ&

O~ h_ ~mV H$aVo h¢, h_ _mVm, {nVm, ^mB© ~hZ, MmMm, MmMr BË`m{XeãXm| H$m à`moJ H$aVo h¢Ÿ& ^mB© Am¡a ~hZ Wo eãX AnZo ghmoXam| Ho$ {bE Cn`moJ H$aVoh¡Ÿ& Bg{bE {H$gr ^r g§~§Y Am¡a ^mdZm H$mo {Z{X©ï> ê$n go g_PZo Ho$ {bE ^mfmAmdí`H$ h¢Ÿ&

^mfm _mZd g_mO H$m An¥WH$ A§J h¡Ÿ& Oam gmo{ME ^mfm Ho$ {~Zm OrdZ H¡$gmhmoVmŸ& Zm Vmo {H$Vm~|, {dÚmb`, g§Mma _mÜ`_ Am¡a Zm hr ZmJ[aH$Vm hmoVrŸ& _mZdg_mO ^r {~bHw$b àmUr g_mO H$s aVh hmoVmŸ& Bg{bE g_mOemÌ _| g_mO H$mAÜ``Z H$aVo g_` ^mfm H$mo g_mO H$m EH$ ~hþV à_wI A§J _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ&

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Amapå^H$ g_mOemók

Omo ì`{º$ g_mO, g§ñH¥${V, ì`dhma, gå_m{OH$ g§~§Y BË`m{X Ho$ ~mao _| AÜ`m`ZH$aVo h¢Ÿ& CÝho g_mOemók H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Eogo Hw$N> g_mOemókm| Ho$ ~mao _o OmZVo h¡§{OÝhm|Zo g_mOemó H$mo {dH$m{gV {H$`mŸ&

do ì`{º$ h¢ {OÝhmoZo g_mO Ho$ d¡k{ZH$ AÜ``Z H$mog_mOemók H$m Zm_ {X`mŸ& Bg{bE CÝh| g_mOemóHo$ {nVm_h H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& h~©Q>© ñn|ga 19 dt eVmpãX Ho${~«{Q>e g_mOemók WoŸ& CÝhmoZo g_mO Ho$ {dH$mg H$mAÜ``Z {H$`mŸ&

\«|$M g_mOemók E{_br S>{H©$_ 19 dt eVmãXr Ho$A§V Am¡a 20 dt eVmãXt Ho$ ewédmV _| WrŸ& CÝhm|Zog_mOemó H$mo EH$ {dkmZ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE ~hþV l_{H$`mŸ& _¡Šg do~a EH$ O_©Z g_mO emók WoŸ& doA`©emó Xe©Zemó Am¡a B{Vhmg Ho$ {dÛmZ WoŸ&Zm¡H$aemhr Am¡a H«¡$ñV Y_© Ho$ ~ma _| CÝhmoZo g_mOemór`AÜ``Z {H$`mŸ&

H$m±b© _mŠg© EH$ O_©Z Xe©Zemók WoŸ& do B{Vhmg, AW©emó, Xe©Zemó Am¡aBgmB© Y_© Ho$ _hmZ kmZr WoŸ& CÝhmoZo g_mOemó H$s ì`m{á H$mo ~‹T>m`mŸ&

^maV _| _wå~B© {díd{dÚmb` _o gZ² 1914 _| {~«{Q>em| Zo g_mOemó H$mo nhbr~ma àñVm{dV {H$`mŸ&

^maV Ho$ à_wI g_mOemók h¡ Or.E_. Kw[aE, E_.EZ. lr{Zdmg,E.Ama.XogmB©, BamdVr H$ado Eg.gr.Xw~o BË`{XŸ&

Am°JñQ>o H$moåQ>o

H$m±b© _mŠg©

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Aä`mg

I. C{MV eãXm| H$m à`moJ H$aHo$ Imbr ñWmZ ^[aEŸ:

1. _Zwî` EH$ ___________________

àmUr h¡&

2. Am¡nMm[aH$ {ejU h_o ___________________

_| {_bVm h¡Ÿ&

3. g_mOemó Ho$ {nVm_h ___________________

h¡&

4. _mZd H$mo _mZd ~ZZo Ho$ {bE ___________________

Amdí`H$ h¢Ÿ&

5. _Zwî` AnZr ^mdZmAm| H$m| ___________________

Ho$ Ûmam ì`º$ H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

II. ZrMo {XE JE àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE:

1. _Zwî` EH$ g_m{OH$ àmUr h¡§ H¡$go?

2. gm_mOrH$aU Š`m h¡Ÿ?

3. {_X²Zmnwa _| {_br H$_bm H¡$gr Wr?

4. Hw$N> àma§{^H$ g_mOemókm| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IEŸ&

III. ZrMo {XE JE àíZm| Ho$ CÎma VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| {b{IE:1. _Zwî` EH$ gm_m{OH$ àmUr h¡ ì`m»`m H$s{OEŸ&2. _Zwî` Am¡a ^mfm Ho$ gå~ÝY H$s ì`m»`m H$s{OEŸ&3. _mZd g_mO Am¡a àmUr g_mO H$s ~rM _| Š`m A§Va h¡?4. g_mOemó _| {H$gH$m AÜ``Z H$aVo h¡?

IV. {H«$`mH$bmn :1. g_mOemókm| Ho$ {MÌ BH$Æ>m H$s{OEŸ&

_¡Šg do~a E{_{b S>{H©$_h~©Q>> ñnoÝga

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AÜ`m`-2

_Zwî` Am¡a g§ñH¥${V

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX BZ {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmá

H$a|JoŸ&

l ññH¥${V Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$aZmŸ&l gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d{^ÞVm Am¡a AmMma-{dMmam| Ho$ ~mao _| {díbofU H$aZmŸ&

hm_mao X¡{ZH$ g§ mfU _| g§ñH¥${V eãX CÎm_ ì`dhma AmMma-{dMma, ê$‹T>r -g§åàXm`m| H$mo gy{MV H$aVm h¢Ÿ& A~ XoIVo h¡§ g_mOemó _| Bg eãX H$m Cn`moJ H¡$gohmoVm h¡Ÿ&

g§ñH¥${V `g eãX H$mo B§p½bf ^mfm _| "H$ëMa' Ho$ Zm_ go OZ{à` h¡Ÿ& {OgH$m_Vb~ h¡ H¥${f H$aZmŸ& {d{^Þ g_mOemókm| Zo "g§ñH¥${V' eãX H$mo {d{^Þ ê$n gon[a^m{fV {H$`m h¡Ÿ& g§ñH¥${V EH$ O{Q>b ì`dñWm h¡ {OgH$m g§å~ÝY kmZ, H$bm,Z¡{VH$Vm, H$mZyZ, àWm, gm_Ï`© Am¡a à{V^m go h¡, {OÝh| h_ g_mO Ho$ gXñ`~ZH$a grIVo h¢Ÿ& g§{já _| H$hm OmE, Vmo h_ Omo ^r h¡§, dht h_mar g§ñH¥${V h¡Ÿ&

g§ñH¥${V {H$gr ^r g_mO H$s ^m¡Jmo{bH$ aMZm, naånam Am¡a Amdí`H$Vm| goà^m{dV hmoVr h¡Ÿ& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ h_ {H$gr ^r g§ñH¥${V H$mo AÀN>m `m ~wam ZhtH$h gH$VoŸ& g§ñH¥${V EH$ nr‹T>r go Xygar nr‹T>r H$mo hñVm±V[aV hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Omo ^mfm h_ZogrIr h¡ dh h_| AnZo ~wOwJmoª go {_br h¡Ÿ& g§ñH¥${V {Za§Va ê$n go ~XbVr ahVr h¡Ÿ&àWmE± g_` Ho$ gmW ~XbmVr ahVr h¢Ÿ& O¡gm {H$ AmnH$mo ^r _mby_ h¡ {nN>bo Xggmbm| _| bmoJm| Ho$ H$n‹S>o nhZZo, Ho$e-{dÝ`mg, ImZ-nmZ BZ g~ _| ~hþV ~XbmdAm`m h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE EH$ g_mO H$s g§ñH¥${V Xygao g_mO H$s g§ñH¥${V go AbJ hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

gm±ñH¥${VH$ {d{dYVm

_mZ bmo {H$ h_ H$Zm©Q>H$ H$s amOYmZr ~|Jbya H$s EH$ gwà{gÕ g‹S>H$ na Mb ah|h¡Ÿ& h_| dhm± {d{^Þ ê$n Ho$ H$nS>m| _|, {d{^Þ Om{V`m| Ho$ bmoJ {^Þ-{^Þ ^mfmAm|

_| ~mV-MrV H$aVo hþE {XI|JoŸ&

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137

{d{^Þ g_mOm| _| EH$ Vah H$s g§ñH¥${V Zhr§ hmo gH$VrŸ& {d{^Þ Y_m] Am¡aOrdZ-e¡br Ho$ bmoJm| H$s g§ñH¥${V ^r {^Þ-{^Þ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& h_ Bgo d¡{dÜ` g§ñH¥${VHhVo h¡Ÿ& H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ ^maV H$s g§ñH¥${V _| {d{dYVm _| EH$Vm nmB© OmVr h¡?

g§ñH¥${V`m± AbJ-AbJ hmo§, Vmo ^r dh EH$ Xygao H$mo ~hþV à^m{dV H$a gH$Vrh¡Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE, Am¡aV| Omo My{S>Xma nhZVr h¡Ÿ& dh h_| _wJbm| go {_bm h¡Ÿ& Eogrhr Omo ß`mÝQ>-eQ>© (H$_rO) bmoJ nhZmVo h¢ Am¡a A§J«oOr Omo h_ ~mobVo h¢, dh h_|{~«{Q>emo§ go {_br h¡Ÿ& h_| ^maV _| {d{dÜVmnyU© g§ñH¥${V XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡ {Og_|{d{^Þ àH$ma H$s (Y_©) OZOm{V`m±, hOmam| Vah H$s Om{V`m±, H$B© àH$ma H$s^mfmE± nmB© OmVr h¢Ÿ&

àWm Am¡a nan§am

g§ñH¥${V Š`m h¡ Am¡a {H$VZr d¡drÜ`nyU© hmo gH$Vr h¡ `h OmZZo Ho$ ~mX M{bEXoIVo h¡ {H$ g§ñH¥${V ~ZVr {H$ggo h¡Ÿ? g§ñH¥${V bmoJm| Ho$ {dídmg Z¡{VH$ _yë`,{Z`_, gm_m{OH$ {admOm| Am¡a AmMma-{dMma go ~ZVr h¡Ÿ& BÝho h_ àWmE± Am¡ana§namE± H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

ñdV§ÌVm, gƒr {_ÌVm, g\$mB©, {dZ_«Vm, Xoeào_, BË`m{X Z¡{VH$ _yë` h¢Ÿ&g_mO ì`{º$ go {Og Vah Ho$ ì`dhma H$s Anojm H$aVm h¡ do, hr Z¡{VH$ _yë` h¡Ÿ§Ÿ&Z¡{VH$ _yë` h_| `h g_PZo _o ghm`Vm H$aVo h¢ {H$ ha g§ñH¥${V _§o AÀN>m Š`m h¡ Am¡a~wam Š`m h¡Ÿ&

BZ {Z`_mo§ Ho$ {bE nwaH$ ar{V {admμO Am¡a Zm¡{VH$ {Z`_ hmoV| h¢Ÿ& o ar{V [admμOEogo {H«$`mH$bmn h¢ {OÝh| h_ AnZo X¡{ZH$ OrdZ _| ~ma-~ma H$aVo h¢Ÿ& O¡go {H$ ImZmImZm, gmoZm, A{^dmXZ H$aZm, Am{X {H«$`mAm| H$mo h_ {~Zm Á`mXm gmoMo hr [admμOHo$ Vm¡a na H$aVo OmVo h¢Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE, {dÚmb` _| Amn AnZo {ejH$ go amoμO `hZht nyN>Vo h¢ {H$ AmnH$mo ImZm ImZo Ho$ {bE H¡$go ~¡R>Zm h¡ AWdm H$jm _| H¡$go

~¡R>Zm h¡ŸAWdm H$jm _| H¡$go ~¡R>Zm h¡Ÿ& BZ g~ {H«$`mAm| H$m Aä`mg h_| {admμOm| go

hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

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Aä`mg

I. C{MV eãXm| H$m à`moJ H$aHo$ Imbr ñWmZ ^[aEŸ:

1. g§ñH¥${V H$m _Vb~ h¡$ ___________________

H$aZmŸ&

2. ar{V [admμO Eogr {H«$`mE§ h¡ {OÝh| h_ AnZo ___________________

_| ~ma-~ma

H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

3. ^maV _| h_| ___________________

_o EH$Vm {XImB© XoVr h¡Ÿ&

II. ZrMo {XE JE àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE:

1. g§ñH¥${V Š`m h¡Ÿ?

2. AnZo Amg-nmg Ho$ n`m©daU _| nmB© OmZo dmbr g§ñH¥${VH$ {d{dYVm H$m

CXmhaU Xr{OEŸ&

3. àWmE§ Am¡a na§namE§ Š`m h¡§?

4. àWmAm| Am¡a na§namAm| Ho$ CXmhaU Xr{OEŸ&

III. ZrMo {XE JE àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| Xr{OE:

1. ar{V [admμO Š`m h¡Ÿ§ ? EH$ CXmhaU Xr{OEŸ&

2. g§ñH¥${VH$ {d{dYVm Š`m h¡? EH$ CXmhaU Xr{OEŸ&

3. g§ñH¥${V Ho$ {d{^Þ nhby H$m¡Z go h¢? ì`m»`m Xr{OEŸ&

IV. {H«$`mH$bmn :1. AnZo Jm±d `m eha _| hmoZo dmbo _obm| Ho$ ~mao _| AnZo ~OwJm] go OmZH$mar

hm{gb H$s{OEŸ&

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AÜ`m`-3

g_m{OH$ _ob-{_bmn Am¡a X¡{ZH$ OrdZ

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX BZ {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmá

H$a|JoŸ&

l à{V{XZ Ho$ gm_m{OH$ _ob {_bmnm| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$aZmŸ&l gm_m{OH$ OrdZ _| ì`{º$ H$m CÎmaXm{_Ë` Am¡a H$V©ì`m| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar

boZmŸ&

X¡{ZH$ OrdZ

Am¡aVm| Ho$ ~mao _| H$B© bmoJm| H$m `h _mZZm h¡ {H$ Am¡aVmo H$mo Á`mXm kmZ Zht

hmoVmŸ& `h {Q>ßnUr CZH$s `h gmoM {XImVm h¡ {H$ _{hbmE± nwéfm| go H$_μOmoa hmoVr h¢

Am¡a CÝh| Cno{jV {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& naÝVw Eogr ~mV| Ho$db {~Zm gmoMo-g_Po H$hr JB©

nwdm©J«{hV ~mVo§ hmoVr h¢ Am¡a _{hbmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| A{YH$ kmZ àXmZ Zht H$aVrŸ&

D$na {XE JE CXmhaU go `h ñnï> hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ gm_mÝ` kmZ h_mao X¡{ZH$

OrdZ _o ghm`H$ hmoVm h¡, naÝVw H$B© _w»` àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Zht XoVm Eogr pñW{V _|

g_mOemó h_mar ghm`Vm H$aVm h¡Ÿ& _{hbmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| AÜ``Z H$aHo$ d¡km{ZH$

ê$n go `h gm{~V H$a gH$Vo h¢ {H$ _{hbmE± ^r nwéfm| {OZZr hr e{º$embr Am¡a

g_W© hmoVr h¢Ÿ&

D$na {XE JE ñnï>rH$aU go `h nVm MbVm h¡ g_mOemó h_| AnZo X¡{ZH$

OrdZ Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ ghr OmZH$mar CnmobãY H$amVm h¡Ÿ& {H$gr ^r {df` H$mo

{~Zm {H$gr nydm©J«h Ho$ AÜ``Z H$VZo go ghm`H$ hmoVm h¢Ÿ&

g_m{OH$ _ob-Am§{JH$ _| X¡{ZH$ ^mfm Am¡a dmVm©bmn

h_ AnZo X¡{ZH$ OrdZ _| H$B© bmoJm| go _ob-{_bmn H$aVo h¢Ÿ& Bg à{H«$`m H$mo

h_ gm_m{OH$ _ob-{_bmn H$hVo h¢Ÿ& gm_m{OH$ _ob-{_bmn _| Xmo go A{YH$ ì`{º$

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^mfm Am¡a g§Ho$V Ûmam Amng _| gyMZmAm|, {dMmam| H$m AmXmZ- àmXmZ H$aVo h¡§ Am¡a

EH$ Xygao Ho$ ì`dhma Am¡a gmoM-{dMma H$mo à^m{dV H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

h_ {dMmam| Ho$ AmXmZ-àXmZ Ho$ {~Zm AnZo X¡{ZH$ OrdZ Zht Or gH$VoŸ& h_

H$m¡Z-gr ^mfm go ~mV H$aVo h¢ `h h_ H$m¡Z go joÌ (àXoe) _o ahVo h¢, Bgna {Z ©a

H$aVm h¡Ÿ& h_ AnZo gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaU Ho$ AZwgma ^mfm grIVo h¢, AÝ`Wm dhm±

OrdZ {~VmZm H${R>Z hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r AnZr Amdí`H$VmAm| H$mo nyU© H$aZo

Ho$ {bE h_ AbJ Vah Ho$ {dMmam| Ho$ AmXmZ-àXmZ H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h¡Ÿ& AJa h_

^mfm Zhr OmZVo h_ dhm± Ho$ bmoJm| go ~mVMrV Zhr H$a nmVo? Eogo g§X^m] _| h_

AnZr ^mdZmAm| H$mo X¡{hH$ ^mfm AWdm Mohao Ho$ hmd-^md go A{^ì`º$ H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

nmÌ àk

AmnZo {H$gr hñnVmb _| S>m°ŠQ>a Am¡a Zgm] H$mo XoH$m hmoJmŸ& AmnH$m narjU

H$aZo Ho$ níMmV S>m°ŠQ>a AmnH$mo Oê$ar XdmB`m± Am¡a {M{H$Ëgm ~VmVm h¢Ÿ& S>m°ŠQ>a H$s

gyMZm Ho$ AZwgma Zg© amoJr H$mo Am¡fYr XoVr h¡ Am¡a CgH$s XoI^mb H$aVr h¡Ÿ& Bgr

àH$ma O~ {ejH$ H$jm _| AmVm h¡, dh AmnH$mo H$B© gdmb (àíZ) nyN>Vm h¡Ÿ& BZ

àíZm| Ho$ Ûmam dh `h nVm H$aVm {df` go gå~pÝYV àíZ nyN>Vo h¢ Omo AmnH$mo g_P

_| Zhr AmE Am¡a CZHo$ CÎma nmVo h¢Ÿ&

naÝVw Amn hñnVmb OmH$a AnZo nmR> go gå~§{YV àíZ S>mŠQ>a go Zht nyN>Vo

AWdm AnZo {ejH$ go AnZr ~r_mar Ho$ ~mao _| àíZ Zht H$aVo Zm hr CZgo XdmB`m±

nyN>Vo h¢Ÿ& Amn Eogm Š`m| H$aVo h¢? Š`m|{H$ h_ S>m°ŠQ>a go Anojm H$aVo h¢ {H$ dh h_mao

ñdmñÏ` H$s narjm H$ao, {ejH$ h_| nmR> n‹T>mE Am¡a Zg© h_mar XoI^mb H$aoŸ& h_ BZ

H$V©ì`m| H$mo H$^r AñV-ì`ñV Zht H$aVoŸ& ha ì`{º$ H$m AnZo y{_H$m H$mo ghr Vah

go {Z^mZo H$mo hr nmÌ àkm H$hVo h¡§Ÿ&

h_ h_mao n[adma _| ^r H$B© y{_H$mE± {Z^mV| h¢ O¡go {H$ ^mB©-~hZ, _mVm-

{nVm, XmXm-XmXr, BË`m{XŸ&

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Aä`mg

I. Imbr ñWmZ ^amoŸŸ:

1. h_ AnZr ^mdZmAm| H$mo$ ___________________

Ûmam A{^ì`º$ H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

2. gm_mOemó h_| ha {df` H$mo {~Zm {H$gr ___________________

Ho$ AÜ``Z

H$aZo _| ghm`Vm H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

3. gm_m{OH$ _ob-{_bmn ___________________

h¡Ÿ&

II. ZrMo {XE JE àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :

1. X¡{ZH$ OrdZ _| g_mO H$mo g_PZo _| g_mOemó h_| H¡$go ghm`Vm H$aVm

h¡Ÿ?

2. ^mfm Ho$ _hËd H$mo ~VmZo Ho$ {bE CXmhaU Xr{OEŸ&

3. nmÌ-àkm Š`m h¡?

III. ZrMo {XE JE àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| Xr{OE:

1. ^mfm Am¡a g_mO Ho$ gå~ÝY H$m {ddaU Xr{OEŸ&

2. nmÌ-àkm H$mo EH$ CXmhaU Ho$ gmW ß`m»`m H$s{OEŸ&

IV. {H«$`mH$bmn:1. AnZo Ka _| AmnH$s ^mB©/~hZ AWdm ~oQ>m/~oQ>r H$s y{_H$m Ho$ ~mao _|

à~§Y {b{IEŸ&

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AÜ`m`-4g_mO Ho$ àH$ma

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX BZ {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmáH$a|JoŸ&● g_mO Ho$ {d{dY ñVam| H$m n[aM` nmZmŸ&● g_mO Ho$ {d{^Þ àH$ma CZHo$ JwU-bjUm| Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZmŸ&

h_| ha OJh EH$ hr Vah H$m g_mO Zht {XImVmŸ& OrdZe¡br, g§ñH¥${V,arVr-[admO Am¡a na§namE±, CÚmoJ, BË`m{X O¡go {d{^Þ nhby EH$ OJh go Xygao OJhna {^Þ hmV h¡Ÿ& newnmbH$ g_wXm` Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo h_ A^m© ^r {eH$ma H$aHo$ Am¡aH§$X, O‹S>-_y{bH$mE± Am{X BH$Æ>m H$aHo$ OrdZ MbmVo hþE XoI gH$Vo h¡Ÿ& Bgr VahO~ h_ J«m_rU àXoem| _o§ OmVo h¢, dhm± Ag§»` ^o‹S>-~H$[a`m±, J`m, Xygao nmbVyOmZda Am¡a h_mar ZOoa§ Ohm± VH$ Om gH$Vt h¢ dhm± VH$ hao-^ao bhbhmVo IoV-I{bhmZ XoI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& h_ dhm± Kam| Ho$ Pw§S>, AHo$bo Ka, hb bo OmVo hþE {H$gmZmoH$mo, Hw$Am| go K‹S>m| (_Q>H$m|) _| nmZr ^aVr _{hbmAm| H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

dht ~|Jbyé, hþã~{ëb _wå~B© Am¡a Xohbr O¡go ZJam| _| dmhZm| go ^ar g‹S>H|$ Kmoago ^ar ^rS>-^mS>, {demb CnZJa Am¡a ~pñV`m± XoIVo h¢Ÿ& h_ dhm± {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$doe-^yfm nhZo bmoJm| H$mo, H$mb YwAm± CJbVr hþE H$mIm©Zm| H$mo, D§$Mr-D$§Mr B_maVm|H$mo, {díd{dÚmb` Am¡a ~S>o-~S>o AñnVmbm| H$mo ^r XoIVo h¢Ÿ&

BgH$m _Vb~ h¡ {H$ g_mO ha OJh EH$-gm Zht hmoVmŸ& {d{^Þ àXoem| _|{^Þ-{^Þ ê$n _o nmB© OmVr h¡Ÿ& (Bg{bE h_ g_mO H$mo {d{^Þ àH$mam| _o dJuH¥$VH$aVo h¢ Am¡a do h¢?

1. {eH$ma Am¡a ^moOZ BH$Q²>R>m H$aZo dmbm g_mO2. new-nmbZ g_mO3. H¥${f H$aZo dmbm g_mO4. Am¡Úmo{JH$ (CÚmoJm| _| à`wº$) g_mO

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{eH$ma H$aZo Am¡a ^moOZ BH$Q²>R>m H$aZo dmbm g_mO

`h g^r _mZd g_mOm| _| AË`ÝV gab g_mO h¡Ÿ& `h g_mO ~hþV N>moQ>m hmoVmh¡, Bg_| Ho$db Hw$N> hr bm|J hmoVo h¢ Am¡a ImZ~Xmoe OrdZe¡br H$mo AnZmVo h¢Ÿ& do {OZemóm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢, do h¢-nËWa go T>Zr Hw$ëhm‹S>r, ^mbm, H$Q>ma, BË`m{XŸ& AnZoApñVËd H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ {bE o bmoJ O§Jbr OmZdmam| H$m {eH$ma H$aVo h¢Ÿ& do \$b, ~rO,OS>-_y{bH$mE§ Am¡a O§Jb _| CJr gpãO`m± ^r BH$Q²>R>m H$aVo h¢Ÿ& CZ_| n¡go H$_mZo H$sBÀN>Ÿ& Zht hmoVrŸ& do Xygam| Ho$ gmW ha MrO ~m±Q>H$a OrdZ OrVo h¢Ÿ&

Bg g_mO Ho$ bjU :

1. `h g_mO ~hþV N>moQ>o Am¡a {~Iao hþE bmoJm| Ho$ Pw§S>m| go ~ZVm h¡Ÿ& Bg_|H$^r ^r 40-50 go Á`mXm bmoJ Zht JmoVoŸ&

2. Š`m|{H$ `h g_mO EH$ OJh go Xygao OJh na OmVm ahVm h¡, BgHo$ bmoJEH$ OJh na CnbãY ImZm IË_ hmoZo na, CgH$s Vbme _| EH$ ZB© OJhMbo OmVo h¢Ÿ&

3. Bg g_mO Ho$ bmoJ n¡go H$_mZo H$s BÀN>m Zht aIVoŸ& CZHo$ g_mO _| YZ-gån{Îm H$s n[aH$ënZm hr Zht hmoVrŸ&

4. BZH$m n[adma hr BZHo$ {bE g~ Hw$N> hmoVm h¡Ÿ& CZH$m nyam g_mO hrAmng _| gå~ÝYm| go Ow‹S>m hmoVm h¡Ÿ& CZH$m H$moB© {ZOr ì`{º$Ëd Zht hmoVmŸ&Bg g_mO _| Ho$db n[adma {ZOr ì`{º$Ëd Zht hmoVmŸ& Bg g_mO _| Ho$dbn[adma Am¡a gå~ÝY hr Amng§ _| g§~{YV g§ñWmE± hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

5. Bg g_mO _| H$moB© amOH$s` g§ñWmZ Zm hmoVo H$s dOh go, `hm± H$moB© emgH$`m àOm O¡gm {d^mOZ Zht hmoVmŸ&

new-nmbZ H$aZo dmbm g_mO

dh g_mO Omo AnZr Or{dH$m Ho$ {bE newAm| Ho$ Pw§S> H$mo nmbVm h¡, new-nmbZmg_mO H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& `hm± bmoJ AnZr Oê$aVm| H$m nyam H$aZo Ho$ {bE {eH$ma,

new-nmbZ, ^moOZ BH$Q²>R>m H$aZm Am¡a Hw$N> \$gbm| H$s H¥${f H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

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h_ AmO ^r A\«$sH$m Ho$ Hw$N> ^mJm| _| Am¡a H|$Ðr` E{e`m _| new-nmbZmg_mOm| H$mo XoI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

Bg g_mO Ho$ bjU

1. o g_mO H$m\$s T>‹S>o hmoVo h¢ Am¡a Hw$N>-gm¡ go hμOmam| bmoJm| go ~Zo hmoVo h¢Ÿ&CXmhaU Ho$ {bEŸ& ~p»V`mar g_wXm` _| AmO ^r 5000 go 1,50,000bmoJ h¢Ÿ&

2. Eogo g_mO Á`mXmVa Kmg-\y$g dmbo àXoem| _|, nhm‹S>, nhm‹S>r àXoem| _|,aoJrñVmZ _|, Am¡a H¥${f Ho$ {bE à{VHy$b OJhm| na nmE OmVo h¢Ÿ& `hrH$maU h¡ {H$ BZH$m _w»` ì`dgm` new-nmbZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

3. Bg g_mO _|, {OgHo$ nmg Á`mXm ngw hmoVo h¢, dh Xygamo go A{YH$ à^mdembrhmoVm h¡Ÿ& Cgo YZdmZ _mZm OmVm h¡ Am¡a dh Cg g_yh H$m _w{I`m ~ZOmVm h¡Ÿ& O¡go-O¡go YZdmZ n[adma Am¡a CÞ{V H$aVo h¢, do Cg g_mO _|ZoV¥Ëd (ZoVm àd¥{Îm) H$mo OÝ_ XoVo h¢Ÿ& `h g_mO _| Ag_mZVm H$mo OÝ_XoVm h¢Ÿ&

H¥${f H$aZo dmbm g_mO (H¥$fH$ g_mO)

H¥$fH$ g_mO Ho$ bmoJ {demb ^y{_ na IoVr-~m‹S>r H$aVo h¢Ÿ& bmoJ ^y{_ H$sOwJmB© H$aZo H$ {bE newAm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

Bg g_mO Ho$ bjU

1. {H«$.ny. 3000 _| hb Ho$ A{dîH$ma go "H¥${f H«$mpÝV' H$m Amaå^ hþAmŸ& BggoAmhma H$m CËnmXZ ^r ~m‹T> J`mŸ& Amhma H$m CËnmXZ Am¡a ^r Á`mXm ~‹T>J`m, O~ newAm| H$mo hb OmoVZo Ho$ {bE BñVo_mb {H$`m OmZo bJmŸ&

2. H¥$fH$ g_mO H$m _w»` ì`dgm` H¥${f (IoVr-~m‹S>r) h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE bmoJ EH$hr ñWmZ na ahZo bJoŸ& Bg Vah, bmoJm| Ho$ EH$ ñWmZ na ñWm`r ê$n go ~g

OmZo go J«m_m| H$m {dH$mg hþAmŸ&

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3. IoVm| _| A{YH$ Amhma CámXZ H$aZm g§ d hmoZo Ho$ H$maU, A~ nyam {XZ

g^r bm|Jm| H$m IoVm| na H$m_ H$aZm A{Zdm © Zht WmŸ& Bg{bE A{YH$Va

bmoJm| Zo AnZo AmnH$m| Xygao J[a{d{Y`m| _| Ë`ñV H$a {b`mŸ& Bg Vah {d{^Þ

ì`dgm`m| H$m OÝ_ hþAmŸ& BgHo$ \$bñVê$n ZJam| H$m OÝ_ hþAm Am¡a CZH$s

OZg§»`m ^r H$m\$s ~‹T> JB©Ÿ&

Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mO

{dkmZ Am¡a V§ÌkmZ H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ {d{^Þ CËnmXm| H$mo V¡`ma H$aZo dmbo

H$maImZm| na ({Z ©a) Adb§{~V ahZo dmbo g_mO H$mo Am¡ÚmoJrH$ g_mO H$aho h¢Ÿ&

Bg g_mO Ho$ bjU

1. ZE-ZE Am{dîH$mam| Zo g_mO H$mo nyas Vah ~Xb {X`m-^mn go MbZo dmbo

B§OZ, Am§V[aH$-XhZ B§OZ, {dÚwV e{º$, AUw e{º$ BË`m{X ~hþ ì`mnH$

gm_m{OH$ Am¡a Am[W©H$ ~Xbmd bm MwHo$ h¢ Am¡a bm aho h¢Ÿ&

2. ~hþV gmao bmoJ H$m_ H$s Vbme _| ZJam| _| AmVo h¢ Ohm± H$B© gmao H$mIm©Zo

ñWm{nV hmoVo h¢Ÿ& Bg{bE ZJam| H$s OZg§»`m ~‹T> OmVr h¡Ÿ&

3. H$mIm©Zm| H$mo MbmZo Ho$ {bE l_ H$m {d^mOZ H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& l_ H$m

{d^mOZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$_©Mm[a`mo§ H$s Hw$ebVm Ho$ AmYma na H$m_ H$m

{d^mOZ {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mO _| h_ ha joÌ _| l_ H$m

{d^mOZ XoIVo h¢Ÿ&

Aä`mg

I. C{MV eãXm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ Imbr ñWmZ ^am|Ÿ&

1. {eH$mar g_mO Ho$ gXñ` ___________________

eóm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

2. H¥$fH$ g_mO _| y{_ H$s OwVmB© H$aZo Ho$ {bE ___________________

H$m Cn`moJ

H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

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3. Hw$ebVm Ho$ AZwgma H$m_ H$mo {d^m{OV H$aZo H$mo __________________

H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

II. ZrMo {XE JE àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :

1. nwam-nmbH$ g_mO H$m Š`m _Vb~ h¡?

2. H¥$fH$-g_mO {H$go H$hVo h¢?

3. Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mO {H$go H$hVo h¢?

4. g_mO Ho$ àH$ma H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¢?

III. ZrMo {XE JE àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Mma-nm±M dmŠ`m| _| {b{IEŸ:

1. {eH$ma H$aZo Am¡a ^moOZ BH$Q²>R>m H$aZo dmbo g_mO H$s OrdZe¡br H$s

ì`m»`m H$s{OEŸ&

2. new-nmbH$ g_mO Ho$ bjU ~VmBEŸ&

3. Hw$fH$-g_mO Ho$ bjUm| H$s ì`m»`m H$s{OEŸ&

4. Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mO Ho$ bjUm| H$s ì`m»`m H$s{OEŸ&

IV. {H«$`mH$bmn :1. ZJa OrdZ Am¡a J«m_rU OrdZ Ho$ ~mao _| {ejH$ Ho$ gmW MMm© H$s{OE Am¡a

A§Va nVm bJmBEŸ&2. AmXe© g_mO H$s n[aH$ënZm Ho$ ~mao _| gm_y{hH$ MMm© H$s{OEŸ&

I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and mywindows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all the landsto be blown about my house as freely as possible. But Irefuse to be blown off my feet by any.

- Mohandas Gandhi

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yJmb emó (GEOGRAPHY)

AÜ`m`-1

n¥Ïdr h_mam gOrd J«h

l Bg AÜ`m` Ûmam n¥Ëdr Ho$ {d{^Þ Zm_m| H$m n[aM` g_PmZmŸ&l n¥Ïdr H$m JmÌ Am¡a n¥Ïdr H$m Ob g§nÝ_yb H¡$go ~m±Q>Vm h¡ g_PmZmŸ&l y joÌ Am¡a _hmgmJa nhMmZmŸ&l Ajm§e Am¡a aoIm§e n[aM` Bggo g_`, ñWm{ZH$ g_` n«_mU, A§Vamm©ï´>r`

{XZm§H$m| H$m {ZYm©[aV H$aZm g_PmZmŸ&l n¥Ïdr àmH¥${VH$ Zjm yI§S> Am¡a gmJa g_PmZmŸ&

h_ H$hm± Or{dV H$a aho h¢, Š`m Amn g_PVo h¡?

h_ y_r na {Zdmg H$aVo h¡Ÿ§& `h gy © Ho$ ~mX Vrgam J«h h¡Ÿ& gm¡a_§S>b Ho$ J«hm|_| y{_ _mÌ na hr Or{d h¢Ÿ& n¥Ïdr na ha àH$ma Ho$ Or{d H$m {Zdmg ñWmZ h¡Ÿ& gñ`àmUr Am¡a _mZd Or{d `hm± h¡Ÿ& BgH$m H$maU gy © Am¡a y{_ Ho$ ~rM H$m AZHy$bH$aA§Va h¡Ÿ& CîUm§e, A{Zb, dmVmdaU, Ho$ ObMH«$ h¡§Ÿ& n¥Ïdr H$mo "gOrdJ«h', "{d{eï>J«h', "Obmd¥V J«h',"Zr{bJ«h', Bg àH$ma {d{dY Zm_m| go OmZm OmVm h¡Ÿ&

n¥Ïdr H$m JmÌ, y mJ VWm Obamer H$m ~§Q>dma &

gy © Ho$ n[adma _| n¥Ïdr nm±Mdm ~S>m J«h h¡Ÿ& y{_ H$m ì`mg M§Ð Ho$ ì`mg goH$ar~ Mma XwJwZm ~S>m h¡ Am¡a 107 XwJwZm N>moQ>m h¡Ÿ&

n¥Ëdr H$m Hw$b ^m¡Jmo{iH$ j¡Ì 510 Xg bmI dJ©

{H$_r., (70.78%) nmZr go Amd¥V h¡Ÿ& ~MmhþAmŸ 149Xg bmI dJ© {H$._r.joÌ, (29,22%) y mJ Amd¥Îm

h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma n¥Ïdr H$m Ob joÌ, ^yjoÌ H$m ~rM

Ag_Vm h¡Ÿ& ^y_§S>b Am¡a Ob_§S>b H$o ~rM 1:2.43

AZwnmV go h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr

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Š`m|{H$ n¥Ïdr Y«wdm| Ho$ nmg WmoS>m {MnQ>m hþAmh¡ ^y_Ü`aoIm Ho$ nmg gyPm hþAm h¡Ÿ& ^y{_ H$s^y_Ü` aoIm H$m ì`mg 12756 H$s._r. h¡Ÿ& Am¡aY«wdr` ì`mg 12714 H$s._r. h¡Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma y_Ü`aoIm H$s Mm¡S>mB© 40.076 H$s._r h¡Ÿ& Am¡a Y«wdr`Mm¡S>mB© 40.008 H$s._r. h¡Ÿ& ì`mg _| 42 H$s._rVH$ H$m A§Va y{_ Ho$ JmobmH$ma H$m ñnñQ>rH$aUH$aVm h¡Ÿ&

n¥Ïdr Ho$ ^y^mJ H$mo I§S> H$hVo h¡Ÿ& g_ñVy mJ 7 I§S>mo _| {d^{OV h¡Ÿ& do h¡ Eo{e`m, A\«$rH$m, CÎma A_o[aH$m, X{jU A_o[aH$m,

A§Q>{Q>©H$m, `yamon Am¡a AmñQ´>o{b`mŸ& BZ_| Eoí`m g~go ~S>m I§S> h¡ Am¡a AmñQ´>o{b`mg~go N>moQ>m h¡Ÿ&

n¥Ïdr Ho$ D$nZr ^mJ _| pñWV Ob_§S>b H$mo _hmgmJa H$hVo h¡Ÿ& CZ_o Mma ~mJm|_o {d^{OV {H$`m h¡Ÿ& do Bg àH$ma h¡Ÿ& 1) \o${g{\$H$ gmJa 2) AQ²>mbm§{Q>H$m gmJa3) {hÝXy _hm gmJa Am¡a 4) Am{ŠQ>©H$ gmJa \o${g{\$H$ gmJa AË`§V {dñV¥V Am¡aJhamB©dmbm h¡Ÿ&

n¥Ïdr Am¡a Ob_§S>b CÎma X{jU JmobmY© _| g_mZ ê$n go {dVaU Zhr hþE h¡Ÿ&CÎmar` JmobmY© _| 60% y mJ h¡Ÿ& 40% Ob_§S>b h¡Ÿ& Bgr{bE Bgo yàYmZ Jmob(JëJmo~) H$hm J`m h¡ ( yJmobmY©) X{jU JmobmY} _| 81% ^mJ Ob_§S>b ì`má h¡Ÿ&19% VH$ H$m ^y^mJ Bgr{bE Bgo ObàYmZ Jm ob H$hm J`m h¡(Ob JmobmY©)Ÿ&

Ajm§e Am¡a aoIm§e

EH$ ñWmZ H$m g{Þdoe {Xem Am¡a A§Va H$mo H¡$go h_ g_P gH$Vo h¡Ÿ&

y n¥Ïdr JmobmH$ma h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE ñWmZ {Xem Am¡a Xmo ñWmZm| Ho$ ~rM Ho$ A§Va H$monhMmZZm _wpíH$b h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr Ho$ D$na {H$gr ñWmZ Ho$ {Z{üV g{Þdoe A§Va Am¡a{XemAm| H$mo nhMmZZo Ho ${bE H$mën{ZH$ aoImH¥${V ì`dñWm Zjm AWdm Jm¡b Ho$ D$nar

n¥Ïdr Ho$ AmH$ma

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^mJ _| n[aH$b H$r ì`dñWmŸ& H$mën{ZH$ aoImAm| H$mo ItMm J`m h¡ CÝh| Ajm§e Am¡a

aoIm§e H$hVo h¡Ÿ& BÝho ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {ZX}em§H$ AWdm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Omb H$hVo h¡ ì`dñWm^r H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ&

Ajm§e

y H$jm Ho$ AmYma na Jmob Ho$ D$nar ^mJ _| Ajm§e H$mo ItMm J`m h¡Ÿ& CÎma Am¡a

X{jU Y«wdm| Ho$ ~rM y H$jm Ho$ ~rM grYm y_Ü` aoIm H$s aMZm H$s h¡Ÿ& Bg y_Ü`

aoIm g_m§Va bmoJ na nyd© n{ü{_ H$s {Xem _| ItMo JE H$mën{ZH$ aoImAm| H$mo Ajm§eH$hVo h¡Ÿ& y_Ü` aoIm 0) _hmd¥Îm h¡Ÿ& dhm± go CÎma Am¡a X{jU H$s Ajm§em H$m d¥Îm

N>moQ>o h¡ (dVw©bmH$ma), bo{H$Z CÎma Am¡a X{jU 900 Ho$ q~Xw h¡Ÿ& y_Ü` aoIm go CÎma

JmobmY© _| 900 X{jU JmobmY© _| 900 AjmAm| H$s aMZm H$sJB© h¡Ÿ& BZ AjmAm| Ho$ ~rMH$m A§Va 110.4 {H$._r. h¡Ÿ&

à_wI Ajm§e

1) 00 Ajm§e y_Ü` d¥Îm AWdm _hmd¥Îm

2) 23 ½ CÎma Ajm§e H$H$m©Q>H$ g§H«$m§{V d¥Îm

3) 23 ½ X{jU Ajm§e _H$a g§H«$m§{V d¥Îm

4) 66 ½ X{jU Ajm§e - CÎmaY«wd Ajm§e

5) X{jU Ajm§e - X{jU Y«wd d¥Îm

6) 900 CÎma Ajm§e - CÎma Y«wd

7) 900 X{jU Ajm§e - X{jU Y«wd

aoIm§e

^y_Ü` aoIm go g_m§Va ê$n go CÎma Am¡a X{jU Y«wdm| H$mo N>oXZ H$aZo dmbo,H$Q>mZodmbo N>oXH$a CÎma Am¡a X{jU Y«wdm| _| {_bZo dmbo aoIAm| H$mo aoIm§j H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

àYmZ aoIm§j (J«rZ{dM aoIm§j)Ÿ& nyd© Am¡a n{ü{_ H$mo EH$ H$m¡{ZH$ {Z §ÌU _| AmZodmbo

àXoe go {_bmZo Ho$ {bE y_Ü` aoIm na {S>J«r _mnZ Ho$ {bE H$mën{ZH$ aoIm h¡Ÿ&

Ajm§e g_m§Va aoIm Am¡a aoIm§eHo$ _Ü`• H$s aoIm

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Jmobna (ëJmo~) aoIm§e AY©d¥Îm loUr Ho$ g_mZ {XImB© XoVr h¡Ÿ& o CÎma Am¡a

X[jU Y«wdm| go y_Ü` aoIm go hmoH$a {ZH$bVo h¡Ÿ& g^r aoIm§em| H$s b§~mB© g_mZ h¡Ÿ&

aoIm§em| H$mo _Ü`ñW AWdm _oao{S>`Z aoIm H$hVo h¡Ÿ& Š`mo§{H$ BZ aoImAm|{H$ g^r ñWmZm|

_o EH$hr g_` _| _Ü`mÝh (Xmonha) hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

B§½b¢S> Ho$ J«rZ{dM na hmoH$a OmZodmbo aoIm§em| H$mo àYmZ aoIm§e H$hm J`m h¡Ÿ&

BZho 00 gy{MV {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& J«rZ{dM aoIm§em| Ho$ nydu ^mJ H$s Amoa 180 aoIm§e

npíM_ H$s Amoa 180 aoIm§e ahVo h¡ Bg àH$ma Hw$b 360 aoIm§e ahVo h¡Ÿ& àYmZ aoIm§e

go 180 VH$ Ho$ nyd© db` H$mo nyd© JmobmY© H$hVo h¡Ÿ& Am¡a CgHo$ {déÕ ^mJ H$mo

n{ü_mY© Jmob H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

y_Ü` aoIm d¥Îm go Y«wd H$s Va\$ OmVo OmVo Xmo aoIm§em| Ho$ ~rM _| A§Va F$_e…

H$_ hmoVm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Š`mo§{H$ g^r aoIm§em| Ho$ XmoZmo Y«dm| _| {_bVo h¡Ÿ& y_Ü` aoIm d¥Îm

na Xmo aoIm§em| Ho$ ~rM H$m A§Va H$ar~ 111 {H$._r. ahVm h¡Ÿ&

aoIm§e Am¡a g_` : aoIm§e Am¡a g_` Ho$ ~rM {ZH$Q>V_ g§~§Y h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr Ajm

Ho$ Mmamo Va\$ Ky_Vr ahVr h¡ Am¡a EH$ d¥Îm nyU© H$aZo Ho$ {bE 24 K§Q>m¢ H$m g_` bJVm

h¡ _Vb~ 360 aoIm§em| H$m Ky_H$a nyU© H$aZo Ho$ {bE 24 K§Q>o bJVo h¡Ÿ& EH$ aoIm§em| go

Xygar aoIm§em| VH$ ~rM H$m g_` A§Va 4 {_{ZQ> H$m hmoVm h¡Ÿ& à{V n§Ðh aoIm§em| Ho$

~rM 60 (360 x 4=1400/60=24) K§Q>o n{ü_r go nydt Ho$ Amoa dº$ g_` Á`mX

hmoVm h¡Ÿ& (EGA-East Gain Add) VWm nyd© go npíM_ H$s Amoa OmVo dº$ g_` H$_

hmoVm h¡Ÿ& (WLS-West Lose Subtracts) &

ñWm{ZH$ g_` : EH$ ñWmZ Ho$ ñWm{ZH$ g_` H$mo Cg ñWmZ Ho$ aoIm§e AWdm

gy © Ho$ ñWmZmZwgma H$hVo h¡Ÿ& ñWm{ZH$ g_` Cg ñWmZ Ho$ ñWmZr` _Ü`m• H$s aoIm

na Adb§{~V ahVm h¡Ÿ& CZ ñWmZm| na gy © Ho$ {H$aU grYm nS>Zo Ho$ H$maU _Ü`m• 12

~Oo hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Cg _Ü`m• aoIm na nma hmoH$a OmZodmbo g^r ñWmZmo _| EH$ hr

ñWm{ZH$ g_` ahVm h¡Ÿ& àË oH$ aoIm§e H$m AnZm ñWm{ZH$ g_` hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

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_mZH$ g_` : ñWm{ZH$ g_` EH$ OJh go Xygao OJh _| A§Va nmVm h¡Ÿ& àË oH$

ñWmZ _| EH$ àH$ma H$m ñWm{ZH$ g_` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Ag_§OgVm hmoVm h¡Ÿ& BgAg_§OgVm H$mo Xya H$aZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> Xoemo _| EH$ ê$n Ho$ g_` H$m AZwgaU H$aVo h¡Ÿ&

Bg àH$ma EH$ hr ê$n _o g_` Cg Xoe Ho$ ~rM JwOaZodmbm aoIm§e Ho$ g_` naAmY[aV hmoVm h¡Ÿ& aoIm§e AWdm Cg aoIm§e na hr Cg ZJa H$m g_` {Z{üV hmoVm h¡&Bg àH$ma g_` Xoe Ho$ AÝ` ^mJm| _| ^r AZwH$aU H$aZo Ho$ H$maZ Bgo _mZH$ g_`H$hm± OmVm h¡Ÿ& ^maV _| 82½0 nyd© aoIm§em| Ho$ Xem H$m _Ü`_ aoIm§e H$hm OmVm h¡&`hm± CÎma àXoe go Abhm~mX ZJa go JwOaVm h¡Ÿ& ^maV H$m g_` Bg aoIm§em| naAmY[aV hmoZo H$m H$maU Bgo ^maV H$m _mZH$ g_` H$hm± OmVm h¡ (IST)Ÿ& `hJ«rZ{dM g_` go nm±M K§Q>m Vr_ {_ZQ> AmJo MbVm h¡Ÿ&

g_` db` : {dœ Ho$ Hw$N> Jmï´>m| _o 45 go A{YH$ aoIm§e h¡Ÿ& EH$ ^mJ Xygao^mJ VH$ hmoH$a OmVo dº$ Cg_o 3 go 4 K§Q>m A§Va AmVm h¡Ÿ& `hm± EH$ g_mZ g_`db` H$mo AZwgaU H$aZo _w{íH$b hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE g_ñVm amï´>m| Ho$ g_` db` Ho$ê$n _o {d^OZ {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& g_ñV Jmob (½bmo~) H$mo 24 g_` db`m| Ho$ ê$n _|{d^{OV {H$`m h¡Ÿ&

àË oH$ g_` db` _o EH$ K§Q>o H$m A§Va AmVm h¡Ÿ& {demb amï´> _| AZ|H$ aoIm§em| gonma H$aVo h¡Ÿ& H$mB© amï´>m| _| A{YH$ g_` db` hmoVm h¡Ÿ& CXmhaU ê$n _| g_` 11db`, w.Eg.E Am¡a Ho$ZS>m _o 5 g_` db` h¡Ÿ& AmñQ´>o{b`m _| 3 g_` db` h¡Ÿ&

A§Vamï´>r` {XZm§H$ aoIm (IDL) : {dœ g_` H$s g_ñ`m H$mo _mZH$ g_` goXya {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& bo{H$Z {dœn ©Q>Z H$aZodmbo n ©Q>H$m| H$mo gß`mh _| {XZm§H$ Am¡a{V{W`m| H$mo {Zü` H$aZo _| g_ñ`m hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE J«rZ{dM aoIm§em| H$mo {déÕ{Xem _o 1800 aoIm§em| na {dœ n ©Q>Z H$aZo dmbo AnZr AZwHy$bVm Ho$ {bE {XZ Am¡a{XZm§H$ H$mo V` H$aZm nS>Vm h¡Ÿ& `hm± ñno{g{\$H$ gmJa Ho$ Ûmam nma hmoH$a OmZodmbo1800 aoIm§em| na hmoZo na ^r Hw$N> y mJm| H$mo hQ>mZo Ho$ {bE dF$ AmH$ma _| ItN>m J`mh¡Ÿ& Bgo A§Vam©ï´>r` {XZm§H$ aoIm H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

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OhmO Am¡a hdmB© OhmOm| _| g\$a H$aZodmbo Bg aoIm na H$aVo dŠV {XZ Am¡a{XZm§H$mo _| n[adV©Z H$aZm nhVm h¡Ÿ& H$moB© OhmO Bg aoIm go n{ü{_ nyd© H$s Am¡a nmaH$aZo na (Eí`m go CÎma A_o[aH$m)Ÿ& Cgr àH$ma EH$ {XZ ~T>m boZm nS>Vm h¡Ÿ& CgràH$ma Bg aoIm Ho$ Ûmam nydu go n{ü{_ nyd© Ho$ Amoa nma H$aZo na CÎma A_o[aH$m go

Eoí`m EH$ {XZ H$_ H$a boZm nS>Vm h¡Ÿ&

Aä`mg

I. Imbr OJmAm| H$mo gyº$ CÎma go ^[aE

1. n¥Ïdr H$m Hw$b ^m¡Jmo{iH$ joÌ ___________________

{H$._rŸ&

2. n¥Ïdr ___________________

AmH$ma _| h¡Ÿ&

3. n¥Ïdr y_Ü` d¥Îm Am¡a Y«wd àXoe H$m ì`mg ________________

Am¡a _______________

{H$._r h¡Ÿ&

4. 23½0 CÎma Ajm§e H$mo ________________

H$hVo hoŸ&

5. ^maV H$m _mZH$ g_` ________________

aoIm§e na AmYm[aV h¡Ÿ&

A§Vamï´>r` {XZ aoIm

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II. BZ àíZm| H$mo g§{já _| CÎma {b{IE

1. n¥Ïdr H$mo gOrd J«h Š`m| nwH$maVo h¡Ÿ?

2. CÎma JmobmY©, yàYmZ JmobmY©, X{jU JmobmY©, Ob àYmZ Jmob Š`mo§ H$hm±

J`m h¡ŸŸ?

3. Ajm§e Am¡a aoIm§e H$mo {H$go H$hVo h¡?

4. ñWm{ZH$ g_`, g_` db` H$m A§Va ~VmBE

5. A§Vamï´>r` {XZm§H$ aoIm {H$go H$hVo h¡?

III. Bg H$m AW© {b{IE:

1. {d{eï> J«h 2. n¥Ïdr H$s JmÌm

3. ^yå`mH$ma 4. ^yI§S>

5. àYmZ aoIm§em 6. ^maV H$m ñWm{ZH$ g_`

IV. `mX aIZodmbo ~mVo

1. gOrd J«h 2. y_Ü` aoIm

3. CÎmamY© Jmob ( AH$m©{Q>H$ d¥Îm) 4. A§Q>m{Q>©H$m d¥Îm

5. g_` db` 6. A§Vamï´>r` {XZm§H$ aoIm

V. {H«$`m `moOZ

1. aoIm§e AmYma na nydm©Y© Jmob amï´> Am¡a n{ü_mY© Jmob amï´>m| {H$ gy{M ~ZmBEŸ&

The great secret of true success, of true happiness,is this: the man or woman who asks for no return, theperfectly unselfish person, is the most successful.

- Swami Vivekananda

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AÜ`m`-2

{ebm _§S>b

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX Amn OmZ|Jo:

l ñWb_§S>b H$m AW© Am¡a _hËd

l y{_ H$s Am§V[aH$ aMZm

l MQ²²>Q>mZm| H$s aMZm

l y{_ H$s Am§V[aH$ e{º$`m±-Ádmbm_wIr, yH$ån, BË`m{X Ho$ H$maU Am¡a n[aUm_

l y{_ H$s ~mh² e{º$`m± O¡go {H$ Vmn_mZ, dm w, dfm© Am¡a Z{X`m| H$m _hËd

l A§VO©b H$m AW© Am¡a _hËd

ñWb_§S>b - AW© Am¡a _hËd

y{_ Ho$ ~mø R>mog ^mJ H$mo ñWb_§S>b H$hVo h¡Ÿ& `h naV _hmÛrnm| _| ~hþV

_moQ>r hmoVr h¡ Am¡a g_wÐ Vb Ho$ nmg nVbr hmoVr h¡Ÿ& ñWb_§S>b {d{dY àH$ma Ho$

MÅ>mZm| I{ZOm| Am¡a {_Q²>Q>r go ~Zm h¡Ÿ& dm w_§S>b Am¡a Ob_§S>b H$s ghm`Vm go Bg

^mJ _| OrdZ H$m ApñVËd ~Zm ahVm h¡Ÿ& _hmÛrn ñWb_§S>b H$m EH$ ^mJ h¢ Ohm±

nd©V, nR>ma (D±$Mr Mm¡ag y{_) _¡XmZ BË`m{X nmE-OmVo h¢Ÿ&

n¥Ïdr H$s Am±V[aH$ aMZm

Š`m AnH$mo _mby_ h¡ {H$ n¥Ïdr Ho$ A§Xa Š`m h¡ ?

h_mam J«h - n¥Ïdr, 4.6 XebmI H$amoS> dfm] go nwamZm h¡Ÿ& gmbm| Ho$ nhbo

ApñVËd _| Am`m Am¡a V~go A~ VH$ Cg_| {Za§Va n[adV©Z hmoVo AmE h¢Ÿ& _Zwî`

h_oem go Bg n[adV©Z H$mo Am¡a n¥Ïdr H$s Am±V[aH$ aMZm H$mo g_PZo Ho$ ({bE CËgwH$

ahm h¡) à`mg _o bJm h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr Ho$ A§Xa Š`m h¡-`h ~mV AmO VH$ _Zwî` Ho$ {bE

EH$ ahñ` ~Zm hþAm h¡Ÿ& gmbm| Ho$ AÜ``Z Am¡a g§emoYZ go _Zwî` n¥Ïdr Ho$ A§Xa 10

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go 12 {H$._r. VH$ H$s dñVwAm| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$aZo _o g\$b hmo nm`m h¡Ÿ&

A{YH$ JhamB© _| OmVo-OmVo Vmn_mZ Ho$ ~‹T>Zo Ho$ H$maU (à{V 32 _rQ>a na 10C)

dhm± H$s OmZH$mar nmZm H${R>Z hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&

y{_ H$s Am§V[aH$ aMZm Ho$ ~mao _| A{YH$ OmZZo Ho$ {bE _Zwî` namoj gmYZm|

na Adbpå~V h¡, O¡go {H$ yH$ån H$s bha|, Ádmbm_wIr Ho$ \$Q>Zo na {ZH$bZo dmbr

dñVwE±, BË`m[XŸ& y{_ Ho$ Am§V[aH$ ^mJ _| {d{dY àH$ma H$s dñVwE± {d[^Þ ê$n _|

nmB© OmVr h¡§Ÿ& BZ dñVwAm| Ho$ KZËd, amgm`{ZH$ aMZm Am¡a ^m¡{VH$ pñW{V Ho$ AmYma

na y{_ Ho$ Am§V[aH$ ^mJ H$mo 3 à_wI naVm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡ Am¡a do h¢-

yH$dM, _¢Q>b Am¡a yJ ©Ÿ&

yH$dM : n¥Ïdr H$s g~go D$nar ~mh` naV (H$dM) H$mo yH$dM H$hVo h¢Ÿ& `h

naË {g{bH$m, Aë w{_{Z`_ Am¡a _¡JZr{f`_ go g_¥Õ h¡Ÿ& BgH$s JhJmB© y{_ H$s

gVh go H$ar~ 60 {H$._r. VH$ h¡Ÿ& yH$dM Ho$ D$nar ^mJ _| hëH$s dñVE§ nmB© OmVr

h¢Ÿ& `hm± {g{bH$m Am¡a Aë w{_{Z`_ A{YH$ _mÌm _| nmE OmVo h¡, Bg{bE Bgo SIAL

H$hVo h¢Ÿ& `h ^mJ _hmÛrnr` H$dM ^r H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& yH$dM Ho$ {ZMbo ^mJ _|

{g{bH$m Am¡a _¡JZr{f`_² A{YH$ _mÌ _| nmE OmVo h¢, Bgo SIMA AWdm g_wÐr`

H$dM ^r H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

_¢Q>b : `h n¥Ïdr H$m Xygam Am¡a _Ü` ^mJ _| nm`m OmZo dmbm naV h¡Ÿ& BgH$s

JhJB© yH$dM go H$ar~ 2900 {H$._r. VH$ h¡Ÿ& `hm± nmE OmZo dmbo nXmW© ^mJe…

Ðì` ê$n _| hmoVo h¢ {Ogo _¡J_m H$hVo h¢Ÿ& _¢Qb R>mog Am¡a H$R>moa nËWam| go ~Zm h¡

{Og_§o _w»` ê$n go _¡JZr{f`_ Am¡a bmoho O¡go I{ZO hmoVo h¡Ÿ&

_¢Q>b Ho$ Xmo ^mJ h¡-

a) ^mJe… Ðì` pñW{V _| nm`m OmZo dmbm D$nar _¢Q>b AWdm EñWZmoñ\$r`a

b) {ZMbm _¢Q>b AWdm _rgmoñ\$s`a, Omo R>mog én _| nm`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&

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^yH$dM Am¡a _¡§Q>b Ho$ g§nH©$ hmoZo dmbo ^mJ H$mo_mohmo[a{d{gH$ AWdm _mohmo, gr_maoIm H$hVo h¢Ÿ& _¢Q>b Am¡a`hm±go D$na Am¡a ZrMo Ho$ nËWam| H$s amgm`{ZH$ aMZm AbJAbJ hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

^yJ^© : n¥Ïdr Ho$ g~go A§Xa dmbr naV H$mo ^yJ^©H$hVo h¡§Ÿ& Bg naV H$s JhamB© YamVb go 6371 {H$._r.VH$ h¡Ÿ& yJ © _| nmE OmZo _w»` nXmW© h¡-{ZH$b (Ni)

Am¡a bmoh (fe)& Bg{bE Bgo Nife H$hVo h¢Ÿ& yJ © H$mo Xmo{hñgm| _| ~m±Q>m J`m h¡- a) ~mhar yJ ©, Ohm± nXmW© Ðì`pñW{V _| nmE OmVo h¢Ÿ& b) A§V… yJ ©, Ohm± nXmW© Ðì`pñW{V _| nmE OmVo h¢ŸŸ&

Š`m AmnH$mo _mby_ h¡?

{díd H$s g~go Jhar ImZo§Ÿ

1) aî`m Ho$ A§H$mobm àm`…Ûrn H$s ImZ H$ar~ 12 {H$._r Jhar h¡Ÿ&

2) X{jU A\«$sH$m H$s {H$å~abr hrao H$s ImZm H$ar~ 3.9 {H$._r Jhar h¡Ÿ&

3) ^maV Ho$ H$Zm©Q>H$ _| pñWV Ho$.Or. E\$ gmoZo H$s ImZ H$ar~ 1.5 {H$._rJhar h¡Ÿ&

MQ²>Q>mZ|n¥Ïdr Ho$ yH$dM na nmB© OmZo dmbr AO¡{dH$ R>mog nXmWm] H$mo MQ²>Q>mZ H$hVo h¢&

MQ²>Q>mZ| {d{dY àH$ma H$s I{ZOm| go ~Zo hmoVo h¢& MQ²>Q>mZ| {d{^ÝZ àmH¥${VH$ à{H«$`mAm|go ~ZVr h¢& MQ²>Q>mZm| Ho$ {Z_m©U H$s à{H«$`m Ho$ AmYma na MQ²>Q>mZm| H$mo VrZ àH$mam| _|{d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡& do h¢ 1) Am½Zo MQ²>Q>mZ|, 2) VbN>Q>r MQ²>Q>mZ| 3) n[ad{V©VMQ²>Q>mZ| &

n¥Ïdr Ho$ A§Xa dmbr

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1.A¾r H$s MQ²>Q>mZ| : Am½Zo MQ²>Q>mZm| H$mo A§J«oOr _| "B{¾`g am°Šg' H$hVo h¢&Bp½Z`g H$m _Vb~ h¡ - AmJ (Ap½Z)& Am½Zo MQ²>Q>mZ| n¥Ïdr Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ Ð{dV bmdmHo$ R>§S>o hmoH$a R>mog ~ZZo go ~ZVr h¢& Am½Zo MQ²>Q>mZ| g~go nhbo ~Zr WrŸ& Bg{bEBÝh| àmW{_H$ {ebmE± ^r H$hVo h¢&

A§V{Z©{_©V A¾r H$s MQ²>Q>mZ| :

O~ y{_ Ho$ A§Xa H$m Ð{dVnXmW© (_¡½_m) ^y{_ H$s gVh nanhþ±MZo go nhbo hr, y{_ Ho$ A§Xahr R>§S>m hmoH$a R>mog ~Z OmVm h¡,Cgo A§{V{Z©{_V Am½Zo` MQ²>Q>mZ|H$hVo h¢, o MQ²>Q>mZ| ~‹S>o-~‹S>o H$Um|go ~Zr hmoVr h¢, Am¡a y{_ Ho$ A§Xa~hþV JhamB© _| nmB© OmVr h¢&CXmhaU : J«oZmBQ>, S>`moamBQ>, ½`m~«moBË`m{X&

{ebm MH«$

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~{h{Z©{_©V A¾r H$s MQ²>Q>mZ| : O~ _¡½_m ( y{_ Ho$ A§Xa H$m Ð{dV nXmW©)y{_ H$s gVh na AmH$a, R>§S>m hmoH$a R>mog ~ZVm h¡, Cgo ~{h{Z©{_V Am½Zo MQ²>Q>mZ|

H$hVo h¢& o MQ²>Q>mZo§ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o H$Um| go ~Zr hmoVr h¢, ereo H$s Vah _wbm`_ hmoVrh¢, Š`m|{H$ bmdm ^y{_ H$s gVh na ~hþV OëXr R>§S>m hmoH$a R>mog ~Z OmVm h¡&CXmhaU : ~gmëQ>, A§S>ogmBQ>&

{ebm - nXmW© O~ y{_ Ho$ A§Xa Ð{dV pñW{V _| hmoVm h¢, Cgo _¡½_m H$hVoh¢ Am¡a O~ dhr Ðd nXmW© n¥Ïdr H$s gVh Ho$ ~mha AmVm h¡, Cgo bmdm H$hVo h¢&

2. VbN>Q>r MQ²>Q>mZ| : VbN>Q>r MQ²>Q>mZm| H$mo A§J«oOr _| "go{S>_|Q>ar am°Šg' H$hVoh¢& "go{S>_|Q>ar' Bg nX H$mo b¡{Q>Z ^mfm Ho$ "go{S>_¢Q>_' eãX go {b`m J`m h¡, {OgH$m_Vb~ h¡ "Vb na O_ OmZm' ! VbN>Q>r MQ²>Q>mZm| H$m {Z_m©U Ob, dm w Am¡a ~\©$Ûmam hmoVm h¡& o H$maH$ Am½Zo MQ²>Q>mZm| H$mo Vmo‹S>H$a Mya-Mya H$aVo h¢, {\$a BZ Qy>Q>ohþE nËWam| H$mo {H$gr {ZpíMV ñWmZ na g§{MV H$aVo h¢& Bg Vah Qy>Q>o hþE nËWam| H$mog§M` naV Xa naV hmoVm ahVm h¡& Bg{bE VbN>Q>r MQ²>Q>mZm| H$mo "naVr` MQ²>Q>mZ|' ^rH$hVo h¢ & Am½Zo` MQ²>Q>mZm| Ho$ {dKQ>Z go VbN>Q>r MQ²>Q>mZ| ~ZVr h¢, Bg{bE BÝh|"{ÛVr` MQ²>Q>mZ|' H$hVo h¢& VbN>Q>r MQ²>Q>mZm| H$m {Z_m©U gm_mÝ` Vm¡a na g_wÐ,gmJa, Prb BË`m{X Obam{e`m| _| hmoVm h¡, Bg{bE BÝh| "Obr` MQ²>Q>mZ|' H$hVo h¢&BZHo$ {Z_m©U _| Ob à_wI nmÌ {Z^mVm h¡& VbN>Q>r MQ²>Q>mZm| H$mo Xmo àH$mam| _|{d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡ : (i) AO¡{dH$ MQ²>Q>mZ| (ii) O¡{dH$ MQ²>Q>mZ|

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AO¡{dH$ MQ²>Q>mZ| : AO¡{dH$ MQ²>Q>mZ| Xmo Vah H$s hmoVr h¢ : a)^m¡{VH$ {H«$`m go~Zr MQ²>Q>mZ| b) amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m go ~Zr VbN>Q>r MQ²>Q>mZ|

a) ^m¡{VH$ {H«$`m go ~Zr VbN>Q>r MQ²>Q>mZ| : `o MQ²>Q>mZ| _yb MQ²>Q>mZm| Ho${e{WbrH$aU Am¡a H$Q>md go ~Zo N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Qw>H$S>m| go {Z{_©V hmoVr h¢ & CXmhaU,aoVrbm nËWa(aoV go ~Zr MQ²>Q>mZ) eob ({_Å>r go ~Zr MQ²>Q>mZ)

b) amgm`{ZH$ {H«$`m go ~Zr VbN>Q>r MQ²>Q>mZ| : bdUm§e wŠV nmZr O~J_u H$s dOh go ~mpînV hmoVm h¡, Cg_| Kwbo hþE agm`Z g§{MV hmoH$a BZ MQ²>Q>mZm|H$m {Z_m©U H$aVo h¢& CXmhaU : bdU MQ²>Q>mZ, {Ong_ BË`m{X&

O¡{dH$ {H«$`m go ~Zr VbN>Q>r MQ²>Q>mZ| : O~ nm¡Ym| Am¡a àm{U`m| Ho$ AdeofbmIm| gmbm| VH$ X~md _| ahH$a R>mog ê$n boVr h¢, Vmo Eogr MQ²>Q>mZo ~ZVr h¡&CXmhaU : MyZm, (Ho$ëHo$arH¥$V MQ²>Q>mZ), H$mo bm (H$~m}ZrH¥$V MQ²>Q>mZ)

3. ê$nm§V[aV (n[ad{V©V) MQ²>Q>mZ| : AË`m©Y Vmn Am¡a X~md Ho$ n[aUm_ goO~ Am½Zo Am¡a VbN>Q>r MQ²>Q>mZm| H$m ê$nm§VaU hmoVm h¡, V~ n[ad{V©V MQ²>Q>mZm| H$m{Z_m©U hmoVm h¡&

CXmhaU :J«oZmBQ> - Zrg aoVrbm nËWa - ñ\${Q>H$~gmëQ> - {eñQ> H$mo bm - J«m\$mBQ>MyZm- _m~©b (g§J_a_©a) J«m\$mBQ> - hram

n[ad{V©V MQ²>Q>mZ| n¥Ïdr na g~go A{YH$ Ñ‹T> MQ²>Q>mZ| h¢& BZ MQ²>Q>mZm| go h_|A_yë` nËWa O¡go {H$ hram, bmb_{U(ruby), nÝZm (emerald), Zrb_{U(sapphire) BË`m{X {_bVo h¢&

y-H$dM H$s {d{^ÝZ epŠV`m±

n¥Ïdr na Xmo àH$ma Ho$ ~b (epŠV) h¡ Omo n¥Ïdr Ho$ y-ñdê$n H$mo ~XbVo ahVo h¢& do h¢ 1) Am§V[aH$ ~b 2) ~mø ~b

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1) Am±V[aH$ ~b : Am§V[aH$ ~b H$s CËn{Îm n¥Ïdr Ho$ A§Xa hmoVr h¡, Am¡a on¥Ïdr Ho$ y-ñdê$nm| H$mo à^m{dV H$aVm h¡& Am§V[aH$ ~b H$mo A§VO©{ZV ~b ^r H$hVoh¢& CXmhaU : Ádmbm_wIr, yH$ån &

a) Ádmbm_wIr : Ádmbm_wIr n¥Ïdr Ho$y-H$dM _| EH$ Eogm a§Y« `m Ûma h¡, Omo EH$

nVbr Zbr Ho$ Ûmam _¡½_m go Ow‹S>m h¡& Ádmbm_wIr{dñ\$moQ> Ho$ g_` Bg Ûma go n¥Ïdr Ho$ A§Xa H$mbmdm, nËWam| Ho$ Mya, amI, AmJ, ^mn Am¡aJ¡g| ~mha {ZH$bVr h¢& dh amñVm Ohm± go hmoH$aA§Xa H$m _¡½_m Am¡a Ádmbm_wIr` nXmW© ~mha{ZH$bVo h¢ Cgo Ûma(vent)H$hVo h¢&

Ádmbm_wIr Ho$ {eIa na pñWV {M_Zr Ho$ AmH$ma H$s ImoIbr OJh H$mo Ádmbm_wIrH$m _w±h (JS²>T>m) H$hVo h¢& Jhao Am¡a {dñV¥V Ádmbm_wIr Ho$ _w±h H$mo H¡$ëS>oam (caldera)H$hVo h¢&

Ádmbm_wIr Ho$ àH$ma : dmbm_wIr H$mo CZHo$ H$m`©{d{Y AWdm CX²^oXZ Ho$AmYma na VrZ dJm] _| dJuH¥$V {H$`m J`m h¡& do h¢ : (i) g{H«$` Ádmbm_wIr(ii) gwßV Ádmbm_wIr (iii) gwfwßV Ádmbm_wIr &

i ) g{H«$` Ádmbm_wIr : Omo Ádmbm_wIr ~ma-~ma `m {Za§Va {dñ\$mo{Q>V hmoVrahVr h¢, CÝh| g{H«$` Ádmbm_wIr H$hVo h¢& {díd _| bJ^J 600 g{H«$`Ádmbm_wIr h¢& CXmhaU : BQ>br H$s ñQ´>mo~mobr Am¡a EQ²>Zm, A_o[aH$m H$s g|Q>hoboZm, hdmB© Ûrn H$s _m¡Zm bmodm, {\$brnrÝg H$s {nZmQw>~mo BË`m{X &

i i) gwßV Ádmbm_wIr : Omo Ádmbm_wIr {dñ\$mo{Q>V hmo MwHo$ h¢, Am¡a ^{dî` _| ^r{dñ\$mo{Q>V hmo gH$Vo h¢, na bå~o g_` go g{H«$` Zht h¢, CÝh| gwßV Ádmbm_wIrH$hVo h¢& CXmhaU : BQ>br H$s _mCÝQ> dogw{d`g, OmnmZ H$s _mCÝQ> \w$Or`m_m,V§Om{Z`m H$s {H$br_§Omam| B§Q>moZo{e`m H$s H«$mH$mQ>moAm BË`m{X &

Ádmbm_wIr

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i i i)gwfwßV Ádmbm_wIr : Omo Ádmbm_wIr ~hþV g_` nhbo {dñ\$mo{Q>V hmo MwHo$ h¢,

na A~ g{H«$` Zht h¢ Am¡a Zm hr CZHo$ g{H«$` hmoZo Ho$ H$moB© bjU h¢, Eogo

Ádmbm_wIr H$mo gwfwßV Ádmbm_wIr H$hVo h¢& CXmhaU : VZOm{Z`m Ho$ Jmoa§Jmoamo,

ñH$mQ>b¢S> H$m AmWw©a grQ>&

Š`m Amn OmZVo h¡?

{díd Ho$ à~b Ádmbm_wIr {dñ\$moQ>

1. _mCÝQ> dogw{d`g (BQ>br)

2. _mCÝQ> H«$mH$mQ>moAm (B§S>moZo{e`m)

3. _mCÝQ> nrbr (doñQ> BÝS>rg)

4. OmnmZ Ho$ bmoJm| Ûmam ny{OV _mCÝQ> \w$Or`m_m AWdm \w$Or

Ádmbm_wIr {dñ\$moQ> Ho$ nXmW© : Ádmbm_wIr {dñ\$moQ> go {ZH$bZo dmbo nXmW©

VrZ àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢&

R>mog nXmW© : Ádmbm_wIr {dñ\$moQ>H$, {ebmAm| Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>o, Yyb, amI, Ðd nXmW©

Ðd nXmW© : bmdm

J¡g : gë\$a, hmBS´>moOZ, H$m~©Z, S>mBAm°ŠgmBS> BË`m{X &

Ádmbm_wIr H$m {dVaU : Ádmbm_wIr {díd Ho$ H$B© àXoem| _| nmE OmVo h¢, O¡go

{H$ Ûrnm| _|, ZB© nd©V l¥§IbmAm| _|, _hmÛrnm| _| BË`m{X& A{YH$ Ádmbm_wIr nmE

OmZo dmbo _w»` àXoe h¢ :

i ) n¡{g{\$H$ d¥Îmr` db`, àem§V _hmgmJa Ho$ VQ>r` àXoe, O¡go - {\$br{nÝg,

OmnmZ, A_o[aH$m BË`m{X&

i i) _Ü` gmJar` àXoe : AmBgb¢S>, doñQ> B§S>rg‹T>

i i i)_Ü` yI§S>r` db` : BQ>br, ñnoZ, \«$m±g, J«rg, Q>H$s© BË`m{X&

iv) à_wI Ûrn : hdmB© Ûrn, B§S>moZo{e`m

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^yH$ån :n¥Ïdr Ho$ A§Xa Ho$yH$dM `m _¡Q>b _| AMmZH$ go

hþE H$dMr` MQ²>Q>mZm| Ho$ Vrd«MbZ H$s dOh go y-gVh nahmoZodmbr hbMb, H§$nZ `m H§$nZm|H$s e¥§Ibm H$mo yH§$n H$hVo h¢&

yH$ån H$s à~bVm y-gVhHo$ÝÐ Ho$ nmg AË`{YH$ hmoVr h¡Am¡a y-gVh Ho$ÝÐ go ~‹T>Vr Xÿar Ho$ gmW H$_ hmoVr OmVr h¡& AJa yH§$n H$m A§V…H|$Ð

y{_ Ho$ gVh Ho$ nmg hmoVm h¡ Vmo yH$ån Ho$ à^md Am¡a ^r A{YH$ à~b hmo OmVo h¢&n¥Ïdr Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ yH$ån Ho$ CJ_ ñWmZ H$mo A§V…Ho$ÝÐ H$hVo h¢& A§V…Ho$ÝÐ go grYm D$na

y{_ H$s gVh na pñWV {~ÝXþ H$mo yH$ån H$m y-gVh Ho$ÝÐ (epicentre) H$hVo h¢&

^yH$ån Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ AÜ``Z H$mo ^yH$ån {dkmZ H$hVo h¢ & ^yH$ån Va§Jm| H$mCX²J_(_yb) ñWmZ, g_`, doJ Am¡a {Xem H$mo yH$ån _mnH$ Zm_H$ CnH$aU go _mnmOmVm h¡&

yH$ån Ho$ H$maU

y-aMZm H$maU : n¥Ïdr H$m y-H$dM {d{dY N>moQ>o Am¡a ~‹S>o {ebm-\$bH$m| go~Zm h¡& o \$bH$ ApñWa hmoVo h¢& BZ \$bH$m| H$s gr_mE± ~hþV J{Verb hmoVr h¢,

yH$ån J{V{d{Y`m| H$m àmW{_H$ ñWmZ hmoVr h¡& (CXmhaU : àem§V gmJa H$m d¥Îmr`db`)

Ádmbm_wIr {dñ\$moQ> Ádmbm_wIr {dñ\$moQ> Ho$ Xm¡amZ hmoZo dmbo A{Zbm| Ho$ {dñ\$moQ>go yH$ån hmoVo h¢& CXmhaU BÊS>moZo{e`m H$m H«$mH$mQ>moAm Ádmbm_wIr&

ñVa §J : H$^r-H$^r n¥Ïdr Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ \$bH$m| Ho$ Vrd« MbZ Ho$ H$maU AMmZH$H$moB© y-gVh Y¢g OmVr h¡ `m H$moB© Z`m y-ñdê$n C^a H$a AmVm h¡, Eogo _| H$B© ~man¥Ïdr H$s gVh ^§J hmo OmVr h¡ (MQ>H$ OmVr h¡) Eogo ^§{JV gVhm| Ho$ nmg O~

y H§$nZ H$s {H«$`m_|

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\$bH$m| H$m MbZ hmoVm h¡ Vmo yH$ån hmoVo h¢ & (CXmhaU : A_o[aH$m Ho$ H$m°br\$mo{Z© m_| pñWV gm°Z EÊS´>r`mg ñVa §J)

_mZd {Z{_©V H$maU : _mZd H$m àH¥${V Ho$ gmW Amdí`H$Vm go A{YH$H$m ©erb hmoZm ^r yH$ån H$m H$maU ~Z OmVm h¡& O¡go {H$ A{YH$ JhamB© _| IZZ,~hþV ~‹S>o ~m±Y `m Obme` ~ZmZm AUw narjm H$aZm BË`m{X& CXmhaU _hmamîQ´> _|H$mo Zm ~m±Y, A_o[aH$m H$m hyda ~m±Y &

yH§$n Va§J|: yH$ån Ho$ A§V…Ho$ÝÐ _| yH$ån Va§J| {Z{_©V hmoH$a y-gVh Ho$ÝÐH$s Amoa bha| H$s Vah d¥ÎmmH$ma _| MbVr h¢& yH$ån Va§Jo VrZ àH$ma H$s hmoVr h¡&

1. àmW{_H$ Va§J| : àmW{_H$ Va§Jm| H$mo (b§~r Va§Jm| H$mo) X~mZo dmbr Va§J|^r H$hVo h¢& àmW{_H$ Va§J| A§V… Ho$ÝÐ go y-gVh Ho$ÝÐ na g~go nhbo nhþ±MVr h¢& oVa§Jo R>mog, Ðd Am¡a J¡g g^r nXmWm] _| go JwμOa gH$Vr h¢&

2. {ÛVr` Va§J| : {ÛVr` Va§Jm| H$mo AZwàñW Va§J| H$hVo h¢& o Va§Jo nmZr gohmoH$a Zht JwμOa gH$Vr h¢& o àmW{_H$ Va§Jm| Ho$ ~mX y-gVh Ho$ÝÐ nhþ±MVr h¢&

3. y-gVh Va§J| : y-gVh Va§J| Ho$db y-gVh na MbVr h¢& BÝh| b§~rVa§J| ^r H$hVo h¢& o Va§J| yH$ån Va§Jm| _| go g~go Yrao MbVr h¡, na y-gVh nag~go A{YH$ {dZmeH$mar hmoVr h¢&

yH$ån Ho$ n[aUm_ Am¡a Vrd«Vm H$mo [aŠQ>a n¡_mZo _| _mnm OmVm h¡Ÿ&

^yH$ån ~hþV IVaZmH$ Am¡a hm{ZH$maH$ ({dZmeH$mar) hmoVo h¢& BZgo Anma_¥Ë w (OZhm{Z), gån{Îm H$m {dZme hmoVm h¡& yH$ån go H$B© ~ma y-ñIbZ, ~m‹T>BË`m{X ^r hmoVo h¢ Omo OmZ-_mb H$s hm{Z H$mo Am¡a A{YH$ H$a XooVo h¢& yH$ån goB_maV|, nwb, añVo BË`m{X g~H$mo ZwH$gmZ nhþ±MVm h¡&

gwZm_r (Tsunami) : gmJa `m g_wÐ Ho$ Vb Ho$ nmg hmoZodmbo yH$ån go ~hþV~‹S>r (X¡Ë`mH$mar) Va§J| CR>Vr h¢, BÝh| gwZm_r H$hVo h¢& `h EH$ OmnmZr eãX h¡{OgH$m AW© h¡ "~§XaJmh Va§J|' - g_wÐ VQ> na AmZo dmbr ~hþV ~‹S>r Va§J|&

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Š`m Amn OmZVo h¢ ? 1. 26 {Xg§~a 2004 H$mo {hÝX _hmgmJa _| AmE gwZm_r Zo B§S>moZo{e`m, ^maV,

lr b§H$m, WmBb¢S> BË`m{X Xoem| Ho$ g_wÐ VQ>r` àXoem| H$mo AË`{YH$ hm{Znhþ±MmB© Wr&

2. 11 _mM© 2011 H$mo àem§V _hmgmJa _| AmE gwZm_r Zo OmnmZ Ho$ nydu g_wÐVQ>r` àXoem| H$mo ~hþV hm{Z nhþ±MmB©& (\w$Hw${e_m, S>|S>mB©, {_`mJr BË`m{X)

3. ^maV _| pñWV Hw$N> yH$ån _mnZ Ho$ÝÐ : Jm¡ar{~XZya (H$Zm©Q>H$), H$moS>¡Ho$Zmb(V{_bZmSw>), nwUo (_hmamîQ´ >), h¡Xam~mX (Am§Y«-àXoe), XohamXÿZ(CÎmam§Mb)&

yH$ån db`m| H$m {dVaU :l àem§V _hmgmJa Ho$ Amgnmg Ho$ VQ>r` àXoe- Ý`y Orb¢S>, {\$brnrÝgZ

OmnmZ, A_oa{H$m, noé BË`m{X&l _o{S>Q>ao{Z`Z g_wÐ Ho$ VQ>r` àXoe‹T>l ^maV Ho$ {h_mMb nd©V àXoe ({edm{bH$ àXoe)

yH§$n Am¡a Ádmbm_wIr àXoe

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~mø ~b (Exogenic forces)

~mø ~b n¥Ïdr Ho$ ~mha H$s do àmH¥${VH$ epŠV`m± h¢, Omo n¥Ïdr Ho$ y-ñdê$n H$mo

~XbVr ahVr h¢& Hw$N> à_wI ~mø ~b h¢ - Vmn_mZ, hdmE±, {h_nmV, dfm©,

Z{X`m±, {h_Z{X`m± BË`m{X&

{e{WbrH$aU : dm w_§S>b _| pñWV H$maH$m| (Vmn_mZ, dfm©, hdmE± BË`m{X) Ho$

Ûmam MQ²>Q>mZm| Ho$ Qy>Q>Zo, jrU hmoZo `m {dKQ>Z H$mo {e{WbrH$aU H$hm OmVm h¡&

{e{WbrH$aU VrZ àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢& do h¢ :

1. `m§{ÌH$ {e{WbrH$aU : O~ MQ²>Q>mZ| {~Zm {H$gr amgm`{ZH$ ~Xbmd Ho$

Qy>Q>Vr `m {dK{Q>V hmoVr h¢, Cgo `m§{ÌH$ AWdm ^m¡{VH$ {e{WbrH$aU H$hVo h¢&

^m¡{VH$ {e{WbrH$aU H$s à_wI {H«$`mE± h¢ - H$Ur` {dKQ>Z, {ebm (I§S>) {dKQ>Z,

naVr` {dKQ>Z& `m§{ÌH$ {e{WbrH$aU Ho$ H$maH$ h¢ - Vmn_mZ, hdmE±, R>§S>r

({h_) BË`m{X&

2. amgm`{ZH$ {e{WbrH$aU : dfm© Ho$ nmZr _| Kwbo hþE nXmWm] H$s {H«$`m go

hmoZodmbo {e{WbrH$aU H$mo amgm`{ZH$ {e{WbrH$aU H$hVo h¢& Bg àH$ma Ho$

{e{WbrH$aU _| MQ²>Q>mZm| _| CnpñWV I{ZOm| H$s g§ moOZm ~Xb OmVr h¡& amgm`{ZH$

{e{WbrH$aU Mma àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢& do h¢ :

l Am°ŠgrH$aU : Bg Vah Ho$ amgm`{ZH$ {e{WbrH$aU _| dfm© Ob _| CnpñWV

AmŠgrOZ MQ²>Q>mZm| _| pñWV I{ZOm|, {deofH$a bmoho Ho$ gmW {_bH$a

Am°ŠgmBS> ~ZmVo h¢ &

l H$m~m}ZrH$aU : O~ dfm©Ob MyZo Ho$ nËWam| na n‹S>Vm h¡, nËWam| _| CnpñWV

H¡$pëe`_ H$m~m}ZoQ> dfm©Ob _| CnpñWV H¡$pëe`_ H$m~m}ZoQ> dfm©Ob go

H$m~©Z S>mBmm°ŠgmBS> H$mo gmoI boVm h¡ Am¡a H¡$pëe`_ ~mB-H$m~m}ZoQ> ~Z

OmVm h¡&

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l h¡S´>rH$aU : Bg à{H«$`m _| MQ²>Q>mZm| _| CnpñWV Hw$N> I{ZO nmZr H$mo gmoIboVo h¢ Am¡a Mya-Mya hmo OmVo h¢& CXmhaU - \¡$ëS>ñnma &

l {dbrZrH$aU : O~ dfm©Ob Hw$N> MQ²>Q>mZm| na n‹S>Vm h¡, dh Cg_| CnpñWVHw$N> I{ZOm| H$mo AnZo gmW Kmob boVm h¡& CXmhaU : {Ong_, Z_H$,\$mñμ\o$Q> BË`m{X &

3. O¡{dH$ {e{WbrH$aU : nm¡Ym|, àm{U`m| Am¡a _Zwî` Ûmam MQ²>Q>mZm| Ho$ Qy>Q>ZoH$mo O¡{dH$ {e{WbrH$aU H$hVo h¢& Bg àH$ma Ho$ {e{WbrH$aU _| ^m¡{VH$ Am¡aamgm`{ZH$ XmoZm| àH$ma Ho$ {e{WbrH$aU hmoVo h¢ :

l nm¡Yo : nm¡Ym| H$s O‹S>| ~‹T>Vo hþE {dñV¥V hmoVr h¢ Am¡a Bg à{H«$`m _| nËWam|H$mo Mya H$a XoVr h¢ &

l àmUr: y{_ _| {~b ~ZmZo dmbo àmUr, IaJmoe, Myho, H|$MwAm BË`m{X &

l _Zwî` : IZZ, nËWa H$s ImZ, {Z_m©U H$m © BË`m{X &

^y-Z¾rH$aU (Denudation)

y-Z¾rH$aU : {d{dY àH$ma H$s àmH¥${VH$ epŠV`m| Ho$ Ûmam n¥Ïdr Ho$ y-ñdê$nH$mo ~XbZo Ho$ H$m © H$mo y-Z¾rH$aU H$hVo h¢& y-Z½ZrH$aU Ho$ H$maH$ h¢ : Z{X`m±,{h_Z{X`m±, A§VO©b, hdmE±, g_wÐ H$s bha| BË`m{X& o H$maH$ y-jaU, n[adhZAm¡a {ZjonU H$m H$m © H$aVo h¢& Am¡a BZ {H«$`mAm| go Hw$N> {d{eîQ> y-ñdê$nm| H$m{Z_m©U H$aVo h¢&

ZXr : CX²J_ ñWmZ go boH$a g_wÐ VH$ EH$ {Z{X©îQ> _mJ© go hmoH$a ~hZo dmbonmZr H$s Ymam H$mo ZXr H$hVo h¢& Z{X`m± y-Z¾rH$aU H$m EH$ à_wI H$maH$ h¢& {OgñWmZ go ZXr H$m CX²J_ hmoVm h¡, Cgo "ZXr _m _yb ñWmZ' Am¡a Ohm± ZXr gmJa go{_bVr h¢, Cgo "ZXr H$m _wI' H$hVo h¢& EH$ ~‹S>r ZXr Ho$ gmW CgHo$ amñVo _| Hw$N>N>moQ>r Z{X`m± AmH$a Ow‹S> OmVr h¢, BÝh| CnZ{X H$hVo h¡& dmo OJh Ohm± EH$ ZXr Xÿgar

ZXr go {_bVr h¡, Cgo "g§J_' H$hVo h¢&

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ZXr H$m _mJ© : EH$ ZXr Ho$ CX²J_ ñWmZ go boH$a ZXr Ho$ _wI VH$ Ho$ _mJ© H$mVrZ MaUm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡& o VrZ MaU h¢ : CÀM _mJ©, _Ü`_ _mJ©,{ZåZ _mJ© &

a) CÀM _mJ©: Bg MaU _| ZXr-nd©Vm| H$s Vrd« XbmZm| go JwμOaVr h¡ Am¡a Km{Q>`m|H$mo A{YH$ Jhar ~Zm XoVr h¡, {OgHo$ \$bñdê$n V§J Km{Q>`m|, "" V'' AmH$maH$s Km{Q>`m|, PaZm| BË`m{X H$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡& Bg MaU _| g~go A{YH$ y-jaU hmoVm h¡&

b) _Ü`_ _mJ©: Bg MaU _| ZXr _¡XmZm| _| àdoe H$aVr h¡& `hm± na H$_ T>bmZhmoVr h¡, Bg{bE ZXr H$m doJ ^r H$_ hmo OmVm h¡& _w»` ZXr Ho$ gmW H$B©CnZ{X`m| Ho$ Ow‹S> OmZo go ZXr _| nmZr ^r ~‹T> OmVm h¡& Bg MaU _| ZXr _w»`ê$n go y-jaU Ho$ nXmWm] (VbN>Q>m|) H$m n[adhZ H$aVr h¡ Am¡a Wmo‹S>m-~hþV{ZjonU ^r H$aVr h¡& Bggo Hw$N> {d{eîQ>, y-ñdê$nm| H$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡, O¡go{H$ : Abw{d`b \¡$Z, {_ §S>a &

c) {ZåZ dJ© : Bg MaU _| T>bmZ g~go H$_ hmoVr h¡& Bg{bE ZXr H$m doJ ^r~hþV H$_ hmoVm h¡& Bg MaU _| ZXr H$m _w»` H$m`© {ZjonU h¡& Bggo Hw$N>{d{eîQ> ^y-ñdê$nm| H$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡& CXmhaU : ~m‹T> _¡XmZ, àmH¥${VH$VQ>~§Y, e¥§J, gamoda, S>oëQ>m (gwÝXa~Z S>oëQ>m, Z¡b S>oëQ>m)

ZXr Ho$ nmÌ Ho$ {d{dY AdñWmE± Am¡a CZgo g§~§{YV y ñdê$n

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ZXr Ho$ H$m © H$mo "ZYr` MH«$' (Fluvial cycle) H$hVo h¢ &

Hw$N> à_wI VËd :

ZX_wI (Estuary) : ZXr Ho$ g_wÐ / gmJa go {_bZo Ho$ ñWmZ na ~ZmMm¡‹S>m _whmZm&

S>oëQ>m : ZXr Ho$ gmJa go {_bZo Ho$ A§{V_ MaU _| {Zjon go ~Zo n§Io Ho$AmH$ma Ho$ _¡XmZ &

{h_ZXr (Glacier) : Y«wdr` àXoem| Am¡a D±$Mo nd©Vm| na Anma {h_am{e hmoVrh¡& Bg {h_am{e H$m AnZo ^ma Am¡a JwéËdmH$f©U Ho$ H$maU T>bmZ H$s Amoa {IgH$ZoH$mo {h_ZXr H$hVo h¢&

{h_Z{X`m| Ho$ àH$ma : {h_Z{X`m| Xmo àH$ma H$s hmoVr h¢& a) yI§S>r` {h_ZXrb) nd©Vr` {h_ZXr

a) yI§S>r` {h_ZXr : Y«wd àXoem| _| nmE OmZo dmbo {h_ Ho$ ì`mnH$ ({dñV¥V)MmXa H$s yI§S>r` (_hmÛrnr`) {h_ZXr H$hVo h¢ & CXmhaU : J«rZb¢S>, A§Q>mH©${Q>H$m

b) nd©Vr` AWdm AënmBZ AWdm KmQ>r` {h_ZXr : D±$Mo nd©Vm| na nmEOmZodmbr {h_Z{X`m| H$mo nd©Vr` {h_ZXr H$hVo h¢&

ZXr g§M`Z go {Z{_©V à_wI y ñdê$n

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y-Z¾rH$aU Ho$ H$maH$ Ho$ ê$n _| {h_Z{X`m± y-jaU, g§dhZ Am¡a {ZjonU H$mH$m © H$aVr h¢& y-jaU Ho$ ê$n _| {h_Z{X`m± _w»`V… Km{Q>`m| Ho$ {H$Zmam| H$mo H$mQ>Vrh¢& Bg \$bñdê$n Hw$N> {d{eîQ> y-ñdê$nm| H$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡& CXmhaU : AY©-d¥Îmr` KmQ>r, U-AmH$ma H$s KmQ>r, PwH$s hþB© KmQ>r, nd©V _oT>, nd©V l¥§J, BË`m{X&

{h_Z{X`m | H$mg§dhZ Am¡a {djonUH$m © gmW-gmW MbVmh¡& {Zjon H$m` © g o{Z{_©V Hw$N> à_wH$ y-ñdê$n h¢ : {h_moT>,{h_ Q>rbm, EñH$a,Ho $åg, {h_ àdmh_¡XmZ, {ÌH$moZo _¡XmZBË`m{X &

{h_mo‹T> {h_Z{X`m| Ûmam Z½ZrH¥$V y-^mJ H$m g~go à_wI y-ñdê$n h¡& {h_mo‹T>Mma àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢ :

a) nmíd© {h_mo‹T> : {h_ZXr Km{Q>`m| Ho$ {H$Zmam| na {Zjo{nV MQ²>Q>mZm| H$m_b~m&

b) _Ü` {h_mo‹T> : O~ Xmo nmíd© {h_mo‹T> {_bVo h¢ Vmo _Ü` {h_mo‹T> ~ZVo h¢&

c) Vbr` {h_mo‹T> : {h_ ZXr KmQ>r Ho$ Vb na O_m hþE MQ²>Q>mZr nXmWm] Ho$Vbr` {h_mo‹T>

d) A§Ë` {h_mo‹T> : {h_ZXr Ho$ A§V _| nmB© OmZo dmbo {Zjon H$mo A§Ë` {h_moÎmH$hVo h¢ &

{h_ZXr Ho$ H$m © H$mo {h_ZXr MH«$ (Glacial Cycle) H$hVo h¢ &

{h_Z{X

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A§VO©b

y{_ Ho$ D$na {JaZodmbo ~m[ae Ho$ nmZr H$m Hw$N> ^mJ [agH$a A§Xa Mbm OmVmh¡& Bg Vah y{_ Ho$ A§Xa H$s naVm| _| g§J«{hV nmZr H$mo A§VO©b H$hVo h¢& Bg VahA§VO©b y{_ Ho$ A§Xa MQ²>Q>mZm| H$s {d{^ÝZ naVm| go hmoH$a JwOaVr h¡& Omo MQ²>Q>mZonmZr H$mo AnZo A§Xa go àdm{hV (~y§X-~y§X H$aHo$) hmoVo XoVr h¢, CÝh| "{N>{ÐV MQ²>Q>mZ|'H$hVo h¢ & Am¡a Omo MQ²>Q>mZ| nmZr H$mo AnZo AÝXa go àdm{hV (~y§X-~y§X H$aHo$) ZhthmoZo XoVr h¢, CÝh| "A{N>{ÐV MQ²>Q>mZ|' H$hVo h¢& Omo MQ²>Q>mZ| AnZo A§Xa Anma _mÌm _|nmZr H$mo g_mE hþE hmoVr h¢, CÝh| "Obr` MQ²>Q>mZ|' H$hVo h¢& {N>{ÐV MQ²>Q>mZ| nmZrH$mo gJ«hrV H$aHo$ \$ìdmam {Z{_©V H$aVo h¢& A§VO©b Ho$ àmH¥${VH$ ê$n go ~mha {ZH$bZoH$m \$ìdmam H$hVo h¢&

\$ìdmam| Ho$ àH$ma

1. {MañWm`r (gXm~hma) \$ìdmam : Eogm \$ìdmam {Oggo nmZr {Za§Va ~mha{ZH$bVm ahVm h¡&

2. {Z`VH$m{bH$ \$ìdmam : Eogm \$ìdmam {Oggo df© Ho$ {H$gr {Z{X©îQ> g_`na nmZr {ZH$bVm h¡&

3. J_© nmZr H$m \$ìdmam : O~ J_© nmZr àmH¥${VH$ ê$n go y{_ go ~mha{ZH$bVm h¡ Cgo J_© nmZr H$m \$ìdmam H$hVo h¢& o gm_mÝ`V… Ádmbm_wIr`àXoem| Ho$ nmg nmE OmVo h¢&

4. CîUmoËg : CîUmoËg {Z`{_V AWdm A{Z`{_V A§Vamb _| J_© nmZr Am¡a^mn Ho$ \$ìdmao H$mo ~mha N>mo‹S>Vo h¢& CXmhaU : A_oa{H$m Ho$ `bmo ñQ>moZZ¡íZb nmH©$ _| pñWV AmoëS> \o$W\w$b Jrga &

5. AmQ>u{g`Z Hw$Am± : O~ A§VO©b Xmo A{N>{ÐV MQ²>Q>mZm| H$s naVm| Ho$ ~rMg§J«{hV hmoVm h¡, dh ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n go ~mha Zht Am nmVm& O~ {N>{ÐVMQ²>Q>mZ VH$ OmZo dmbm EH$ H¥${Ì_ N>oX ~Zm`m OmVm h¡, V~ nmZr \$ìdmaoH$s Vah ~mha {ZH$bVm h¡& BÝh| AmQ>u{g`Z Hw$Am± H$hVo h¢& o gm_mÝ` ê$ngo Am°ñQ´>o{b`m _| nmE OmVo h¢&

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A§VO©b ^r ^y-jaU, g§dhZAm¡a {ZjonU H$m H$m`© H$aVm h¡&A§VO©b H$m H$m © _w»` ê$n go MyZo Ho$nËWa dmbo àXoem| _| nm`m OmVm h¡&A§VO©b H$m © go {Z{_©V Hw$N> à_wI

y-ñdê$n h¢ - bonrg, Amanma {N>Ð(qgH$ hm oëg), A§Va-Jw\$mE ±,Amamohr Am¡a Adamohr e§Hw$, H¡$ëgmBQ>ñV§ BË`m{X &

Š`m Amn OmZVo h¢ ?

MyZo Ho$ nËWa H$s Jw\$mE±

1. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ CÎma H$ÝZS>m _| AH$b J{d AWdm Cbmdr Jw\$m

2. Am§Y« àXoe Ho$ T>ob§ Am¡a ~moham Jw\$mE±

A§VO©b Ûmam {Z[_©V y-ñdê$nm| H$mo ""H$mg©Q>monmoJ«m\$s' H$hVo h¢&

A{Q>©{e`Z Hw§$Am

A§VO©b à{H«$`m

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hdmE±

hdmAm| H$m y-Z¾rH$aU H$m © gm_mÝ` ê$n go ewîH$ àXoem| Am¡a ao{JñWmZm| _|nm`m OmVm h¡& O~ ao{JñWmZm| _| VoμO hdm MbVr h¡, V~ Vmo y-jaU, g§dhZ Am¡a{ZjonU H$aHo$ {d{^ÝZ y-ñdê$n {Z{_©V H$aVr h¡& hdmAm| Ho$ y-jaU go g§~§{YVà_wI y-ñdê$n h¢ - noS>oñQ>b MQ²>Q>mZ,BZgob MQ²>Q>mZ, Hw$Hw$a_wÎmm MQ²>Q>mZ(Mushroom rock)

hdmAm| Ho$ {ZjonU go ~Zo à_wIy-ñdê$n : aoV Ho$ Q>rbo, bmo g _¡XmZ,

~aImZ (AY©-M§ÐmH$ma aoVrbm nhm‹S>)

~aImZ AWm©V² AY©-MÝÐmH$ma aoVHo$ Q>rbo gm_mÝ` ê$n go ao{JñWmZm| _| nmEOmVo h¢& ao{JñWmZ Ho$ {H$Zmam| na nmE OmZodmbo aoV Ho$ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o H$Um| go ~Zo _¡XmZm|H$mo bmo`g _¡XmZ H$hVo h¢& CXmhaU : MrZm H$m b``g _¡XmZ (nrbo aoV Ho$ ~marH$H$Um| go ~Zm _¡XmZ )&

dm w Ho$ H$m © H$mo dm w MH«$ (Acolian cycle) H$hVo h¢ &

g_wÐ H$s bha| : y-Z¾rH$aU Ho${d{^ÝZ H$maH$m| H$s Vah g_wÐ H$s bha|^r EH$ à_wI ~mø epŠV h¡& g_wÐr bha|g_wÐ Ho$ nmZr H$mo {Z`{_V CVma-M‹T>mdH$mo H$hVo h¢& g_wÐr bham| H$m H$m © g_wÐVQ>r` àXoem| _| _w»` ê$n go nm`m OmVmh¡& g_wÐr bham| Ûmam {Z{_©V {d{eîQ> y-ñdê$n h¢ - I‹S>r MQ²>Q>mZ, g_wÐr` Jw\$m,g_wÐr T>oa, g_wÐ H$_mZ, g_wÐr CÀMñWmd, aoV Hoo$ Q>rbo, g_wÐ VQ>, bJyZ BË`m{X &

AY© M§ÐmH¥$Vr H$s ~mby H$m Q>rbm

g_wÐ Ho$ Va§J

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Aä`mg

I. ghr eãX {bIH$a Imbr ñWmZ ^amo :

1. yI§S>r` H$dM H$mo ___________

^r H$hVo h¢&

2. Ádmbm_wIr Ho$ Jhao {dñV¥V _wIÛma H$mo ___________

H$hVo h¢&

3. yH$ån Va§Jm| _| go g~go {dZmeH$mar Va§Jo ___________

h¡&

4. ñQ>mbH$Q>mBQ²>g Am¡a ñQ>mb½_mBQ>Q²>g gm_mÝ`V… _________

_| nmE OmVo h¢&

5. g_wÐ VQ> ___________

H$m`m] go ~ZVm h¡&

II. ZrMo {X o JE àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :

1. n¥Ïdr Ho$ VrZ à_wI nadm| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE &

2. {dñ\$moQ> H$s Amd¥{Îm Ho$ AmYma na Ádmbm_wIr Ho$ VrZ àH$mam| Ho$ Zm_{b{IE &

3. {díd Ho$ à_wI yH$ån (db`m|) àXoem| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE &

4. {e{WbrH$aU Š`m h¡? {e{WbrH$aU Ho$ VrZ àH$ma Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE&

5. ZXr Ho$ H$m © go gå~pÝYV _w»` y-ñdê$nm| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE &

III. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

1. gr_m A) ^yH$ån

2. aoVrbm nËWa Am) nrbo aoV Ho$ H$U

3. y-gVah Ho$ÝÐ B) gmJar` H$dM

4. CîUmoËg B©) VbN>Q>r MQ²>Q>mU

5. bmo g _¡XmZ C) A§VO©b

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IV. ZrMo {X o JE nXm| H$s n[a^mfm {b{IE :

1. Obr` MQ²>Q>mZ

2. n¡{g{\$H$ Ap½Z d¥Îm

3. `m§{ÌH$ {e{WbrH$aU

4. {ebm {Z`_

5. H$m~m}ZrH¥$V MQ²>Q>mZ|

6. gwZm_r

7. ^yI§S>r` {h_ZXr

8. J_© nmZr H$m \$ìdmam

V. Hw$N> à_wI nX :

1. Z¡\o$ (Nife)

2. AaoZmH¥$V Am¡a A{J«brH¥$V MQ²>Q>mZ|

3. nd©Vr` {h_ZXr

4. A`mo{b`Z d¥Îm

5. g_wÐ VQ>

6. yaMZm ~b (e{º$`m±)

VI. {H«$`mH$bmn :

1. AnZo Amg-nmg Ho$ ñWmZm| na nmE OmZo dmbo nËWam| H$mo g§J«{hV H$s{OEAm¡a Zm_m§{H$V H$s{OEŸ&

2. nmg Ho$ PaZo H$mo XoIZo OmBE Am¡a CgHo$ {Z_m©U Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$marhm{gb H$s{OEŸ&

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AÜ`m`-3

dm`w_§S>b

Bg AÜ`m` H$mo n‹T>Zo Ho$ ~mX Amn AmZ|Jo :l dm w_§S>b H$m AW©, _hËd g§aMZm Am¡a aMZml dm w_§S>b Ho$ KQ>H$ O¡go Vmn_mZ, X~md, dm w MbZ AmЩVm, ~mXb Am¡a CZHo$

H$m © Am¡a à^mdl dmVmdaU Am¡a _m¡g_ _| A§Va

Š`m Amn OmZVo h¡ {H$ {H$g Vah h_mao Mmam| Amoa \¡$br hþB© dm w H$s naV

h_mar gwajm H$aVr h¡Ÿ&

dm w_§S>b-AW© Am¡a _hËd

y{_ Ho$ Mmam| Amoa \¡$br hþB© dm w, Yya Ho$

H$U Am¡a ^mn H$s nVbr naV H$m| dm`w_§S>b

H$hVo h¢Ÿ& dm w H$s `h naV n¥Ïdr H$s gVh Am¡a

~mømH$me Ho$ ~rM gwajm Koao H$m H$m_ H$aVr

h¡Ÿ& dm`w_§S>b n¥Ïdr H$s gVh go bJ^J 100

{H$._r. VH$ \¡$bm hþAm h¡Ÿ& dm w_§S>b n¥Ïdr na

ah aho g^r àH$ma Ho$ Ordm| Ho$ {bE ~hþV

_hËdnwU© h¡Ÿ& g^r àH$ma Ho$ Ordm| H|$ gm±g boZo

Ho$ {bE, nm¡Ym| Ho$ Ûmam Amhma CËnmXZ H$aZo Ho$

{bE dmVmdaU Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& dm`w_§S>b, EH$

MmXa H$s Vah gy`© go {_bZo dmbr J_u H$mo

gmIH$a n¥Ïdr H$m Vmn_mZ OrdZmZwHy$b ~ZmE

aIZo _| ghm`Vm H$aVr h¡Ÿ&

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dm w_§S>b H$s g§aMZm

dm w_§S>b {d{^Þ àH$ma H$s J¡gm|, Yyb Ho$ H$U Am¡a ^mn H$m {_lU h¡Ÿ& dm w_§S>b

_| CnpñW à_wI J¡g h¢- ZmBQ ´ >m oOZ (gmaOZH$)-78.08%, Am°Šgr μOZ

(AmåbOZH$)- 20.94% Am¡a Am°J©Z-0.93% H$m~©Z S>mBAm°ŠgmBS> -0.03%

AmoμOmoZ-0.000005% BË`m{X AmVo h¢Ÿ& dm w_§S>b _| Yyb Ho$ H$U ^r hmoVo h¢, Omo

dm w_§S>b _| CnpñWV ^mn Ho$ ggW {_bH$a, ~mXbm| H$s aMZm Am¡a {H$gr ^r àXoe

H$s Obdm w na AnZm à^md S>mbVr h¡Ÿ&

dm w_§S>b H$s aMZm

dm w_§S>b H$mo CgHo$ JwU-bjUm| Ho$ AmYma na nm±M à_wI ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV

{H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& do h¢ : n[adV©Z db`, g_Vmn db`, _Ü §Va db`, CîUVm db`,

~mø db`Ÿ&

1. n[adV©Z db` : n[adV©Z db` dm w_§S>b H$m AË §V à_wI Am¡a {ZMbm db`

h¡Ÿ& `h db` y_Ü` aoIm ^mJ _| 18 {H$._r VH$ Am¡a Y«wdr` ^mJm| _| 8 {H$._r.

VH$ \¡$br hþB© h¡Ÿ& Bg db` _| dm w_§S>b Ho$ g^r KQ>H$ O¡go Vmn_mZ, X~md,

dm w_§S>b Ho$ g^r KQ>H$ O¡go Vmn_mZ, X~md, dm w MbZ, ~mXb Am¡a dfm©,

BË`{X nmE OmVo h¢Ÿ& Bg db` _| D§$MmB© Ho$ gmW Vmn _mZ Am¡a X~md XmoZm| H$_

hmoVo OmVo h¢Ÿ&

2. g_Vmn db` : `h dm`w_§S>b H$m Xygam db` h¡Ÿ& `h n¥Ïdr H$s gVh go

bJ^J 50 {H$._r VH$ \¡$br hþB© h¡Ÿ& `h n[adV©Z db` Am¡a _Ü §Va db` Ho$

~rM pñWV h¡Ÿ& Bgr db` _| AmoμOmoZ J¡g H$s naV nmB© OmVr h¡ Omo gy © AmZo

dmbr ng-~¢JZr () {H$aUm| H$mo gmoIH$a n¥Ïdr na ahZo dmbo g^r Ordm| H$s

gwajm H$aVr h¡Ÿ& Bg db` _| ~mXb Am¡a Xygao Obdm w KQ>H$ Zht nmE OmVo,

Bg{bE `h dm w mZm| Ho$ CS>mZ Ho$ {bE AZwHy$b h¡Ÿ&

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3. _Ü`§Va db` : `h dm`w_§S>b H$m Vrgam db` h¡Ÿ& `h n¥Ïdr H$s gVh gobJ^J 80 {H$._r. VH$ \¡$bm hþAm h¡ Am¡a g_Vmn db` Ho$ D$na pñWV h¡Ÿ& Bgdb` _| D±$MmB© Ho$ gmW Vmn_mZ H$_ hmoVm OmVm h¡Ÿ& `h dm w_§S>b H$m AË §VerV (R>§S>m) db` h¡Ÿ&

4. CîUVm db` : CîUVm db` _Ü`§Va db` Ho$ ~mX AmV h¡Ÿ& Bg db` _|Vmn_mZ Vrd«Vm go ~‹T>Vm h¡Ÿ& Bg db` H$mo Am`mZ db` ^r H$hVo h¡§ Š`m|{H$`hm±Cƒ Vmn_mZ H$s dOh go J¡g Ho$ na_mUwAm| H$m Am`mZrH$aU hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&Bg db` _| nmE OmZo dmbo Am`mZ n¥Ïdr go àg[aV hmoZo dmbr ao{S>`mo Va§Jm| H$monwZ… n¥Ïdr H$s Amoa à{V\${bV H$a XoVr h¢Ÿ&

5. ~mø db` : `h dm w_§S>b H$m A§{V_ db` h¡Ÿ& Bg db` _| dm w_§S>b Ho$ VËd~hþV {dab hmoVo h¢ Am¡a X~md ~hþV H$_ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

_m¡g_ Ho$ VËd

{H$gr ^r joÌ H$m _m¡g_ {d{^Þ VËdm| go à^m{dV hmoVm h¡ O¡go {H$ Vmn_mZ,X~md, dm w-MbZ, AmЩVm, ~mXb, dfm© BË`m{XŸ&

{H$gr joÌ _| {H$gr {ZYm©[aV g_` na nmE OmZo dmbo dmVmdaU H$mo _m¡g_H$hVo h¢Ÿ& O~{H$ {H$gr joÌ _| EH$ b§~o g_` VH$ nmE OmZo dmbo _m¡g_ H$spñW{V H$mo Obdm w H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

dm w_§S>b H$m Vmn_mZ

gy © n¥Ïdr na nmB© OmZo dmbr g^r àH$ma H$s e{º$ H$m _w»` ómoV h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr H$mogy © go àH$ma H$s e{º$ H$m _w»` ómoV h¡Ÿ& n¥Ïdr H$mo gy © go `h e{º$ "gm¡a {d{H$aUm|'Ho$ ê$n _| àmá hmoVr h¡Ÿ& dm w_§S>b Ho$ Vmn_mZ H$mo Vmn-_mnH$ §Ì Ho$ Ûmam _mnmOmVm h¡Ÿ& dm`w_§S>b Ho$ Vmn_mZ H$m _mnZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE g|Q>rJ«oS> Am¡a \¡$aZhmBQ>Vmn_mnH$m| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& dm w_§S>b Ho$ Vmn_mZ H$mo à^{dV H$aZo dmbo_w»` VËd h¢: Ajm§e, D§$MmB©, gmJa/g_wÐ go Xyar, dm w MbZ, gmJar` àdmh, y-

ñdê$n, ~mXb, dfm©, BË`m{XŸ&

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dm w_§S>b Ho$ Vmn_mZ _| H$_r H$m gm_mÝ` àm_U : dm w_§S>b _| D±$MmB© Ho$gmW Vmn_mZ H$_ hmoVm OmVm h¡Ÿ& dm w_§S>b H$m Vmn_mZ à{V 165 _r. na 10C Am¡aà{V 1000 _r. (1 {H$._r.) na 6.40C Ho$ {hgm~ go H$_ hmoVm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bgodm w_§S>b Ho$ Vmn_Z _| H$_r H$m gm_mÝ` à_mU H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

dm w_§S>b Ho$ Vmn_mZ H$m CbQ>\o$a : Hw$N> g§X^m] _|, D±$MmB© Ho$ gmW Vmn_mZ~‹T>Vm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Bgo Vmn_mZ H$mo CëQ>-\o$a H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Eogm nd©Vm| H$s K{Q>`m| _|,~mXb-a{hV, AmH$me, ewîH$ hdm Am¡a ~\©$ go ‹T>H$s hþB© gXu H$s b§~r amVm| _| hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

CîUm§e Ho$ db` : n¥Ïdr H$s gVh na Vmn_mZ H$m {dVaU EH$ gm Zhr h¡Ÿ& gy ©go àmá hmoZo dmbr Am¡a {d{H$aUm| Ho$ AmYmana, n¥Ïdr H$mo VrZ CîUm§e Ho$ db`m| _|{d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& do h¡… CîU db`,g_erVmoîU db`, erV db`Ÿ&

CîU db` : `h A{YH$ CîUm§e H$mdb` h¡Ÿ& `h 00 Ajm§e AWdm y_Ü` aoImgo CÎma _| H$H©$ d¥Îm (23½0 N) VH$ Am¡aX{jU _| _H$a d¥Îm (23½0 S) VH$ \¡$bmhþAm h¡Ÿ& `h db` gy © go grYr {d{H$aUm|àmá H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

g_erVmoîU db` : Bg db` _| Vmn_mZ Zm Vmo ~hþV A{YH$ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a ZVmo ~hþV H$_ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `h db` CÎma _| H$H©$ d¥Îm 23½0 N go AmH©${Q>H$ d¥Îm 66½0 N

VH$ Am¡a X{jU _| _H$a d¥Îm 23½0 S go A§Q>H©${Q>H$ d¥Îm 66½0 S VH$ \¡$bm hþAm h¡Ÿ&

erV db` : `h AË §V erV àXoe h¡Ÿ& `h db` CÎma _| AmH©${Q>H$ d¥Îm 66½0

N go CÎma Y«d 900 N VH$ Am¡a X{jU _| A§Q>mH©${Q>H$ d¥Îm 66½0 S go X{jU Y«d 900

S VH$ \¡$bm hþAm h¡Ÿ& Bg db` na gy © H$s {H$aUm| AË §V {VaN>r hmoH$a AmVr h¢,

Bg{bE `h±m H$m Vmn_mZ ~hþV H$_ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `hm J{_© m| _| Vmn_mZ Wmo‹S>m go ~‹T>

OmVm h¡ Am¡a g{X© m| _| ~hþV H$_ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

CîUm§e db`

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g_nmV aoImE± : Zjo na EH$ à_mU Ho$ Vmn_mZ dmbo àXoem| H$mo Omo‹S>H$a Xem©Zdmbr (H$mën{ZH$) aoImAm| H$mo g_Vmn aoImE H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

Š`m Amn OmZVo h¢?

g~go A{YH$ Am¡a g~go H$_ Vmn_mZ dmbo àXoe :

1. A\«$sH$m I§S> Ho$ {b{~`m Xoe Ho$ Ab-AμOr{μO`m _| g~go A{YH$ Vmn_mZ(+580C) _mn J`m h¡Ÿ& O~{H$ aî`m Ho$ g¡~o[a`m àXoe Ho$ dH$m}`§ñg _|g~go H$_ Vmn_mZ (-240C) _mnm J`m h¡Ÿ&

2. ^maV _| amÁ`ñWmZ Ho$ J§JmZJa _| J{_© m| _| g~go A{YH$ Vmn_mZ (+540C)Am¡a Oå_w-H$mí_ra Ho$ boh àXoe _| g{X© m| _| g~go H$_ Vmn_mZ (-100C)_mn J`m h¡Ÿ&

3. A§Q>mH©${Q>H$ Ho$ dñQ>moH$ àXoe H$mo n¥Ïdr H$m g~go R>‹§S>m àXoe (gm_mÝ` Vmn --890C) _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ&

dm w_§S>b H$m X~md

dm w _| ^ma h¢, Bg{bE dh X~md S>mbVm h¡Ÿ& Bgo dm w_§S>b H$m X~md H$hVo h¡Ÿ&dm w Ho$ X~md H$m _mnZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE (dm w ma_mnH$) Zm_H$ CnH$aU H$m Cn`moJ{H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& X~md H$mo {_br~ma (mb) _| _mnm OmVm h¡Ÿ& g_wÐnQ> na dm w_§S>bH$m X~md gm_mÝ` ê$n go 1013.25 {_br~ma hmoVm h¡Ÿ& dm w_§S>b H$m X~md H$B© VËdm|go à^m{dV hmoVm h¡ O¡go : Vmn_mZ, n¥Ïdr H$m «_U, D±$MmB©, mn, BË`m{XŸ& dm w_§S>bHo$ X~md H$mo g~go A{YH$ à^m{dV H$aZo dmbm VËd Vmn_mZ h¡Ÿ& A{YH$ Vmn_mZdmbo àXoem| _| dm w Ho$ {dñV¥V hmoZo H$s dOh go X~md H$_ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& H$_ Vmn_mZdmbo àXoem| _| dm w Ho$ {gHw$‹S>Zo H$s dOh go A{YH$ X~md hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE Vmn_mZAm¡a X~md EH$ Xygao go {déÕ ê$n go g§~§{YV h¡Ÿ& dm w_§S>b H$m X~md D$Mm§B© Ho$ gmWH$_ hmoVm OmVm h¡Ÿ& X~md _| H$_r H$m à_mU à{V 300 _r. na bJ^J 34 {_{b~ma

H$m hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

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n¥Ïdr H$s à_wI X~md H$s n{Å>`m±

1. y-_Ü` aIr` H$_ X~md nÅ>r

2. CÎma Cn-CîU db` H$s A{YH$ X~md nÅ>r

3. X{jU Cn-\$îU db` H$s A{YH$ X~md nÅ>r

4. CÎma Cn-Y«wd db` H$s H$_ X~md nÅ>r

5. X{jU Cn-Y«wd db` H$s H$_ X~md nÅ>r

6. CÎma Y«wd db` H$s A{YH$ X~md nÅ>r

7. X{jU Y«wd db` H$s A{YH$ X~md nÅ>r

y-_Ü` aoIr` H$_ X~md nÅ>r

`h A{YH$ Vmn_mZ Am¡a H$_ X~md dmbr nÅ>r h¡Ÿ& `h y_Ü` aoIm (00) Ho$

XmoZm| Amoa CÎma _| 50N Am¡a X{jU _| 50S VH$ \¡$br hþB© h¡Ÿ& `h àXoe bJ^J nyao df©

_| gy © go grYr {H$aUm| àmá H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE dm w h_oem J_© ahVr h¡ Am¡a dm w H$m

MbV ~hþV H$_ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE Bgo "em±V db`' AWdm S>mobS´>_ ^r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Bg

db` H$mo A§Va CîU g§{Y db` (Inter Tropical Convergence Zone-ITCZ) r H$hVo

h¢ Š`m|{H$ `hm± ì`mnm[aH$ hdmE§>&

Cn-CîU db` H$s A{YH$ X~md n{Å>`m± : o n{Å>`m± CÎma Am¡a X{jU XmoZm|

JmobmÕm] _| 30° Am¡a 35° Ajm§em| Ho$ ~rM nmE OmVo h¢& `hm± Xmo Cn-CîU db` H$s

A{YH$ X~md npQ²>Q>`m± hmoVr h¡ :

a) CÎma-CîU db` H$s A{YH$ X~md nÅ>r : `h nÅ>r CÎma _| 30°N go

35°N Ajm§e Ho$ ~rM nmB© OmVr h¡& BgH$mo Aíd Ajm§e db` ^r H$hVo h¢&

b) X{jU Cn-CîU db` H$s A{YH$ X~md nÅ>r : `h nÅ>r X{jU _| 30°S

go 35°S Ajm§e Ho$ ~rM nmB© OmVr h¡&

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Cn-Y«wd db` H$s H$_ X~md H$s n{Å>`m±

`o n{Å>`m± CÎma Am¡a X{jU XmoZm|JmobmÕm] _| 60° Am¡a 65° Ajm§em| Ho$ ~rMnmB© OmVr h¢& `hm± Xmo Cn-Y«wd db` H$sH$_ X~md H$s n{Å>`m± nmB© OmVr h¡ :

a) CÎma Cn-Y«wd db` H$s H$_X~md nÅ>r : 60°N go 65°N Ajm§e VH$

b) X{jU Cn-Y«wd db` H$s H$_X~md nÅ>r : 60°S go 65°S Ajm§eVH$& BZ n{Å>`m| _| g{X© m| _| Vy\$mZr hdmE§MbVr h¢&

Y«wd db` H$s A{YH$ X~md n{Å>`m±

o n{Å>`m± CÎma Am¡a X{jU XmoZm| JmobmÕm] _| 80° Am¡a 90° Ajm§em| Ho$ ~rM nmB©OmVr h¢& AË §V erV db` hmoZo H$s dOh go `hm± nyao df© A{YH$ X~md ~Zm ahVm h¡&

g_^ma aoImE±

Zjo na EH$ à_mU Ho$ X~md dmbo àXoem| H$mo Omo‹S>H$a Xem©Zo dmbr H$mën{ZH$aoImAm| H$mo g_^ma aoImE± H$hVo h¢&

hdmE± (dm w H$m MbZ-dbZ)

n¥Ïdr H$s gVh Ho$ g_mZmÝVa MbZo dmbr dm w H$mo hdm (ndZ) H$hVo h¢& n¥ÏdrHo$ «_U Am¡a dm w Ho$ X~md _| Ag_mZVm H$s dOh go hdmE± MbVr h¢&

hdmAm| H$s {Xem {XImZo Ho$ {bE "ndZ {Xem gyMH$' (wind wane or weather

cock) Zm_H$ CnH$aU H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡& Bgr Vah hdmAm| Ho$ doJ H$mo_mnZo Ho$ {bE "ndZ doJ _mnH$' (anemometer) H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡&

{díd Ho$ X~md nÅ>`m|

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hdmAm| Ho$ àH$ma : hdmAm| H$mo à_wI àH$mam| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡& do h¢ :a){Za§Va hdmE± b) {Z`VH$m{bH$ hdmE± c)ñWmZr` hdmE± d)A{ZpíMV hdmE±

1. {Za§Va hdmE± : {Za§Va hdmAm| H$mo "{ZË` hdmE±' AWdm " y_§S>br` hdmE±'^r H$hVo h¢& o hdmE± nyao gmb ^a bJ^J EH$ hr {Xem _| MbVr h¢& o hdmE± _w»`ê$n go Obdm`w n[adV©Z (~§Oa ^y{_) Ho$ {Z_m©U, Zm¡H$m`mZ Ho$ _mJ© BË`m{X H$moà^m{dV H$aVr h¢& {Za§Va hdmE± VrZ àH$ma H$s hmoVr h¢ &

a) ì`mnm[aH$ hdmE± : `o hdmE± Cn-CîU db` H$s A{YH$ X~md dmbrn{Å>`m| go y-_Ü` aoIr` H$_ X~md dmbo àXoe H$s Amoa ~hVr h¢& CÎma JmobmÕ© _|ì`mnm[aH$ hdmE± CÎma nyd© go X{jU-npíM_r{Xem _| ~hVr h¢& BÝh| CÎma nydu ì`mnm[aH$hdmE± H$hVo h¢ & X{jU JmobmÕ© _| o hdmE±X{jU nyd© go CÎma npíM_r {Xem _| ~hVr h¢&BÝh| X{jU nydu ì`mnm[aH$ hdmE± H$hVo h¢ &

b) à{V-dm{UÁ` (ì`mnm[aH$) hdmE±: `o hdmE± Cn-CîU db` H$mo A{YH$ X~mdn{Å>`m| go Cn-Y«wdr` db` H$s H$_ X~md n{Å>`m|

H$s Amoa ~hVr h¢& CÎma JmobmÕ© _| `o hdmE±

ndZ {XŠgyMr ndZ doJ_mnH$

{Za§Va _m wV

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X{jU-npíM_ go CÎma nyd© H$s {Xem _| ~hVr h¢& X{jU JmobmÕ© _| CÎma-npíM_ go

X{jU nyd© H$s {Xem _| ~hVr h¢& o hdmE± X{jU JmobmÕ© Ho$ gmJam| na A{V à~b

hmoVr h¢& Bg{bE BÝh| "" 40°S H$s JaOZo dmbr hdmE± '', "" 50°S H$s CJ« hdmE± ''

Am¡a "60°S H$s MtIZo dmbr hdmE± '' H$hm OmVm h¡& BÝh| npíM_r hdmE± ^r H$hm

OmVm h¡&

c) Y«wdr` hdmE± : BZ hdmAm| H$mo nydu hdmE± H$hm OmVm h¡& o hdmE± Y«wdr`

A{YH$ X~md n{Å>`m| go Cn-Y«wdr` H$_ X~md H$s n{Å>`m| H$s Amoa ~hVr h¢& CÎma

JmobmÕ© _| o hdmE± CÎma nyd© go X{jU npíM_ {Xem _| ~hVr h¢& X{jU JmobmÕ© _| o

hdmE± X{jU nyd© go CÎma npíM_ {Xem _| ~hVr h¢& o Y«wdr` {h_-àXoem| go ~hZodmbr

erV (R>§S>r) ewîH$ hdmE± h¢ &

2. {Z`V H$m{bH$ hdmE± : BZ hdmAm| H$mo G$Vw_mZ hdmE± ^r H$hVo h¢& o

hdmE§ G$Vw AWdm H$mb Ho$ gmW AnZr {Xem ~Xb XoVr h¢& ^maV _| MbZodmbr

_mZgyZ hdmE± {Z`VH$m{bH$ hdmAm| H$m CÎm_ CXmhaU h¢& ^maV _| X{jUr npíM_r

_mZgyZr hdmE± OyZ go {gV§~a _hrZm| Ho$ ~rM X{jU npíM_ go CÎma nydu {Xem _|

MbVr h¢ Am¡a CÎma nydu _mZgyZ hdmE± {gVå~a _hrZo Ho$ A§V go {Xg§~a Ho$ _Ü` VH$

CÎma nyd© go X{jU npíM_ {Xem _| MbVr h¢&

3. ñWmZr` hdmE± : {Za§Va Am¡a {Z`VH$m{bH$ hdmE± ñWbr` Vmn_mZ, X~md,

AmЩVm BË`m{X H$s Ag_mZVm H$s dOh go ñWbr` hdmAm| H$mo OÝ_ XoVr h¢& {Za§Va /

{Z`VH$m{bH$ hdmE± O~ nd©V lo{U`m| go, Km{Q>`m| go AWdm Xÿgao ^y-ñdê$nm| go

hmoH$a JwμOaVr h¢, V~ ñWbr` hdmAm| H$m OÝ_ hmoVm h¡& Hw$N> à_wI ñWbr` hdmE± h¢

: y-ndZ, g_wÐr` ndZ, nd©Vr` hdm, Km{Q>`m| H$s hdm BË`m{X& ñWbr` hdmAm|

H$mo ^maV _| "by' A_o[aH$m _| "{MZyH$' AWdm "{h_^jH$', Eëßg nd©Vm| _o_ "\$moN>',

\«$m±g _| "{_ñQ´>b', ghmao ao{JñVmZ _o_ "{gamoŠH$mo', Am°ñQ´>o{b`m _| "{~«H$ \$sëS>a'

Am¡a A§Q>mH©${Q>H$ _| "pãbÁμOmS>©' H$hVo h¢ &

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4. AmdV© Am¡a àË`mdV© hdmE± : BÝh| A{ZpíMV hdmE± H$hVo h¢& o hdmE±X~md _| ~hþV A{YH$ Ag_mZVm hmoZo na MbZo bJVr h¢& `o hdmE± AënH$m{bH$(AñWm`r) hmoVr h¢. naÝVw H$^r-H$^r ^`mZH$ Am¡a {dZmeH$mar ^r hmo gH$Vr h¢&

a) AmdV© hdmE± : H$^r-H$^r AË`§V H$_ X~md dmbo Ho$ÝÐ Ho$ Mmam| AmoaA{YH$ X~md H$m joÌ ~Z OmVm h¡& Eogo _| hdmE± A{YH$ X~md dmbo joÌ go H$_X~md dmbo joÌ H$s Vah d¥ÎmmH$ma _| Ky_Zo bJVo h¢& CÎma JmobmÕ© _| AmdV© hdmE±~mE± go XmE± AWm©V² K‹S>r H$s gyB© H$s CëQ>r {Xem _| MbVr h¢& X{jU JmobmÕ© _| AmdV©hdmE± XmE± go ~mE± AWm©V² KS>r H$s gwB© H$s {Xem _| MbVr h¢& AmdV© hdmE± Xmo àH$maH$s hmoVr h¢ :

i) CîU db` H$s AmdV© hdmE± : o hdmE± CîU db` _| nmB© OmVr h¢& oAË §V epŠVembr Am¡a {dZmeH$mar hmoVr h¢&

ii) g_erVmoîU db` H$s AmdV© hdmE± : o hdmE± g_erVmoîU db` _| nmB©OmVr h¢& CîU db` H$s AmdV© hdmAm| H$s VwbZm _| o H$_ epŠVembr Am¡aH$_ {dZmeH$mar hmoVr h¢&

AmdV© hdmAm| H$mo {d{^ÝZ àXoem| _| {d{^ÝZ Zm_m| go ~wbm`m OmVm h¡& MrZAm¡a OmnmZ - Q>¡μ\y$Z, A_o[aH$m Am¡a _¡pŠgH$mo-harHo$Z, Am°ñQ´>o{b`m - {dëbr{dëbrg, ^maV-g¡ŠbmoZ, a{e`m-db©nyb & {nN>bo Hw$N> gmbm| _| ^maV _| Hw$N>epŠVembr AmdV© hdmAm| H$mo XoIm h¢& CZ_| go à_wI h¢ - ~mobm, Z{J©g, {Zem,b¡bm, {~Obr, Ob BË`m{X&

b) àË`mdV© hdmE± : àË`mdV© hdmE± A{YH$ X~md dmbo Ho$ÝÐ go H$_ X~mddmbo àXoe H$s Amoa (~mha H$s Amoa) MbVr h¢& CÎma JmobmÕ© _| àË`mdV© hdmE± XmE± go~mE± AWm©V² K‹S>r H$s gyB© H$s {Xem _| MbVr h¢ Am¡a X{jU JmobmÕ© _| ~mE± go XmE±AWm©V² K‹S>r H$s gyB© H$s CëQ>r {Xem _| MbVr h¢&

AmЩVm : dm`w _| CnpñWV ^mn AWdm Z_r H$s _mÌm H$mo AmЩVm H$hVo h¢&AmЩVm H$m _mnZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE AmЩVm_mnH$ (Hygrometer or Psychrometer) H$mCn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡&

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AmЩVm Ho$ àH$ma : AmЩVm H$mo {d{^ÝZ ê$n go Xem© m Om gH$Vm h¡& Cg_| goà_wI h¢ : g_J«, AmЩVm, gmnoj AmЩVm Am¡a {Z{X©îQ> AmЩVm &

g_J« AmЩVm : EH$ {Z{X©îQ> à_mU Ho$ dm w _| CnpñWV g§nyU© Z_r H$s _mÌm H$mog_J« AmЩVm H$hVo h¢& Bg àH$ma H$s Z_r H$m _mnZ Cn wŠV Zht h¡ Š`m|{H$ Bg_|Vmn_mZ H$mo Ü`mZ _| Zht {b`m J`m h¡&

gmnoj AmЩVm : EH$ {Z{X©îQ> Vmn_mZ _| dm w _| CnpñWV Z_r H$s _mÌm Am¡aCgr Vmn_mZ _| dm w Ûmam nH$‹S>o Ho$ aIo OmZo `mo½` Z_r H$s _mÌm Ho$ AZwnmV H$mogmnoj AmЩVm H$hVo h¢& Bgo à{VeV Ho$ ê$n _| Xem© m OmVm h¡&

gmnoj AmЩVm = × 100dm w _o§ CnpñWV Z_r H$ `WmW© _mÌm

{Z{X©ï> Vmn_mZ _| dm w Ûmam nH$S>o aIo OmZo`mo½` Z_r H$s J[að> _mÌm

{Z{X©îQ> AmЩVm : dm w H$s {Z{X©îQ> _mÌm _| CnpñWV Z_r H$s `WmW© _mÌm H$moZ{X©îQ> AmЩVm H$hVo h¢&

~mXb : dm`w_§S>b H$m Vmn_mZ H$_ hmoZo na Cg_| pñWV Z_r `m ^mn Ho$KZrH$aU Ho$ Ûmam ~Zr N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o nmZr Ho$ ~y±Xm| AWdm ~\©$ Ho$ H$Um| Ho$ T>oa H$mo"~mXb' H$hVo h¢& o y{_ H$s gVh go H$mμ\$s D±$MmB© na hmoVo h¢&

~mXbm| Ho$ àH$ma : ~mXbm| H$mo CZHo$ AmH$ma Am¡a D±$MmB© Ho$ AmYma na {d{^ÝZàH$mam| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡& Hw$N> à_wI àH$ma Ho$ ~mXb h¢ :

CÎma JmobmÕ© CÎma JmobmÕ©X{jU JmobmÕ© X{jU JmobmÕ©

AmdV© Am¡a àË`mdV© _méV

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naVr` ~mXb : naVr` ~mXbAmH$me _| H$_ D±$MmB© na nmE OmVo h¢& o{demb nVbr naV O¡go {XImB© XoVo h¢&naVr` ~mXb AÀN>o _m¡g_ Ho$ ghH$mar hmoVoh¢ Am¡a Wmo‹S>r dfm© H$aVo h¢&

_oYmnw§O : _oYmnw§O \y$b-Jmo^r Ho$AmH$ma Ho$ ~mXb hmoVo h¢& BgH$m {ZMbm^mJ g_Vbr` hmoVm h¡, naÝVw D$nar ^mJJw§~O-AmH$ma H$m hmoVm h¡& BÝh| gm_mÝ`Vm¡a na "D$Zr-Jmobo' H$hm OmVm h¡& _oYmnw§Odfm© bmZo dmbo ~mXb hmoVo h¢&

~\©$ Ho$ H$Um| Ho$ ~mXb : ~\©$ H$Um|Ho$ ~mXb dm w_§S>b _| g~go D$na hmoVo h¢(bJ^J 6 {H$._r. H$s D±$MmB© na) & o~mXb ""Kw§Kambo ~mbm|' H$s Vah hmoVo h¢n§I AWdm aoeoXma bJVo h¢& o ~mXb AÀN>o_m¡g_ H$s gyMZm XoVo h¢& Am¡a Bggo gy m©ñV^r AÀN>o go {XImB© XoVm h¡& o hdm _| ê$B©Ho$ Jmobm| H$s Vah V¡aVo h¢& o ~mXb "Km‹S>oH$s Xþ_' AWdm "OmXÿJaZr Ho$ PmSy>' Ho$Zm_ go OmZo OmVo h¢&

dfm© _oK : `o dm`w_§S>b Ho$ {ZMboñVa na nmE OmZo dmbo dfm© bmZo dmbo ~mXbh¢& o ~mXb naVr` ~mXb AWdm _oKmnw§OHo$ AmH$ma _| hmoVo h¢& o a§J _| yao `m H$mbohmoVo h¢& o A{YH$ dfm© `m {h_nmV H$amVo h¢&

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dfm© : dm w_§S>b _| pñWV Z_r `m ^mn (~mîn) O~ KZrH$aU Ho$ ~mX nmZr H$s~y±Xm| Ho$ ê$n _| n¥Ïdr na {JaVo h¢, Cgo dfm© H$hVo h¢& {H$gr ^r àXoe _| hmoZodmbr dfm©Ho$ à_mU H$mo dfm©_mnH$ go _mnm OmVm h¡& dfm© H$s _mÌm H$mo {_br_rQ>a _| _mnmOmVm h¡&

dfm© Ho$ àH$ma : dfm© VrZ àH$ma H$s hmoVr h¡& do h¡ : g§dhZr` dfm©, nd©Vr`dfm©, AmdV© dfm© &

g§dhZr` dfm© : g§dhZ {H«$`mHo$ Ûmam AmZodmbr dfm© H$mo g§dhZdfm© H$hVo h¢& A{YH$ Vmn_mZ dmboàXoem| _|, A{YH$ Vmn go J_© hmoH$adm w D$na CR>Vr h¡& H$m\$s D$na CR>Zona dm w R>§S>r hmo OmVr h¡, Cg_| pñWVZ_r KZrH$aU H$s dOh go nmZr~ZH$a dfm© ~agmVr h¡& g§dhZ dfm©gm_mÝ` ê$n go y-_Ü` aoIr` db` _| Am¡a CîU db`m| _| J_u Ho$ _m¡g_ _| hmoVo h¢&

y-_Ü` aoIr` db` _| g§dhZ dfm© H$mo "AnamôZ dfm©' (Xmonha dfm©) H$hVo h¢,Š`m|{H$ `h gm_mÝ`V… Xmonha _| hmoVr h¡&

nd©Vr` dfm © : Bgo"Amamoh dfm©' AWdm "^y-ñdê$n dfm©' ^r H$hVo h¢& O~Z_r go ^anya dm`w nd©V goQ>H$amVr h¡, Vmo dm`w D$naM‹T>Vr h¡& D$na OmVo-OmVoCg_| pñWV Z_r H$m KZrH$aUhmoVm h¡ Am¡a dmo nmZr ~ZH$adfm© H$aVr h¡& hdm Ho$ A{^_wI

g§dhZr` dfm©

nd©Vr` dfm©

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nd©Vr` ^mJ _| A{YH$ dfm© hmoVr h¡& naÝVw hdm Ho$ {déÕ {Xem _| pñWV nd©Vr`^mJm| _| H$_ dfm© hmoVr h¡& Bg joÌ H$mo "d¥pîQ>-N>m`m-joÌ' H$hVo h¢& CXmhaU_§Jbya hdm H$m A{^_wI ^mJ, hmgZ-hdm Ho$ {déÕ {Xem _| pñWV y-^mJ&

AmdV© dfm© : CîU db` _| MH«$dmV Ho$ Xm¡amZ AmdV© hdmE± d¥ÎmmH$ma ê$n goD$na M‹T>Vr h¢& D$na M‹T>Zo na hdm _| pñWV Z_r H$m KZrH$aU hmoVm h¡ Am¡a BggoμOmoaXma dfm© hmoVr h¡& g_erVmoîU db` _| O~ CîU dm w Am¡a erV dm w {_bVo

h¢, V~ CîU dm w H$mo hëHo$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU D$na M‹T>Zm n‹S>Vm h¡& D$na M‹T>Zo naJ_© hdm R>§S>r hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡a KZr yV hmoH$a dfm© H$aVr h¡&

dfm© H$m {dVaU : n¥Ïdr na dfm© H$m {dVaU {H$gr àXoe Ho$ ñWmZ Am¡a dhm± H$sObdm w n[apñW{V`m| na AmYm[aV hmoVr h¡& {díd _| g~go A{YH$ dfm© àmßV H$aZodmbo à_wI àXoe h¢, y_Ü`aoIr` àXoe, Cn-CîU db` Ho$ nydu ^mJ, CÎma Am¡aX{jU XmoZm| JmobmÕm] _| 40° Am¡a 60° Ajm§em| Ho$ ~rM Ho$ àXoe H$m npíM_r ^mJ&g~go H$_ dfm© àmßV H$aZo dmbo àXoe h¡ Y«wdr` àXoe& Cn-CîU db` Ho$ npíM_r^mJ, CîU db` Am¡a g_erVmoîU db` Ho$ ao{JñWmZ &

Š`m Amn OmZVo h¢?

1. ^maV Ho$ _oKmb` _| pñWV _m¡{gZam_ àXoe à{V df© bJ^J 1140 g|._rdfm© àmßV H$aVm h¡& `h n¥Ïdr H$m g~go A{YH$ Jrbm `m dfm© àmßV H$aZodmbm ^mJ h¡&

2. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| pñWV AmJwå~o H$mo "X{jU ^maV H$m _m¡{gZam_' H$hm OmVm h¡&

3. ^maV Ho$ amOñWmZ _| pñWV amoßbr EH$ dfm© _| Ho$db 8 g|._t dfm© àmßVH$aVm h¡&

4. H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ Jwb~Jm© _| pñWV Zm`H$ZhÅ>r H$Zm©Q>H$ H$m g~go gyIm àXoe h¡&

5. M¡b _| pñWV AQ>H$m_m ao{JñWmZ n¥Ïdr H$m g~go gyIm àXoe h¡& `hm±{nN>bo 200 gmbm| go dfm© Zht hþB© h¡&

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_m¡g_ Am¡a Obdm w : EH$ {Z{X©îQ> g_` na EH$ N>moQ>o go àXoe H$s dm w_§S>bH$s n[apñW{V H$mo _m¡g_ H$hVo h¢& CXmhaU : _oKmÀN>m{XV (~mXbm| go ^am), CObm`m Yyndmbm, gm\$ _m¡g_ BË`m{X& _m¡g_ Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ AÜ``Z H$mo _m¡g_ {dkmZ(Meteorology) H$hVo h¢&

{H$gr ~‹S>o àXoe _| EH$ b§~o g_` VH$ àM{bV ahZodmbo dm w_§S>b H$s n[apñW{V`m|(_m¡g_) H$mo Cg àXoe H$s Obdm w H$hVo h¢& CXmhaU - y_Ü` aoIr` àXoe H$sObdm w, CîU db` H$s _mZgyZr Obdm w, ao{JñWmZr Obdm w, _o{S>Q>ao{Z`Z Obdm ww,Q>ÊS´>m Obdm w BË`m{X& Obdm w Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ AÜ``Z H$mo Obdm w {dkmZ H$hVo h¢&{H$gr àXoe H$s Obdm w H$mo à^m{dV H$aZo dmbo VËd h¢ - Ajm§e, D±$MmB©, hdmE±,g_wÐ go Xÿar, y-^mJm| Am¡a Obam{e`m| H$m {dVaU, gmJa àdmh BË`m{X &

Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m|| _| Imbr OJh ^[aE &

1. dm w_§S>b H$s Xmo à_wI J¡g| ___________

Am¡a ___________

h¢ &

2. dm w_§S>b H$s g~go {ZMbr naV ___________

h¡&

3. g_wÐ VQ> na dm w_§S>b H$m X~md gm_mÝ` ê$n go ___________

hmoVm h¡&

4. npíM_r hdmAm| H$mo ___________

^r H$hVo h¢&

5. _m¡g_ Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ AÜ``Z H$mo ___________

H$hVo h¢&

II. ZrMo {X o JE àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :

1. dm w_§S>b Š`m h¡?

2. dm w_§S>b Ho$ à_wI naVm| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE &

3. AmoμOmoZ naV H$m _hËd Š`m h¡?

4. S>mobS´>_ Š`m h¡? o H$hm± nm`m OmVm h¡?

5. {d{^ÝZ àH$ma H$s {Za§Va hdmAm| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE &

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6. ñWbr` hdmE± Š`m h¡? Xmo CXmhaU Xr{OE&

7. {d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ ~mXbm| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE ?

8. _m¡g_ Am¡a Obdm w _| A§Va {b{IE &

III. ZrMo {XE JE nXm| H$s n[a^mfm {b{IE &

1. CîUVm db`

2. Vmn_mZ _| H$_r H$m gm_mÝ` à_mU

3. CîU db`

4. Aíd Ajm§e

5. nd©Vr` dfm©

6. Obdm w {dkmZ

IV. Hw$N> à_wI nX :

1. gm¡a {d{H$aU (insolation)

2. Vmn_mZ H$m CëQ>-\o$a

3. ndZdoJ_mnH$

4. JaOZodmbr hdmE±

5. dfm©_oK

6. _m¡g_ {dkmZ

V. {H«$`mH$bmn :

1. Ajm§e Ho$ AmYma na {d{^Þ CîU db`m| Ho$ {MÌ ~ZmBEŸ&

2. {díd H$s {Za§Va hdmAm| Ho$ {MÌ ~ZmH$a Zm_ {b{IEŸ&

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AÜ`m`-4

Ob_§S>b

Bg AÜ`m` H$mo n‹T>Zo Ho$ ~mX Amn AmZ|Jo :l {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ Ob am{eŸ&l g_wÐVb H$s aMZm&l _hmgmJar` àdmh, CZHo$ àH$ma Am¡a gmJam| H$m g§ajU&l ^maV Ho$ Zjo na gmJa, g_wÐ, Im‹S>r, IÊS>, Obg§{Y BË`m{X Xem©Zm&

Ob Obr` OrdZ Am¡a g_wÐr` (VQ>dVu) Obdm w H$m _yb ñÌmoV

Ob am{e`m| H$m {daVaU

n¥Ïdr H$mo gm_mÝ` ê$n go "Zrb J«h' AWdm "Obd¥V J«h' H$hm OmVm h¡, Š`m|{H$

n¥Ïdr Ho$ nyao joÌ\$b H$g 71% AWdm 361 XgbmI {H$._r H$m àXoe nmZr go AmH¥$Îm

h¡Ÿ& {díd Ho$ à_wI Ob am{e h¢Ÿ& no{g{\$H$ (àem§V) _hmgmJa, AQ² >bm ±{Q>H$

_hmgmJa, qhXw _hmgmJa Am¡a AmH©${Q>H$ _hmgmaŸ&

_hmgmJa : _hmÛrnm| Ho$

~rM nmE OmZo dmbo {demb Am¡a

Jhao Obam{e H$mo _hmgmJa H$hVo

h¢Ÿ& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE: E{e`m,

A\«$sH$m Am¡a Am°ñQ´>o{b` Ho$ ~rM

_| qhXw _hmgmJa, CÎma A_o[aH$m

Am¡a wamon _| ~rM _| AQ>bm§{Q>H$

_hmgmJa

g_wÐ : g_wÐ _hmgmJam| H$m

EH$ ^mJ hmoVo h¡ Omo ^yIÊS> Ho$

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gmW \¡$bo hmoVo h¢Ÿ& g_wÐ _hmgmJa go {dñVma _| N>moQ>o hmoVo h¢Ÿ& CXmhaU: Aa~r

g_wÐ, H$¡pñn`Z g_wÐ bmb g_wП&

Im‹S>r : `h _hmgmJa AWdm g_wÐ H$m N>moQ>m gm ^mJ h¡ Omo y mJ Ho$ ~rM _|

H$m\$s Xya VH$ Kygm hþAm hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `h g_wÐ go N>moQ>m hmoVm h¡ Am¡a {dñVa, AmH$ma

Am¡a JhamB© _| EH$-Xygao go H$m\$s AbJ hmoVo h¡Ÿ& CXmhaU :_Þma H$s ImS>r, n[e© Z

Im‹S>r, _¡pŠgH$Z Im‹S>r

Im‹S>>r (Bay) : y mJ go ^mJe… {Kam hþAm AY©d¥ÎmmH$madmbo g_wÐ Ho$ EH$ ^mJ

H$mo Im‹S>r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& o AmH$ma, {dñVma Am¡a JhJB© _| EH$ Xygao go AbJ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

CXmhaU - ~§Jmb H$s Im‹S>r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Wo AmH$ma, {dñVma Am¡a JhJB© _| EH$ Xygao go

AbJ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& CXmhaU - ~§Jmb H$s Im‹S>r, {R>ñHo$ H$s Im‹S>r, \§$S>r H$s Im‹S>r hS²>gZ

Im‹S>rŸ&

Ob g§{Y : Xmo {demb Obam{e`m| H$mo OmoS>Zo dmbr nVbo go Ob Ho$ ^mJ Ho$ Ob

g§{Y H$hVo h¡Ÿ& CXmhaU: nmH$ Ob g§{Y, {O~amëQ>a Ob g§{Y, ~o[a¨J Ob g§{YŸ&

yg§{Y : Xmo {demb y mJm| H$mo OmoS>Zo dmbr nVbo go y mJ H$mo yg§{Y H$hVo

h¢Ÿ& ^yg§{Y gmJam| Ho$ ~rM Zha ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE ~hþV à_wI ñWmZ h¢Ÿ& CXmhaU :

E{e`m Am¡a A\«$sH$m y mJm| Ho$ ~rM _| pñWV gw oμO Zha, CÎma Am¡a X[jU A_o[aH$m

Ho$ ~rM pñWV nZm_m ZhaŸ&

gmJa Vb H$m y-ñdê$n

{Og Vah y mJ na {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ y-ñdê$n nmE OmVo h¢, Cgr Vah g_wÐ/

gmJa Vb _o ^r {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ y mJ nmE OmVo h¢Ÿ& gmJam| H$m _hËd OmZZo Ho$

{bE gmJa Vn Ho$ y-ñdê$n H$m OmZZm AË`mdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& y-ñdê$n Ho$ JwU - bjUm|

Ho$ AmYma na gmJa Vb H$mo _w»` ê$n go Mma ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& do h¡§

a) y-I§S>r` \¡$bmd b) yIÊS>r` PwH$md

c) gmJar` _¡XmZ c) gmJar` ImB`m±

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a) yI§S>r` \¡$bmd : g_wÐVQ> go nmg Ho$ H$_ Jhao nmZr Ho$ ^mJ H$mo yIÊS>r`\¡$bmd H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Bg ^mJ Ho$ EH$ Va\$ g_wÐVQ> Am¡a Xygar Va\$ ^yI§S>r`PwH$md hmoVm h¡Ÿ& yI§S>r` \¡$bmd H$s JhamB© gm_mÝ` ê$n go 100 \¡$W_g (1\¡$W_- 6ft) Bg ^mJ _| g_wÐVQ> go yI§S>r` ~‹T>Vr OmVr h¡Ÿ& yI§S>r` \¡$bmd_N>br nH$‹S>Zo Obr` H¥${f, Zm¡H$m`mZ g§Mmbd, Vob, I{ZO Ho$ {ZñgmaU Ho${bE ~hþV à_wI h¡Ÿ&

b) yI§S>r` PwH$md : `h g_wÐ Vb H$m Xygam ^mJ h¡ Am¡a H$m\$s ‹T>bmZ wº$ h¡Ÿ&`h yI§S>r` \¡$bmd Am¡a amhar gJar` _¡XmZ Ho$ ~rM H$m g§nH©$ h¡Ÿ& Bg ^mJ _|g_wÐr` PaZo nmE OmVo h¢Ÿ&

c) Jhar gmJar` _¡XmZ : gmJa Vb _| nmE OmZo dmbo {demb _¡XmZH$mo Jhar gmJar` _¡XmZ H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Bgo "E~rgb _¡XmZ' ^r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& `hgmJa Vb Ho$ g^r ^y-ñdê$nm| _| g~go ~‹S>m h¡ Am¡a g~go Á`mXm \¡$bmhþAm h¡Ÿ& Bg ^mJ _| g_wÐr` nd©V Am¡a MnQ>o Q>rbo (Jw`moQ²>g) guyots

nmE OmVo h¢Ÿ&

d) gmJar` ImB`m± : gmJar` ImB`m| H$mo g§H$sU© gJar` IÈ>o ^r H$hVo h¢Ÿ& o

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gmJa Vb go g~go Jhao ^mJ h¢Ÿ& CXmhaU : {\$br{nÝg Ûrnm| Ho$ nmg àem§V_hmgmJa Ho$ _o[a`mZ g§XH$ _| pñWV Mmb|Oa ImB© 11,033 _t Jhar h¡ Am¡ag_wÐ Vb H$m g~go Jham ñWmZ h¡Ÿ& àem§V _hmgmJa Ho$ Q>m|Jm ImB© Am¡a H$moamBb

ImB© BgHo$ Xygao CXmhaU h¢Ÿ&

gmJar` Ob H$m Vmn_mZ Am¡a CîUVm

Vmn_mZ : g_wÐ `m gmJa Ho$ nmZr H$m Vmn_mZ Aj-aoIm-Am| Am¡a gmJa Vb

H$s JhamB© Ho$ AZwgma ~XbVm ahVm h¡Ÿ& y_Ü` aoIm Ho$ nmg pñWV g_wÐ Ho$ nmZr H$m

Vmn_mZ AmH©${Q>H$ Am¡a A§Q>mH©${Q>H$ d¥Îmm| Ho$ nmg pñWV g_wÐ Ho$ nmZr go Á`mXm hmoVm

h¡Ÿ& ~‹T>Vr JhamB© Ho$ gmW g_wÐ Ho$ nmZr H$m Vmn_mZ KQ>Vm OmVm h¡Ÿ& Eogm Bg{bE

hmoVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ gyaO H$s {H$aU| nmZr Ho$ A§Xa Ho$db 200 _t VH$ hr Om nmVr h¡Ÿ& Bg

Jha{B _| (200 _r.) [d{^Þ bOr` Ord-OÝVw A{YH$ g§ñIm _| nmE OmVo h¢Ÿ&

bdUVm : gmJa AWdm g_wÐ Ho$ nmZr _o Kwbo hþE bdUm§e (Zm_H$) Ho$ à_mU

H$mo bdUVm H$hVo h¢Ÿ& gm_mÝ` ê$n go gmJa Ho$ nmZr H$s bdUVm 35/000 hmoVr h¡

(1000 ^mJm| _| 35 ^mJ)Ÿ& gmJa Ho$ nmZr H$s bdUVm (H$H©$d¥Îm Am¡a _H$ad¥Îm) _|

Á`mXm hmoVr h¡ Am¡a Y«wdm| Ho$ nmg H$_ hmoVr h¡Ÿ& y_Ü` aoIr` ^mJ _| A{YH$ dmîrH$aU

Am¡a A{YH$ dfm© Ho$ H$maU bdUVm gmYmaU hmoVr h¢Ÿ&

gmJa H$m nmZr Imam (Z_H$sZ) Š`m| hmoVm h¡?

y mJ go g_wÐ H$s Va\$ T>hZo ~mbm nmZr (ZXr) AnZo gmW H$B© àH$ma Ho$

bdUm§e bo OmVm h¡ Am¡a Cgo g_wÐ `m H$B© àH$ma Ho$ bdUm§e bo OmVm h¡ Am¡a Cgo

g_wÐ `m gmJa _| O_m H$a XoVr h¡Ÿ& g_wÐ-gmJa H$m nmZr A{YH$ Vmn_mZ H$s

dOh go {Za§Va dmpînV hmoVm ahVm h¡ Am¡a bdUm§e g_wÐ `m gmJa _| hr ah OmVo

h¢Ÿ& bå~| g_` go Mb aho Bg {Za§Va à{H«$`m H$s dOh go gmJa _| bdUm§e H$m

g§J«hU hmo J`m h¡, Bg{bE g_wÐ H$m nmZr Imam hmo J`m h¡Ÿ&

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{díd _| g~go A{YH$ bdUVm dmbr Ob am{e`m±

1. Q>H$s© _| pñWV d¡Z gamoda - 330/000

2. _¥V g_wÐ (E{e`m) - 300/000

3. gm§~ma g_wÐ (^maV) - 265/000

4. bmb g_wÐ (E{e`m Am¡a A\«$sH$m) - 240/000

gmJar` àdmh : gmJa Ho$ nmZr H$m MbZ VrZ àH$ma H$m hmoVm h¡ŸŸ& do h¢ :

bhao§, àdmh Am¡a Ádma-^mQ>mŸ& gmJa Ho$ nmZr H$m EH$ àXoe go Xygao àXoe {Za§Va

MbZ H$mo gmJar` àdmh H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

CîU àdmh : BZ àdmhm| H$m CJ_ y_Ü`{` àXoem| go hmoVm h¡ Am¡a o Y«wdr`

àXoem| H$s Va\$ ~hVr h¢Ÿ&

erV àdmh : BZ àdmhm| H$m àma§ Y¥dr` àXoem| go hmoVm h¡ Am¡a o y-_Ü`r`

àXoem| H$s aV\$ ~hVr h¢Ÿ&

gmJar` àdmhm| na à^md S>mbZo dmbo A§e h¢Ÿ- n¥Ïdr H$m ^«_U, Vmn_mZ,

dm w, bdUVm, y Jm| Ho$ AmH$ma, BË`m{XŸ&

àem§V _hmgmJa Ho$ àdmh

CÎma àem§V _hmgmJa

CîU àdmh

CÎma y_Ü` aoIr` àdmh

Hw$amo{edmo àdmh

erV àdmh

Amo m{edmo àdmh

Š`m{b\$mo{Z© m àdmh

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AQ>bm±{Q>H$ _hmgmJa Ho$ àdmh

CÎma AQ>bm±{Q>H$ _hmgmJa

CîU àdmhCÎma y_Ü` aoIr` àdmh

Jë\$ ñQ´>r_àdmh CÎma AQ²>bm±{Q>H$ àdmh

erV àdmhb¡~«S>mV àdmh

ZmoIo{O`Z² àdmhH¡$Zar àdmh

X{jU AQ²>bm±{Q>H$ _hmgmJa

CîU àdmh

X{jU y_Ü` aoIr` àdmh

~«|Or{b`Z² àdmh

erV àdmh

\$mH$b¢S> àdmh

~¢JwEbm àdmh

{hÝXw _hmgmJa Ho$ àdmh : CÎma {hÝXw _hmgmJar` àdmh _m¡g_ Ho$ AZwgma

AnZr {Xem ~Xb XoVo h¡Ÿ& X{jU-n[aM_r _mZgyZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ gmJar` àdmh X{jU-

n{íM_r {Xem go CÎma nydu {Xem H$s Amoa hmoVm h¡ Am¡a CÎma-nydu _mZgyZ Ho$ Xm¡amZ

àdmh CÎma nyVu {Xem go X{jU n[aM_r {Xem H$s Amoa hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

X{jU àem§V _hmgmJa

CîU àdmh

X{jU y_Ü` aoIr` àdmh

nyd© AmñQ´>{b`Z àdmh

erV àdmh

noê$ AWdm hå~moëQ> àdmh

n[aM` dm w àdmh

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X{jU {hÝXw _hmgmJa Ho$ à_wI CîU àdmh h¢: _moμOmpå~H$, _S>JmñH$a Am¡a

AJwëhmg àdmh Am¡a erV àdmh h¡ n[aM` AmñQ´>o{b`m àdmhŸ&

Š`m Amn OmZVo h¢Ÿ?

{díd Ho$ à_wI _Ëñ` C`moJ Ho$ÝÐ :

1. hmoÝew hmo $mBSw> _Ëñ` CÚmoJ Ho$ÝÐ-Hw$amo{e dmo CîU àdmh Am¡a Amo {eHo$

erV n«dmh H$m g§{YñWb (OmnmZ)

2. J«¡ÝS> ~¢H$-Jë\$ ñQ´>r_ CîU àdmh Am¡a b¡~«S>ma JrV àdmh H$m g§{YñWb

(Ý y \$m¢S>b¢S> USA)

3. S>m¡Ja ~¢H$ - wamon H$m CÎma g_wÐr` ^mJ

Ádma - ^mQ>m : gmJa `m g_wÐ Ho$ nmZr Ho$ ñVa H$m {Z`{_V ê$n go M‹T>Zo Am¡a

CVaZo H$mo Ádma-^mQ>m H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Ádma-^mQ>m Ho$ _w»` H$maU h¢ - M§Ð_m H$s JwéËdmH$f©U

e{º$, gy © H$s JwéËdmH$f©U ~b, n¥Ïdr H$m «_U Am¡a n¥Ïdr H$s Ho$ÝÐmngmar e{º$Ÿ&

{díd Ho$ à_wI gmJa àdmh

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Ádma-^mQ>m Ho$ àH$ma : Ádma ^mQ>m Xmo Vah Ho$ hmoVo h¢>>Ÿ& a) J[að> Ádma-^mQ>m : g_wÐ AWdm gmJa Ho$ nmZr Ho$ ñVa Ho$ M‹T>Zo H$mo J[að> Ádma-^mQ>m H$hVo h¡Ÿ&b) {ZåZ Ádma-^mQ>m : g_wÐ AWdm gmJa Ho$ nmZr Ho$ ñVa Ho$ CVaZo H$mo {ZåZÁdma-^mQ>m H$hVo h¡Ÿ&

gmJa Am¡a g_wÐm| _| EH$ ~mX EH$ J[að> Am¡a {ZåZ Ádma-^mQ>m Ho$ ~rM 6 K§Q>oAm¡a Xygao J[að> Ádma-^mQ>m Ho$ ~rM 12 K§Q>o Am¡a 26 {_ZQ> hmoVo h¢Ÿ& 24 K§Q>m| Am¡a 52{_ZQ> _| Xmo J[að> Am¡a Xmo {ZåZ Ádma-^mQ>m hmoVm h¢Ÿ&

gy`© Am¡a M§Ð_m Ho$ ñWmZ Ho$ AmYma na Ádma-^mQ>m H$mo Xmo àH$mam| _o ~m§Q>mJ`m h¡&

J[að>V_ Ádma ^mQ>m (Spring Tide): O~ n¥Ïdr, M§Ð_m Am¡a gy © VrZm| EH$gab aoIm _| hmoVo h¢, O¡go {H$ A_mdñ` Am¡a ny{U©_m Ho$ {XZ V~ J[að> V_ Ádma ^mQ>mhmoVm h¡Ÿ& O~ J[að>V_ Ádma-^mQ>m AmoVm h¡Ÿ, V~ J[að> Ádma-^mQ>m Am¡a D±$Mm hmoOmVm h¡ {ZåZ Ádma-^mQ>m Am¡a ZrMm hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&

Ý`yZV_ Ádma-^mQ>m (Neap Tide) : Ý`yZV_ Ádma-^mQ>m A_mdñ` Am¡any{U©_m Ho$ ~rM Ho$ {XZm| _| hmoVo h¢& Ý yZV_ Ádma-^mQ>m Ho$ g_` gy © Am¡a n¥Ïdr EH$

Jarï>V_ Am¡a H${Zï>V_ Ádma-^mQ>m

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aoIm _| hmoVo h¢ŸAm¡a M§Ð_m n¥Ïdr go g_H$moZr` (900) {Xem _| hmoVm h¡Ÿ& EogoÁdma-^mQ>m _|, J[að>-Ádma-^mQ>m A{YH$ D±$Mo Zhr§ hmoVo Am¡a {ZåZ Ádma-^mQ>

A{YH$ {ZMo Zht hmoVoŸ&

Ádma - ^mQ>m Ho$ Cn`moJ : Ádma-^mQ>m _Zwî` Ho$ {bE àË`j Am¡a namoj XmoZm|

Vah go {hVH$mar (ghm`H$) h¢Ÿ&

1. g_wÐm| _| OhmOm| H$mo MbmZo _| ghm`Vm H$aVo h¡Ÿ&

2. ~§XaJmhm| Ho$ {Z_m©U _| ghH$mar hmoVo h¡&

3. Ádmam-^mQ>m {Z`{_V ê$n go ~§XaJmhm| H$m g\$mB© H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

4. _N>br nH$‹S>Zo _| (_Ëñ` CÚmoJ Ho$ {bE) ghH$mar hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

5. {dÚwV e{º$ Ho$ CËnmXZ _| ghm`Vm H$aVo h¡§Ÿ&

gmJam| H$m g§ajU

gmJam| H$m g§ajU H$aZm ~hþV Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& gmJa {d{^Þ àH$ma go h_mar

ghm`Vm H$aVo h¢ Am¡a o Ag§»` Obr` OrVm| H$mo Aml_ ^r àXmZ H$aVo h¡Ÿ& {Og Vah

gmJam| H$mo àXy{fV {H$`m Om ahm h¡Ÿ& ^{dî` _| CZH$m ñdÀN>m ah nmZm Ag§ d h¡Ÿ&

Bg{bE gmJam| H$m g§ajU H$aZm ~hþV Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ& gmJam| H$m g§ajU H$aZo Ho$ Hw$N>

à_wI VarHo$ ZrMo {XE JE h¢Ÿ&

1. gmJa _| OhmOm| Ho$ Ûmam H$ƒo Vob H$m {Zdm©gZ Zhr H$aZm Mm{hE, nmBn-

bmBZm| Ho$ Ûmam H$aZm Mm{hEŸ&

2. AUw e{º$ Ho$ÝÐm| go {ZH$bZo dmbo Ë`mÁ` nXmWm] H$mo gmJa `m g_wÐ _| Zht

S>mbZm Mm{hEŸ&

3. g_wÐ VQ>r` ^mJm| _| pñWV H$ƒo Vob amgm`{ZH$ H$mIm©Zm| na gmJa/g_wÐm|

_| Adeofm| H$mo Zm S>mbZo H$s gyMZm XoZr Mm{hEŸ&

4. ~§XaJmhm| Ho$ \$mg {H$gr ^r àH$ma Ho$ Hy$‹S>o-H$Mao H$mo S>mbZo na amoH$ bJmZm

Mm{hEŸ&

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5. g_wÐ-VQ> Ho$ nmg H$ƒo YmVw Ho$ g§J«hU Am¡a IZZ na {Z`§ÌU bJmZm

Mm{hEŸ&

6. g_wÐ ZQ>m| H$mo Xwén`moJ Am¡a {dZmeH$mar H$m`m] go g§a{jV H$aZm Mm{hEŸ&

Aä`mg

I. ghr CÎma {bIH$a Imbr ñWmZ ^amo :

1. yI§S>r` \¡$bmd H$s JhamB© gm_mÝ` ê$n go ___________

hmoVr h¡&

2. EH$ \¡$W_ ___________

\$sQ> Ho$ ~am~a h¡&

3. àem§V _hmgmJa _| pñWV g~go Jham ñWmZ ___________

h¡&

4. gmJa Ho$ nmZr H$s bdUVm gm_mÝ`V… ___________

hmoVr h¡&

5. ny{U©_m Ho$ {XZ ___________

Ádma^mQ>m hmoVo h¢ &

II. ZrMo {X o JE àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :

1. Ob_§S>b Š`m h¡?

2. gmJa Ho$ Vb Ho$ y-ñdê$n Ho$ Mma à_wI ^mJm| Ho$ Zm_ {b{IE &

3. gmJar` àdmh Am¡a Ádma^mQ>m| Ho$ ~rM Ho$ A§Va {b{IE &

4. J[aîR>V_ Ádma^mQ>m Am¡a Ý yZV_ Ádma^mQ>m Ho$ A§Va {b{IE &

5. g_wÐm| H$m g§ajU h_ H¡$go H$a gH$Vo h¢ ?

III. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE &

1. \¡$W_ A) Jhao g_wÐ H$m _¡XmZ

2. Amo m{edmo Am) A_o[aH$m H$m nydu VQ>

3. Jë\$ ñQ´>r_ B) erV àdmh

4. gmJar` nd©V B©) {hÝXþ _hmgmJa àdmh

5. AJwëhmg àdmh C) g_wÐ H$s JhamB©

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IV. ZrMo {X o JE eãXm| H$s n[a^mfm {b{IE &

1. ^yI§S>r` \¡$bmd 2. bdUVm

3. CîU Am¡a erV àdmh 4. J[aîR> Am¡a {ZåZ Ádma^mQ>m

5. ~¢JwEbm àdmh 6. Ádma^mQ>m

V. Hw$N> à_wI nX

1. Jë\$ ñQ´>r_ 2. bdUVm

3. CîU àdmh 4. Hw$amo{edmo àdmh

5. J[aîR>V_ Ádma^mQ>m 6. Ádma^mQ>m go {dÚwV epŠV

VI. {H«$`mH$bmn :

1. AQ>bm±{Q>H$ _hmgmJa Ho$ CîU àdmhm| Am¡a erV àdmhm| H$s nÅ>r ~ZmBEŸ&

Strength is the sign of vigor, the sign of life, the signof hope, the sign of health, and the sign of everything thatis good. As long as the body lives, there must be strengthin the body, strength in the mind, strength in the hand.

- Swami Vivekananda

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AÜ`m`-5

Ord _§S>b

Bg AÜ`m` H$mo n‹T>Zo Ho$ ~mX Amn OmZ|Jo &l Ord_§S>b H$m AW© Am¡a _hËdl n`m©daU, n`m©dU àX²fU Ho$ AW©, {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ àXyfU Am¡a CZgo ~MZo

H$m Cnm`

Š`m Amn OmZVo h¡§ {H$ h_mar n¥Ïdr h_| Š`m-Š`m XoVr h¢? na h_ n¥Ïdr H$mo

Š`m XoVo h¢?

Ord_§S>b - AW© : n¥Ïdr EH$_mÌ Eogm J«h h¡ Ohm± {d{^Þ n«H$ma Ho$ Ord nmE

OmVo h¢Ÿ& Ord_§S>b n¥Ïdr H$m dh ^mJ h¡ Ohm± OrdZ H$m ApñVËd h¡Ÿ& `h n¥Ïdr H$m

Mm¡Mm _§S>b (^mJ) h¡ {Og_| n¥Ïdr na ahZo dmbo gmao Or{dV àmUr AmVo h¢Ÿ&

n[apñW{V {dkmZ (Ecology) : {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ OrVm| H$s CZHo$ ^m¡{VH$

amgm`{ZH$ Am¡a O¡{dH$ n`m©daU Ho$ gmW nañna g§~§Y Ho$ AÜ``Z H$mo n[apñW{V

{dkmZ H$hVo h¢Ÿ& àmH¥${VH$ n`m©daU _| O¡d_§S>b _| ahZo dmbo {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ OrVm|

Ho$ ~rM EH$ AÀN>m g§VwbZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bgo n[apñW{VH$ g§VwbZ H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

nm¡Ym|, àm{U`m| Am¡a CZHo$ Amg-nmg Ho$ gmOrd Am¡a {ZOud n`m©daU Ho$ ~rM

nañna gå~ÝY H$mo n[apñW{VH$ V§Ì AWdm n[aV§Ì H$hVo h¢Ÿ& `h g^r àH$ma Ho$

Or{d`m| H$m AnZo Amg-nmg Ho$ gOrd Am¡a {ZOud KQ>H$m| Ho$ gmW EH$sH$aU H$m

{ddaU H$aVm h¡Ÿ& O¡d_§S>b _| n[aV§Ì AWdm n[apñW{VH$ g§Vwb Ho$ {~Zm nm¡Ym|,

àm{U`m| Am¡a g^r àH$ma Ho$ gyú_ Or{d`m| H$m AHo$bo `m g_yh _| AmpñVËdH$s H$ënZm

H$aZm g§ d Zht h¡Ÿ&

àË oH$ àmUr AnZo ^m¡{VH$ n`m©daU Ho$ gmW {_bOwb H$a ahVm h¡Ÿ&

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n`m©daU : g^r àH$ma Ho$ Or{d`m|, O¡{dH$ dñVwAm| Am¡a CZHo$ Amg-nmg Ho$dmVmdaU H$mo n`m©daU H$hVo h¢Ÿ& `h g^r àH$ma Ho OrVm| Ho$ ApñVËd Am¡a A{^d¥{ÕHo$ {bE AZwHy$b n[apñW{V`m| H$m {Z_m©U H$aVm h¡Ÿ& n`m©daU Xmo àH$ma H$m hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

1) àmH¥${VH$ AWdm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n`m©daU2) gm±ñH¥${VH$ AWdm _mZd {Z{_©V n`m©daU

n`m©daU àXyfU : h_mao Amg nmg Ho$ n[aga H$m _mZd {H«$`mAm| Ûmam à{VHy$bê$n go ~XbZm n`m©daU àXyfU H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& _Zwî` Am¡a àm{U`m| g^r na BgH$mhm{ZH$maH$ n[aUm_ hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

n`m©daU àXyfU AmO O¡d_§S>b Ho$ gm_Zo IS>r H$B© J§ ra g_ñ`mAm| _| go EH$h¡Ÿ& Am¡a BgH$m H$maU h¡-(A{YH$) OZg§»`m {dñ\$moQ> A{YH$ H$maImZm| H$m ñWm{nVH$aZm, ZmJarH$aU, àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| H$m Xwén`moJ, dmhZm| H$m Amdí`H$Vm goA{YH$ Cn`moJ H$aZm, BË`m{XŸ& BgH$m à^md g^r àm{U`m|, nm¡Ym| Am¡a _mZd OrdZna nS>Vm h¡Ÿ&

àXyfU \¡$bmZo dmbr g^r dñVwAm| H$mo àXyfH$ H$hVo h¢Ÿ& àXyfH$ Xmo Vah Ho$ hmoVoh¡- àmH¥${VH$ Am¡a _mZd {Z{_©VŸ& _mZd {Z{_©V àXyfH$ àmH¥${VH$ àXyfH$m| go H$B©Á`mXm hm{ZH$maH$ hmoVm h¢Ÿ& YwAm±, {df¡br dm w, Yyb, H$M‹S>m, J§Xr Zm{b`m± BË`m{XJmoMa (Ñí`) àXyfH$ h¢Ÿ& ImÚ nXmWm], nmZr Am¡a {_Q²>Q>r _| {_bo hþE amgm`{ZH$nXmW© Am¡a hm{ZH$maH$ ~¡ŠQ>r[a`m AmJmoMa (AÑí`) àXyfH$ h¢Ÿ&

àXyfU$ Ho$ àH$ma :

n`m©daU àXyfU {d{^Þ àH$ma H$m hmoVm h¡Ÿ& àXyfH$m| Am¡a àXyfU Ho$ _mÜ`_ Ho$AmYma na àXyfU H$mo {d{^Þ àH$mam| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡, do h¢-

1. dm w àXyfU :

a) àmH¥${VH$ H$maU : Ádmbm_wIr, O§Jbm| _| bJZo dmbr AmJ, ~mømH$meH$s Yyb BË`m{XŸ&

b) _mZd {Z{_©V H$maU : H$maImZm|, Kam|, dmhZm|, IZZ, AUw e{º$

H|$Ðm|, AUw {dñ\$moQ> BË`m{X go {ZH$bZo dmbm YwAm±Ÿ&

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CZ_| _w»` àXyfH$ h¢ - H$m~©Z S>mB© Am°ŠgmBS>, H$m~©Z _moZmo Am°ŠgmBS>, gë\$a

S>mB© Am°ŠgmB©, ZmBQ´>moOZ AmŠgmBS> Šbmoamo-âbmoamo H$m~©Zg² (CFC), hmBS´>moH$m~©Zg²

BË`m{XŸ&

BgHo$ _w»` n[aUm_ h¢ _m¡g_ _| ~Xbmd, AmoμOmoZ naV H$m jrU hmoZm J«rZ

hmCg à^md y_§S>b Ho$ Vmn_mZ _| d¥{Õ, _Zwî` Ho$ ñdmñÏ` na ~wam n[aUm_, gm±g

boZo _| VH$br\$, nm¡Ym| Am¡a àm{U`m| Ho$ OrdZ na nS>Zo dmbm ~wam n[aUm_Ÿ&

dm`w àXyfU go ~MZo Ho$ Cnm` àXyfH$ J¡gm| na {Z`§ÌU H$aZm, dmhZm| go

{ZH$bZo dmbo YwE na {Z §ÌU H$aZm, Á`mXm no‹S>-nm¡Yo CJmZm (bJmZm), Ag§àXm{`H$

e{º$ g§gmYZm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aZm, bmoJm| H$mo {e{jV Ama gmja ~ZmZmŸ&

2. Ob àXyfU

Ob àXyfU H$m _Vb~ h¡ "nmZr Ho$ ^m¡{VH$, amgm`{ZH$ Am¡a O¡{dH$ bjUm| _o

Eogo ~Xbmd AmZm {OgH$m _mZdr` Am¡a Obr` OrdZ na Xwîn[aUm_ hm|Ÿ&

Ob àXyfU Ho$ à_wI H$maU h¡Ÿ&

àmH¥${VH$ H$maU : yjaU, yñIbZ, Ádmbm_wIr ñ\$moQ>, nm¡Ym| Am¡a àm{U`m| Ho$

_¥V Xohm| H$m AnKQ>Z (g‹S>Zm)Ÿ& _mZd{Z{_©V H$maU : H$maImZm| go Z{X`m| _| KmoS>o

OmZo dmbo hm{ZH$maH$ Adeof, ZJam| go, Kam| go, H¥${f-H$m`m] go {ZH$bZo dmbm

Hy$‹S>m-H$Mam, e{º$ H|$Ðm| go {ZH$bZo dmbo Adeof, Vob {Ja OmZ, AUw {eº$ H|o$Ðm| go

{ZH$bZo dmbo Ë`mÁ` nXmW©, BË`m{XŸ& Ob àXyfU {d{^Þ àH$ma H$m hmoVm h¡Ÿ& g_wÐ

Am¡a _hmgmJam| H$m àXyfU, A§VO©b àXyfU, Z{X`m| Ho$ nmZr H$m àXyfU, Prb AWdm

gamoda Ho$ nmZr H$m àXyfUŸ&

Ob àXyfU Ho$ _w»` n[aUm_ h¡ : nmZr go \¡$bZo dmbr ~r_m[a`m± Am¡a g§H«$m_H$

amoJ (_hm_mar) O¡go {H$ h¡Om (cholera), Q>mB\$mBS²>, nr{b`m (joundice) XñV

(A{Vgma-/diarrhoea) j` amoJ BË`m{X Obr` OrdZ H$m Zme, gr§MmB© Ho$ {bE

àXy{fV nmZr H$m Cn`moJ H$aZ go \$gb na Xwîn[aUm_Ÿ&

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Ob àXyfU H$mo {Z §{ÌV H$aZo Ho$ Cnm` : H$maImZm| go {ZH$bZo dmbo {de¡bo

Adeofm| H$mo nmZr _| N>mo‹S>Zo go nhbo g§gm{YV H$aZm, nrZo Ho$ nmZr Ho$ ómoV H$mo ñdÀN>

aIZm, J§Xr Zm{b`m| Ho$ nmZr H$mo g§gm{YV H$aZm, ZXr-Zmbm| _| Hy$‹S>m-H$Mam PbZo

na amoH$ bJmZmŸ&

3. {_Q²>Q>r H$m àXyfU : ( y-àXyfU)

àmH¥${VH$ AWdm _mZd - {Z{_©V AWdm XmoZm| H$maUm| go {_Q²>Q>r Ho$ JwU-bjUm|

Am¡a CËnmXH$Vm Ho$ H$_ hmo OmZo H$mo {_Q²>Q>r H$m àXyfU H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

BgHo$ n[aUm_ h¡: y-jaU ~‹T> OmZm, y{_ H$s D$d©aVm H$_ hmo OmZm y{_

_| CnpñWV gyú_ Ord Am¡a nmofH$ VËdm| H$m H$_ hmo OmZm BË`m{XŸ&

BgHo$ H$maU h¡: H$maImZm| go, IZZ go Kam| go, ZJam| go, H¥${f-H$m`m] go, AUw

e{º$ H|$Ðm|, BË`m{X go {ZH$bZo dmbm Hy$‹S>m-H$MamŸ&

BgHo$ n[aUm_ h¢Ÿ: y{_ H$m CnOmD$nZ H$_ hmo OmVm h¢, y{_ H$m dh ^mJ

~§Oa hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& {_Q²>Q>r _| nmE OmZo dmbo gyú_ Ord H$_ hmo OmVo h¢Ÿ&

y-àXyfU H$mo {Z §{ÌV H$aZo Ho$ Cnm` : amgm`{ZH$ ImXm| Am¡a H$sQ>ZmeH$m|

H$m {ddoH$nyU© Am¡a H$_ Cn`moJ, H$maImZm| Am¡a ZJam| go {ZH$bZo dmbo Ë`mÁ` nXmWm]

H$mo g§gm{YV H$aHo$ {ZîH$m{gV H$aZmŸ& \$gbm| H$mo ghr VarHo$ go CJmZm Am¡a y{_ H$m

ghr Cn`moJ H$aZm, y{_ Ho$ ghr Cn`moJ Am¡a g§ajU Ho$ ~mao _| bmoJm| H$mo OmJ¥V

H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$m`© H«$_m| H$m Am`moOZ H$aZmŸ& ^yjaU na {Z`§ÌU H$aZo Ho$ {bE

A{YH$ go A{YH$ noS>m| H$m bJmZmŸ&

4. Üd{Z àXyfU

ñdmñÏ` na Xwîn[aUm_ S>mbZo dmbo AZmdí`H$ Üd{Z H$m dm`w_§S>b _| {_b

OmZo H$mo Üd{Z àXyfU H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

Üd{Z àXyfU Ho$ à_wI H$maU h¢

àmH¥${VH$ H$maU : ~mXbm| H$m JaOZm, {~Obr H$m H$‹S>H$Zm Vy\$mZ (MH«$dmV),

μOmoa H$s ~m[ae, PaZm| H$m eãX, g_wÝXa H$s bha| Amobm-d¥{ï>, BË`m{XŸ&

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Üd{Z àXyfU Ho$ à_wI n[aUm_ h¢: VmËH$m{bH$ AWdm emñdV ldU g_ñ`m,

{ga XX©, öX`-gå~ÝYr amoJ, _mZ{gH$ g_ñ`m, WH$mZ, AYraVm, ì`mdhm[aH$

~Xbmd, ZtX go g§~§{YV g_ñ`mE±, EH$mJ«Vm H$s H$_r, BË`m{XŸ&

Üd{Z àXyfU na {Z §ÌU H$aZo Ho$ Cnm` : H$maImZm| H$mo Amdmg ñWmZm| go

Xya ñWm{nV H$aZm H$maImZm| _| eãX {ZamoYH$ Xrdmam| H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm g¡aZ, Jm{S>`m|

Ho$ hmZ© Am¡a bmS>S>-ñnrH$am| Ho$ AZmdí`H$ Cn`moJ na amoH$ bJmZm, ZmJam| (Amdmg

ñWmZm|) go Xya hdmB©-AS²>S>m| H$m [Z_m©U H$aZm, H$maImZm| _| H$m_ H$aZo dmbo ì`{º$`m|

H$m| eãX {Z §ÌH$ CnH$aU CnbãY H$aZm, A{YH$ Üd{Z {ZH$mbZo dmbo dmhZm| H$s

Om±M H$aZmŸ&

y_§S>br` Vmn_mZ d¥{Õ ({dídì`mnr Vmn_mZ d¥{Õ)

n¥Ïdr H$m Vmn_mZ {nN>bo H$B© dfm] go Yrao-Yrao ~‹T>Vm Om ahm h¡Ÿ& {nN>bo Hw$N>

gmbm| _| dm w_§S>b H$m Vmn_mZ ^r ~‹T> ahm h¡Ÿ& Bgo y_§S>br` Vmn_mZ d¥{Õ H$hVo

h¢Ÿ& dm w_§S>b H$m Vmn J«rZhmCg à^md Ho$ H$maU ~‹T>Vm h¡Ÿ& Bggo {díd H$m Vmn_mZ

~‹T>Vm Om ahm h¡, Obdm w Ho$ _§S>b ~‹T>b aho h¢ {h_ Z{X`m± {nKb ahr h¢, g_wÐ _|

nmZr H$m ñVa ~‹T>Vm Om ahm h¡, {h_më` nd©Vm|, AmH©${Q>H$ Am¡a A§Q>mH©${Q>H$ àXoem| H$s

~H©$ ^r {nN>b ahr h¡Ÿ&

J«rZ hmCg à^md

y{_ gy © go {d[H$aU Ho$ ê$n _| D$Om© àmá H$aVr h¡Ÿ& Bgr Vah y{_ go ^r

{d{H$aUm| ~mha {ZH$bVr h¢Ÿ& Bgr à{H«$`m go y{_ na gy © go àmá hmoZo dmbr D$Om©

Am¡a ~mha N>moS>r OmZo dmbr D$Om© Ho$ ~rM g§VwbZ ~Zm ahVm h¡Ÿ& O¡{dH$ B§N>Zm| Ho$

A{YH$ Cn`moJ go dmVmdaU _| J«rZhm Cg J¡g| {Za§Va ~‹T>Vr Om aht h¢Ÿ& H$m~©Z

S>mB©Am°ŠgmB©S> Am¡a ~mH$s J«rZ hm Cg J¡g| y{_ go {ZH$bZo dmbr {d{H$aUm| (D$Omª)

H$m gmoI boVr h¢Ÿ& Bg{bE dmVmdaU _| J«rZ hm Cg J¢gm| Ho$ ~‹T>Zo H$s dOh go

Vmn_mZ ^r ~‹T> ahm h¡Ÿ& Bgo J«rZ hm Cg à^md H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

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AmoμOmoZ naV H$m [aº$saU (jrU hmoZm): AmoμOmoZ dm w_§S>b Ho$ ñQ´>oQ>moñμμ\$s`a

gy © go AmZo dmbr hm{ZH$maH$ AëQ´>m-dmBboQ> {d{H$aUm| H$mo ImoI boVr h¡ Am¡a ^r{_ na

ahZo dmbo g^r àH$ma Ho$ Ordm| H$s ajm H$aVr h¡Ÿ& {nN>bo Hw$N> dfm] _| _mZd Ûmam

dmVmZwHy$bZ §Ì, ao{\«$OaoQ>a, gwJ§{YV ÐË`, BË`m{X Ho$ Cn`moJ go {ZH$bZo dmbo H¥${Ì_

agm`Z {deofH$a Šbmoamo-âbmoamo H$m~©Z (CFC) dm w_§S>b _| \¡$bH$a AmoμOmoZ naV H$mo

Zï> H$a aho h¢Ÿ& {díd _| g~go A{YH$ AmoμOmoZ [aº$sH$aU A§Q>mH©${Q>H$ àXoe _| nm`m

J`m h¡Ÿ& AmoμOmoZ [aº$sH$aU H$s dOh go Am¡μOmoZ naV _| N>oX hmo J`m h¡Ÿ& AmO H$s

Am¡a ^{dî` H$s nr‹T>r Ho$ gwa{jV OrdZ Ho$ {bE AmoμOmoZ [aº$sH$aU H$mo amoH$Zm ~hþV

Oê$ar h¡Ÿ&

Aåb dfm© : ~m[ae Ho$ nmZr _o O~ gëâ y[aH$ Aåb Am¡a H$m~©Z _moZm°ŠgmBS> O¡go

Aåb ~‹T> OmVo h¢, Cgo "Aåb dfm©' H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Eogm V~ hmoVm h¡ O~ ~m[ae H$s ‹‹Tz>§Xo

àXy{fV dmVmdaU go JwOaVr h¢Ÿ& {de¡bo Aåbm| dmbr `h dfm© Obr` Ordm| H$mo _ma

Xoar h¡Ÿ& Aåb d¥{ï> O§Jbmo§, \$gbm|, Eo{Vhm{gH$ B_maVm|, ñ_maH$m|, BË`m{X H$mo hm{Z

nhþ§MmVr h¡Ÿ&

Aåb dfm© H$m gamoda ZmeH$ (bmoH$ {H$„a) ^r H$hVo h¢& nmob¢S>, MoH²$ JUamÁ`

Am¡a X{jU-nydu O_©Zr {díd _| g~go A{YH$ Aåb-dfm© Ho$ n[aUm_m| go à^m{dV

àXoe h¢Ÿ, Bg{bE BÝh| ""H$mb {Ì wO' H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

O¡d-{d{dYVm : EH$ y-^mJ _§o nmE OmZo dmbo {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ dZñn{V`m|

Am¡a Ord-OÝVwAm| H$m| dhm± H$s O¡d-{d{dYVm H$hVo h¡Ÿ& {H$gr àXoe _| nmE OmZo

dmbo {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ gñ` Am¡a Ord-OÝVw, dhm± H$s O¡d-{d{dYVm H$s gånÞVm H$mo

Xem©Vo h¢Ÿ& O¡d-{d{dYVm H$mo ~ZmE aIZm ~hþV Adí`H$ h¡ Zm Ho$db n`m©daU H$s

JwUdÎmm H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ {bE ~mpëH$ _Zwî` Ho$ ApñVËd Ho$ {bE ^rŸ&

Xwb© nm¡Ym| Am¡a àm{U`m| H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ {bE O¡d-{d{dYVm H$m g§ajU ~hþV

Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ&

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BZ Or{d`m| Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ AÀN>o n`m©daU H$mo CnbãY H$amZm hr

CZH$s gwajm H$m g~go AÀN>m VarH$m h¡Ÿ&

n¥Ïdr gm¡a n[adma H$m EH$_mÌ J«h h¡, Ohm± OrdZ g§ d h¡Ÿ& {Og Vah n¥Ïdr

na ~Xbmd, Aem§{V Am¡a IaVo n¡Xm hmo aho h¢, o ^{dî` _| n¥Ïdr na OrdZ Ho$ ñdê$n

H$mo Zï> H$a gH$Vr h¡Ÿ&

AnZo _mV¥ J«h-n¥Ïdr H$s ajm H$aZo Ho$ {bE h_| bmoJm| H$mo {e{jV H$aZm

Mm{hE, CZ_| OmJê$H$Vm bmZo Ho$ {bE H$m ©H«$_m| H$s aMZm H$aZr Mm{hE, g§gmYZm|

H$m {ddoH$nyU© Cn`moJ H$aZm-Mm{hEŸ& bmoJm| _| n`m©daU àXyfU Ho$ {Z §ÌU Ho$ à{V

OmJê$H$Vm bmZo Ho$ {bE C{MV {ejm, {Z~§Y g§J«h, {dMma Jmoð>r, g§dmX, ì`§½`

aMZm, MbZ{MÌ, gå_obZ BË`m{X H$m Am`moOZ H$aZm h_mar "_mV¥ y{_-n¥Ïdr' Ho$

g§ajU Ho$ {bE AË §V Amdí`H$ h¡Ÿ&

"n¥Ïdr H$s ajm H$amo' "_mV¥ J«h H$s ajm H$amo'

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Aä`mg

I. ZrMo {XE-JE àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE:1. Ord_§S>b Š`m h¡?2. n[apñW{V {dkmZ H$s n[a^mfm {b{IEŸ&3. {d{^Þ àH$ma Ho$ n`m©daU àXyfU Ho$ Zm_ {b{IEŸ&4. Ob àXyfU H$mo {Z §{ÌV H$aZo Ho$ Cnm` {b{IEŸ&5. O¡d-{d{dYVm Š`m h¡Ÿ?

II. BZH$s na{^mfm {b{IE :1. Ord_§S>b2. n[apñW{VH$ Ag§VwbZ3. {dídì`mnr ( y_§S>br`) Vmn_mZ d¥{Õ4. J«rZ hmCg à^md5. AmoμOmoZ [aº$sH$aU6. Aåb dfm©

III. Bg1. àXyfU2. n`m©daU {Xdmg3. Obdm w n[adV©Z4. Šbmoamo-âbmoamo H$m~©Z (CFC)

5. n¥Ïdr K§Q>m Am¡a n¥Ïdr {Xdg6. n¥Ïdr H$s ajm H$amo

IV. {H«$`mH$bmn :1. {dídì`mnr Vmn_mZ d¥{Õ Ho$ n[aUm_m| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar hm{gb H$s{OE

Am¡a CgHo$ {Z §ÌU Ho$ {bE Cnm` gwPmBEŸ&

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AW©emó (ECONOMICS)

AÜ`m`-1

AW©emó H$m AW© Am¡a _hËd

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ`m`Z Ho$ ~mX BZ {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmá

H$a|JoŸ&l AW©emó H$s ì`m{á, Cn^moº$m {dH«$`XmVm godm àXmVm CßnmXH$, l{_H$,

BZHo$ CÎma Xm{`Ëd Ho$ ~mao _| g_PboZmŸ&l AW©emó Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ _hËd Ho$ ~ma _| OmZH$mar àmá H$aZmŸ&l Am{W©H$ à{H«$`m`m| CËnmX Am¡a CËnXZm§Jm| H$m n[aM` nmZmŸ&

AW© : h_ amoμO H$B© àH$ma Ho$ dñVwAm| Am¡a godmAm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢& BZdñVwAm| Ho$ μO[a o h_ AnZr Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© H$aVo h¢& ImVo-nrVo h¢, H$n‹S>onhZVo h¢, n‹T>Vo-{bIVo h¢, H$b_, {H$Vm~, ~mB{gH$b, XÿaXe©Z, _mo~¡b O¡go H$B©àH$ma Ho$ dñVwAm| H$mo BñVo_mb H$aVo h¢& n‹T>Zo-{bIZo Ho$ {bE AÜ`mnH$m| H$s godmH$mo, ~r_ma n‹S>o Vmo S>m°ŠQ>am| H$s godm H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢& Bgr àH$ma h_mao AmgnmgHo$ g^r bmoJ Bg àH$ma Ho$ dñVw Am¡a godmAm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢& BZ g~H$mo"AZw moJr' H$hVo h¢&

{OZ MrμOm| H$m Cn`moJ h_ H$aVo h¢, do h_| _wμâV _| Zht {_bVo& BZH$mo n¡gmXoH$a IarXZm n‹S>Vm h¡& Cn^moŠVmAm| Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ nXmWm] H$mo CËnmXH$m| gobmH$a ~oMZodmbm| H$mo "ì`mnmar' H$hVo h¢&

H¥$fH$, AZmO, \$b-VaH$m[a`m| H$m CËnmXZ H$aVo h¢& M_ma OyVm| H$mo, gwZmaAm yfUm| H$mo, XOu h_mao H$n‹S>m| H$mo ~ZmVo h¢& H$b-H$maImZm| Ho$ _m{bH$ Vah-Vah Ho$ dñVwAm| H$mo V¡ ma H$aVo h¢& BZ g~H$mo "CËnmXH$' H$hVo h¢&

IoV-O_rZm| _| {H$gmZ, H$b-H$maImZm| _| _μOXÿa, hmoQ>ob, ì`mnma-ì`dhma,~‹S>o-~‹S>o V§Ì kmZdmbo H§$n{Z`m| _| bmoJ Vah-Vah Ho$ CÚmoJm| _| _OXÿar Ho$ {bE_ohZV H$aVo h¢& BZ g~H$mo "l{_H$' H$hVo h¢&

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~g, bm°ar, aob, Zmd, OhmO, hdmB© OhmO Am{X dmhZm| H$mo, bmoJ Am¡adñVwAm| H$mo EH$ OJh go Xÿgao OJh na nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bE BñVo_mb H$aVo h¢& {~ObrH§$nZrdmbo {~Obr H$s godm XoVo h¢& Xÿag§Mma H§$nZrdmbo Xÿag§Mma, _mo~¡b Am¡aA§VOm©b H$s godm XoVo h¢& BgHo$ {bE BZ H§$nZrdmbm| H$mo n¡go XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡& BgàH$ma godm H$s ny{V© H$aZodmbm| H$mo "gmd©O{ZH$ godH$' H$hVo h¢&

D$na Ho$ gmao g§X^m] H$m AdbmoH$Z H$aZo Ho$ ~mX h_ `h OmZVo h¢ {H$Cn^moŠVm AnZo {bE Amdí`H$ dñVwAm| Am¡a godmAm| H$mo n¡gm XoH$a nmVo h¢&ì`mnmar, CËnmXH$, l{_H$ Am¡a godm dJ© bm^Xm`H$ {H«$`mAm| _| ì`ñV hmoVo h¢&Bg àH$ma _Zwî` n¡gm H$_mZo Ho$ {bE Am¡a IM© H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$aZodmbo g^r {H«$`mE±"Am{W©H$ {H«$`mE±' _mZr OmVr h¡& _mZd Ho$ {XZ-à{V{XZ Ho$ Am{W©H$ {H«$`mAm| H$mAÜ``Z hr AW©emñÌ h¡&

A{V àmMrZ H$mb go hr ^maVr` bmoJ _mZd Ho$ Am{W©H$ {H«$`mAm| H$s VahH$m\$s Ü`mZ {X o Wo& _Zwñ_¥{V _| H¥${f, CÚmoJ, bJmZ Am{X Am{W©H$ A§em| Ho$ à{V~hþV OmZH$mar {_bVr h¡& _m¡ © g_«mQ>m| Ho$ H$mb _| H$m¡{Q>ë` Zo "AW©emñÌ' J«§WH$s aMZm H$s Wr& `h J«ÝW amÁ` Ho$ emgZ ì`dñWm Ho$ gmW n¡gm| H$m {Zd©hUAm¡a gmd©O{ZH$ AW©ì`dñWm Ho$ ~mao _| ^r ~hþV OmZH$mar XoVr h¡&

"AW©emñÌ' eãX A§J«oOr Ho$ ECONOMICS EH$Zm{_Šg eãX H$mn`m© dmMr eãX h¡& EH$Zm{_Šg eãX J«rH$ ^mfm ^mfm H$m "AmoH$mog' Am¡a"dmo_mog' Zm_H$ Xmo eãXm| Ho$ `moJ go ~Zm h¡& J«rH$ ^mfm _| Am¡H$mog eãX H$mAW© J¥h Am¡a Zmo_mog H$m AW© {Zd©hU hmoVm h¡& Bg{bE g§gmYZm| H$mo AÀN>rVah BñVo_mb H$aHo$ n[adma Ho$ g^r bmoJ gwI-em§{V go {Zd©hU H$aZm hrBgH$m AW© h¡& H«$_e… AW©emñÌ H$s ì`mpßV {dñVma hmoH$a amîQ´>r` A§Vam©îQ´>r`ñVa VH$ nhþ±Mm h¡&

AW©emñÌ Ho$ AÜ``Z H$m {df` g_` g_` na n[ad{V©V hmoVm Am`m h¡&18dt eVmãXr Ho$ AW©emñÌ H$m {nVm_h AS>m_² pñ_W (Adam Smith) Ho$ AZwgma,"AW©emñÌ' g§n{Îm Ho$ ~mao _| {H$`m OmZodmbm AÜ``Z h¡&

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19 dt. eVmãXr Ho$ A§V _| hþE AW©emñÌ __©k S>m°. Amë\«o$S> _me©b (Alfred

Marshall) Ho$ AZwgma "AW©emñÌ _mZd Ho$ {XZ-à{V{XZ Ho$ ì`dhmam| H$m AÜ``ZH$aVm h¡&

20 dt eVmãXr Ho$ Ama§ Ho$ àmo. {b`moZb am°{~Ýg Zo H$hm h¡ - O~ _mZdAnZo An[a{_V AmemAm| H$s ny{V© gr{_V g§gmYZm| Ho$ Ûmam H$aVm h¡ V~ {OZg_ñ`mAm| H$m Am{d^m©d hmoVm h¡, CZ g_ñ`mAm| H$m AÜ``Z AW©emñÌ H$aVm h¡&

AW©emñÌ Ho$ AÜ``Z H$m _hÎd (Importance of Economics)

_mZd Ho$ g~ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ nrN>o EH$ Am{W©H$ CÔoí` {N>nm hmoVm h¡& AW©emñÌh_mao OrdZ Ho$ {bE H$B© àH$ma go ghm`H$ h¡& haoH$ ZmJ[aH$ H$mo ^r Mm{hE {H$dh AW©emñÌ Ho$ ~mao _| Hw$N> kmZ àmßV H$a|& AW©emñÌ H$m AÜ``Z H$m _hËdBg àH$ma ~ZVm h¡ -

_mZd Ho$ g~ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ nrN>o EH$ Am{W©H$ CÔoí` {N>nm hmoVm h¡& AW©emñÌh_mao OrdZ Ho$ {bE H$B© àH$ma go ghm`H$ h¡& haoH$ ZmJ[aH$ H$mo ^r Mm{hE {H$ dhAW©emñÌ Ho$ ~mao _| Hw$N> kmZ àmßV H$a|& AW©emñÌ H$m AÜ``Z H$m _hËd Bg àH$ma~ZVm h¡ -

l h_mao BX©-{JX© {XImB© XoZodmbo Jar~r, ~oH$mar, Am{W©H$ Ag_mZVm Am{Xg_ñ`mAm| H$mo g_PZo Ho$ {bE Am¡a CZ g_ñ`mAm| H$m hb {ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bEAW©emñÌ ghm`Vm H$aVr h¡&

l _mZd H$m g§gmYZ gr{_V h¡& bo{H$Z AmemE± An[a{_V h¡& AnZr An[a{_VAmemAm| H$mo AnZr gr{_V g§gmYZ Ûmam nyU© H$aZo H$s MoîQ>m dh H$aVm h¡V~ Cgo H$B© g_ñ`mAm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& CZ g§X^m] _| AW©emñÌCZ g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ {bE hb {ZH$mbZm h¡&

l CËnmXH$ dJ© O~ dñVw Am¡a godmAm| H$m CËnmXZ H$aVo h¢, V~ CZH$mo Š`mCËnmXZ H$aZm h¡? H¡$go H$aZm h¡? {H$gHo$ {bE H$aZm h¡? H$m¡Z-go Xm_ _|CËnmXZ H$aZm h¡? - Eogo àmW{_H$ g_ñ`mAm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡&Eogo gÝX^m] _| AW©emñÌ CZH$mo _mJ©Xe©Z XoVm h¡&

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l AW©emó ì`mnma _| Á`mJ Am¡a H$_ n[aUm_ H$m| nhmMmZH$a ì`mnma _|{ñWaVm ajm H$m Cnm` H$mo g_PmVm h¡Ÿ&

l n¥Ïdr, nmZr, dZ, I{Z`m| H$m Z¡g{JH$m g§nÝ_yb H$_ h¡ Bgo XjVm Am¡a {_Vê$n _o Cn`moJ H$aZm g§nÝ_yb H$mo AJbo nr‹S>r `m| H$mo ^r {_bZm Oê$aV h¡Ÿ&BgH$m _mJ«Xe©Z gyMrV H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

Bg àH$ma AW©emñÌ h_mao {XZà{V{XZ OrdZ Ho$ {bE ghm`H$ h¡&Bg{bE AW©emñÌ H$m AÜ``Z h_mao{bE kmZXm`H$ Am¡a bm^Xm`H$ ^r h¢&

Am{W©H$ {H«$`mE±

h_ nhbo hr OmZ MwHo$ h¢ {H$ _mZdH$s AmemE± An[a{_V h¢& BZ AmemAm| H$sny{V© H$aZo H$s epŠV dñVwAm| Am¡a godmAm| _| h¢& Bgo "g§VwîQ> JwU' H$hVo h¢& O¡go O~h_| yI bJVm h¡ Vmo h_ ImZm ImVo h¢& Bg ImZo H$mo h_| g§VwîQ> H$aZo H$s epŠV h¡&O~ h_| ß`mg bJVm h¡ Vmo nmZr-nrZo H$s BÀN>m hmoVr h¡& nmZr _| ß`mg ~wPmZo H$sepŠV h¡&

h_ amoO {OZ dñVwAm| Am¡a godmAm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢ do h_| _wμâV _| Zht{_bVo& CZH$mo n¡gm XoH$a IarXZm n‹S>Vm h¡& IarXZo Ho$ {bE h_| n¡go H¡$go {_bVo h¢ ?n¡gm H$_mZo Ho$ {bE h_| {H$gr Z {H$gr H$m_ Vmo H$aZm hr n‹S>Vm h¡& Bg àH$ma _mZdAnZm l_ Am¡a H$m¡eb H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ n¡gm H$_mVm h¡& BZ n¡gm| go AnZr AmemAm|H$s ny{V© H$aVm h¡& Bg àH$ma _mZd n¡gm H$_mZo Am¡a AnZr AmemAm| H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bEH$B© àH$ma Ho$ H$m_m| _| ì`ñV ahVm h¡& BZ H$m_m| H$mo hr h_ "Am{W©H$ {H«$`m' H$hVo h¢&

BZ Am{W©H$ {H«$`mAm| H$m CÔoí` Vmo _mZd H$s AmemAm| H$s ny{V© hr h¡& {H$gr ^rg_mO _| Am{W©H$ {H«$`mE± Hw$N> {Z`_ Am¡a g§àXm`m| H$s n[a{Y _| hr MbVr h¡& _mZdHo$ Am{W©H$ {H«$`mAm| H$mo _w»` ê$n go 4 ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¢ -

AW©emñÌ H$m AÜ``Z Z Ho $dbkmZXm`H$ h¡, gmW hr \$bXm`H$ ^r h¡ &

-E.gr. {nJy

g^r BÀN>mAm| H$m _yb Am{W©H$ {H«$`mgo hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

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1. CËnmXH$ {H«$`mE± - dñVwAmo§ Am¡a godmAm| H$m CËnmXZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$ oOmZodmbo {H«$`mE± & CXm : H¥${f, newnmbZ, _N>br nH$‹S>Zm, dZm| H$s A{^d¥{Õ,{d{dY àH$ma Ho$ ì`mnma, g§Mma, g§nH©$ Am{X&

2. CËnmXH$ {H«$`mE± - dñVwAm| Am¡a godmAm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo hþE AnZrBÀN>mAm| H$s ny{V© H$aVm h¡& o g^r {H«$`mE± AZw moJr {H«$`mAm| Ho$ A§VJ©V AmVr h¡&

3. {d{Z_` {H«$`mE± : CËnmXH$ dJ© Cn^moŠVmAm| Ho$ {bE dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZH$aVo h¢ & CËnÝZ {H$ o J o dñVwAm| H$mo Cn^moŠVmAm| VH$ nhþ±MmZo Ho$ {bE ì`mnma H$sì`dñWm h¡& `hm± dñVwAm| H$m g§J«hU Am¡a ~oMZo-IarXZo H$s {H«$`mE± MbVr h¢&

4. {dVaU {H«$`mE± - CËnmXZ go Omo bm^ {_bVm h¡, Cgo CËnmXZ H$s {H«$`m_| ghm`H$ g^r H$mo ~m±Q>Zm n‹S>Vm h¡& `hm± bm^m§e g^r A§Jm| _| R>rH$ àH$ma go ~m±Q>ZoH$s ì`dñWm H$aZr n‹S>Vr h¡&

_mZd AnZo OrdZ _| amoμO {g\©$ Am{W©H$ J{V{d{Y`m| _| hr Zht ~pëH$ dhgm_m{OH$, amOZ¡{VH$, e¡j{UH$, Ym{_©H$ O¡go H$B© àH$ma H$s {H«$`mAm| _| ^r AnZoAmnH$mo g§b½Z H$aVm h¡ Omo Am{W©H$ Zht hmoVo&

H$^r-H$^r Omo H$m_ Am{W©H$ {H«$`m Zht hmoVo do ^r Am{W©H$ ~Z OmVo h¢&CXmhaU Ho$ {bE AJa EH$ AÜ`mnH$ Ka _| _wμâV ê$n _| {H$gr H$mo nT>mVm h¡ Vmodh Am{W©H$ {H«$`m Zht h¡& AJa dh n¡gm| Ho$ {bE H$aVm h¡ Vmo dh {\$a Am{W©H$hmo OmVm h¡&

CËnmXZ (Production)

àH¥${V h_mao {bE y{_, Ob, dZ, bdU, B§YZ, new-njr O¡go H$B© àH$maHo$ g§gmYZm| H$mo {X`m h¡& BZ g§gmYZm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ _mZd AnZo {bEAmdí`H$ dñVwAm| H$m {Z_m©U H$aVm h¡& Bgr H$mo h_ "CËnmXZ' H$hVo h¢& y{_Am¡a Ob H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ AZmO, B©I, D$Z H$mo CnOmVm h¡& Hw$N> àm{U`m| H$mbmbZ-nmbZ H$aHo$ CZHo$ XÿY, _m±g, D$Z O¡go dñVwAm| H$mo {ZH$mbVm h¡& dZm| go

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Hw$N> dñVwAm| H$mo BH$Æ>m H$aVm h¡& y{_ go I{ZOm| H$mo ~mha {ZH$mbVm h¡& Bg àH$mago nmZodmbo CËnmXZm| H$mo "àmW{_H$ CnO' H$hVo h¢&

~hþV gmao àmW{_H$ CËnÝZ H$mo AnZo _yb ê$n _| AZw moJ Zht H$a gH$Vo&_mZd BZ àmW{_H$ CËnÝZ Ho$ ñdê$n _| VãXrb bmH$a AnZo BÀN>mZwgma Amdí`H${d{dY àH$ma Ho$ dñVwAm| H$m {Z_m©U H$aVm h¡& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE H$ÀMo YmJo goYmJo H$mo, gyV go H$n‹S>o H$mo, H$n‹S>o go H$B© àH$ma nmoemH$m| H$mo V¡ ma H$aVm h¡& {OgàH$ma dñVwAm| H$m ê$n ~XbVm h¡ gmW hr CgH$m _yë` ^r ~T>Vm OmVm h¡&

Bgr àH$ma B©I go Jw‹S> Am¡a MrZr H$mo ~Zm`m OmVm h¡& d¥jm| go gmO gm_J«r,I{ZOm| go ^m±{V-^m±{V Ho$ bmohm| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m OmVm h¡ & Bg àH$ma àmW{_H$CËnÝZ Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo ~XbH$a V¡ ma {H$ o OmZodmbo dñVwAm| H$mo "{gÕ CËnÝZ' H$hmOmVm h¡&

_mZd {g\©$ dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZ Zht H$aVm ~pëH$ AnZr BÀN>mAm| H$s ny{V©Ho$ {bE ^r godmAm| H$m CËnmXZ H$aVm h¡& Bg àH$ma àmW{_H$ Am¡a {gÕ dñVwAm|Ho$ CËnmXZ Ho$ gmW godm H$m CËnmXZ ^r Oww‹S> OmVm h¡&

CËnmXZ Ho$ A§J (Factors of Production )

CËnmXZ H$aZo H$m _yb CÔoí` _mZd H$s BÀN>m H$s ny{V© H$aZm h¡& CgoAmdí`H$ dñVw godmAm| H$m CËnmXZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ A§em| H$mo CËnmXZm§JH$hVo h¢ & à_wI ê$n go o 4 h¢ -

1. y{_ (Land) 2. l_ (Labour)

3. _yb YZ (ny§Or) (Capital) 4. _mZd YZ (Organisation)

1. ^y{_ (Land) : AW©emñÌ _| y{_ H$m AW© hmoVm h¡ - μO_rZ, Ob, dZ,I{ZO Am{X àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| go wŠV y{_& Cgo h_mao Amdí`H$VmZwgma ~T>mZmZm_w_{H$Z h¡& gr{_V y{_ na hr Amdí`H$ dñVw Am¡a godm H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm h¡&

H¥${f Ho$ {bE `mo½` y{_ ^r gr{_V _mÌm _¢ h¡& Bgr _| _mZd H$mo àmW{_H$Amdí`H$ ImX nXmWm] H$mo CËnmXZ H$aZm h¡& ^maV _| H¥${f dfm© na {Z ©a h¡& Bg

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y{_ _| dfm© Ho$ _m¡g_ _| EH$ ~ma \$gb CnOm gH$Vo h¢& bo{H$Z qgMmB© H$aZodmbry{_ _| EH$ gmb _| EH$, Xmo, VrZ ~ma ^r \$gb CJm gH$Vo h¢& Bgo "~hþ CËnmXZ

nÕ{V' H$hm OmVm h¡& dfm© na h_mam Amdb§~Z H$_ H$aHo$ H¥${f y{_ _| qgMmB© H$m{dñVma {H$`m Om` Vmo H¥${f CËnmXZ H$m {dñVma ^r {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

H$b-H$maImZm| H$s àJ{V Ho$ {bE ^r y{_ Amdí`H$ h¡& AmOH$b CÚ_m| H$sñWmnZm Ho$ {bE H¥${f y{_ H$m hr Cn`moJ {H$`m Om ahm h¡& eha, ZJam| H$m {dñVma,amñVm {Z_m©U, aob _mJ©, hdmB© AS²>S>m, g§nH©$ ì`dñWm, {ejU g§ñWmE±, AñnVmbAm{X H$s àJ{V Ho$ {bE ^r y{_ Amdí`H$ h¡&

2. l_ (Labour) : y{_ Ho$ ~mX CËnmXZ Ho$ {bE A{V à_wI A§e h¡ "l_'&H$m_ H$aZodmbm| H$mo "l{_H$' H$hVo h¢& l{_H$ dJ© _μOXÿar Ho$ {bE H$m_ H$aVo h¢&Bg àH$ma n¡gm| Ho$ {bE {H$ o OmZodmbo emar[aH$ Am¡a ~m¡{ÕH$ {H«$`m H$mo l_ H$hmOmVm h¡&

{H$gmZ, l{_H$, CÚ_m| Ho$ H$_©Mmar Ed§ hmoQ>ob, JoamO, {d{dY g§Mma g§ñWmAm|_| H$m_ H$aZodmbo H$_©Mmar AnZo emar[aH$ l_ go H$m_ H$aVo h¢& Bg l_ H$mo"emar[aH$ l_' (Physical Labour) H$hm OmVm h¡&

l{_H$ bmoJ H$moB© ^r hmo, CZHo$ gmW _mZdr`Vm go noe AmZm Mm{hE& V^rCZgo Á`mXm l_ r bo gH$Vo h¢& H¥${f H$m{_©H$ Am¡a N>moQ>o-~‹S>o CÚ_m| _| H$m_ H$aZodmbo,hmoQ>ob, JamO Am{X OJhm| _| H$m_ H$aZodmbo l{_H$ bmoJ X¡{ZH$ _μOXÿar Ho$ AmYma naH$m_ H$aVo h¢& X¡{ZH$ _μOXÿam| H$s _μOXÿar ~hþV H$_ hmoH$a do bmoJ A{V Jar~r _|AnZm OrdZ`mnZ H$a aho h¢& gaH$ma BZ bmoJm| Ho$ {bE g_`-g_` na doVZ H$m{ZYm©aU H$aVm h¡& A~ BZ _μOXÿam| H$mo gaH$ma go {ZYm©[aV doVZ go H$_ doVZ Zht{X`m Om gH$Vm&

3. _ybYZ (Capital) : CËnmXZ {H«$`m _| Cn`moJ {H$ o OmZodmbo g~ àH$maHo$ _mZd {Z{_©V dñVwAm| H$mo "_ybYZ' H$hm OmVm h¡& §Ì, §ÌmonH$aU, ^dZ, aob-_mJ©, ~ÝXaJmh, hdmB© AS²>S>m, {~Obr CËnmXH$ KQ>H$ Am{X _ybYZ H$hm OmVm h¡&BZ g~H$mo IarXZo Ho$ {bE AWdm {Z_m©U H$aZo Ho$ {bE n¡gm| H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡&CËnmXZ {H«$`m _| Amdí`H$ n¡gm| H$mo "Am{W©H$ _yb YZ' H$hm OmVm h¡&

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H¥${f CËnmXZ {H«$`m _| A{V àmMrZ H$mb go h_ bmoJ, hb, \$mdS>m, Hw$Xmb,Iwanr, ~¡b Am{X H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo Am o h¢& AmOH$b AmYw{ZH$ H¥${f nÕ{V`m| H$moAnZmZo Ho$ {bE h_mao {H$gmZ Q´>mŠQ>a, {Q>ëba, n§ngoQ> Am{X AmYw{ZH$ H¥${f CnH$aUm|H$m BñVo_mb H$a aho h¢& Bgr àH$ma H$b-H$maImZm| _| A{V AmYw{ZH$ §Ì- §ÌmonH$aUm|H$m Cn`moJ hmo ahm h¡& Bggo H$_ IM© _| CÎm_ dñVwAm| H$m {Z_m©U hmo ahm h¡&

^maV gaH$ma Xoe _| H$maImZo, {dÚwV Ho$ÝÐ, {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ g§Mma ì`dñWm,gmd©O{ZH$ B_maV, AñnVmb, embm-H$m°boO Am{X H$m {Z_m©U H$aZo Ho$ {bE àmoËgmhZXo ahm h¡ & BgH$mo "_ybYZ g§J«hU' H$hVo h¢& Xoe _| _yb YZ Ho$ ~T>Zo go CËnmXZ H$s_mÌm ^r ~‹T>Vr h¡& BgHo$ {bE Amdí`H$ _yb YZ H$m g§J«hU bmoJm| Ho$ ~MV go {H$`mOmVm h¡&

4. _mZd YZ (Organisation of Entrepreneurship) : AmYw{ZH$ CËnmXZH$s ì`dñWm _| _mZd YZ `m l_ ~hþV hr à_wI A§e h¡& y{_, l_, _ybYZ H$moEH$Ì H$aHo$ CËnmXZ H$m H$m © Mmby H$aZo Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ kmZ {Og ì`pŠV _| hmoVmh¡ CÝh| "_mZd YZ' H$hm OmVm h¡& BZH$mo g§JR>ZH$ma, ì`dñWmnH$, CÚ_r, àdV©H$O¡go Zm_m| go nwH$mam OmVm h¡& AmO `h CËnmXZ ~‹S>o n¡_mZo na Mb ahm h¡& ~m{H$CËnmXZ Ho$ A§Jm| go ^r Á`mXm AmO _mZd YZ A{V à_wI A§J h¡&

Aä`mg

I. Imbr OJh ^[aE :

1. AW©emñÌ H$m _yb eãX J«rH$ ^mfm H$m ___________

Am¡a ___________

Zm_H$ Xmo eãXm| go ~Zm h¡&

2. _m¡ m] Ho$ g_` H$m¡{Q>ë` Zo ___________

J«ÝW H$s aMZm H$s&

3. dñVw Am¡a godmAm| _| _mZd H$s BÀN>mAm| H$s ny{V© H$aZo Ho$ JwU H$mo __________

H$hVo h¢&

4. n¡gm| Ho$ {bE {H$ o OmZodmbo emar[aH$ Am¡a ~m¡{ÕH$ {H«$`mAm| H$mo ___________

H$hVo h¢&

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5. CËnmXZ H$s {H«$`m _| Cn`moJ {H$`o OmZodmbo _mZd {Z{_©V dñVwAm| H$mo___________

H$hVo h¢&

II. BZ àíZm| Ho$ {bE EH$-EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE &

1. AW©emñÌ H$m AW© Š`m h¡?

2. AW©emñÌ H$m {nVm_h H$m¡Z h¡?

3. Am{W©H$ {H«$`mAm| go Š`m _Vb~ h¡?

4. _mZd Ho$ X¡{ZH$ Am{W©H$ {H«$`mAm| _| H$m¡Z gr {H«$`m Cgo _wpíH$b n¡Xm H$aoJrOmo MwZZo _| VH$brμ\$ n¡Xm H$aoJr?

5. CËnmXZ H$m AW© Š`m h¡?

III. BZ àíZm| Ho$ {bE EH$-EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE &

1. _mZd H$s Am{W©H$ à{H«$`m H$m¡Z-gr h¡?

2. AW©emó H$m AÜ``Z h_ Š`m| H$aZm Mm{hE?

3. H$mbm§Va _| AW©emó H$m AW© H¡$go n[adV©V hþAm h¡?

4. CËnmXZ {H«$`m Ho$ A§J H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¢? CZH$m n[aM` Xr{OE&

5. _ybYZ go Š`m AW© h¡? _ybYZ Ho$ dñVwAm| H$mo nhMm{ZE&

IV. `mo½`Vm {dñVma

1. AmnHo$ n[admadmbm| Ûmam {H$`o OmZodmbo Am{W©H$ {H«$`mAm| H$s EH$ gyMr~ZmBE&

2. AmnHo$ Amgnmg Ho$ `m AmnHo$ J«m_ Ho$ bmoJm| Ûmam {H$ o OmZodmbo {d{dYAm{W©H$ {H«$`mAm| Ho$ ~mao _| Om{ZE&

3. amoO AmnHo$ Ûmam AZw moJ {H$ o OmZodmbo dñVwAm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE&

4. {H$gmZ bmoJ AnZo y{_ na CnOmZodmbo nXmWm] Ho$ ~mao _| H¡$go V` H$aVo h¢?

5. AJa EH$ {H$gmZ AnZo μO_rZ na Mmdb CnOZm MmhVm h¡ Vmo MmdbCnOmZo Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ A§em| H$s EH$ gyMr ~ZmBE&

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y{_, dm w, Ob, dZ, {_Å>r, I{ZO Am{X h_mao OrdZ Ho$ {bE ~hþVghm`H$ h¡& BZ g~H$mo àH¥${V Zo h_| _wμâV` _| {X`m h¡& àH¥${V Ûmam {X o J o BZg§gmYZm| H$mo h_ "àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ' H$hVo h¢& gy © H$m àH$me, y{_ Ho$ Vb _o_{_bZodmbm H$mo bm Am¡a noQ´>mo{b`_ ^r àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ Ho$ A§VJ©V hmoVo h¢&

_mZd H$m OrdZ àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| na {Z ©a h¡& àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| na{Z ©a hmoH$a CgH$s Am{W©H$ {H«$`mE± MbVr h¢&

bm^Xm`H$ AZwHy$b _m¡g_, `mo½` {_Å>r, nmZr, H¥${f Ho$ {bE ghm`H$ ~ZVoh¢ Vmo I{ZO g§gmYZ CÚmoJm| H$s àJ{V Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ àmW{_H$ dñVw Am¡a B§YZm|H$s ny{V© H$aVm h¡& dZ g§gmYZ _mZd H$mo Amdí`H$ bH$‹S>r Am¡a AÝ` CËnÝZ H$moXoZo Ho$ gmW dmVmdaU H$mo ^r H$m~y _| aIVm h¡&‹T>

Ob, g§gmYZ, H¥${f, qgMmB©, {~Obr H$m CËnmXZ, CÚ_m| _| àJ{V Am¡a KaobyCn`moJ Ho$ {bE ghm`H$ h¡& Bg àH$ma àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ _mZd Ho$ OrdZ _| ~hþV_hËdnyU© h¡& àH¥${V H$s ajm _mZd H$s ajm h¡&

AÜ`m`-2

àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ (Natural Resources)

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ`m`Z Ho$ ~mX BZ {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmá

H$a|JoŸ&l Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZm| H$s à_wIVm Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZm &l g_mßV hmoZodmbo Am¡a Z g_mßV hmoZodmbo g§gmYZ Am¡a CZH$s gwajVm Ho$ ~mao _|

g_PZm&l dZ-{dZme Am¡a aoJrñVmZrH$aU Ho$ n[aUm_m| H$mo g_PmZm&l y{_ H$s YmaH$ epŠV H$mo nhMmZZm &l hdm_mZ n[adV©Z Ho$ H$maU Am¡a n[aUm_m| H$m {díbofU H$aZm&

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g§gmYZm| H$m A^md

y{_ Am¡a àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ pñWa h¢& AWm©V² h_ Cgo AnZo Amdí`H$VmZwgma

~T>m Zht gH$Vo& {OVZo g§gmYZ h_| CnbãY h¡, Cgrgo h_| AnZr BÀN>mAm| H$s ny{V©

^r H$aZr h¡&

Hw$N> g§gmYZ Eogo hmoVo h¢ {H$ CZH$m Cn`moJ H$aVo ahZo go dh {\$a ^aVo OmVo

h¢& dm w, Ob, dZ, gy © H$m àH$me Am{X g§gmYZm| H$mo h_ {ZaÝVa BñVo_mb H$a

gH$Vo h¢& Hw$N> g§gmYZ Eogo hmoVo h¢ {OZH$m Cn`moJ H$aVo ahZo go do Imbr hmo OmVo h¢&

àH¥${V BÝh| ^a Zht nmVr& CXm : I{ZO, H$mo`bm, noQ´>mo{b`_, àmH¥${VH$ A{Zb

Am{X& O~ Eogo g§gmYZ g_mßV hmo OmVo h¢, Cgo {\$a ^aZo Ho$ {bE H$amo‹S>m| gmb

bJVo h¢&

dm`w AZoH$ A{Zbm| H$m {_lU h¡& dm`w _| 78 à{VeV gmaOZH$, 21%

àmUdm w h¡& gmW _| H$m~©ZS>mB©AmŠg¡‹S>, ObOZH$ Am{X A{Zbm| H$m ^r Hw$N> à_mU

hmoVm h¡& Or{d`m| H$m CÀN>dmg-{Z…ídmg, nm¡Ym| H$m àH$me g§íbofU H$s à{H«$`m,

dm w _| pñWV A{Zbm| Ho$ g§VwbZ H$s ajm H$aVo h¢& bo{H$Z noQ´>mo{b`_, H$mo bm Am{X

I{ZO BYZm| H$m Á`mXm Cn`moJ H$aZo go CZgo {ZH$bZodmbo Xÿ{fV Am¡a {dfmŠV hdm,

dm w _| {_bH$a gmam dm w _§S>b hr {dfmŠV hmo ahm h¡& ZJam| _| ewÕ hdm H$s H$_r hmo

ahr h¡&

n¥Ïdr na 70% go Á`mXm nmZr ^am hþAm h¡& {\$a ^r CZ_| 97% H$m nmZr

gmJa H$m hmoH$a Cn`moJ Ho$ {bE ~oH$ma ~Zm h¡& n¥Ïdr _| {g\©$ 3% H$m nmZr hr ewÕ

h¡& Cg_| 2.3% H$m ewÕ nmZr Y«wd àXoem| _| Am¡a D±$Mr nd©V-Mmo{Q>`m| _| {h_ Ho$ ê$n

_| g§J«{hV h¡& H$ar~ 0.66% nmZr A§VO©b Ho$ ê$n _| y{_ H$s JhamB© m| _| nm`m

OmVm h¡& {g\©$ 0.03% H$m nmZr n¥Ïdr na ZXr, Zmbo, Vmbm~ Am{X _| {_bVm h¡&

n¥Ïdr na nmZr H$m òmoV dfm© hmoVr h¡& n¥Ïdr na nmZr Am¡a A§VO©b _mÌ h_mar Ob

g§n{Îm h¡&

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n¥Ïdr _| {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ I{ZO Am¡a B§YZ àmßV hmoVo h¢& BZH$mo {ZH$mbH$a

Cn`moJ H$aVo ahZo go H«$_e… o g_mßV hmo OmVo h¢& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE H$mobma _| gmoZoH$m CÚ_ AmO g_mßV hmoH$a ~ÝX {H$`m J`m h¡& BgH$m _yb H$maU dhm± A~ gmoZm hrZht h¡&

dZ dmVmdaU H$m {Z`§ÌU H$aZo Ho$ gmW-gmW dfm© Ho$ hmoZo _| ^r H$mμ\$s_hËdnyU© y{_H$m AXm H$aVo h¢& hμOmam| Or{d`m| Ho$ {bE `h Aml` ~Zm h¡& _mZdH$mo Amdí`H$ bH$‹S>r, BÝYZ dJ¡ah XoVm h¡& bo{H$Z AmO _mZd dZ g§ajU H$s AmoaÜ`mZ Z XoH$a AnZo ñdmW© H$s ny{V© Ho$ {bE dZ-{dZme H$s Amoa H$m`m}Ý_wI ~Zm h¡&dZ Or{d`m| H$mo, ImZo, M_‹S>o Am¡a hmWr Ho$ Xm±Vm| Ho$ {bE _ma ahm h¡& Bggo dZ àXoeAm¡a dZ Or{d`m| H$m Zme hmo ahm h¡&

g_mßV hmo OmZodmbo Am¡a g_mßV Z hmo OmZodmbo g§gmYZ

àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| H$mo _w»` ê$n go 2 ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&1. g_mßV Z hmo OmZodmbo g§gmYZ&(Exhaustible Resources)2. g_mßV hmo OmZodmbo g§gmYZ & (Inexhaustible Resources)

g_mßV Z hmo OmZodmbo g§gmYZ (Inexhaustible Resources)

Hw$N> g§gmYZ Eogo hmoVo h¢ {OZH$m Cn`moJ H$aVo ahZo go do {\$a ^aVo OmVo h¢Am¡a h_mao Cn`moJ Ho$ {bE {\$a {_bVm h¡& Eogo g§gmYZm| H$mo g_mßV Z hmo OmZodmbog§gmYZ H$hVo h¢& Bgo àH¥${V AnZr àmH¥${VH$ {H«$`m Ho$ Ûmam nwZ… ^aVr h¡& Bg{bEBgo ZdrH$aU {H$ o OmZodmbo g§gmYZ ^r H$hVo h¢& Ob, y{_, dZ, dm w, gy © H$sJa_r Am{X g_mßV Z hmo OmZodmbo g§gmYZ h¢&

nmZr àH¥${V H$m EH$ _hËdnyU© XoZ h¡& Vmbm~-~mdS>r, Hw$Am±, ZXr, Zmbo,Prb Am{X nmZr H$m òmoV h¡& BZH$m Cn`moJ H$aVo ahZo go nmZr H$m à_mU H$_ hmoVohþE ^r àH¥${V BZ ObòmoVm| Ho$ ñWmZm| H$mo dfm© Ho$ ê$n _| nwZ… ^aVr h¡&

y{_ `m àH¥${V ~hþV _hËdnyU© g§n{Îm _mZm OmVm h¡& `h y{_ H$amo‹S>m| Or{d`m|Ho$ {bE Aml`XmVm h¡& y{_ Ho$ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ aMZmZwgma _mZd AnZo Am{W©H$ {H«$`m,

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dmg, H¥${f, CÚmoJ, ì`mnma, g§Mma Am{X _| àJ{V H$aVm h¡& dfm©, ~m‹T>, dm w Am¡a~‹T>Vo amgm`{ZH$m| Ho$ à`moJ go y{_ _| CnOmD$nZ H$m JwU H$_ hmo ahm h¡&

dZ, _mZd Am¡a g~ new-n{j`m| H$mo ImZm Am¡a Aml` XoVm h¡& dZ Ho$ dmVmdaU

_| àmUdm`w Am¡a H$m~©ZS>mB©AmŠg¡S> Ho$ ~rM g§VwbZ hmoVm h¡& bo{H$Z _mZd O¡go

ZmJ[aH$ ~ZVm Om ahm h¡, dZ {dZme ^r Á`mXm hmo aho h¢& _mZd Ho$ à`ËZm| go nwZ…

dZm| H$m {Z_m©U hmo gH$Vm h¡&

dm w ^r EH$ g_mßV Z hmoZodmbr g§n{Îm h¡& gmao Or{d`m| H$mo gm±g boZo Ho$ {bE

dm w ~hþV Amdí`H$ h¡& dm w Ho$ hmoZo go hr n[aga _| nmZr ^mn ~ZH$a dfm© H$amVr

h¡& dm w H$mo àXÿfU_wŠV aIZm h_mar {Oå_oXmar h¡& Cgr àH$ma gy © H$s Ja_r ^r EH$

IË_ Z hmoZodmbr g§gmYZ h¡& Bgo ^r àXÿfU_wŠV aIZo go ~‹S>o n¡_mZo na {~Obr V¡ ma

{H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

g_mßV hmo OmZodmbo g§gmYZ (Exhaustible Resources)

Hw$N> àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| h_ {Og àH$ma Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢ do H«$_e… IË_ hmoVo

OmVo h¢& Cgo nwZ… h_ nm Zht gH$Vo& Eogo g§gmYZm| H$mo g_mßV hmoZodmbo g§gmYZ

H$hVo h¢& bmohm, gmoZm, Vm±~m, _m§JZrg, ~m°Šg¡Q> Am{X I{ZO B§YZ IË_ hmo OmZodmbo

g§gmYZ h¡& BZH$mo àH¥${V AnZr à{H«$`m Ho$ Ûmam nwZ… ^a Zht nmVr& Bg{bE BZH$mo

"ZdrH$aU Z H$aZodmbo g§gmYZ' ^r H$hm OmVm h¡&

I{ZO Am¡a I{ZO BÝYZ g_mßV hmoZodmbo g§gmYZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU h_| Cgo

~hþV OmJê$H$Vm go Am¡a `moOZmZwgma CgH$m Cn`moJ H$aZm Mm{hE& Zht Vmo h_mao

AmJo AmZodmbr nrT>r Ho$ {bE o dñVwE± CnbãY Zht hmoVo& BZH$mo Hw$N> gr_m Ho$ AÝXa

ì`dpñWV ê$n go Cn`moJ H$aHo$ h_mao AmJo H$s nrT>r Ho$ {bE ^r g§ mbH$a aIZm h¡&

Bg àH$ma h_mao n`m©daU _| gÝVwbZ {Z^mH$a Am{W©H$ àJ{V H$aZr h¡&

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dZ {dZme

dZ _mdZ Ho$ {bE _hËdnyU© g§gmYZ _mZm OmVm h¡Ÿ& ~hþn`moJr dZ _mZd

{H«$`mAm| Ho$ n[aUm_ñdê$n Zme hmo aho h¢& A{V àmMrZH$mb go _mZd-OrdZ H$m dZ

Ho$ gmW ~hþV Jham g§~§Y h¡& _mZd H$ar~ 11,000 gmb nhbo EH$ OJh na éH$H$a

H¥${f H$m Ama§^ {H$`m J`m hmoJm& V~ go dh AnZo H¥${f Ho$ {bE, Jm±d-eham| Ho$

{Z_m©U Ho$ {bE dZ H$m Zme H$aVm Am`m h¡& `h Zme Ho$db Aën_mÌm _| hmoZo Ho$

H$maU BgH$m Xþîà^md A{YH$ _hgyg Zht hþAm& bo{H$Z H$ar~ 300 gmb go nhbo Omo

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m±{V hþB© CgHo$ n[aUm_ñdê$n dZ g§gmYZm| H$m Cn`moJ ~hþV hmo ahm h¡&

AmOH$b ~T>Vm hþAm ZJarH$aU, Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU, I{ZO H$m`© Am¡a H¥${f ^y{_ H$m

{dñVma Am{X Ho$ H$maU _Zwî` Zo dZm| H$mo, d¥jm| H$mo {ZX© Vm go H$mQ> ahm h¡& dZ H$m

Zme hmo ahm h¡& Bggo n`m©daU g§~§Yr H$B© àH$ma Ho$ g_ñ`mAm| H$m CX² d hmo ahm h¡&

dZ {dZme H$m n[aUm_

_m¡g_ H$m {Z`§ÌU, {d{dY Ord

g§Hw$b, new-njr, XmZm| H$m CnOmD$,

àmH¥${VH$ Am¡f{Y g§nXm Am{X Ho$ gmW dZm|

H$m {ZH$Q> g§~§Y h¡& dZ {dZme H$s

A{YH$Vm go n`m©daU na J§ ra Xþîn[aUm_

hmo aho h¢§ -

l dZ {dZme go y{_ jaU hmoH$a {_Å>r H$m CnOmD$nZ _| H$_r hmo ahr h¡&

l n`m©daU _| àmUdm w H$m à_mU H$_ hmoH$a H$m~©Z S>mB©AmŠg¡S> H$m à_mU

A{YH$ hmo ahm h¡&

l dZ [dZme go dZ g§nXm H$m Zme hmoH$a Bg na {Z ©a CÚ_m| H$m ^r Zme

hmo ahm h¡&

dZm| H$m Zme Ñí`

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l dZ {dZme go H$amo‹S>m| new-n{j`m| H$m Hw$b Zme hmo aho h¡&l dZ {dZme go dfm© H$s H$_r hmo ahr h¡& {Oggo H¥${f CËnmXZ _| ^r H$_r hmo

ahr h¡&l dZ {dZme go Vmn_mZ A{YH$ hmoH$a n`m©daU ZmJ[aH$Vm Ho$ nrN>o Am¡a

ZmJ[aH$Vm ao{JñVmZ H$m nrN>m H$aVr h¡&

_ê$^y{_H$aU

y{_ na dZ {dZme Am¡a Ord g§H$b H$m ZmehmoZo go _é^y{_ H$s g¥pîQ> hm oVr h¡& BgH$m o"_é^y_rH$aU' H$hVo h¢& ^y{_ na no‹S>-nm¡Ym| go^anya O¡{dH$ AmdaU H$m Zme hmoVo hr, VoμOr go~hZodmbr hdm Am¡a ^mar dfm© go ^y{_jaU hmoVm h¡& A{YH$ H¥${f H$aZo go Am¡aA{YH$ amgm`{ZH$m| Ho$ Cn`moJ go {_Å>r H$s AnZr ñdm^m{dH$ JwU H$m Zme hmo OmVrh¡& dZ {dZme go dfm© H$s _mÌm ^r H$_ hmo OmVr h¡& BZH$m g~H$m n[aUm_ _é y{_H$mo OÝ_ Xo gH$Vm h¡& _é y{_H$aU go {_Å>r H$m CnOmD$nZ Am¡a y{_ H$m Zme hmoVm h¡&

dZ {dZme go dfm© H$m n[a_mU H«$_e… H$_ hmo ahm h¡& gmW hr A§VO©b H$mn[a_mZ ^r X~Vm Om ahm h¡& AH$mb H$m ^r ~ma-~ma Xe©Z hmo ahm h¡& Ja_r H$mVmn_mZ ^r ha gmb ~T> ahm h¡ Am¡a nrZo Ho$ {bE nmZr H$m ^r H$_r hmo ahm h¡& AmOg§gma _| 80 go ^r Á`mXm Xoe nmZr H$s H$_r H$mo _hgyg H$a aho h¢& A_arH$m Ho${eH$mJmo {díd{dÚmb` Ho$ d¡km{ZH$m| Ho$ AZwgma, AJa Bgr àH$ma `hr hmbV ahr VmoAmJo 20-25 gmbm| _| g§gma Ho$ H$ar~ 50 go ^r Á`mXm Xoe g§nyU© ao{JñVmZ ~Z OmZoH$s g§ mdZm A{YH h¡& A^r go hr ^maV _| H$ar~ 1.5 bmI Jm±dm| Am¡a ZJam| _|1.25 bmI H$m°bmoZr ewÕ nmZr Ho$ {~Zm g_ñ`m H$m gm_Zm H$a aho h¢& H$Zm©Q>H$ H$shmbV ^r Bggo {^ÝZ Zht h¡& Hw$N> {deofkm| H$s am` _| `hm± H$m dZ{dZme AJa BgràH$ma Mbm Vmo AmJo H$s Hw$N> dfm] _| H$Zm©Q>H$ ^r ^maV H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m ao{JñVmZ ~ZgH$Vm h¡&

n[aga H$m nrN>m gä`Vm

H$aVr h¡Ÿ& aoJrñWmZ gä`Vm H$s

nrN>m H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

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YmaU epŠV Am¡a Obdm w _| n[adV©Z

YmaU `m J«hU epŠV : ^y{_ H$s AnZrYmaUm epŠV h¡& ~‹T>Vr OZg§»`m, dZ {dZme,n`m©daU àXÿfU, A§VO©b H$m A{YH$ Cn`moJ, ~‹T>VrdmhZm| H$s g§»`m Am{X EH$ gr_m VH$ ghZo H$sepŠV y{_ H$mo h¡& BgrH$mo y{_ H$s YmaUm epŠVH$hVo h¢& AJa `h gr_m nma H$a {X`m Vmo V~{dZme go H$moB© Zht ~M nm oJm&

y{_ na dmg H$aZodmbo H$B© àH$ma Ho$ ~rMEH$ g§~§Y new-njr, no‹S>-nm¡Yo Am¡a _Zwî`m| Ho$ ~rMEH$ g§~§Y h¡& BZHo$ ~rM g§VwbZ hmoZm ~hþV Amdí`H$ h¡& g§gma _| {XImB© XoZodmbonew-njr Am¡a no‹S>-nm¡Ym| H$m à_mU nañna {_bVm-OwbVm, haoH$ Ordr ^r em§{Vgo OrdZ {~VmZo H$s pñW{V hmo Vmo Eogr pñW{V H$mo àH¥${V H$m g§VwbZ H$hVo h¡&bo{H$Z CZHo$ à_mU _| AgÝVwbZ n¡Xm hþAm Vmo {H$gr ^r dJ© Ho$ àmUr em§{V go OrZht gH$Vo&

~‹T>Vr OZg§»`m Ho$ H$maU, AJa dZm| H$m à_mU H$_ hmo Om` Vmo AWdm I{Zg§gmYZm| Ho$ à_mU _| H$_r Am Om` Vmo Or{d`m| Ho$ n[aga _| Ag§VwbZ n¡Xm hmo OmVmh¡& Bg g§VwbZ go AZmO H$s H$_r, I{Z g§gmYZm| H$s H$_r, Ob dm w _| n[adV©Z,dfm© H$m A^md, nmZr H$s H$_r, n`m©daU àXÿfU - o g~ hmoVo h¢& Bg àH$ma H$s{df_VmAm| H$mo EH$ hX VH$ ghZo H$s epŠV ^y{_ _| h¡& `h gr_m nma H$aVo hrbmoJ H$îQ>-ZîQ>m| H$m {eH$ma ~Z OmVo h¢& BgHo$ Abmdm new-njr ^r AnZo ApñVËdImo XoVo h¢&

_m¡g_ _| n[adV©Z : AmOH$b h_ J_u _| A{YH$ Vmn_mZ, Pm‹S>o _| Á`mXmgXu, A{Vd¥pîQ> Vy\$mZ - BZ g~H$m gm_Zm H$a aho h¢& BZ g~Ho$ H$maU Obdm w _|hmo aho n[adV©Z h¡& BZ g^r gmbm| _| OmJ{VH$ Vmn_mZ Ho$ ~mao _| g§gma ^a MMm©E±Mb ahr h¢&

~S>Vo hþE OZg§»`Sy>~Vr hþB© n¥Ïdr

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Hw$N> àmH¥${VH$ Am¡a _mZd {H«$`mE± n[aga _| hr aho n[adV©Z Ho$ {bE H$maU h¢&

CZ_| à_wI H$maU Bg àH$ma h¢ :

1. Ordmdamof B§YZm| H$m ObZ Am¡a AmJ : H$mo`bm, noQ´>mo{b`_², B§YZ,

I{ZOm| H$m A{YH$ Cn`moJ, bH${‹S>`m| H$m ObZ Am¡a Ja_r Ho$ _m¡g_ _|

dZm| H$mo AmJ bJmZm Am{X Ho$ H$maU H$m~©Z _m°ZmŠgmBS>, _rWoZ, JÝYH$

S>mB©AmŠg¡S>, ZmBQ´>moOZ AmŠg¡S> Am{X hm{ZH$maH$ A{Zb hdm _| {_b OmVo

h¢ & o dmVmdaU _| Ja_r H$mo ~T>mH$a Obdm w _| {df_Vm n¡Xm H$aVo h¢&

2. dZ {dZme : _mZd AmO AnZm {ddoH$ Imo ~¡R>m h¡& BgH$m n[aUm_ `h hmo

ahm h¡ {H$ àmUdm w Am¡a H$m~©ZS>mBŠg¡S> Ho$ ~rM H$m g§VwbZ {~JS> ahm h¡&

BgH$m H$maU `h h¡ {H$ {ZaÝVa hmo aho dZ{dZme & \$bñdê$n n[aga _|

àmUdm w H$m n[a_mU H$_ hmoVm Om ahm h¡ h¡ Am¡a Xÿ{fV hdm H$m n[a_mU

A{YH$ hmoH$a Vmn_mZ ^r BgHo$ gmW ~T>Vm Om ahm h¡&

3. nm¡Y Ka H$m à^md (Greenhouse Effect) : n[aga g§J«{hV hmoZodmbo

H$m~©ZS>mB©AmŠg¡S>, _rW¡Z, Šbmoamoμâbmoamo H$m~©Z (nU©h[aV H$m~©Z), AmoμOmoZ

Am{X A{Zb ^y{_ na ~‹T>Vm hþAm Vmn_mZ Ho$ {bE H$maU ~ZVm h¡& `o

A{Zb y{_ H$s D$î_m na amoH$ bJmH$a g§gma _| Vmn_mZ ~T>Zo Ho$ {bE

{Oå_oXma ~Zm h¡&

4. Eb Z¡Zmo àdmh AWd CîUmoXH$ àdmh : CîUmoXH$ àdmh Eb Z¡Zmo àdmh

H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& `h no{g{μ\$H$ gmJa _| y_Ü` aoIm go X{jU H$s Amoa ~hVr

h¡& `h no{g{μ\$H$ gmJa Ho$ Amgnmg Ho$ Xoem| _| A{Vd¥pîQ> `m AH$mb H$mo

OÝ_ XoVr h¡&

5. A§VO©b H$m A{YH$ Cn`moJ : Zmb Ho$ H$w±E Ûmam A{YH$ A§VO©b H$mo

Cn`moJ H$a aho h¡ Ÿ& Bggo n¥Ïdr H$m nmZo _yb Zm {_bZo go n`m©daU _|Vmn_mZ H$_ hmoVo OmJ{VH$ CîUVm ~S> ahr h¡Ÿ&

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Obdm`w _| n[adV©Z H$m n[aUm_ : gZ² 1995 _| {díd _| Vmn_mZ H$mAÜ``Z Ho$ {bE "Obdm w n[adV©Z' na gmH$mar g{_{V (IPCC- Inter Govern-

mental Panel on Climatic Change) Zm_H$ H$ar~ 2000 d¡km{ZH$m| H$m EH$ g_yhH$mo aMm J`m& `h g{_{V {díd Ho$ Vmn_mZ na XrK© AÜ``Z H$aHo$ AnZm EH$ [anmoQ>©^r V¡ ma {H$`m h¡& `h g{_{V Zo MoVmdZr Xr h¡ {H$ {díd _| ~‹T>Vm hþAm Vmn_mZ_mZd Ho$ ApñVËd Ho$ {bE ~hþV hr IVaZmH$ h¡& CZHo$ H$ënZm Ho$ AZwgma 21dteVmãXr Ho$ A§V VH$ y{_ H$m Vmn_mZ 1.4°C go 5.8°C VH$ ~‹T>Zodmbm h¡& _m¡g_ _|n[adV©Z Ho$ H$maU Omo g_ñ`mE± hm|Jr do Bg àH$ma h¢ -

1. {díd _| A{YH$ Vmn_mZ Ho$ H$maU Y«wd àXoe Am¡a D±$Mr nd©V Mmo{Q>`m| _|~μ\©$ {nKbH$a gmJa _| {_b OmVo h¢& Am¡ma gmJa H$m nmZr ~‹T> OmVm h¡&V~ gmJa VQ> Ho$ ~hþV gmao àXoe Obmd¥V hmo OmVo h¢&

2. n[aga go Vmn_mZ Ho$ ~‹T>Zo go y{_ na Omo nmZr h¢ do ^mn ~Z OmVo h¢& o^mn nmZr H$m _yb òmoV h¢& dZ Am¡a AÝ` àmH¥${VH$ OrdZ, {~Obr CËnmXZ,àdmgmoÚ_ Am¡a _mZd Ho$ ñdmñÏ` na Xþîà^md H$aVm h¡&

3. O¡go n[aga _| H$m~©ZS>mB©mmŠg¡‹S> H$m n[aUm_ Á`mXm hmoVm h¡ d¡go Ja_ hdmAm|H$s bha| ^r ~T>Vr OmVr h¡& `ho no‹S>-nm¡Ym| Am¡a new-n{j`m| na ~wam AgaS>mb gH$Vm h¡&

4. n[aga _| Vmn_mZ Ho$ ~T>Zo go nd©V-Mmo{Q>`m| na ~μ\©$, {h_Z{X`m± Am¡a {h_gamoda {nKbH$a dhm± OÝ_ boZodmbr Z{X`m| _| A{YH$ X~md bmVr h¡& V~ZXr àXoe ~mT> Am¡a y{_jaU H$m {eH$ma ~Z OmVo h¢& {gÝYw, J§Jm Am¡a~«÷nwÌ O¡gr OZg§»`m go ^anya ZXr àXoem| H$mo A{YH$ ~m‹T> Am¡a ^y{_jaU go ~hþV _wpíH$bm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡&

5. CîU_ÊS>b H$s A{V D$î_m Y«wd àXoem| _| \¡$bZo go gmJa Ho$ àdmh H$s {Xem_| ^r n[adV©Z hmoVm h¡&

6. gmJa _| dmg H$aZodmbo àm{U`m± Bg Obdm w Ho$ n[adV©Z go ^`^rV hmoVoh¢& CZHo$ ImZm, g§VmZmoËn{Îm Am¡a OrdZ H«$_ na ~hþV ~wam n[aUm_hmoVm h¡&

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Bg àH$ma {díd _| Vmn_mZ H$s A{YH$Vm go Obdm w _| n[adV©Z hmoVm h¡& Obdm w_| n[adV©Z n[aga _| ~wam Aga S>mbVm h¡& _mZd H$m OrdZ Agø ~Z OmVm h¡&

{díd Ho$ Vmn_mZ AÜ``Z Ho$ {bE aMm J`m g{_{V

{díd Ho$ H$ar~ 2000 d¡km{ZH$m| H$m g_yh h¡ - "Obdm w

n[adV©Z na A§Va gaH$mar g{_{V' - BgHo$ ZoVm ^maVr`d¡km{ZH$ R.K. nMm¡ar Wo& BZH$s godm Am¡a gmYZm Ho$ {bEBZH$mo 2007 H$m Zmo~ob nm[aVmofH$ XoH$a gå_m{ZV {H$`mJ`m h¡&

Obdm w (_m¡g_) n[adV©Z na amoH$ bJmZo H$s {d{Y

n¥Ïdr na Or{d`m| Ho$ ApñVËd Ho$ {bE, gwI_` _mZd OrdZ Ho$ {bE Obdm w _|hmo aho n[adV©Z na amoH$ bJmZm Mm{hE& Obdm w n[adV©Z H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ Cnm` BgàH$ma h¢ -

1. no‹S>-nm¡Ym| H$mo ~T>mZo H$s naånam, gmd©O{ZH$ ñWb Am¡a H¥${f ^y{_ Ho$Amgnmg no‹S>-nm¡Ym| H$mo ~T>mZm Mm{hE&

2. ~Mo hþE dZm| H$s ajm H$aZr Mm{hE&3. BÝYZm| H$m Cn`moJ H$_ H$aHo$ gm¡a epŠV, Cd©aH$, A{Zb, O¡{dH$ BÝYZ

Am{X Ag§àXm{`H$ BÝYZm| Ho$ _yb H$m Cn`moJ H$mo A{YH$ H$aZm Mm{hE&4. A§Vam©îQ´>r` ghH$ma Ûmam nm¡YmKa Ho$ A{Zbm| H$m ~mha OmZo na amoH$ bJmZm

Mm{hE&

AmOH$b H$m~©ZS>mB©AmŠg¡S> Am¡a nm¡YmKa go ~mha {ZH$bZodmbo A{Zbm| H$mà_mU na amoH$ bJmZo Ho$ {bE A§Vam©îQ´>r` ñVa na H$B© à`mg hmo aho h¢& Bg {Xem _|Xoe-{dXoem| Ho$ ~rM g_Pm¡Vm hmo aho h¢& EH$ {Z{X©îQ> g_` H$s gr_m _| IVaZmH$A{Zbm| Ho$ [agmd-~hmd H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE ~hþV gmao amîQ´> AnZr ñdrH¥${V Xo Xr h¢&Bgr dŠV n[aga ñZohr Ag§àXm{`H$ BÝYZm| H$m Cn`moJ Ho$ {bE A{YH$ Ü`mZ {X`m Omahm h¡&

Ama. Ho$. nMm¡ar

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Aä`mg

I. Imbr OJhm| H$mo [aE :

1. AmOH$b _mZd n`m©daU àXÿfU H$mo amoH$H$a àH¥${V H$s ajm H$aHo$, Jm¡ad

go OmZo Ho$ {bE ___________

àJ{V H$s Vaμ\$ _w±h _mo‹S> {b`m h¡&

2. ^y{_ na _mZd Ho$ Cn`moJ Ho$ {bE CnbãY ewÕ nmZr H$m n[a_mU___________

h¡&

3. nmZr EH$ ZdrH$aU {H$`m OmZodmbm àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ h¡& Cgr Vah I{Z

V¡b ___________

h¡&

4. no‹S>-nm¡Yo àH$me g§íbofU Ho$ Ûmam n[aga Ho$ ___________

H$mo boH$a___________

H$mo N>mo‹S> XoVo h¢&

5. AJa Bgr àH$ma dZ-{dZme H$m {gb{gbm Omar ahr Vmo Hw$N> hr dfm] _|___________

amÁ` ^maV H$m ~hþV ~‹S>m ao{JñVmZ ~Z gH$Vm h¡&

II. BZ àíZm| H$m CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE&

1. àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ go Š`m AW© h¡?

2. _é y_{H$aU H$m AW© Š`m h¡?

3. Ord-n[aga g§VwbZ H$m AW© Š`m h¡?

4. nm¡YmKa Ho$ A{Zb H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¢?

5. y{_ H$s YmaUm epŠV go Š`m _Vb~ h¡?

6. A§VO©b H$m ñVa {g_Q>Zo H$m H$maU Š`m h¡?

III. BZ àíZm| H$m CÎma nm±M-N>… dmŠ`m| _| {b{IE &

1. _mZd OrdZ àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| na {Z ©a h¢ - H¡$go?

2. no‹S>-nm¡Yo hdm Ho$ ewÕrH$aU H$m §Ì h¡ - ñnîQ> H$s{OE&

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3. g_mßV Z hmoZodmbo g§gmYZ Š`m h¡? BZH$s EH$ gyMr ~ZmBE&

4. g_mßV hmoZodmbo g§gmYZ H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¢& BZH$m Cn`moJ ~hþV gmdYmZrgo H$aZm h¡& Š`m|?

5. Obdm w Ho$ n[adV©Z Ho$ n[aUm_m| H$s EH$ gyMr ~ZmBE&

IV. `mo½`Vm {dñVma

1. AmnHo$ eha Ho$ Amgnmg CnbãY àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| H$s EH$ gyMr ~ZmBE&

2. AmnHo$ J«m_ _| {H$VZo Ádma H$s D±$Mr bha h¢? CZ_| {H$VZo gyI J o h¢?CZH$m H$maU Š`m h¢?

3. yH§$n Am¡a gwZm_r go g§~§{YV {MÌm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OEŸ&

You must avoid excessive merriment. A mind in thatstate never becomes calm; it becomes fickle. Excessivemerriment will always be followed by sorrow. Tears andlaughter are near kin. People so often run from one extremeto the other.

- Swami Vivekananda

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AÜ`m`-3

_mZd g§gmYZ (Human Resources)

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ`m`Z Ho$ ~mX BZ {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmá

H$a|JoŸ&

l _mZd g§gmYZ H$m AW© Am¡a _hËd H$mo g_PZm&

l ^maV H$s Am~mXr (OZg§»`m) H$m {dH$mg, OZà_mU, qbJmZwnmV Am¡a

OZgm§Y«Vm Ho$ ~mao _o g_PmZm&

l Am{W©H$ A{^d¥{Õ _| OZg§»`m n[adV©Z Ho$ _hËd H$mo g_PZm&

l d§em{^d¥{Õ ñdmñÏ` Am¡a OZg§§»`m ñVa gwYmaZo g§~§{YV A§em| H$mo g_PZm&

EH$ J«m_ _| dmg H$aZodmbo bmoJm| H$mo Cg J«m_ H$s OZg§»`m H$hVo h¢& Cgr

àH$ma EH$ Xoe _| dmg H$aZodmbo bmoJ Cg Xoe H$s OZg§»`m _mZo OmVo h¢& Xoe

H$s àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ H$s Vah dhm± H$s OZg§»`m ^r dhm± H$s g§n{Îm h¡&

Xoe H$s OZg§»`m _| ~ÀMo, wdH$ Am¡a ~yT>o h¡& 14 C_« Ho$ A§VJ©V bmoJm| H$mo

~ÀMo, 15 C_« go Á`mXm C_«dmbm| H$mo wdm AWdm d`ñH$, 60 C_« H$mo nma {H$ o

hþE bmoJm| H$mo ~yT>o AWdm d¥Õ Ho$ ê$n _| nhMmZm J`m h¡&

wdm bmoJ H$m_ Ho$ bm`H$ h¡& BZH$mo l{_H$ bmoJ H$hVo h¢& o l{_H$ bmoJ

hr Xoe H$s g§n{Îm h¢& àñVwV Xoe _| dmg H$aZodmbo bmoJm| H$mo _mZd g§gmYZ H$hm

OmVm h¡& A~ ^maV _| `h wdm dJ© hr A{YH$ h¢& BZH$s l_ H$aZo H$s epŠV

^r A{YH$ hmoVr h¡&

AJa _mZd g§gmYZ H$mo `mo½` {ejm, à{ejU Am¡a ñdmñÏ` H$s gwajm {X`m

Om` Vmo do _mZd _ybYZ Ho$ ê$n _| n[ad{V©V {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& amîQ´> H$s

Am_XZr H$mo ~‹T>mH$a g_mO _| n[adV©Z bmZo H$s j_Vm BZ_| h¢&

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~ÀMm| H$s {ejm Am¡a ñdmñÏ` na A{YH$ n¡gm bJmZ H$s dOh go ^{dî` _|

do A{YH$ n¡gm H$_m gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a g_mO Ho$ {bE EH$ loîR> dñVw H$m {Z_m©U H$a

gH$Vo h¢& Bg àH$ma gaH$ma AnZo ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo CÎm_ {ejm Am¡a ñdmñÏ` XoZo Ho$

{bE ì`dñWm H$a ahm h¡&

g§gmYZ Ho$ ê$n _| OZVm : AJa h_ h_mao n[aga H$mo Jm¡a go XoIm Om`

Vmo `h ~mV g_P _| Am oJr {H$ {e{jV, à{e{jV Am¡a ñdñW bmoJm| _| H$m_ H$aZo

H$s j_Vm A{YH$ hmoVr h¡& Bggo amîQ´> H$s Am_XZr _| μOê$a ~T>mdm hmoVr h¡& Bg

àH$ma {e{jV Am¡a ñdñW l{_H$ bmoJ hr Xoe H$s g§n{Îm h¢&

dñVw Am¡a godmAm| H$s CËnmXZ {H«$`m _| àmH¥${VH$ g§n{Îm Am¡a _yb YZ go ^r

Á`mXm _mZd g§n{Îm hr A{YH$ _hËdnyU© h¡& àmH¥${VH$ g§n{Îm Am¡a _ybYZ AnZo

Amn dñVwAm| H$mo V¡ ma Zht H$a gH$Vo& _mZd H$s ~w{Õ Ed§ l_ Ho$ gmW hr CËnmXZ

Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ kmZ Am¡a l_ H$m g§àgma H$aVm h¢&

H¥${f, CÚ_ Am¡a godm Ho$ {d{dY joÌm| _| l_ H$aZodmbo bmoJm| H$mo "l_epŠV'

H$hm OmVm h¡& _mZd g§n{Îm l_ Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ l_ epŠV XoVr h¡& Xoe

H$s ajm H$m © _| g§b½Z goZm H$mo ñdñW Am¡a ~w{Õ_mZ wdm dJ© _mZd YZ H$s hr

XoZ h¡&

_mZd g§gmYZ A{YH$ go A{YH$ AZwg§YmZm| Ho$ Ûmam OZg_wXm` H$mo ~hþV gmao

AZwHy$bVmAm| H$mo {X`m h¡& {~Obr, Q>r.dr., H§$ß yQ>a, _mo~¡b, VoμOr go MboZdmbr

Jm{‹S>`m± Am{X dñVw _mZd g§gmYZ H$s hr XoZ h¡&

A~ ^maV H$s A{YH$ Am~mXr Xoe Ho$ {bE EH$ ~moP _mZm OmVm Wm& MrZm

Xoe Am{W©H$ g\$bVm Ho$ ~mX h_mao Xoe H$s Am~mXr H$mo ^r g§gmYZ Ho$ ê$n _|

XoIm Om ahm h¡& {ejm, à{ejU Am¡a ñdmñÏ` H$s AZwHy$bVmAm| H$mo XoZo Ho$ μO[aE

OZVm H$mo Xoe H$s CËnmXH$ g§n{Îm Ho$ ê$n _| n[adV©Z {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& {\$a

^r Xoe _| ~‹T>Vr OZg§»`m H$mo EH$ gr_m _| aIZo _| hr Xoe H$s ^bmB© h¡&

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Amn Om{ZE :l gmjaVm H$s g§»`m Ho$ ~T>Zo go Jar~m| H$s g§»`m H$_ hmoVr h¡&l _{hbmAm| H$s {ejm Ho$ ~‹T>Zo go n¡Xm hmoZodmbo ~ÀMm| H$s g§»`m H$_ hmoVr h¡&l {H$gmZm| H$s {ejm Ho$ ~T>Zo go H¥${f CËnmXZ _| d¥{Õ hmoVr h¡&l ì`pŠV Ho$ {ejm H$m ñVa Ho$ ~T>Zo go CgH$s Am_XZr _| d¥{Õ hmoVr h¡&

~T>Vr OZg§»`m : ^maV H$s OZg§»`m H$mo Jm¡a go XoIm Om` Vmo 1901 _|`hm± H$s Am~mXr {g\©$ 23.8 H$amo‹S> Wr& 2001 _| dh 102.7 VH$ ~T> J`m h¡&2011 Ho$ OZJUZm _| ^maV H$s Am~mXr 121.01 H$amo‹S> hmo MwH$m h¡& AWm©V² 100gmbm| _| ^maV H$s Am~mXr Mma JwZm Á`mXm hmo J`m h¡& g§gma H$s OZg§»`m_| 17.3% bmoJ ^maV _| h¢& ^maV H$s OZg§»`m MrZ Ho$ ~mX g§gma _| XÿgamXoe h¢& AmOH$b ha gmb H$ar~ 2 H$amoS> H$s OZVm h_mao Xoe H$s Am~mXr _|gpå_{bV hmo aho h¢& AWm©V² ha gmb h_mao Xoe _| EH$ Am°ñQ´>o{b`m IÊS> H$m OÝ_hmo ahm h¡& Bg àH$ma {Za§Va ~T>Vr hþB© Xoe H$s Am~mXr H$mo hr OZg§»`m H$s ~T>mdmH$hVo h¢& ^maV _| ha 10 gmbm| _| EH$ ~ma OZJUZm hmo ahr h¡& Xg gmb H$sAd{Y _| ~‹T>Vr hþB© OZg§»`m H$mo Xedm{f©H$ OZg§»`m H$s ~T>mdm H$hVo h¢&

OZJUZm H$m gmb OZg§»`m H$m n[a_mU Am¡gV dm{f©H$(H$amo‹S>m| _|) A{YH$Vm H$m _yë`

(à{VeV)

1951 36.1 1.261961 43.9 1.981971 54.8 2.201981 68.3 2.25

1991 84.3 2.14

2001 102.7 1.932011 121.01 1.70

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gmYmaUV… OZg§»`m H$s ~T>mdm H$mo à{VeV à_mU Ho$ ê$n _| ì`ŠV {H$`mOmVm h¡& Bgr àH$ma à{VeV Ho$ à_mU _| ì`ŠV {H$`m J`m ~T>mdo H$mo ~T>mdm H$m_yë` H$hVo h¢& OZg§»`m d¥{Õ H$mo Xedm{f©H$ d¥{Õ H$m _yë` Am¡a dm{f©H$ d¥{Õ H$m_yë` - Bg àH$ma Xmo àH$ma go JUZm H$s OmVr h¡&

ha gmb ~T>Vr hþB© OZg§»`m H$s à{VeV à_mU H$mo OZg§»`m H$s dm{f©H$d¥{Õ H$hVo h¢& Xedm{f©H$ d¥{Õ H$m _yë` H$mo Xg go ^JmZo Ho$ μO[aE Am¡gV dm{f©H$d¥{Õ Ho$ à_mU H$mo OmZm OmVm h¡& 2011 Ho$ OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma ^maV H$sOZg§»`m H$s Am¡gV d¥{Õ H$m n[a_mU 17% h¡&

{H$gr ^r Xoe H$s OZg§»`m H$m n[a_mU H$mo dhm± H$m OÝ_ Am¡a _aU H$mn[a_mU V` H$aVo h¢& OÝ_ H$m à_mU A{YH$ ahH$a _aU H$m à_mU H$_ hmo VmoOZg§»`m H$m à_mU A{YH$ hmoVr h¡& OÝ_ Am¡a _aU H$m à_mU g_mZ ê$n _|hmo Vmo OZg§»`m ^r pñWa ~ZVr h¢& OÝ_ à_mU go ^r Á`mXm _aU H$m à_mUA{YH$ hmo Vmo OZg§»`m CVa OmVr h¡& 2011 _| ^maV H$mo ha hOma bmoJm| H$moEH$ gmb _| 22 ~MN>o n¡Xm hþE h¢& `hr ^maV H$m H$ÀMm OÝ_ H$m à_mU h¡&ha hμOma bmoJm| _| EH$ gmb H$s Ad{Y _| OÝ_ boZodmbo ~ÀMm| H$m Am¡gV g§»`mH$s OÝ_ H$m à_mU H$hm OmVm h¡&

OZg§»`m {dH$mg Xaa§JZh„r EH$ N>moQ>m Jm±d _| 2001 _| 5000 OZg§»`m WrŸ& 2011 _| `hm° H$s

OZg§»`m 7000 VH$ ~T> J`r Vmo OZg§»`m {dH$mg Xa H$m {hgm~ H$s{OE

CÎma : gt = × 100

= × 100

= × 40% (XeãX {H$gmg Xa)

Xem~X {dH$mg Xa 40%

OZg§»`m {dH$mg Xa H$s Am¡gV = =4%

gt= {dH$mg Xa

Qt= dV©_mZ OZg§»`m

Qt-1= nyd© OZg§»`m

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EH$ gmb H$s Ad{Y _§ ha hOma bmoJm| _| _aZodmbo bmoJm| H$s Am¡gV g§»`m

H$mo H$ÀM _aU H$m à_mU H$hVo h¢& 2011 _| H$ÀMm _aU H$m à_mU 6 Wm & {ejm

Am¡a ñdmñÏ` H$s AZwHy$bVmAm| Ho$ ~T>Zo go H$ÀMm OZZ Am¡a _aU Ho$ à_mU _|

CVma Am J`m h¡& bo{H$Z H$ÀMm OZZ H$m à_mU H$_ hmo Om` Vmo H$ÀMm H$aU

H$m à_mU VoμOr go H$_ hmo ahm h¡&

ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n go OZg§»`m _| ñÌr Am¡a nwéf H$m à_mU g_mZ hmoZm

Amdí`H$ h¡& bo{H$Z 2011 _| ^maV _| ñÌr`m| H$s g§»`m 58.64 H$amo‹S> h¡ Vmo nwéfm|

H$s g§»`m 62.37 H$amoS> Wr& AWm©V² ha hμOma nwéf Ho$ {bE Am¡gV 940 ñÌr`m±

Wr& BgrH$mo ^maV H$m qbJmZwnmV H$hVo h¢& XhoO Am¡a AÝ` H$maUm| go AmO H$s

b‹S>{H$`m± n[adma Ho$ {bE ~moP _mZr OmVr h¢& _m± Ho$ J ©dVr hmoVo hr «yU Ho$ qbJ

H$mo nhMmZH$a {ZX© Vm go CZH$s hË`m H$s Om ahr h¡& ñÌr {eewAm| H$s

AZmXa go {eewAm| H$s _¥Ë w A{YH$ hmo J`r h¡& Bggo qbJmZwnmV _| H$_r hþB© h¡&

J ©dVr _m± Am¡a {eew H$mo C{MV godm H$s ny{V© H$aZr h¡ Am¡a CZH$s nm¡pîQ>H$Vm

H$s Amoa A{YH$ Ü`mZ XoZo Ho$ Ûmam ñÌr {eewAm| H$s _¥Ë w H$mo hr H$_ {H$`m Om

gH$Vm h¡&

OÝ_ Xa

2001 _| a§JZh„r _| 5000 OZg§»` Wr EH$ gmb _| 300 ~ƒo n¡S>m hþ o Wo Ho$Cg hm±d H$m à{Vn{XH$ OÝ_ Xa

à{Vn{XH$ OÝ_ Xa = × 1000 = 60

2001 df© _| a§JZh„r H$m à{Vn{XH$ nX = 60

l Eogo hr 5000 OZg§»`m Ho$ a§JZh„r _| EH$ df© _| 100 bmoJm| H$s _m¡VhmoVr ho Vmo Cg Jm§°d H$s _aU Xa H$m {ögm~ H$amoŸ&

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Xoe _| OZg§»`m H$s X~md H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {bE bmoJm| H$s gKZVm H$m AÜ``Z{H$`m Om ahm h¡& EH$ dJm©H$ma {H$bmo_rQ>a àXoe _| dmg H$a aho bmoJm| H$mo gm_mÝ`g§»`m H$mo bmoJm| H$s gKZVm H$hVo h¢& EH$ Xoe H$s Am~mXr H$s JUZm dhm± H$snyar `m Hw$b Am~mXr H$mo dhm± H$s y{dñVrU© go {d^m{OV H$aZo go {H$`m Om gH$Vmh¡& 2011 _| ^maV _| OZVm H$s gKZVm 382 Wr& AÝ` amîQ´>m| go BgH$s VwbZmH$a| Vmo h_| `h g_P _| AmVr h¡ {H$ `h ~hþV hr A{YH$ h¡&

qbJ Xa

2011 _| a§JZhb„r _| 7000 OZg§»`m Wr CZ`o 3400 Am¡aV Am¡a 3600nwéf h¡ Ho$ qbJ Xa H$m {hgm~ H$amoŸ&

qbJ Xa = × 1000

= × 1000 = 944

2011 _| a§JZh„r H$m qbJ Xa 944

Am¡aVm| H$s g»`mnwéfm| H$s g§»`m

OZg§»`m H$s gKZVm

a§JZh„r Ho$ ^y{dñVrU© 25 dJ© H$s._r. `hm± H$s OZg§»`m 2011 df© _|7000 Wr Vmo OZg§»`m H$s gJZVm (Density) Š`m h¡?

OZg§»`m gKZVm =

2011 _| a§JZh„r OZg§»`m H$s gKZVm = 280

Hw$b OZ g§»`m

Hw$b y {dñVrU©

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OZg§»`m _| n[adV©Z

Am{W©H$ àJ{V Am¡a OZg§»`m H$s ~hmd go ~hþV Jham g§~§Y h¡& Xoe H$sAm{W©H$ àJ{V Ho$ gmW Cg Xoe H$s Am~mXr H$_ hmoVr OmVr h¢& Xoe H$s Am{W©H$àJ{V VrZ AdñWm go JwμOaVr h¢ - do Bg àH$ma h¢&

1. A{dH${gV AdñWm (Underdeveloped)

2. {dH$mgerb (Developing)

3. {dH${gV AdñWm (Developed)

àJ{V H$s BZ AdñWmAm| Ho$ AZwgma Xoe H$s OZg§»`m _| n[adV©Z hmoVm h¡&

1. A{dH${gV AdñWm: EH$ Xoe H$s Am{W©H$ AdñWm {nN>‹S>m h¡ Vmo dhm±Jar~r Am¡a ~oH$mar H$s g_ñ`m A{YH$ hmoVm h¡& bmoJm| H$mo {ejm Am¡a ñdmñÏ` H$sgw{dYm Zht hmoVr& bmoJ A§Y{dídmgr Am¡a gm§àXm{`H$ ^r hmoVo h¢& Bggo OZZ Am¡a_aU H$m à_mU XmoZm| ^r A{YH$ hmoVm h¡& OZg§»`m H$s àJ{V H$m à_mU ~hþVH$_ hmoVm h¡&

2. {dH$mgerb AdñWm : A{dH${gV Xoe Am{W©H$ àJ{V H$aZo Ho$ {bE Vrd«à`mg H$aVo h¢& gaH$ma nhbo OZVm H$mo {ejm XoZo Am¡a ñdmñÏ` H$s gw{dYmAm|H$mo XoZo Ho$ {bE VËna hmoVm h¡& gm§H«${_H$ ~r_m[a`m| H$m {Z §ÌU H$aVm h¡ Bggo_aU H$m à_mU OëXr H$_ hmoVm h¡& bo{H$Z OZZ H$m à_mU Á`mXm hr ahH$a dhYrao-Yrao H$_ hmoVm OmVm h¡& Bg àH$ma Bg AdñWm _| OZZ H$m à_mU ~‹T>H$a,_aU H$m à_mU Ho$ {JaZo go OZg§»`m H$s ~‹T>md A{YH$ hr hmoVm h¡& g§à{V ^maVBgr AdñWm _| h¡& Bg{bE `hm± OZg§»`m H$s ~T>md A{YH$ h¡&

3. {dH${gV AdñWm : {dH$mgerb Xoe àJ{V go g§~§{YV {H«$`mAm| H$mo Vrd«H$aZo Ho$ Ûmam H«$_e… {dH${gV Xoe Ho$ ê$n _| n[ad{V©V hmoVo h¢& V~ Xoe H$s g^rOZVm {e{jV Am¡a g_PXma hmoVo h¢& g~H$mo ñdmñÏ` Am¡a ñdÀN>Vm H$s gw{dYmE±àmßV hmoVo Oh¢& Bggo Bg AdñWm _| OZZ Am¡a _aU XmoZm| H$m à_mU A{V H$_hmoH$a OZg§»`m H$m à_mU ~hþV H$_ hmo OmVm h¡&

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Bg àH$ma Xoe, Am{W©H$ àJ{V H$s gmYZm, H$aVo-H$aVo H«$_e… dh {dH${gV

Xoe Ho$ ê$n _| n[ad{V©V hmoVm h¡& gmW hr dhm± OZg§»`m Ho$ ñdê$n _| n[adV©Z

hmoVm h¡& H$moB© ^r Xoe hmo, Am{W©H$ àJ{V Ho$ Ûmam OZg§»`m H$s d¥{Õ H$mo amoH$

gH$Vr h¡&

`mX a{IE :

A{dH${gV Xoe (Underdeveloped): OZZ Am¡a _aU H$m à_mU A{YH$

hmoVm h¡& OZg§»`m H$s d¥{Õ H$m à_mU H$_ hmoVm h¡&

{dH$mgerb Xoe (Developing countries): OZZ H$m à_mU A{YH$ Am¡a

_aU H$m à_mU H$_ hmoVm h¡& OZg§»`m d¥{Õ H$m à_mU A{YH$ hmoVm h¡&

{dH${gV Xoe (Developed) : OZZ Am¡a _aU XmoZm| H$m à_mU H$_ hmoVm

h¡& OZg§»`m H$s d¥{Õ H$m à_mU ^r H$_ hmoVm h¡&

g§VmZmoËn{Îm H$m ñdmñÏ` Am¡a OZVm H$m ñdê$n

A{V à_wI gm_m{OH$ _yb gw{dYm hr _mZd H$m ñdmñÏ` h¡& CÎm_ ñdmñÏ`

OZOrdZ Ho$ ñdê$n Am¡a CZHo$ H$m_ H$s loîR>Vm H$mo A{YH$ H$aVm h¡& ñdñW eara

_| ñdñW _Z hmoVm h¡& Bg{bE VoμOr go Am{W©H$ àJ{V H$mo hm{gb H$aZo Ho$ {bE

Xoe _| OZVm Ho$ ñdmñÏ` Ho$ ñVa H$mo ^r A{YH$ H$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡&

g§VmZmoËn{Îm Or{d`m| H$m EH$ à_wI JwU h¡& EH$ Or{d AnZm hr gm Am¡a Or{d

H$mo OÝ_ XoVm h¡& BgrH$mo g§VmZmoËn{Îm H$hm OmVm h¡& _m± Ho$ J ©dVr hmoZo go boH$a

CgH$s {eew H$mo OÝ_ XoZo VH$ CgH$m ñdmñÏ` Am¡a nm¡pîQ>H$ ImZo H$s Amoa A{YH$

Ü`mZ XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡& OÝ_ XoZo Ho$ ~mX _m± Am¡a {eew H$s C{MV godm H$aZr n‹S>Vr

h¡& ñdmñÏ` H$s _yb gw{dYmE± O¡go AñnVmb, d¡Ú, godH$ dJ¡ah AÝ` H$_©Mmar

{~ñVa, Amdí`H$ CnH$aU Am¡a CÎm_ XdmB`m| Ho$ CÚ_ BË`m{X BgHo$ A§VJ©V hmoVo

h¢& o g~H$mo {_bZm ~hþV μOê$ar h¡&

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^maV H$s amîQ´>r` ñdmñÏ` Zr{V H$m bú` OZVm H$s ñdmñÏ` gwajm, n[adma

H$ë`mU Am¡a nm¡pîQ>H$ ImZm Am¡a godmAm| H$mo CÎm_ H$aZm h¡& dh ^r {deofV…

gw{dYmAm| go d§{MV Jar~ Am¡a nhm‹S>r bmoJm| H$mo ñdmñÏ` H$s gwajm H$s Amoa A{YH$

Ü`mZ {X`m Om ahm h¡& {nN>bo N>… XeH$m| H$s Ad{Y _| ñdmñÏ` H$s _yb gw{dYmAm|

Ho$ {Z_m©U H$aZo Ho$ μO[aE bmoJm| Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo CÎm_ H$aZo H$s {Xem _| ì`mnH$

à`mg {H$`m Om ahm h¡&

gaH$ma H$s BZ H«$_m| H$s dOh go OZVm Ho$ ñdê$n _| Hw$N> gwYma hþAm h¡&

Ano{jV Or{dVmd{Y H$m à_mU A{YH$ h¡& {eew _aU H$m à_mU ^r H$_ hmo ahm

h¡& Ano{jV Or{dVmd{Y Ho$ à_mU H$s A{YH$Vm OZVm Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ ñdê$n _| hþB©

gwYma H$m gyMH$ h¡& _m±-~ÀMm| H$s gwajVm, nm¡pîQ>H$ ImZo H$s ny{V© ~r_m[a`m|

go ~ÀMm| H$s gwajm Am{X n[ahmam| Ho$ n[aUm_ {eew _aU H$m à_mU ^r H$_ hmo

ahm h¡&

ñdmñÏ` Ho$ bjU

EH$ Xoe H$s OZVm Ho$ ñdmñÏ` H$s pñW{V H$mo g_PZo Ho$ {bE Hw$N> gyMH$m|

H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡& do Bg àH$ma h¢& - OrdZ Ad{Y H$m à_mU ~ÀMm|

Ho$ _aU H$m à_mU Am¡a _m±Am| H$s _aU H$m à_mU&

Ano{jV OrdZ Ad{Y H$m à_mU : OÝ_ {b o ha {eew H$s OrdZ

Ad{Y H$m Am¡gV df©

{eewAm| Ho$ _aU H$m à_mU: ha hμOma bmoJm| _| EH$ gmb H$s C_« Ho$

AÝXa _aZodmbo {eewAm| H$s Am¡gV g§»`m&

~ÀMm| Ho$ _aU H$m à_mU: ha hμOma bmoJm| _| nm±M gmb H$s C_« Ho$ AÝXa

_aZodmbo ~ÀMm| H$s Am¡gV g§»`m&

_m±Am| H$s _aU H$m à_mU: ha EH$ bmI bmoJm| _| _aZodmbr _mVmAm|

H$s Am¡gV g§»`m &

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Aä`mg

I. Imbr OJhm| H$mo ^[aE :

1. àñVwV Xoe _| CËnmXZ H$aZo H$m kmZ, H$m¡eb Am¡a VmH$V go H$m_ H$aZodmbo

bmoJm| H$m ___________

H$hm OmVm h¡&

2. 2001 _| ^maV H$m qbJmZwnmV ___________

Wm&

3. ^maV _| OZJUZm H$m H$m © ha ___________

gmbm| _| EH$ ~ma {H$`mOmVm h¡&

4. EH$ Xoe H$s OZg§»`m H$m ñdê$n ___________

Am¡a ___________

na{Z ©a hmoVm h¡&

5. ha hμOma n¡XmBe _| EH$ gmb _| _aZodmbo {eewAm| H$s Am¡gV g§»`m H$mo___________

H$hVo h¢&

6. ^maV _| H$ÀMm OZZ H$m à_mU A{YH$ hmoH$a, H$ÀMm _aU H$m à_mU___________

hmoZo go OZg§»`m H$s ~T>md Á`mXm hþB© h¢&

II. BZ àíZm| H$m CÎma EH$-EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE&

1. H$m_ H$aZodmbo bmoJ H$m¡Z h¢?

2. _mZd g§gmYZ go Š`m AW© h¢?

3. 2011 H$s OZJUZm Ho$ AZwgma ^maV H$s OZg§»`m {H$VZr h¢?

4. H$ÀMm OZZ H$m à_mU H$m AW© Š`m hmoVm h¡?

5. 2011 _| ^maV H$m H$ÀMm OZZ H$m à_mU 22 Am¡a H$ÀMm _aU H$m à_mU6 h¡ Vmo H$ÀMm OZg§»`m H$s àJ{V H$m à_mU {H$VZm h¡?

6. 2011 H$s OZJUVr Ho$ AZwgma ^maV H$s OZg§»`m H$s gKZVm {H$VZr h¡?

7. {dH${gV Xoem| _| OZg§»`m H$s àJ{V H$m à_mU ~hþV H$_ Š`m| h¡?

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III. BZ àíZm| H$m CÎma nm±M-N>… dmŠ`m| _| {b{IE &

1. OZg§»`m H$s gKZZVm H$m Š`m AW© h¢? EH$ Xoe H$s OZg§»`m H$s gKZVmH$mo H¡$go nVm bJm`m OmVm h¡?

2. CËnmXZ Ho$ A§em| _| _mZdYZ hr g~go loîR> Š`m| _mZm OmVm h¡?

3. _mZd KZ H$s g¥pîQ> _| ñdmñÏ` Am¡a {ejm H$m Š`m _hËd h¡?

4. Ho$db {dH$mgerb amîQ´>m| _| OZg§»`m H$s ~‹T>md A{YH$ hmoVr h¡ - BgH$mà_mU Š`m h¡?

5. OZg§»`m Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo A{YH$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE gwPmd Xr{OE&

IV. `mo½`Vm {dñVma

1. {H$gr EH$ Jm±d _| OmH$a dhm± H$s OZJUZm H$s{OE& CZ_| ñÌr Am¡a nwéfm|H$s g§»`m H$s AbJ gyMr ~ZmBE &

Why are people so afraid? The answer is that theyhave made themselves helpless and dependent on others.We are so lazy, we do not want to do anything ourselves.We want a Personal God, a Savior or a Prophet to doeverything for us.

- Swami Vivekananda

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AÜ`m` -4

Jar~r Am¡a yI

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ`m`Z Ho$ ~mX BZ {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmá

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Jar~r aoIm h¡& hmb§H$s _mZd Ho$ Amhma H$m AZw moJ à^mU H$s JUZm go Jar~raoIm H$mo nhMmZm Om ahm h¡& ì`pŠV Ho$ Amhma H$m AZw moJ H$mo Š`mbmoar _| ZmnmOmVm h¡& EH$ ì`pŠV H$mo ha{XZ ZJa àXoe _| H${ZîR> 2100 Š`mbar Am¡a J«m_rUàXoe _| H${ZîR> 2400 Š`mbar Amhma H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡& `hr Jar~r aoIm& _mZdH$mo Amdí`H$ H${ZîR> à_mU H$m Amhma H$mo Omo Zht nmVo h¢ CZH$mo Jar~r aoImgo ZrModmbo (Jar~) H$hH$a nhMmZm Om ahm h¡&

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A§Va amîQ´>r` ñVa _| dríd ~¢H$, EH$ ì`pŠV, EH$ {XZ _| AZw moJ Ho$ {bE1.25 ‹S>mba go H$_ IM© H$aZodmbo, Jar~r aoIm go {ZåZ bmoJ AWm©V² Jar~ H$hH$anhMmZo OmVo h¢& Bg Vah hmb§H$s ^maV _| H$ar~ 41.6 bmoJ Jar~ h¢&

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yI Am¡a AH$mb Jar~r H$m _w»` bjU h¡, yI Am¡a Xm[aÐ`& Jar~ n[admam| H$mo Amhma nXmW©

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Amhma Ho$ A^md go noQ> H$mo, ImZm Zht h¡ Am¡a H$bw{fV nmZr H$mo nrZo gohmoZodmbo gm§H«$m{_H$ amoJm} go bmoJ ì`mnH$ ê$n go _aZo H$mo AH$mb H$hVo h¡& 1943

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Xoe _| CËnmXZ hmoZodmbo A{YH$ ImÚAZmO H$mo ì`dmpñWV ê$n go g§J«h H$aZo Ho${bE, g§J«h {H$E hþE ImÚ AZmO H$mo XoeHo$ g^r ^mJ H$m Am¡a g^r dJ© Ho$ bmoJm| H$mog_n©H$ ê$n go {dVaU H$aZo Ho$ {bEgaH$ma ì`mnH$ ê$n go ImÚ gwajm ì`dñWm H$mo Omar _| bm`m h¡& ImÚ gwajmì`dñWm Xmo KQ>H$mo§ _| h¢& do h¢-

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gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì`dñ`m : ^maVr` ImÚ {ZJ_ go g§J«{hV ImÚ AZmOH$mo gaH$ma {Z §{ÌV, C{MV _yë` H$s XþH$mZm| Ûmam g_mO Ho$ Jar~ dJ© Ho$ bmoJm|H$mo H$_ Xm_ _| {dVaU {H$`m Om ahm h¡& BgH$mo gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì`dñWm H$hVoh¢& C{MV _yë` H$s XþH$mZ Ûmam ImÚ AZmO, MrZr, Ho$amo{gZ, ImÚVob AmXrAmdí`H$ gm_{J« m| H$mo {ddaU {H$`m OVm h¡& h_ ^mb H$mo ~mμOma Xm_ go ~hþVH$_ Xm_ _| ~oMm OmVm h¡& gaH$ma bJ^J g^r ZJa, eha Am¡a Jm±dm| _| C{MV_yë` H$s XþH$mZm| H$mo ImobZo Ho$ {bE Adga {X`m h¡& A~ Xoe _| H$ar~ 4.7 bmIC{MV _yë` H$s XþH$mZ| h¢& H$ar~ 16 H$amo‹S> n[adma Bg ghÿ{b`V H$mo nm aho h¢&

gaH$ma Jar~ n[admam| H$mo nhMmZ H$a CÝh| B.P.L ameZ H$m‹S>© H$mo {dV[aV{H$E h¢& ameZ H$m‹S>© nmE hþE n[adma H$mo ha _hrZm {ZpíMV à_mU H$m ImÚAZmO H$mo {dV[aV H$aVo h¢&

ImÚ gwajm ì`dñWm Ho$ A§VJ©V gaH$ma g_J« ~ƒm| H$s A{^d¥Õr `moOZm H$moOmar H$s h¡& Bg `moOZm Ho$ Ûmam ~ƒm| H$s Anm¡{îQ>H$Vm H$mo Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ H«$_ {bEh¢& ñHy$bm| _| Xmonha H$m ImZo H$s `moOZm H$mo Omar H$aHo$, n‹T>mB© H$aZodmbo g^r~ƒm| H$mo {XZ _| noQ>^a H${ZîR> EH$ ImZm nhþ±MmZo H$m H«$_ {b`m J`m h¡& AË §VJar~ n[admam| H$mo nhMmZ H$a CÝh| A§Ë`moX` ImZo H$s `moOZm Ho$ A§VJ©V AË`VH$_ Xm_ _| ImÚ AZmOH$mo {dV[aV {H$`m Om ahm h¡& Bg Vah gaH$ma Jar~m|H$s yI Am¡a Anm¡{îQ>H$Vm H$mo Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$B© Vah Ho$ à`ËZ H$a ahm h¡&

Jar~r Zr_y©bZ :

gaH$ma, Jar~ bmoJm| H$mo CÚmoJ Ho$ Adgam| H$mo XoH$a, CZ _| IarXZo H$s epŠVH$mo ~‹T>mZo Ho$ Ûmam Jar~r H$m {Z_©ybZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$B© H$madmB© Omar {H$E h¢&gaH$ma Ho$ BZ H$madmB`m| H$mo _w»` ê$n go Mma {d^mJm| _| ~m±Q> gH$Vo h¢& do {ZåZ{b{IV h¢&

1. A{W©H$ A{^d¥Õr Ho$ H$m ©H«$_ : A{W©H$ A{^d¥Õr Am¡a Jar~r Ho$ ~{M_| g§~§Y h¢& Xoe A{W©H$ ê$n go A{^d¥Õr _| g\$b hmo Vmo Jar~r H$m à_mU H$_

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hmoVm h¡& gaH$ma n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZmAm| Ho$ Ûmam Am{W©H$ A{^d¥Õr H$m g\$br yVH$aZo H$m à`ËZ H$m aho h¢& gmW _| `h ^r XoIVm h¡ {H$ A{^d¥Õr H$m \$b g^rdJ© Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo {_bo&

1998 Zmo~b nwañH¥$V ^ma{V` AW©emókS>m. A_mÏ ©goZŸ& Xoe Ho$ g^r bmoJm| H$mo{ejm Am¡a ñdmñW {XbmZo _| J[a{~ Xya H$agHo$Jm Eogm CZH$m A{^_V h¡Ÿ&

S>m. A_mÏ ©goZ

2. {Z{X©îR> Jar~r Zr_©ybZ H$m ©H«$_m| H$s Omar : gaH$ma 60 Ho$ XeH$Ho$ ~mX J«m_rU ^mJ Ho$ OZg_wXm` H$mo Amdí`H$ CÚmoJ Adgam| H$mo nhþ±MmZo Ho${bE AZoH$ CÚmoJ {Z_m©U H$m ©H«$_m| H$mo Omar {H$`m h¡& CÝh| _w»`m ê$n go Xmo{d^mJm| _| ~m±Q> gH$Vo h¢& do h¢ -

ñd CÚmoJ H$m ©H«$_ : Xoe _| ahZodmbo Jar~ Am¡a n‹T>o{bIo {Zê$Úmo{J`m| H$monhMmZ H$a CÝho Amdí`H$ H$μO© XoH$a, ñd § CÚmoJ H$aZo Ho$ {bE H$B© ñd § CÚmoJ`moOZmAm| H$mo Omar {H$`m J`m h¡& CZ_| go à_wI h¢ -

1. 1980 _| Omar H$s hþB© ""g_J« J«m_rU A{^d¥Õr H$m ©H«$_ (IRDP)

2. 1999 _| Omar H$s JB© ""ñdU© O §Vr J«m_ñd - CÚmoJ `moOZm''& (SGSY)

Hw$br CÚmoJ H$m ©H«$_ : Img Om`XmX Ho$ Z hmoVo hþE Am¡a H$m¡eë` a{hVJar~ bmoJm| H$mo amoμOr Hw$br AmYma CÚmoJ {XbmZo Ho$ {bE H$B© Hw$br CÚmoJ H$m ©H«$_m|H$mo Omar {H$E h¢& J«m_rU àXoem| _| Vmbm~, amñVm, nmR>embmE±, AñnVmb AmXrg_wXm` Ho$ Om`XmXm| H$mo {Z_m©U H$aZo Ho$ Ûmam CZH$mo Hw$br CÚmoJ {Xbm`mOmVm h¡&

2006 _| _hmË_m Jm±Yr amîQ´>r` J«m_rU CÚmoJ Jma§Q>r H$m ©H«$_ H$mo (MGN

REGP) Omar {H$`m J`m h¡& A~ `h Omar {H$E hþE H$m ©H«$_m| _| A{V

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_hËdmH$m§jr Hw$br CÚmoJ H$m ©H«$_ h¡& Bg H$m ©H«$_ _| haoH$ Jar~ n[adma Ho$BÀNw>H$ l{_H$ H$mo gmb _| H${ZîR> 100 {XZ H$s amoOrHw$br H$m_ H$mo XoZo Ho$ ÛmamCZHo$ OrdZ H$mo gwajm XoVm h¡& Jar~ hmoH$a H${ZîR> Hw$br Ho$ {bE H$m_ H$aZo OmoV¡ ma h¡ do Bg `moOZm Ho$ A§VJ©V AnZo J«m_ n§Mm`V _| AnZm Zm_ Xm{Ibm H$agH$Vo h¢& a{OñQ>a {H$E JE CÚmoJmH$m§{j`m| H$mo n§ÝÐh {XZm| _| CÚmoJ {Xbm`m OmVmh¡& CÝho gaH$ma {ZpíMV {H$E hþE {XZ H$m {Zê$ÚmoJ {X`m ~mVm h¡&

3. H${ZîR> _yb Adí`H$VmAm| H$s nyVu : J«m_rU ^mJ Ho$ Jar~ bmoJm| H$moAmdí`H$ ImÚ, _H$mZ, {ejm, ñdmñÏ`, nrZo H$m nmZr, Z¡_©ë` AmXr H${ZîR> _ybgw{dYmAm| H$mo XoH$a, CZH$m OrdZ H$m ñVa H$mo ~‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE H$B© H«$_m| H$mo {H$`mJ`m h¡& Ý`m` Xa XwH$mZm| Ho$ Ûmam Jar~ bmoJm| H$mo H$_ Xm_ _| ImÚ AZmO H$mo{dVm[aV H$aVo h¢& `epñdZr `moOZm Ho$ A§VJ©V Jar~ bmoJm| H$mo ñdñÏ` ~r_mgw{dYm {XE h¢& í§{Xam Amdmg `moOZm Am¡a dmë_rH$s - A§~o‹S>H$a Amdmg `moOZmHo$ Ûmam ~oYa Jar~ bmoJm| H$mo Ka ~ZmH$a {X`m& Om ahm h¡& {Z_©b J«m_ `moOZmHo$ A§VJ©V em¡Mmb`m| H$mo {Z_m©U H$aHo$ {X`m Om ahm h¡& 2000 B©gdt _| àYmZ_§ÌrJ«m_moX` `moOZm H$mo (P M G Y) Omar {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg `moOZm Ho$ A§VJ©VJ«m_rU Jar~ bmoJm| H$mo àmW{_H$ {ejm, àmW{_H$ ñdmñÏ`, dmgñWmZ, nrZo H$mnmZr, J«m_rU {dÚwXrH$aU AmXr godmAm| H$mo {X`m Om ahm h¡&

4. gm_m{OH$ gwajmH«$_ : g_mO _| AË ©V Jar~ n[adma Ho$ Aghm`H$,~y‹T>o, A§J{dH$b AmXr bmoJm| H$mo gaH$ma go {XE OmZodmbo gwajm H$mo gm_m{OH$ gwajmH$hVo h¢& AZm` ~y‹T>mo H$mo g§Ü`m gwajm `moOZm Ho$ Ûmam ha _{hZm d¥Õmß` doVZ{X`m Om ahm h¡& H$_mZo Ag_W© A§J{dH$bm| H$mo Am¡a AeŠVm| H$mo AeŠV _memgZ{X`m OmVm h¡& n{V H$mo Imo o hþE Jar~ {dYdmAm| H$mo {dYdm _memgZ Xo aho h¢&

Bg Vah gaH$ma AZoH$ H$m ©H«$m_m| H$mo Omar H$aZo Ho$ Ûmam Jar~m| H$mo Jar~raoIm go D$na CR>mZo H$m à`ËZ H$a ahm h¡& BgHo$ \$b ñdê$n Jar~m| H$m à_mUH«$_e… H$_ hmo ahm h¡& gaH$ma BVZr gw{dYmE± XoZo na ^r Jar~r _| V‹S>nZm nmnh¡ H$s Zht?

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Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ {b{IV ŠmŠ§ m| _| [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s nyVu H$s{OE:

1. amîQ´>r` AmXe© g_rjm g§KíZ (NSSO) Ho$ àH$ma 2004-05 _|, ^maV_|

___________ ^mJ Jar~ Wo&

2. ^maV _| Jar~m| H$mo nhMmZZo Ho$ {bE nhbr ~ma, Jar~r aoIm H$m Cn`moJ___________

Zo {H$`m Wm&

3. ^maV gaH$ma ImÚ AZmOm| H$s g§J«h Ho$ {bE ___________

g§ñWm H$sñWmnZm {H$E h¢&

4. Jar~m| H$mo {XE hþE ñdmñÏ` ~r_m H$m Zm_ ___________

h¡&

5. d¥Õmß` doVZ XoZodmbo `moOZm H$m Zm_ ___________

h¡&

6. gaH$ma ~wAmB© Ho$ nyd© _| ImÚ AZmO H$m H${ZîR> Xm_ VW H$aVm h¡&BgH$mo

___________ H$hVo h¢&

II. {ZåZ {b{IV àíZm| H$m CÎma EH$ - EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE&

1. Jar~r H$m _Vb~ Š`m h¡?

2. _mZd Ho$ H${ZîR> _yb yV Amdí`H$Vm±E H$m¡Z - gr h¢&

3. Jar~r - aoIm {H$go H$hVo h¢?

4. yI H$m à_mU _mnZo Ho$ {bE ê${nV {H$E hþE g§Ho$VH$ H$m¡Z go h¢?

5. ImÚ gwajm H$m AW© Š`m h¡?

6. g§a{jV §‹S>ma Š`m h¡?

III. {ZåZ {b{IV àíZm| H$m CÎma nm±M - N>… dmŠ`m| _| {b{IE :

1. ^maV _| Jar~r H$mo H¡$go nhMmZr J`r h¡?

2. Jar~r Ho$ gyMH$ (g§Ho$VH$) H$m¡Z - go h¢?

3. ^maV ImÚ AZmO Ho$ CËnmXZ _| ñdmdb§~Z H$mo hm{gb H$aZo na ^r yIAm¡a AH$mb H$mo Š`m| Xÿa Zht H$a nm`m h¡?

4. ^maV _| gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì`dñWm {H$g Vah H$m_ H$a ahr h¡?

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5. Jar~r Zr_y©bZ Ho$ {bE gaH$ma Š`m H$a ahr h¡? BgH$s gyMr gyMr~ZB©E?

6. Jar~ bmoJm| H$mo Xr Om ahr gm_m{OH$ gwajm H«$_ H$mo ~VmBE&

7. _hË_m Jm±YrOr H$m amîQ´>r` CÚmoJ Jma§Q>r H$m ©H«$_ J«m_rU Jar~r H$mo XÿaH$aZo _| H¡$go ghm`H$ h¡?

IV. gy{MV Aä`mg :1. g‹S>H$ Ho$ {H$Zmao, Imbr OJhm| _| VmËH$m{bH$ Q>§Q>m| _| OrdZ H$aZo dmbo

Amdmao bmoJm| H$mo Xo{IE& CZH$m ImZm - nrZm, ahZ - ghZ, ~ƒm| H$s{ejm Ho$ ~mao _| MMm© H$s{OE&

2. eham| _| ahZodmbo J§Xr - Zm{b`m| H$mo OmH$a Xo{IE& CÝho {_bZodmboZmJ[aH$ gw{dYmAm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE& CZH$s Jm{V-{d{Y`m| H$mo gwYmaZoHo$ {bE Amn H$s Š`m gbmh h¡?

3. AmnHo$ nmgdmbo J«m_ n§Mm`V OmBE& Jar~m| H$mo H¡$go nhMmZVo h¢ Om{ZE&

IV. H$m ©-`moOZm Ho$ Aä`mg (Project work) :

AmnH$mo J«m_ Ho$ C{MV _yë` XþH$mZ H$mo OmH$a Xo{IE& dhm± {ZåZ{b{IV BZA§em| Ho$ dmao _| OmZH$mar g§J«h H$s{OE&

1. {H$Z g_mJr« m| H$mo {dV[aV H$aVo h¢?

2. {H$g _yë` _| {dV[aV H$aVo h¢? dhm± Ho$ Xm_ Am¡a {H$amUr XþH$mZ _| ~oMZodmbo gm_{J« m| Ho$ Xm_ _| {H$VZm A§Va h¡?

3. {H$VZo n[admam| _| `hm± go gm_m{J« m| H$mo {dV[aV H$aVo h¢?

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ì`mdh[aH$ AÜ``Z (BUSINESS STUDIES)

AÜ`m`-1

dm{UÁ` joÌ H$s A{^d¥{Õ Am¡a {dH$mg

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ`m`Z Ho$ ~mX BZ {ZåZ A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$a|JoŸ&l ì`dhm[aH$ AÜ``Z Ho$ _yb yV A§e Am{W©H$ à{H«$`m | Am¡a CZHo$ àH$mam| H$mo

g_PmZmŸ&l ì`dhma H$m {dH$mg, A{^d¥{Õ Ho$ gmonmZm| H$mo g_PZmŸ&l A{YH$ {dH$mg _| ì`mnma dm{UÁ` H$m nmÌ Am¡a à_wIVm Ho$ ~moa _o§ OmZH$ar

àmá H$aZmŸ&l A{YH$ gXr _| dm{UÁ` {dH$mg Ho$ ~mao _| g_PZmŸ&

g_mO {dkmZ Ho$ Bg {d^mJ _| ì`dhm[aH$ AÜ``Z Ho$ _yb {df`m| H$s OmZH$maràmá H$a|JoŸ& A{W©H$ à{H«$`m | ì`dhm[aH$ AÜ``Z Ho$ _yb gmoV h¢Ÿ& AmJo Ho$ AÜ`m`m| _|A{W©H$ à{H«$`mAm| go g§~§{YV ì`dh[aH$ AÜ``Z Ho$ {df`m| H$mo g§{já ê$n _|g_P b|JoŸ&

Am{W©H$ à{H«$`m : _mZd H$s AZoH$ BÀN>m±E hmoVr h¡§Ÿ& BZH$s Amny{V© Ho$ {bEAZoH$ dñVw Am¡a godmAm| H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& IoVr-~mS>r Am¡a CÚ_m| go dñVwAm|H$m CÎmnmXZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& BZ CËnm{XV (CËnÞ) dñVwAm| Ho$ {dVaU go J«mhH$m| H$mo AZoH$godmE± àmá hmoVr h¡ Bg àH$ma dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZ CZH$m {dVaU Am¡a godm \«$XÎmà{H«$`mAm| H$mo Am{W©H$ à{H«$`m H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

Am{W©H$ à{H«$`mAm| H$mo VrZ ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV H$aVo h¡§ do h¢Ÿ&

1. ì`dhma 2. d¥{Îm 3. CÚmoJ

1. ì`dhma _w»` ê$n go gm_J«r Ed§ godmAm| H$s CËnÎmr Am¡a CÝho J«mhH$m|VH$ nhþ±MmZodmbr à{H«$`m go g§~§{YV h¡Ÿ&

2. d¥{V _w»` ê$n go {d{eïV_ Vm§{ÌH$VWm n[a{UV godmAm| go g§~§{YV h¡Ÿ&CXm: dH$sb, boInmb, S>mŠQ>a, àemg{ZH$ gmbmhH$ma BË`m{XŸ&

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3. CÚmoJ AWdm godm doVZ `m Hw$br Ho$ {bE CÚmoJ XmVm Ho$ H$m`m] H$mo{Zd©hU H$aZodmbm CÚmoJr AWd Zm¡H$a go g§~§{YV h¡& CXm : IoVr-

~S>r, H$m{_©H$, Am¡Úmo{JH$ Zm¡H$a

CÚmoJXmVm H$mo CÚ_n{V H$hmOmVm h¡Ÿ& `h doV Z `m Hw$br XoH$a H$m_ H$aVmh¡Ÿ& BgHo$ nmg n¡gm| Ho$ {bE H$m_ H$aZodmbm Zm¡H$a H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&

{d{Z_` AWdm {d{Z`moJ : dñVw Am¡a godmAm| H$mo J«mhH$m| VH$ {dVaU H$aZoH$s à{H«$`m H$mo {dZ_` H$h OmVm h¡Ÿ& {d{Z_` CËnmXZ Am¡a Cn`m{JVm Ho$ ~rM H$s

H$S>r h¡Ÿ& dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZ H$B© hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Am¡a CZH$m Cn`moJ Am¡a H$moB© OJh _|

hmoVm h¡Ÿ& CËnmXZ à{H«$`m _| CËnmXH$ _mH}$Q> narerbZ, dñVwAm| H$m ImZm, Xa{ZíM`, dñVwAm| H$m g§J«h, dñVwAm| go g§~§{YV {dkmnZ Am{W©H$ gw{dYm Am{X`m| H$s

JUZm H$aVo h¢Ÿ& AmOH$b dñVwAm| H$m {d{Z_` AmgmZ h¡Ÿ& H$moB© ^r dñVw H$mo H$ht go

^r h_ n¡gm| Ho$ Ûmam AmgmZr go {d{Z_` H$a bo gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& Bg àH$ma H$s {d{Z_`nÕ{V go hr AmJo MbH$a ì`mnma H$s ewédmV hþB©Ÿ&

Cn`mo{JVm àmá H$aZodmbm ^moº$m H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& `h ^r EH$ H$bm h¡Ÿ& BgH$bm _| {ZnwUì`{º$ "J«hH$' H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&

ì`dhma H$m {dH$mg Am¡a A{^d¥{Õ :

_Zwî` H$s H$moB© ^r Am{W©H$ à{H«$`m ì`dhma H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& ì`dhma Ho$ A§VJ©V

ì`dnma, CÚmoJ, ~¢{H$§J, ~r_m, EoOoÝgr {dkmnZ AmVo h¡ Omo dñVw Am¡a godm H$mo

J«mhH$ VH$ n±hþMmVo h¢Ÿ&

H$moB© r à{H«$`m H$m OÝ_ CgHo$ {dH$mgH«$_ H$mo "{dH$gZ' H$hmOmVm h¡Ÿ& dm{UÁ`{dH$gZ H$mo ì`dhm[aH$ B[Vhmg ^r H$h gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& dm{UÁ` ì`dhma H$m EH$ ^mJ h¡

{Og_| ì`mnar à{H«$`m Am¡a godmAm| H$m {dVaU hþAm h¡Ÿ&

ì`dh[aH$ {dH$gZ AZoH$ gmonmZm| H$mo nma H$aVm hþAm {dH${gV hþAm h¡Ÿ& CZ

gmonmZm| _| _w»`m gmonmZ {ZåZ{b{IV h¡Ÿ&

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1. AmIoQ> Am¡a _N>{b`m| H$mo nH$S> Zo H$m AdñWm2. newnmbZ AdñWm3. H¥${f AWdm IoVr-~S>r H$m AdñWm4. Hw$ebH$_u AdñWm5. dñVw {d{Z`_ AdñWm6. Am{W©H$ AdñWm7. ZJam| H$m A{W©H$ AdñWm8. A§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma AdñWm

1. AmIoQ> ({eH$ma H$aZm) Am¡a _N>br nH$S>Zo H$s AdñWm : Bgo Am{W©H${dH$mg H$m àW_ gmonmZ H$hm gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& Bg n[apñWVr _| bmoJ Kw_dH$S> `moJCZH$m H$moB© {ZpíMV Amdmg Zhr WmŸ& EH$ ñWmZ go Xygao ñWmZ _| do ñWmZm§VaUH$aVo WoŸ& àm{U`mo§ H$m {eH$ma H$aVo WoŸ& Hw$Am| _| _N>m{b`m nH$S>Vo WoŸ& Hw$Am| _|_N>{b`m nH$S>Vo WoŸ& H§$X _yb íVmbw \$bm| H$mo MwZH$a ImVo WoŸ& R>§{S> go `m ~MZoHo$ {bE AWdm g[X©`m| _| àm{U`m| Ho$ M_© H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo WoŸ& gm_mÝ`V…Jw\$mAm| _| dmg H$aVo Wo Bg gmonmZ _| H$mB© Am{W©H$ à{H«$`m Zhr WrŸ&

2. newnmbZ AdñWm : Bg AdñWm _| bmoJ OmZ dmam| H$mo nmbZm grI {b`oŸ&Jm`, ~H$ar, N>obr Am{X àm{U`m| H$mo nmbVo WoŸ& BZ àm{U`m| go CÝho ImÚ Am¡aAÝ` gw{dYm | àmá hmoVr WrŸ& J`m| H$mo MamZo MamJmhm| (grass land) H$s Vbme_| EH$ ñWmZ go Xygao ñWmZ VH$ ñWmZm§VaU H$aVo WoŸ& Bg gmonmZ _| bmoJ Hw$N>hX VH$ CÎm_ pñW{V _| n±hþMoŸŸ& {\$a ^r dm{UÁ` H$m {dH$mg Zhr hmo nm`mŸ&

3. IoVr-~mS>r H$s (H¥$fr) AdñWm : newnmbZ Ho$ AdñWm Ho$ Hw$N> dfm] ~mXbmoJ AZmO H$m CËnmXZ H$aZo bJoŸ& EH$ {ZpíMV ñWmZ _| {Zdmg H$aZo bJoŸ&Yrao Yrao g_yh _| ahZo bJoŸ& dm{UÁ` à{H«$`m ewé hþB©Ÿ& J«m_ Am¡a g_wXm`m| H$mOÝ_ hþAmŸ& l_ H$m {d^OZ hmoZo bJmŸ&

4. XñVH$mamo `m hWH$aKm| H$s AdñWm : H¥$fH$m| H$mo AZoH$ CnH$aUm| H$s OéaVAm nS>rŸ& ahZo Ho$ {bE Kam| H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm nS>mŸ& Bg{bE IoVr-~mS>r go

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g§~§{YV CnH$aU V¡ ma hmoZo bJoŸ& Hw$N> bmoJ ^dZ {Z_m©U Am¡a AÝ` H$m_ H$aZobJo BÝh| XñVH$ma H$hVo h¡Ÿ& o bmoJ H¥$fr Cn`moJr gm_{J« m| H$m {Z_m©U H$aHo$bmoJm| Ho$ XoH$a ~Xbo _| ImÚ nXmW© boVo WoŸ& dñVw{d{Z_` ^r ewé hþAmŸ& AmO ^rEogo XñVH$am| H$mo h_ Jm°dm| _| XoI gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& H$mbH«$_oU Eogo XñVH$ma AnZràJVr H$aHo$ AnZo d¥{Îm g§Kmo H$m {Z_m©U {H$ oŸ&

5. dñVw {d{Z`_ nÕ{V H$s AdñWm : l_ Ho$ dJuH$aU hmoZo go CËnmXZ {jàJ[Vgo hmoZo bJmŸ& A{YH$ CËnm{XV dñVwAm| go Xygao dñVwAm| Ho$ gmW {d{Z_` H$aZobJoŸ& Bg à{H«$`m H$mo "dñVw{d{Z_` nÕ{V' H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Bg nÕ{V _| ^r AZoH$g_ñ`m | CËnÞ hþB©Ÿ& Omo {ZåZ{b{IV h¡ŸŸ&

A) EopÀN>H$ nmañn[aH$Vm H$s H$_r : CXmhaU Ho$ {bE {H$gr {H$gmZ Ho$ nmgMmdb A{YH$ h¡ Am¡a Cgo Joh±ÿ H$s Oê$aV ho V~ Mmdb Ho$ gmW Jo±hÿ H$m{d{Z_` H$a boVm h¡ Vmo Bgo BÀN>mAm| H$r nmañn[aH$Vm H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&bo{H$Z H$^r-H$^ma BÀN>mAm| H$r nmañn[aH$Vm Zhr hmoVm Wr& CXm:Mmdbdmbo {H$gmZ H$mo Jo±hy H$s Oê$aV h¡§, Jo±hÿdmbo H$mo Ádmar Mm{hE V~Mmdb Ho$ ~Xbo _| Jo±hÿ {_b Zhr nmVm WmŸ&

Am)ZmnVmob AWdm àm_m{UH$ _yë`mo H$s Ag_Vm : {H$VZo à_mU Ho$ MmdbHo$ {bE {H$VZo à_mU H$m Joh±ÿ XoZm Mm{hEŸ& AWdm {H$VZo Jm`m| H$m {d{Z`_{H$VZr ~H$[a`m| _| hmoZm Mm{hE Bg àH$ma _yë` {ZíM` Zhr H$a nmVo WoŸ&

B) dñVw {d^mOZ H$aVo g_` : EH$ Jm` Ho$ ~am~a ~H$[a`m| H$mo {d^mOZZhr H$a gH$Vo WoŸ&

B©) dñVwAm| H$m n[adhZ Am¡a g§J«h H$s g_ñ`m : EH$ àXoe go Xygao àXoeVH$ dñVwAm| H$mo admZm H$aZo H$s g_ñ`m WrŸ& Am¡a dñVwAm| H$mo b§~o g_`VH$ g§J«h H$a Zhr nmVo WoŸ&

6. Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm H$s AdñWm : dñVw {d{Z_` H$s g_ñ`m H$mo Xwa H$aZo AZoH$_mJm] H$mo AnZm`m J`mŸ& àm{U`m| H$m M_©, H$m¡{S>`m| H$mo {d{Z_` H$m _mÜ`_

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~Zm`m J`mŸ& ~mX _| bmohm| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmZo bJmŸ& H«$_me… Vm±~m, Mm±XrAm¡a gmoZo Ho$ {g¸$m| H$m Cn`moJ H$aZo bJoŸ& {\$a ^r dñVwAm| H$m AmXmZ-àXmZ_w{íH$b hþAmŸ& VËníMmV H$mJO Ho$ n¡gm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aZo bJoŸ& Bg H$mJO Ho$n¡gm| H$s nyU© {Oå_oXmar H|$Ð [agd© ~¢H$ boVm h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma MoH$, S´>mâQ> ~m±S>nona, H«o${S>Q> H$mS>©, S>o{~Q> H$mS>© AmXr n¡gm| Ho ê$n àM{bV hþEŸ&

7. ZJam| H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V H$s AdñWm : {d{Z_` Ho$ ~Xbo _| n¡gm| H$m à`moJhmo OmZo go dm{UÁ` joÌ H$s àJVr {jàJVr go hmoZo bJrŸ& bmoJ A{YH$ dñVwAm|H$m CËnmXZ H$aZo bJoŸ& {d{Z_` H$m joÌ {dñV¥V hþAmŸ& g~ bmoJ EH$ {ZpíMVñWmZ _| {_bZo bJoŸ& AmJo MbH$a Eogo ñWmZ _mH}$Q> ~Z J o Ÿ& VXwna§V ZJam| H$mê$n YmaU H$aZo bJoŸ& ì`mnmar bmJm| H$s g§»`m ^r ~‹T> J`rŸ& XñVH$m[a`m| H$mo~wbdmH$a H$ƒm _mb XoH$a dñVwAm| H$mo V¡ ma H$admZo bJoŸ& Eogo dñVwAm| H$mo Jm±dm|_| {dVaU H$aZo bJoŸ& Bg àH$ma dm{UÁ` joÌ _| ~hþV A{^d¥{Õ hmoZo bJrŸ&_mH}$Q>m| H$s g§»`m ^r ~‹T> J`rŸ&

8. A§Vaamï´>r` ì`mna H$s AdñWm : {H«$.e. 15 Am¡a 16 dr gXr _| ^m¡Jmo{bH$AÝdofU hmoZo bJoŸ& H$mob§~g Zo A_o[aH$m H$m AÝdofU {H$`mŸ& dmñH$mo-X-Jm_m Zo^maV Ho$ {bE ZdrZ g_Ð_mJ© H$mo Xy±T>mŸ& nmoM©wJrg Xoe Ho$ "_oJbZ' ñnoZ Xoe Ho$amOm H$m _XX boH$a "{dŠQ>mo[a`m OhmO' Ho$ Ûmam ñnoZ Xoe go {dídn ©Q>Z H$aZo{ZH$bmŸ& \o${g{nH$ gmJa H$mo nma H$aHo$ dhm± go {n{bn¡Ýg {Ûnm| _| OmH$a _mamJ`mŸ& VrZ gmbm| Ho$ ~mX {dŠQ>mo[a`m OhmO ñnoZ bm¡Q>m Ÿ& Bg àH$ma "{dŠQ>mo[a`m'{díd n ©Q>Z H$aZodmbm àW_ OhmO H$hbmZo bJmŸ&

dm{UÁ` joÌ H$s àJVr _| B½b¢S> H$s H«$m§Vr Am¡a ^m¡Jmo{bH$ AÝdofUm| H$s A{YH$ghm`Vm {_brŸ& ñWmZr` _m±Jm| Ho$ gmW AÝ` Xoem| H$s _m±Jm| Ho$ {bE ^r CËnmXZ H$mH$m_ hmoZo bJmŸ& CƒñVa Ho$ §Ì Am¡a dñVwAm| go A{YH$ _mÌm _| CËnmXZ hmoZo bJmŸ&A§Vaamï´>r` _mH}$Q> ^r àma§ hþAmŸ& `mVm`mV g§nH©$ gmYZm| _| erK«JVr H$m n[adV©Z_mH}$Q>m| Ho$ {dH$mg H$m H$maU ~Z J`mŸ& CËnmXZ EH$ Xoe Ho$ {bE gr{_V Z hmoH$a{díd ì`mnr hþAmŸ&

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Am{W©H$ A{^d¥{Õ _| ì`mnma Am¡a dm{UÁ` joÌ H$m _hËd

dñVw `m gm_{J«`m| H$mo IarXZm Am¡a ~oMZo H$s à{H«$`m H$mo ì`mnma H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

`mVm`mV ~r_m, ~¡qH$J JmoXm_m| H$s ì`dñWm, {dkmnZ Am{X dm{UÁ` joÌ Ho$ nyaH$

A§e H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ& BÝho dm{UÁ` godm H$h gH$Vo h¡§Ÿ& {dH«o$Vm J«mhH$m| H$s BÀN>m Ho$

AZwXma dñVwAm| H$m {dVaU H$aVo h¢Ÿ& mVm`mV Ho$ Ûmam CËnmXZ H|$Ð go dñVw ì`mnm[a`m|

Ho$ _mÜ`_ go J«mhH$ VH$ n±hwMVo h¢Ÿ& ~¢H$ CËnmXH$ Am¡a ì`mnm[a`m| H$mo H$O© XoH$a _XX

H$aVo h¢Ÿ& `mVm`mV AWdm g§J«h Ho$ g_` H$moB© ZwH$gmZ (Zï>) hþAm Vmo ~r_m H§$nZr

`mo§ (Insurence Company) H$s ghm`Vm {_bVr h¡Ÿ& H$moB© g_` _| CËnm{XV dñVw Am¡a

H$moB© g_` _| J«mhH$ MmhVo h¢Ÿ& Eogr pñW{V _| d¡km{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ `wº$ _mbJmoXm_

dñVwAm| Ho$ g§J«hU _| _XX H$aVo h¡Ÿ& {dkmnZ g§ñWm J«mhH$m| H$mo dñVwAm| H$s OmZH$mar

XoVr h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma dm{UÁ` joÌ H$mo BZ g^r H$s godm àmá hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Ho$db CÚ_r

AWdm dm{UÁ` joÌ H$mo hr Zhr g_mO H$mo ^r BZ g§ñWmAm| H$s godm {_bVr h¡Ÿ&

dm{UÁ` joÌ Ho$ _hËd H$mo g§{já _| H$h|Jo Vmo `h EH$ gw{dYmOZH$ joÌ h¡Ÿ&

J«mhH$m| H$mo godm àXmZ H$aZo H$s nyar {Oå_oXmar `h boVm h¡Ÿ& CÚ_m| H$s ñWmnZm _|

H$s_Vm| Ho$ {Z §ÌU H$aZo _| _XX H$aVm h¡Ÿ& dm{UÁ` joÌ _| AZoH$ {df`m| H$m {d{Z_`

^r hmoVm h¡Ÿ& gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mg H$m ^r `h H$maU ~ZVm h¡Ÿ& Xoe H$s ì`dñWm _|

dm{UÁ` joÌ H$m _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ h¡Ÿ&

B¸$sgdr§ gXr _| dm{UÁ` H$m {dH$mg : 21 dr§ gXr g_yh _mÜ`_ H$m wJ h¡Ÿ&

B§Q>aZoQ>, ~¢qH$J, ~r_m `moOZm {ZOrH$aU, g§Mmar _mH}$Q> VWm {dÚwÝ_mZ {dkmnZ

H$s ì`dñWm go J«mhH$ godmAm| H$mo A{VerK« àmá H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

Q>obr _mH}$Q> Ho$ Ûmam {díd Ho$ H$moB© ^r ^mJ go CËnm{XV dñVwAm| H$mo J«mhH$ àmá

H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& {dÚwÝ_mZ {dkmnZm| go {dídñVa _| J«mhH$m| H$mo AmH¥$ï> H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

~hþamï´>r` H§$n{Z`m± CËnm{XV dñVwAm| H$mo AmgmZr go {dVaU H$a gH$Vr h¡Ÿ& ~hþamï´>r`

H§$n{Z`m± A{YH$ _mÌm_| dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZ H$aHo$ J«mhH$m| H$mo nhþ±Mm ahr h¢Ÿ&

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Aä`mg

I. Imbr OJh ^[aE :1. J«mhH$m| H$mo XoZodmbo Vm§{ÌH$ AWdm {d{eï> d¡`{º$H$ godmAm| go g§~§{YV

Am{W©H$ à{H«$`m H$mo ___________________

H$hVo h¢Ÿ&2. àmMrZ H$mb _| dñVwAm| H$m {d{Z_`

___________________ Ho$ gmW hmoVm WmŸ&

3. H$mJO Ho$ n¡gm| H$s {Oå_oXmar ___________________

boVm h¡Ÿ&4. dm{UÁ` {dH$gZ Ho$

__________________ ñVa/AdñWm _| J«m_ Am¡a g_wXm`m|

H$m OÝ_ hþAmŸ&5. A§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma ñVa _| ^m¡Jmo{bH$

___________________ hmoZo bJoŸ&

6. ì`mnma Am¡a dm{UÁ` gaH$ma H$mo __________________

XoZo go Am{W©H$ {dH$mg _|ghm`Vm {_bVr h¡Ÿ&

II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| H$m CÎma Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| Xr[OEŸ:1. Am{W©H$ à{H«$`m {H$go H$hVo h¢?2. ì`mnma Am¡a dm{UÁ` _| Š`m A§Va h¡?3. {d{Z_` nÕ{V {H$go H$hVo h¢? CXmhaU Xr{OEŸ&4. CÚmoJ {H$go H$hVo h¡Ÿ§?5. ì`mnma Ho$ nyaH$ A§e H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¡?6. d¥{Îm g§K {H$go H$hVo h¢?

III. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| H$m CÎma {b{IE:1. X¡{ZH$ OrdZ Ho$ {bE dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZ Am¡a {dVaU H$m Š`m _hËd h¡?2. {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ Am{W©H$ à{H«$`mAm| H$s MMm© H$s{OEŸ&3. dñVw {d{Z_` nÕ{V H$s g_ñ`mE± H$m¡Z-gr h¢Ÿ? n¡gm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go BZH$m

{ZdmaU H¡$go hmoVm h¡?4. dm{UÁ` {dH$gZ Ho$ _w»` ñVa `m gmonmZ H$m¡Z-go h¢? {H$gr EH$ na g§{já

_| {b{IEŸ&

IV. à{H«$`m:

1. AnZo Jm±d Ho$ XñVH$mam| H$s gy{M V¡`ma H$aHo$ {H$gr EH$ XñVH$ma H$sXñVH$mar Ho$ ~mao _| {df` g§J«h H$aHo$ {Z~§Y {b{IEŸ&

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AÜ`m`-2

ì`dhma H$m AW© Am¡a _hËd

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ`m`Z Ho$ ~mX {ZåZ{b{IV A§em| H$s OmZH$mar àmá

H$a|JoŸ&

l ì`dhma Ho$ CÔoí`m| H$mo g_PmZmŸ&l Xoer` ì`mnma, {dXoer ì`mnma nwZ…{Z`m©V, Am{X ì`mnma Ho$ {d^mJm| H$mo g_PZm

Am¡a ì`mnma H$m AW© Am¡a _hËd H$mo g_PZmŸ&l J¥hmoÚmoJ Am¡a N>moQ>o (bKw) CÚ_m| Ho$ CËnmXH$ CËnmXZ, H$m © CZH$s g_ñ`mAm|

Ho$ ~mao _| g_Pm boZmŸ&l ì`dhma H$s Zr{V Am¡a VËdm| H$mo nhMmZZmŸ&

ì`dhma EH$ à_wI Am{W©H$ à{H«$`m h¡Ÿ& Bg_| _w»` ê$n go dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZ

J«mhH$m| H$s godm Amny{V© Ho ~mao _| {dMma {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&

ì`dhma Ho$ _w»` ê$n go Xmo CÔmoí` hmoVo h¢Ÿ& do h¢:

1. Am{W©H$ CÔoí` 2. gm_m{OH$ CÔoí`

1. Am{W©H$ CÔoí` : ì`dhma H$m _w»` CÔoí` Z Ho$db bm^ àmá H$aZm _mÌ

hr Zhr ~pëH$ Ý`m` wº$ bm^ àmá H$aZo Ho$ gmW ì`dhma H$mo ì`dpñWV ê$n go MbmZo

Ho$ gmW gwIr OrdZ ì`VrV H$aZm ^r hmoVm h¡Ÿ& ì`dhma _| AZoH$ dñVwAm| H$mo CËnmXZH$aHo$ J«mhH$ VH$ nhþ±Mm`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& g§gmYZ H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZ

H$aVm h¡Ÿ& g_`mZwgma J«mhH$m| H$s BÀN>mZwgma dñVwAm| H$s Any{V© H$aVm h¡Ÿ& Z o Z o

Am{dîH$mam| Ho$ Ûmam CËnmXZ _| n[adV©Z bmH$a Z o CËnmXZm| Ho$ ~mao _| {dkmnZm| Ho$Ûmam J«mhH$m| H$mo OmZH$mar {X`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&

2. gm_m{OH$ CÔoí` : ì`dhma _| Xoe Ho$ àJVr Ho$ nyaH$ dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZhmoVm h¡§Ÿ& bmoJm| H$mo Zm¡H$ar {_bVr h¡Ÿ& _Oyar go CZH$m OrdZ ñVa CÎm_ ~ZVm h¢Ÿ&

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H$a H$a g§J«h go (TAX) gaH$ma H$s Am_XZr ~‹T>Vr h¡Ÿ& Xoe H$s àJVr hmoVr h¡Ÿ&{dÚmb`, g_wXm` ^dZ, {M{H$Ëgmb`, Iob _¡XmZm| H$m {Z_m©U hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$maì`dha gm_m{OH$ CÔoí`m| H$s ny{V© H$aVm h¡Ÿ&

ì`mnma, CÚ_ Am¡a godm : ì`mnma dm{UÁ` joÌ H$m EH$ ^mJ h¡Ÿ& dñVwAm| H$moI[aXH$a ~oMZo H$mo ì`mnma H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

ì`mnma H$mo VrZ ^mJm| _o§ {d^mOZ H$a gH$Vo h¡§ do h¢-1. Am§V[aH$ AWdm Xoer` ì`mnma2. {dXoe AWdm A§Vaamï´>r` ì`mnma3. nwZ…{Z`m©V ì`mnma

1. Am§V[aH$ AWdm Xoer` ì`mna : Xoe H$s gr_m Ho$ ^rVa MbZo dmbmì`mna Xoer` ì`mnma H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ& Bg_| N>moQ>o (bKw) ì`mnmar Am¡a WmoH$ ì`mnmar(hmobgob) hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

N>moQ>o ì`mnmar (bKw `m \w$Q>H$a ì`mnmar) : gm_mÝ`V… BZ àH$ma Ho$ ì`mnmarJ«mhH$m| Ho$ {Zdmgm| Ho$ g_rn AnZm ì`mnma MbmVo h¢Ÿ& o bmoJ hmobgob {dH«o$VmAm| go~S>r _mÌm _| MrOm| H$mo IarXH$a N>moQ>o à_mU _| J«mhH$mo§ H$mo ~oMVo h¢ ({dH«o$`) H$aVoh¢Ÿ& N>moQ>o ì`mnmar ({dH«o$Vm) ~S>o {dH«o$Vm Am¡a J«mhH$m| Ho$ ~rM _| goVw H$m H$m_ H$aVoh¢& H$B© ~ma ì`dhma _| hmoZodmbo ZwH$gmZ H$mo IwX ^aVo h¢Ÿ& J«mhH$m| H$s BÀN>mZwgma,à_mUmZwgma do dñVwAm| H$m {dH«$` H$aVo h¢Ÿ& J«mhH$m| H$mo H$O© ^r XoVo h¢Ÿ& ~mOma `m_mH}$Q> _| AmZodmbo Z o dñVwAm| H$s OmZH$marJ«mhH$m| H$mo XoVo h¡Ÿ& {ZYm©[aV dñVw Ho$ Z {_bZona n`m© dñVwAm| H$mo boZo H$s àoaUm XoVo h¢Ÿ&N>moQ>m ì`mnma AZoH$ ê$nm| _| MbVm h¢ Ÿ& O¡goñWm`r XwH$mZ Am¡a g§Mmar {dH«o$Vm Am{XŸ&

ñWm`r XwH$mZ : {ZYm©[aV ñWmZ _| ñWm`rê$n go XwH$mZ Imob H$a ì`mnma H$aVo h¡Ÿ& Omo{dH«o$Vm H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ& ñWm`r XwH$mZ

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g§Mmar {dH«o$Vm (ì`mnmar) : BZH$m H$moB© {ZpíMV ñWmZ Zhr hmoVmŸ& AbJAbJ àH$ma Ho$ {dH«o$Vm `m ì`mnmar hmoVo h¢Ÿ& {ga na T>moH$a (bmXH$a) ~oMZodmboì`mnmar `m {dH«o$Vm, R>obZo H$s Jm{S>`m| Ho$ Ûmam ~oMZodmbo ì`mnmar gS>H$m| Ho$ nmg~oMZodmbo ì`mnmar, gS>H$m| Ho$ nmg ~oMZodmbo ì`mnmar (_mH}$Q> `m ~mOma Ho$ ì`mnmar)gmYmaU ì`mnmar Am{XŸ&

{gana T>moH$a ~oMZodmbo ì`mnmar : o bmoJ {gana bmXH$a Jbr Jbr _| Ky_Vo hþ o J«mhH$m| Ho$ Ûma nabmH$a dñVwAm| H$mo ~oMVo h¢Ÿ& CXm… gdOr ~oMZodmbo,\y$b ~oMZodmbo Am{XŸ&

R>obm ì`mnmar : o bmoJ dñVwAm| H$mo JmS>r _| aH$aR>obVo hþ o J{b`m| _| Ky_H$a Ka Ho$ Ûma na dñVwAm| boOmH$a ~oMVo h¢Ÿ&

amñVm| Ho$ nmg ~oMZodmbo ì`mnmar : A{YH$^rS>-^mS> _| AWdm Ohm± bmoJm| H$s g§»`m Á`mXm hmoVrh¡ & Eogo OJhm| _| OmH$a dñVwAm| H$mo ~oMVo h¢Ÿ&

gmYmaU ì`mnmar ({dH«o$Vm) : Hw$N> Jm±dmo _|gámh AWdm háo _| EH$ ~ma ~mμOma bJVm h¢ &dhm± AnZo dñVwAmo H$mo bo OmH$a Jm±dmo _| ~oMVo h¢Ÿ&Eogo {dH«o$Vm gm_mÝ` ê$n go ñdV… CËnm{XV dñVwAm|H$mo Eogo ~mμOmamo _| ~oMVo h¢& CXm… g~Or, A§S>o,_mIZ, Kr, bmoho Ho$ Am¡Oma (Am wY) Q>moH$ar, H§$~b

{gana T>moH$a ~oMZodmbo ì`mnmar

R>obm ì`mnmar

amñVm| Ho$ nmg ~oMZodmbo ì`mnmar

gmYmaU ì`mnmar

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Am{XŸ& BZgo àmá n¡gm| _| do _Zng§X dñVwAm| H$mo IarXVo h¢Ÿ& BgHo$ Abmdm gmb _|EH$ ~ma Hw$N> Jm±dm| _| _obm `m OmÌm hmoVo h¢, dhm± ^r Eogo AZoH$ dñVwAm| H$mo bo OmH$a~oMVo h¢Ÿ&

WmoH$_mb H$m ì`dhma (Holesale Trade) : Bg àH$ma Ho$ ì`dhma _| ì`mnmarA{YH$ _mÌm _| CËnmXH$m| go dñVwAm| H$mo IarXH$a N>moQ>o ì`mnm[a`m| H$mo (IwXao ì`mnmar)~oMVo h¢Ÿ& `moH$ ì`dhma H$aZodmbo ì`mnmar EH$ `m Xmo àH$ma Ho$ dñVwAm| H$mo ~oMVo h¡Ÿ&N>moQ>o ì`mnm[a`m| H$mo do H$O© XoVo h¢Ÿ& CZgo Á`mXm bm^ Zhr boVoŸ& N>moQ>o ì`mnm[a`m| H$mo_mH}$Q> H$m {ddaU XoVo h¢Ÿ& CËnmXH$m| H$m ^r J«mhH$m| H$s BÀN>m Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar XoVoh¢Ÿ& AnZr Va\$ go CZHo$ ^r {dkmnZ XoVo h¢Ÿ& CËnm{XV dñVwAm| Ho$ g§J«h H$aZo _| _XXH$aVo h¢Ÿ&

{dXoe ì`dhma : Xmo Xoem| Ho$ ~rM _| MbZodmbm ì`mnma {dXoer ì`mnma AWdmì`dhma H$hbmVm h¢Ÿ& {dXoer ì`mnma H$mo VrZ ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV H$aVo h¢, do h¢-

Am`mV, {Z`m©V, nwZ…{Z`m©V

Am`mV : H$moB© Xoe AnZo Cn`moJ Ho$ {bE Xygao Xoe go dñVwAm| H$mo IarXVm h¡ VmoCgo Am`mV H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

{Z`m©V : H$moB© Xoe Xygao Xoe Ho$ {bE dñVwAm| H$mo ~oMVm h¡ Vmo Cgo {Z`m©VH$hVo h¢Ÿ&

nwZ…{Z`m©V : Hw$N> Xoe Xygao Xoem| go dñVwAm| H$mo IarXH$a Am¡a {H$gr Xoe H$mo~oMVo h¡, Bgo nwZ{Z© m©V H$hVo h¢Ÿ& CXm… qgJmnwa, _Ü` E{e`m Ho$ Hw$N> XoeŸ& AmOH$bAZoH$ Xoe Eogm hr H$a aho h¢Ÿ&

{dXoe ì`mnma H$s Amdí`H$Vm : H$moB© ^r Xoe Š`m| Z hmo nyU© ê$n go g§gmYZàmá H$a Zhr gH$Vm Hw$N> Xoem| _| Hw$N> g§gmYZ A{YH$ _mÌm _| {_bVo h¢, Hw$ÀN> Xoem|_| H$_Ÿ& g§gmYZ go AZoH$ dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZ {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& AnZo Xoe H$s _m±JnyU© hmoVo hr Xygao Xoe H$mo {Z`m©V H$aVo h¢Ÿ& {Og Xoe _| g§gmYZ H$s H$_r h¡ dh Xoe

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Amdí`H$VmZwgma Xygao Xoe go dñVwAm| H$mo {Z`m©V H$a boVm h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE àË oH$ Xoe Ho$~rM ì`dhma AWdm ì`mnma H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡Ÿ& Bg àH$ma Ho$ ì`dhmam| go Xoem|Ho$ ~rM nmañn[aH$ g§~§Y ñWm{nV hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

CÚ_ : H$moB© Xoe AnZo Cn`moJ Ho$ {bE Xygao Xoe go dñVwAm| H$mo IarXVm ho Vmo\$go Am`mV H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

àmW{_H$ CÚ_ : Bg àH$ma Ho$ CÚ _| àH¥${V àXÎm dñVwAm| H$mo CËnm{XV {H$`mOmVm h¡Ÿ& CXm : H¥${f, _Ëñ`moÚ_, Xw½YCÚ_, I{ZO CÚ_ Am{XŸ& BZ CÚ_m| H$moO{ZÌ CÚ_ AWdm H$ƒm _mb ~mha {ZH$mbZodmbm CÚ_ OmVm h¡Ÿ&

A) IXmZ CÚ_ (mining): Bg àH$ma Ho$ CÚ_ _| n¥Ïdr Ho$ Vb go AZoH$dñVwAm| H$mo {ZH$mbm OmVm h¡& (Bgo IV_ hmoZodmbm CÚ_ H$hVo h¡) CXm : H$ÀMm_mb {ZH$mbZm, V¡bHy$n Am{X&

Am) AmZwd§{eH$ ({OZo{Q>H$) CÚ_ : Bg àH$ma Ho$ CÚ_ _| AZmO, eñ`,àm{U`m| H$m nwZaCËnmXZ hmoVm h¡& CZHo$ {dH«$` go bm^ àmßV H$aHo$ g§n{Îm H$m{dH$mg H$a gH$Vo h¢ & CXm : gñ`moÚ_ (horticulture), ~mJdmZr, Hw$Hw$Q>moÚ_Am{X&

_mÜ`{_H$ CÚ_ : `h _mZd na Adb§{~V hmoVm h¡& `h l_àYmZ CÚ_h¡& Bg àH$ma Ho$ CÚ_m| H$mo CËnmXZ CÚ_, {Zd©hU CÚ_ H$hm OmVm h¡&

A) CËnmXZ CÚ_ : BZ CÚ_m| _| H$ÀMm nXmWm] H$mo A§{V_ ê$n {X`m OmVmh¡& `hm± _mZd g§gmYZ H$m Á`mXm Cn`moJ hmoVm h¡& J«mhH$m| H$s Amdí`H$VmAm|

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H$s ny{V© BZ CÚ_m| go hmoVr h¡& CXm : bmoho H$mo ñQ>rb _| n[adV©Z H$aZm, JÝZoH$mo eŠH$a H$m ê$n XoZm Am{X&

Am) {Zd©hU CÚ_ : amñVm, nwb, Zmbo Am{X _yb gw{dYmOZH$ H$m`m] H$m{Z_m©U BZ CÚ_m| _| hmoVm h¡& Eogo CÚ_m| go n[adhZ Am¡a g§nH©$ joÌ H$s A{^d¥{Õ_| ghm`Vm {_bVr h¡&

J¥hmoÚmoJ Am¡a N>moQ>o CÚ_

BÝh| Hw$Q>ra CÚ_ ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& XñVH$ma AnZo Kam| _| {Z_m©U H$aVo h¡&n[adma Ho$ AÝ` gXñ` CÝh| _XX H$aVo h¢& BZ_| H$m_ grIZodmbo {ejw (appren-

tice) ^r ahVo h¡& Eogo CÚ_m| H$m àYmZ H|$Ð Jm±d _| hmoVm h¡& ñWmZr` _mH}$Q>Ho$ {bE Eogo CÚ_m| go dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZ hmoVm h¡ & CXm : Q>moH$[a`m±, gyn bH$‹S>rHo$ gm_mZ, MQ>mB©, ~m±g Ho$ dñVw, bmoho Ho$ CnH$aU, h§S>r`m± Am{X&

J¥hmoÚmoJ

N>moQ>o CÚ_

BZH$s ñWmnZm {ZpíMV ñWmZm| _| hmoVr h¡& `hm± Hw$br H$_©Mm[a`m| H$s {Z wpŠVhmoVr h¡& H$ÀMm _mb g§dmh H$aHo$ H$_©Mm[a`m| go dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZ H$amVo h¢&N>moQ>o §Ì Am¡a {dÚwV H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢& `hm± CËnm{XV dñVw ñWmZr` _mH}$Q> Am¡a

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{dXoer _mH}$Q>m| H$mo admZm hmoVr h¡& CXm : agm`{ZH$ dñVw, B§{O{Z`[a¨J dñVwE±,OyVo, gmB{H$b, ao{S>`mo, {gbmB© Ho$ _erZ Am{X&

ì`dhma gwJ_Vm H$s godmE±

ì`dhma H$s gwJ_Vm Ho$ {bE AZoH$ nyaH$ godmAm| H$m OÝ_ hþAm& BÝh| dm{UÁ`gmYZ H$hVo h¢ & CËnm{XV ñWmZ go CnH$aU J«mhH$m| VH$ nhþ±MmZo _| AZoH$ ~mYmE±AWdm _wpíH$b| hmoVr h¡& CZ_| go _w»` h¢ - ñWmZr` _wpíH$b|, ZwH$gmZ H$m ^`,g_` H$m A^md, Am{W©H$ Agw{dYm, g_PXmar H$m A^md, BZ ~mYmAm| Ho${ZdmaU Ho$ {bE AZoH$ godm àmßV hmoVo h¡& BÝh| nyaH$ godm H$hm OmVm h¡&

ñWmZ H$s g_ñ`m-n[adhZ

ñWmZ H$s g_ñ`m Ho$ {ZdmaU Ho$ {bE n[adhZ godm H$m Cn`moJ H$a {b`mOmVm h¡& _mJ© n[adhZ, aob n[adhZ, Obn[adhZ, dm w n[adhZ Am{X _mÜ`_m|go J«mhH$m| H$mo CËnm{XV dñVwAm| H$mo nhþ±Mm`m OmVm h¡&

Am{W©H$ godm ~¢H$

CËnmXH$m| Ho$ Ûmam J«mhH$m| VH$ dñVwAm| H$m {dVaU H$aVo dŠV Am{W©H$ g_ñ`mAm gH$Vr h¡& ha EH$ AdñWm _| n¡go H$s Amdí`H$Vm CÚ_ joÌ _| hmoVr h¡& EogrpñW{V _| ~¢H$ Am¡a AÝ` {dÎmr` g§ñWmAm| Ho$ Ûmam Bg g_ñ`m H$m {ZdmaU {H$`mOmVm h¡& ~¢H$m| Ho$ Ûmam ì`mnm[a`m| H$mo A{YH$ _mÌm _| Am{W©H$ gw{dYm hmoVr h¡Eogr godmAm| Ho$ ì`dhma _| gwJ_Vm AmVr h¡&

ZwH$gmZ H$m ^` - ~r_m H§$nZr

CnH$aU AWdm dñVwAm| H$mo J«mhH$m| VH$ nhþ±MmVo dŠV AWdm CZH$mo _mbJmoXm_m| _| g§J«h H$aHo$ aIZo go ZwH$gmZ hmoZo H$s ^r g§ mdZm hmoVr h¡& Eogo ZwH$gmZH$s g_ñ`mAm| H$m {ZdmaU ~r_m H§$n{Z`m| go hmoVm h¡& {OZ_| _w»` ê$n go A½Zr~r_m, Am¡a Ob ~r_m Am{X& Bg àH$ma ~r_m H§$n{Z`m| go ^r ì`dhma _| gwJ_VmAmVr h¡&

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g_` H$s Agw{dYm `m A^md- g§J«h

dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZ Am¡a Cn`moJ _| g_` H$m A§Va ahVm h¡& Eogo g_` _|

dñVwAm| H$m JmoXm_m| _| g§J«h H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& o JmoXm_ d¡km{ZH$ ê$n go {Z{_©V

hþE ahVo h¢& Hw$N> JmoXm_m| _| àË oH$ ê$n go g§J«h H$aZo H$s gw{dYm ^r ahVm h¡&

kmZ H$s H$_r - {dkmnZ

CËnmXH$m| Ho$ Ûmam Cn^moŠVmAm| H$mo dñVwAm| H$mo {dVaU H$aVo dŠV dñVwAm| Ho$

~mao _| OmZH$mar XoZr n‹S>Vr h¡ & {dkmnZm| Ho$ Ûmam CËnm{XV dñVwAm| H$m

Cn`moJ AWdm ~Xbr (nyaH$ dñVw) dñVwAm| H$m Cn`moJ Am{X H$s OmZH$mar XoZm

n‹S>Vm h¡&

ì`dhma Ho$ Zr{VVËd

gm_mÝ` ê$n go h_ gmoMVo h¡ {H$ ì`dhma H$m _w»` CÔoí` bm^ àmßV H$aZm

h¡& `h R>rH$ Zht& ì`dhma _| Ý`m`mo{MV bm^ hmoZm Mm{hE& ì`dhma H$s na§nam

~hþV nwamZr h¡& `h J«mhH$m| H$mo dñVw Am¡a godm H$s ny{V© H$aVm h¡& ì`mnmar ì`dhma

Ho$ {bE {OVZm bm^ Mm{hE CVZm hr boZm h¡& Eogm H$aZm ""d¥{ÎmY_©'' H$hbmVm

h¡& ì`dhma ^r EH$ gm_m{OH$ godm h¡& AmOH$b ì`dhma _| bmo H$s BÀN>m Á`mXm

hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Hw$N> ì`mnmar AZr{V H$m _mJ© AnZmVo h¢& Eogo AZr{V`m| _| Hw$N>

CXmhaU h¡ - Ad¡Y ({_bmdQ>r), A{YH$ bm^ àmßV H$aZo H$s BÀN>m, Vmob _mnm|

_| YmoIm, AH«$_ g§J«h, Mmoa ~mOma _| dñVwAm| H$mo ~oMZm Am{X _mJm] H$mo AnZmZo

go J«mhH$m| H$mo Agw{dYm hmoVr h¡ & ì`dhma _| Bg àH$ma H$s AZr{V Z AnZmVo

hþE gm_m{OH$ godm H$s _Zmo mdZm go H$m_ H$aZm Mm{hE&

Eogo A{ZîQ> nÕ{V`m| H$mo Xÿa H$aZo Ho$ {bE gaH$ma gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU nÕ{V

H$mo bm`m h¡& dñVw {dVaU go g§~§{YV H$mZyZ H$s aMZm hþB© h¡& CËnm{XV dñVwAm|

na CËnmXZ H$s VmarI g_mßVr H$s VmarI H$mo ñnîQ> ê$n go A§{H$V H$aZm n‹S>Vm

h¡& Vmob Am¡a _mn na J[aîR> _yë` A§{H$V H$aZm h¡& nXmWm] H$s _mZH$ pñW{V

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(standard) H$s ajm Ho$ {bE gaH$ma Ho$ Ûmam ^maVr` _mZH$ g§ñWm H$s ñWmnZm

hþB© h¡& `h g§ñWm dñVwAm| na (ISI) {MÝh N>mnVm h¡& H¥${f CnH$aUm| H$s _mZH$

pñW{V H$mo nhMmZZo Ho$ {bE AGMARK (AJ_mH©$) {MÝh N>nmB© H$mo A{Zdm ©

~Zm`m h¡& gaH$ma Ho$ Ûmam J«mhH$ ghH$mar g§Km| Am¡a OZVm ~mOmam| H$s ñWmnZm

hþB© h¡& BVZo H$mZyZ ~ZmZo Ho$ ~mX ^r "d¥{ÎmY_©' _Zmo mdZm Ho$ {~Zm ì`dhma

_| YmoImY‹S>r MbVr hr ahVr h¡& Eogm "d¥{ÎmY_©' O~aXñVr AWdm H$mZyZ Ho$ Ûmam

bm`m Zht Om gH$Vm& AmË_mZwemgZ go AmVm h¡& ì`dhma _| fS> §Ì Zht hmoZm

Mm{hE& gmd©O{ZH$ {hV H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a ì`dhma MbmZm n‹S>Vm h¡&

Aä`mg

I. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE &

1. nwZ{Z`m©V ì`mnma Ho$ {bE _____________ ZJa _w»` {ZXe©Z h¡&

2. J¥hmoÚ_ gm_mÝ`V… _____________ _| H|$ÐrH¥$V hmoVo h¢&

3. amgm`{ZH$ dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZ _____________ CÚ_m| _| hmoVm h¡&

4. ì`mnma H$s _w»` CÔoí` _____________ bm^ àmßV H$aZm h¡&

5. nXmWm] H$s _mZH$ pñW{V H$s ajm Ho$ {bE _____________ g§ñWm H$s

ñWmnZm hþB© h¡&

II. Xmo-Mma dmŠ`m| _| {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| H$m CÎma Xr{OE&

1. g§Mmar XÿH$mZm| / ì`mnmam| Ho$ {d{dY àH$ma H$m¡Z-go h¢ ?

2. WmoH$_mb ì`mnma (wholesale) {H$go H$hVo h¢ ?

3. {dXoer ì`mnma Ho$ VrZ àH$mam| H$mo g_PmBE &

4. J¥hmoÚ_ Am¡a N>moQ>o CÚ_m| go CËnm{XV dñVwAm| Ho$ ~mao _| g_PmBE&

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5. ñWmZr` A^md Am¡a ZwH$gmZ Ho$ ^` {ZdmaU Ho$ {bE H$m¡Z-gr godmAm| H$sñWmnZm hþB© h¡?

6. bmo^r ì`mnm[a`m| Ho$ Ûmam Mbm`r OmZodmbr Hw$N> AZr{V`m| H$m {ddaUXr{OE&

7. ì`mnma H$s AZr{V`m| H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE gaH$ma Ho$ Ûmam H$m¡Z-go _mJ©AnZm o J o h¡?

III. gmV-AmR> dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE &

1. ì`dhma Ho$ Am{W©H$ CÔoí` H$m¡Z-go h¢?

2. ì`dhma Ho$ gm_m{OH$ CÔoí`m| Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE &

3. IwXam ì`mnma (N>moQ>o ì`mnma) Ho$ godmAm| H$mo {b{IE&

4. {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ N>moQ>o ì`mnmam| H$m Zm_ {bIH$a àË oH$ Ho$ ~mao _| Xmo VrZdmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE&

4. _mZd KZ H$s g¥pîQ> _| ñdmñÏ` Am¡a {ejm H$m Š`m _hËd h¡?

5. CÚ_ Ho$ Xmo àH$mam| H$m ñWyb n[aM` Xr{OE&

6. EH$ Xoe Ho$ {bE {dXoer ì`mnma H$s {H$VZr Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡ {ddaUXr{OE&

IV. à{H«$`m

AnZo Jm±d H$s {H$gr ~mOma AWdm _obmAm| _| ^mJ boH$a dhm± Ho$ ì`dhmam|H$mo g_PH$a EH$ {Z~§Y {b{IE&

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AÜ`m`-3

{d{dY ì`mdhm[aH$ g§KQ>Zm| H$m CØd

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX {ZåZm§{H$V A§em| H$mo g_P|Jo &

l ì`dhma g§KQ>Zm| Ho$ àH$mam| H$m n[aM` àmßV H$aZm&l {hñgoXmar (^mJrXmar) ì`dhma g§»`mAm| H$m ñdê$n àH$ma JwUXmofm| Ho$ ~mao

_| g_PZm&l ^mJrXma g§ñWmAm| H$m n§OrH$aU H$mo g_PZm &l ^maV Ho$ qhXÿ A{d^ŠV ì`dhma n[admam| Ho$ ~mao _| n[aM` nmZm&

àñVwV g_mO _| AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ ì`dhma g§KQ>Zm| H$mo h_ XoI gH$Vo h¢ CÝh| Mma

^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m OmVm h¡ Omo {ZåZ{b{IV h¡&

1. {ZOr joÌ Ho$ ì`dhma g§KQ>Z (Private Sector Business Organisations)

2. gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ Ho$ ì`dhma g§JR>Z (Public Sector Business Organisations)

3. g§ wŠV joÌ Ho$ ì`dhma g§JR>Z (Joint Sector Business Organisations)

4. gaH$mar ì`dhma g§JR>Z

N>moQ>r _mÌm Ho$ g§JR>Z AWdm \w$Q>H$a g§KQ>Z Ho$ VrZ àH$ma h¢&l EH$ ì`pŠV _m{bH$Ëd H$s g§ñWml ^mJrXma g§ñWm (g§KQ>Z)l qhXþ A{d^ŠV nm[adm[aH$ g§ñWm

EH$ ì`pŠV _m{bH$Ëd g§ñWm

Eogr g§ñWm EH$ ì`pŠV go Mbm`r OmVr h¡& g§MmbZ, {Z`§ÌU, ny±Or g§J«h,

bm^-ZwH$gmZ AHo$bm ì`pŠV hr {Zd©hU H$aVm h¡&

bjU : o àmMrZ ì`dhm[aH$ g§JR>Z h¡& BZH$mo AmgmZr go ñWm{nV {H$`m OmVm

h¡ & AHo$bm ì`pŠV BgH$m _m{bH$ hmoVm h¡& _m{bH$ Ho$ bm^mZwgma BZH$m {Zd©hU

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hmoVm h¡& BgHo$ _m{bH$ IwX nw§Or {Zd©hU H$aHo$ ñdHw$ebVm go ì`dhma H$aVo h¢& BZHo$àma§ H$aZo `m ~§X H$aZo H$moB© H$mZyZ H$s nm~§Xr Zht hmoVr & ha àH$ma H$m bm^ZwH$gmZ EH$ ì`pŠV na {Z ©a ahVm h¡& AnZo n[adma Ho$ gXñ`m| H$s ghm`Vm boVo h¢&H$B© g§X^m] _| Zm¡H$am| H$mo ^r {Z wŠV H$a boVo h¢& gm_mÝ`V… N>moQ>o hmoVo h¢& AmOH$b~‹S>r _mÌm _| ^r Eogr g§ñWmAm| H$m g§JR>Z hmo ahm h¡&

EH$ ì`pŠV _m{bH$Ëd g§ñWm Ho$ AZwHy$b : BZH$s ñWmnZm _| H$mZyZ H$sAmdí`H$Vm Zht hmoVr& IwX AnZo n¡gm| go BZH$mo àma§ H$a gH$Vo h¢& X¡{ZH$ ì`dhma^r AmgmZ hmoVm h¡& bm^ Am¡a ZwH$gmZ EH$ ì`pŠV na {Z ©a hmoVm h¡ J«mhH$m| Ho$ gmW_m{bH$m| H$m grYm g§~§Y hmoVm h¡& BZHo$ Ûmam AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ godm ^r àmßV hmoVo h¢&O¡go Hw$N> bmoJm| H$mo H$m_ {_bVm h¡& g§n{Îm Am¡a Am{W©H$ A{YH$ma epŠV`m| Ho$ ~Q>dmao_| _XX H$aVo h¢& J«mhH$m| H$s à{V{XZ H$s Oê$aVm| H$mo nyam H$aVo h¢& g_`mZwgmagaH$ma H$mo H$a XoVo h¢& Vwa§V {ZU© boVo h¢ & ì`dhma Jm¡Ê`Vm H$m {Zdm©h H$aVo h¢&AnZr AmbmoMZm Am¡a H$ënZm epŠV Ho$ AZwgma H$m_ H$aVo h¢&

EH$ _m{bH$Ëd g§ñWm Ho$ Xmof : o g§ñWm AnZr Hw$N> n[a{_{V`m| go ~mha ZhtAm gHo$ h¢& O¡go ny§Or H$mo {dñV¥V Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm& àemgZ Hw$ebVm gr{_VhmoVr h¡& EH$ ì`pŠV {ZU© go ZwH$gmZ H$s g§ mdZm ^r hmoVr h¡& ha àH$ma Ho$ bm^ZwH$gmZm| H$mo AH$bm hr g§ mbZm n‹S>Vm h¡& ì`pŠV H$m Xohm§V hmo OmZo na Am¡a n[ajrU({Xdmbm) hmoZo na g§ñWm H$mo ~§X H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡&

[hñgoXmar `m ^mJrXmar ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm: EH$ ì`pŠV _m{bH$Ëd H$sn[a{_{V go ~mha AmH$a AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$ ì`dhma g§ñWm ApñVËd _| Am o&

Eogo g§JR>Zm| _| EH$ go A{YH$ ì`pŠV {_bH$a ì`dhma H$aVo h¢& Eogr g§ñWmAm|H$s ñWmnZm go g§~§{YV H$mZyZ 1932 _| ApñVËd _| Am`m& Bg H$mZyZ (g§{hVm) Ho$n[aÀN>oX 4 Ho$ àH$ma g~ bmoJ H$s Amoa go EH$ ì`pŠV ì`dhma H$aVm h¡& bm^m§e H$mog~ bmoJ {_bH$a ~m±Q> boZo go g§~§{YV ^mJrXmar h¡& Am{W©H$ ì`dhma _| H${ZîQ>V_Xg bmoJm| H$s ^mJrXmar Am¡oa gm_mÝ` ^mJrXmar `m {hñgoXmar go g§~§{YV ì`dhma

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H$aZm hmo Vmo A{YH$V_ ~rg bmoJm| H$s {hñgoXmar hmoVr h¡& BÝh| {hñgoXmar m mJrXmarg§ñWm H$hVo h¢&

^mJrXmam| Ho$ àH$ma : ^mJrXmam| Ho$ AZoH$ àH$ma hmoVo h¢, CZ_| _w»` h¡ :

g{H«$` ^mJrXma : Eogo ^mJrXma {ZpíMV ny§Or O_m H$aVo h¢& bm^ ZwH$gmZ H$moAZwnmV Ho$ AZwgma ~m±Q> boVo h¢& g§ñWm Ho$ X¡{ZH$ H$ma-~ma (Affairs) g{H«$`Vm goMbmVo h¢&

{ZpîH«$` gmPoXma AWdm ^mJrXma : Eogo ^mJrXma ny§Or O_m H$aVo h¢& bo{H$ZX¡{ZH$ H$ma-~ma _| g{H«$` ê$n _| ^mJ Zht boVo& AZwnmV Ho$ AZwgma bm^m§e boVo h¢&Cgr àH$ma ZwH$gmZm| H$s {Oå_oXmar ^r boVo h¢&

Zm__mÌ AWdm gm§Ho${VH$ gmPoXma : Eogo bmoJ H$moB© ny§Or Ho$ ghm§er ZhthmoVo& g{H«$` ê$n go X¡{ZH$ H$ma-~ma _| ^mJ Zht boVo& {H$gr àH$ma Ho$ bm^ Ho$hH$Xma ^r Zht hmoVo& ZwH$gmZ _| AZwnmVZwgma CÎmaXm`r hmoVo h¢&

Ad`ñH$ gmPoXma : 18 df© H$_ Am`w Ho$ ì`pŠV gmPoXma Zht ~Z gH$Vo&bo{H$Z g^r gmPoXmam| H$s gå_{V nmañn[aH$ g_Pm¡Vo Ho$ AZwgma Ad`ñH$m| r gmPoXma~Zm gH$Vo h¢& Eogo bmoJ bm^m§em| H$mo _mÌ boVo h¢& ZwH$gmZ Ho$ CÎmaXm`r Zht hmoVo&Z o gmPoXmar g§ñWmAm| Ad`ñH$m| H$mo em{_b Zht {H$`m OmVm&

BZ àH$mam| Ho$ Abmdm ahñ` gmPoXma gr{_V gmPoXma Am§{eH$ gmPoXma bm^m§eHo$ gmPoXma Am{X hmoVo h¢&

gmPoXmar ^m{JVm nÌ (Partnership Deed)

gm_mÝ`V… Bg àH$ma Ho$ nÌ {b{IV ê$n _| hmoVo h¢& H$B© ~ma _m¡{IH$ ^r hmoVo h¢&Eogo m{JVm nÌ XñVmdoO Ho$ H$mJOm| _| {bIo OmVo h¢& g§ñWmVa g§ñWmAm| Ho$ m{JVmnÌm|_| A§Va ahVm h¡& Eogo nÌm| _| gm_mÝ`V… g§ñWm H$m Zm_, gmPoXmam| H$m Zm_ VWm nVmì`dhma H$m ñWmZ, ñdê$n, AJa CnemImAm| hmo Vmo CnemImAm| H$m nVm ñWm{nV{XZm§H$, gmPoXmam| H$s nw§Or`m| H$m {ddaU, bm^-ZwH$gmZm| H$m AZwnmV, ha gmPoXma

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H$m H$V©ì`, H$m`m] H$m dJuH$aU, Z o gmPoXmam| H$s {Z wpŠV _| AnZmZodmbo {Z`_,gmPoXma H$s _¥Ë w AWdm {Zd¥{Îm Ho$ ~mX gX² md {ZYm©aU Ho$ {dYmZ, gmPoXmam| H$mo{^ÝZ A{^àm`m| Ho$ {ZdmaU Ho$ H«$_ Am{X {df`m| H$mo aIm OmVm h¡&

gmPoXmar g§ñWmAm| Ho$ JwU

1. AmgmZr go ñWmnZm H$a gH$Vo h¢ & BZ g§ñWmAm| H$m n§OrH$aU gmPoXmam|Ho$ EopÀN>H$ {ZU©` na Adb§{~V hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AmgmZr go ñWm{nV H$agH$Vo h¢&

2. A{YH$ ny§Or : g§ñWm _| A{YH$ ì`pŠV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ny±Or ^r A{YH$hmoVr h¡&

3. A{YH$ {ZnwUVm : Bg g§ñWm _| Xmo go A{YH$ _m{bH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU l_H$m ~Q>dmam hmoVm h¡& Bggo A{YH$ {ZnwUVm AmVr h¡&

4. {dídmg`mo½`Vm : gmPoXmam| H$s An[a{_V {Oå_oXmar Ho$ H$maU g§ñWm H$s{dídmg `mo½`Vm ~‹T>Vr h¡&

5. ZwH$gmZm| H$m ~Q>dmam : Eogr g§ñWmAm| _| AZwnmVmZwgma bm^-ZwH$gmZm|H$m ~Q>dmam hmoZo Ho$ H$maU EH$ hr gmPoXma na ZwH$gmZ H$m ^mar à^mdZht n‹S>Vm&

6. ì`mdh[aH$ ahñ` : BZ g§ñWmAm| Ho$ boIm-OmoImAm| H$mo gmd©O{ZH$m| Ho$gm_Zo àH$Q> H$aZo H$s nm~§Xr Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ì`mdhm[aH$ ahñ` hmoVm h¡&

7. gab {dgO©Z : Bg g§ñWm H$m {dgO©Z ^r AmgmZr go hmoVm h¡& H$moB© ^rgmPoXma AÝ` gmPoXmam| H$mo 14 {XZ Ho$ nhbo gyMZm Xo gH$Vm h¡& AWdmgh^mJrXma H$s gå_{V go {dgO©Z {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

gmPoXmar ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWm Ho$ Xmof

1. gmPoXmam| Ho$ ~rM nmañn[aH$Vm Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU PJ‹S>o hmo gH$Vo h¢& {ddmXhmo gH$Vo h¢&

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2. gmPoXmam| H$s g§»`m {Z §ÌU hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ny§Or ^r gr{_V hmoVr h¡&

3. ZwH$gmZ H$s {Oå_oXmar An[a{_V hmoZo Ho$ H$maU A{YH$ bmoJ gmPoXmar go`m ^mJrXmar go nrN>o hQ>Vo h¢&

4. Hw$N> gmPoXmam| H$s AOmJê$H$Vm, A{ddoH$ {ZU©` g§ñWm Ho$ J{VamoY H$mH$maU ~ZVm h¡&

5. gmPoXmar g§ñWm _| pñWaVm H$m A^md hmoVm h¡& {H$gr EH$ gmPoXma Ho${ZYZ hmoZo go AWdm {Xdmbm go g§ñWm H$mo {dgO©Z H$aZm n‹S>Zm h¡&

6. gmPoXma AnZr eo a H$mo Xÿgao gmPoXma H$mo hñVm§V[aV Zht H$a gH$Vm&

7. gaH$mar {Z`§ÌU Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU boIm-OmoImAm| H$mo àH${Q>V H$aZo H$snm~§Xr Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU bmoJm| H$m ghmam Zht {_b gH$Vm&

8. Xmo `m A{YH$ gmPoXmam| Ho$ H$maU ì`dhma H$m ahñ` {Zd©hU AmgmZZht hmoVm&

gmPoXmar g§ñWmAm| H$m n§OrH$aU : EH$ ì`pŠV _m{bH$Ëd Ho$ g§ñWmAm| H$sñWmnZm _| n§OrH$aU H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht hmoVr& 1932 H$s gmPoXmar g§ñWm Ho$ H$mZyZHo$ àH$ma gmPoXmar g§ñWmAm| H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE n§OrH$aU H$s Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr h¡&

bo{H$Z H$moB© nm~§Xr Zht h¡& n§OrH$aU H$aZm `m Z H$aZm gmPoXmam| Ho$ {ZU© naAdb§{~V hmoVm h¡& H$moB© ^r g§X © _| n§OrH$aU {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& {ZpíMV AmdoXZnÌ Ho$ Ûmam gQ>rH$ {ddaU ^aH$a {ZpíMV ewëH$ ^aH$a gaH$ma Ho$ Ûmam {Z`wŠVn§OrH$aU A{YH$mar H$mo XoZm n‹S>Vm h¡ & n§OrH$aU A{YH$mar {ddaUm| H$mo Om±MH$ag§ñWm Ho$ Zm_ n§OrH$aU à_mUnÌ XoVo h¢&

g§ñWmAm| Ho$ n§OrH$aU Ho$ Cn`moJ :

l n§OrH¥$V g§ñWm 100 é go A{YH$ H$O© dgybr Ho$ g§~§Y _| Vrgao ì`pŠV naH$moQ>© _| Xmdm S>mb gH$Vm h¡&

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l n§OrH¥$V g§ñWm H$O© d Iwbr _| AÝ` gmPoXma na ^r _wH$X²X_m H$agH$Vm h¡&

l An§OrH¥$V g§ñWmAm| na H$moB© gmPoXma AWdm Vrgam ì`pŠV _wH$X²X_m H$agH$Vm h¡&

l An§OrH¥$V g§ñWm AWdm gmPoXmar Ho$ {déÕ H$moB© gmPoXma g§ñWm Ho$ {dgO©ZHo$ {bE AWdm boIm {ZU© Ho$ {bE Ý`m`mb` _| _wH$X²X²_m b‹S> gH$Vm h¡&

qhXþ A{d^ŠV nm[adm[aH$ ì`dhm[aH$ g§ñWm : Bg àH$ma Ho$ g§ñWm Ho$db^maV _| _mÌ ApñVËd _| h¡& qhXÿ H$mZyZ Ho$ AZwgma Omar {H$ o OmVo h¢& qhXþ n[admaHo$ nwéfm| go ñWm{nV g§ñWm h¢& bJmVma VrZ nr‹T>r go Mbo Am o nwéf Bg g§ñWm Ho$gXñ` ~ZVo h¢& A{d^ŠV n[adma H$m AË §V ~wOJ© gXñ` Bg g§ñWm H$m ì`dhma H$s{Oå_oXmar boVm h¡& Cgo "H$Vm©' H$hVo h¢& g^r gXñ`m| H$m _m{bH$Ëd hmoZo na ^ràemgZ "H$Vm©' hr MbmVm h¡& H$Vm© H$s {Oå_oXmar An[a{_V hmoVr h¡& AÝ` gXñ`m|H$s {Oå_oXmar CZH$s ny§Or VH$ hr gr{_V ahVr h¡&

Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ{b{IV Imbr OJh ^[aE :

1. EH$ hr ì`pŠV Ûmam Mbm`r OmZodmbr AWdm g§Mm{bV ì`mnmar g§ñWm___________________

H$hbmVr h¡&

2. gmPoXmar g§ñWm g§MmbZ go g§~§{YV H$mZyZ H$mo ___________________

_| Omar{H$`m J`m&

3. Am{W©H$ ì`dhma H$aZodmbr gmPoXmar g§ñWm _| A{YH$V_ ___________________

gmPoXmam| VH$ gr{_V h¡&

4. qhXþ A{d^ŠV nm[adm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| Ho$ XoIaoI H$aZodmbo H$mo ___________________

H$hVo h¢&

5. ^maV _| _mÌ pñWV MmoQ>r ì`dhma g§ñWm ___________________

h¡&

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II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| H$m CÎma EH$-Xmo dmŠ`m| _| Xr{OE &

1. N>moQ>o ì`dhma g§ñWmAm| _| _w»` H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go h¡?

2. N>moQ>r ì`dhma g§ñWm J«mhH$m| H$m _XX H¡$go H$aVo h¢?

3. gmPoXmar g§ñWm {H$Ýh| H$hVo h¢?

4. {ZpîH«$` gmPoXma {H$go H$hVo h¢ ~VmBE&

5. gmPoXmar g§ñWm H$m {dgO©Z H$aZm AmgmZ h¡ H¡$go g_PmBE &

III. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| H$m CÎma VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| {b{IE &

1. EH$ ì`pŠV _m{bH$ g§ñWm Ho$ H$moB© Mma AZwHy$bVm Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE &

2. EH$ ì`pŠV _m{bH$ g§ñWm Ho$ H$moB© Mma Xmofm| H$mo {b{IE &

3. gmPoXmar g§ñWmAm| H$s ñWmnZm H¡$go hmoVr h¡?

4. gmPoXmar g§ñWm Ho$ {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ gmPoXmam| Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&

5. gmPoXmar AWdm ^mJrXmar g§ñWm Ho$ Mma JwUm| H$mo {b{IE&

6. ^mJrXmar AWdm gmPoXmar g§ñWm Ho$ Mma Xmofm| Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE &

7. gmPoXmar g§ñWm Ho$ n§OrH$aU Ho$ Cn`moJ Š`m h¡?

8. qhXþ A{d^ŠV nm[adm[aH$ nÕ{V ì`dhma g§ñWm Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&

IV. à{H«$`m

1. AË wÎm_ H$moB© Xmo {dkmnZm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OE&

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AÜ`m` - 4

~¥hV² ì`mdhm[aH$ g§JR>Z

Bg AÜ`m` Ho$ AÜ``Z Ho$ ~mX {ZåZm§{H$V A§em| H$mo g_P|Jo&

l ~¥hV² ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| H$m n[aM` nmZm&l ghH$mar g§K Ho$ bjU, àH$ma, à`moOZ AWdm JwU Am¡a Xmofm| Ho$ ~mao _| g_P

boZm&l g§ wŠV nw§Or (eo a) g§ñWm H$m ApñVËd, àH$ma JwU Xmofm| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar

àmßV H$aZm&l ~hþamîQ´>r` H§$n{Z`m| H$m AW©, bjU, JwU-Xmofm| H$mo g_PZm &

EH$ _m{bH$ g§ñWm, gmPoXmar g§ñWm Am¡a qhXÿ A{d^ŠV nm[adm[aH$ ì`dhmag§ñWmE± àemgZ H$s H$_r, nw§Or H$m A^md, {Za§VaVm H$m Z hmoZm, An[a{_V{Oå_oXm[a`m± AWdm CÎmaXm{`Ëd Am{X g_ñ`mAm| go J«ñV Wm& BZ g_ñ`mAm| H$moXÿa H$aZo ~¥hV², ì`mdhm[aH$ g§KQ>Z ApñVËd _| Am o&

~¥hV² ì`mdhm[aH$ g§ñWmAm| Ho$ àH$ma

1. ghH$mar g§K (Co-operative Societies)

2. g§ wŠV ny§Or H§$n{Z`m± (Joint Stock Companies)

3. ~hþamîQ´>r` g§ñWm / H§$nZr (Multinational Companies)

1. ghH$mar g§K

gmao n[adma _| ghH$mar g§Km| H$s ñWmnZm hþB© h¡& o ì`pŠV`m| ñd §ào[aV g§ñWmh¢& Am{W©H$ ê$n go {nN>‹S>o dJ© Ho$ bmoJ AnZo gXñ`m| Ho$ Cn`moJ Ho$ {bE ñWm{nV hþE h¢&gd©àW_ {díd _| `h g§K 1844 _| am~Q>© AmdZ Ho$ Ûmam ñWm{nV hþAm& `h J«mhH$ghH$mar g§K Wm& gm_mÝ`V… Am{W©H$ àJ{V Ho$ {bE, Am{W©H$ emofUm| go _wŠV hmoZoAm{W©H$ g_mZVm Ho$ ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ Ûmam Eogr g§ñWm AWdm g§Km| H$s ñWmnZm hmoVr h¡&CXm :1. {H$gmZ H¥${f G$U (H$O©) ghH$mar g§Km| H$s ñWmnZm H$aHo$ H$_ _mÌm H$s

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gyX (ã`mO) G$U boH$a _hmOZm| Ho$ M§Jwb go ~MVo h¢& 2. H¥${f CËnmXH$ ghH$marg§K (Cooperative Marketing Societies) H$s ñWmnZm H$aHo$ _Ü`d{V© m| Ho$ M§Jwbgo nma hmoH$a CnO \$gbm| H$mo AÀN>m ^md (Xa) bham boVo h¢&

ghH$mar g§Km| H$s aMZm : ghH$mar g§Km| H$s aMZm Am¡a {Z`§ÌU 1912 Ho$ghH$mar g§Km| Ho$ H$m`Xo Ho$ AZwgma hmoVm h¡& AbJ AbJ amÁ`m| _| dhm± Ho$ H$m`Xo Ho$AZwgma ghH$mar g§Km| H$s ñWmnZm hmoVr h¡&

ghH$mar g§K H$s aMZm Ho$ {bE H$_ go H$_ 10 gXñ`m| H$s Oê$aV hmoVr h¡& EH$hr ñWmZ H$s {Zdmgr hmoZm Mm{hE& EH$ hr dJ© Ho$ bmoJ hm| Am¡a EH$ àH$ma H$s d¥{ÎmH$m AZwgaU H$aZodmbo hmoZm Mm{hE& EH$ àH$ma H$s Am{W©H$ Amdí`H$Vm hmoZm Mm{hE&BZH$mo àdV©H$ H$hVo h¢& o {ZYm©[aV ànÌ _| g^r {ddaU V¡ ma H$aHo$ {Obm ñVa Ho$ghH$mar g§K Ho$ n§OrH$aU A{YH$mar H$mo {ZYm©[aV XñVmdoOm| Ho$ gmW àñVwV H$aZmn‹S>Vm h¡& Bg ànÌ _| g§K H$m Zm_, ñWmnZm Ho$ ñWmZ H$m nVm, g§K Ho$ CÔoí` g§K Ho$H$m`©joÌ H$s ì`mpßV eo`am| go g§J«h hmoZodmbr nw§Or gXñ`m| H$s ghH$m[aVm Am{X{df`m| H$mo {bIZm n‹S>Vm h¡& BZH$mo g§K H$s "Cn{d{Y`m±' (by-law) H$hm OmVm h¡&AmdoXZ Am¡a Cn{d{Y AWdm Cn{Z`_m| H$mo àmßV H$aZo Ho$ ~mX àm§Vr` n§OrH$aUA{YH$mar Om±M n[aerbZ H$aHo$ {Z`_mZwgma g§K H$mo à_mU nÌ XoVo h¢&

ghH$mar g§Km| Ho$ gm_mÝ` bjU

1. o ñd §ào[aV g§ñWm h¢&

2. `hm± H$m gXñ`Ëd Om{V-Y_©, {~Zm dJ© Ho$, qbJ {Zanoj Ûmam àmßV {H$`mOmVm h¡&

3. `hm± gXñ`m| H$s g§»`m H$s H$moB© nm~§Xr Zht hmoVr&

4. `hm± bmoH$V§Ìr` ê$n H$m àemgZ hmoVm h¡& _Vb~ gm_mÝ` gXñ`m| H$s~¡R>H$ _| g~H$mo CnpñWV ahZm n‹S>Vm h¡& gXñ` {H$VZr hr nw§Or O_m{H$`m hmo g§K Ho$ _VXmZ _| EH$ hr "dmoQ>' (vote) Mbm gH$Vm h¡&

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5. g§ñWm Ho$ bm^ H$mo nw§Or O_m Ho$ AZwgma ~Q>dmam {H$`m OmVm h¡ (6.25%go H$_ am{e Z hmo Eogm)

6. bm^m§e Ho$ EH$ ^mJ H$mo g§K Ho$ gm_mÝ` {Z{Y _| ñWmZm§VaU {H$`mOmVm h¡&

7. gaH$ma Ho$ Ûmam BZH$m {Z §ÌU hmoVm h¡&

ghH$mar g§K Ho$ àH$ma

1. G$U ghH$mar g§K (Credit Co-operative Societies)

2. CËnmXH$ ghH$mar g§K

3. CËnmXH$ ghmH$mar g§K

4. J«mhH$ ghH$mar g§K

5. H¥$fH$ ghH$mar g§K

6. J¥h{Z_m©U ghH$mar g§K

7. {d{dY godmAm| Ho$ ghH$mar g§K O¡go : e¡j{UH$ g§ñWmAm| H$s ñWmnZm,{Zd©hU nrZo Ho$ nmZr H$s Amny{V© Am{X&

ghH$mar g§K Ho$ à`moOZ (JwU)

BZH$s aMZm AmgmZr go hmoVr h¡& A{YH$ ny±Or H$s Oê$aV Zht n‹S>Vr& g~gXñ`m| Ho$ A{YH$ma g_mZ hmoVo h¢& gXñ`m| _| H$moB© oX-^md Zht hmoVm& bmoH$V§Ì`dñWm H$s Vah H$m_ Mbm`m OmVm h¡& gXñ`m| H$m CÎmaXm{`Ëd gr{_V ahVm h¡ &~MV H$aZo H$s AmXV ^r do H$a boVo h¢& ny§OrdmX Am¡a g_mOdmX Ho$ ~rM `h EH$CÎm_ _mÜ`_ h¡& "g~ bmoJm| Ho$ {bE _¢' Am¡a "_oao {bE g~ bmoJ' BgH$m Ü`o`hmoVm h¡&

ghH$mar g§K Ho$ Xmof

ny§Or H$s H$_r hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~¥hV² ê$n go boZ-XoZ Zht H$a gH$Vo & Zm¡H$am| H$m{_bZm _wpíH$b hmoVm h¡& A{YH$ma Am¡a n¡gm| H$m Xþén`moJ H$a boZo H$s g§ mdZm ahVrh¡& njnmV Am¡a [aídVImoar H$s ^r g§ mdZm hmoVr h¡&

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^maV _| ghH$mar nÕ{V H$m Am§XmobZ : 1904 _| ^maV _| ghH$mar g§Km| H$s

H$m`Xo Ho$ Omar {H$ o OmZo go ghH$ma g§Km| H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& 1912 _| A{Y{Z`_ Ho$

Ûmam n§OrH$aU H$mo A{Zdm © ~Zm`m J`m& ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZmAm| Ho$

A§VJ©V ghH$mar g§K A{YH$ àM{bV hmo J o& AmO h_mao Xoe _| H$ar~ 8,00, 000

(AmR> bmI) ghH$mar g§K h¡, H$Zm©Q>H$ _| gd©àW_ ghH$ma g§K H$s ñWmnZm JXJ

{Obm Ho$ "H$Um{JZ hmb' _| àma§ hþAm& ~|Jbya ZJa H|$Ð ghH$mar g§K 1905 _|

ApñVËd _| Am`m& YmadmS> {Obo _| ghH$ma g§Km| H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE A{YH$ _hËd

XoZo Ho$ H$maU Bg {Obm H$mo "ghH$mar g§Km| H$s Pwbm' H$hm J`m h¡&

2. g§ wŠV nw§Or g§ñWm (Joint Stock Companies)

Eogo g§ñWmAm| Ho$ H$m`m©MaU, {dñVaU, _mÝ`Vm {dgO©Z Am{X 1956 A{Y{Z`_

Ho$ {Z §ÌU _| h¡& Bg A{Y{Z`_ (Act) Ho$ AZwgma H§$nZr H$m AW© h¡ {H$ H$mZyZ Ho$

Ûmam {Z{_©V H¥$VH$ ì`pŠV {Za§Va CÎmam{YH$mar Am¡a gm_mÝ` _wÐm Ho$ gmW àË oH$

ApñVËd aIVo h¢& "hoZr' Ho$ AZwgma ny§Or g§ñWm ha EH$ AmX_r H$s ñd §ào[aV g§ñWm

h¡& `hm± H$s ny§Or hñVm§VaU H$aZodmbo eo am| (Share) ê$n _| hmoVm h¡& _m{bH$Xmar

gXñ`m| Ho$ {Z §ÌU _| hmoVr h¡&

g§ wŠV ny§Or g§ñWm Ho$ àH$ma

1.MmQ>©S>© (AdH«$sV) H§$n{Z`m± 2. gm§{d{YH$ (d¡Ym{ZH$) g§ñWm

3.n§OrH¥$V g§ñWm 4. gmPm| go (eo a) {Z`{_V g§ñWm

5.àË`m yV (Jma§Q>r) go {Z`{_V g§ñWm (H§$nZr)

6.A{Z`{_V H§$nZr 7. gaH$mar g§ñWm

8. {dXoer g§ñWm 9. {Z §ÌH$ g§ñWm (Holding)

10.AYrZ g§ñWm

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g§ wŠV ny§Or g§ñWmAm| (H§$nZr) H$s ñWmnZm

g§ wŠV nw§Or g§ñWmAm| H$s aMZm AZoH$ ñVam| go hþ r h¡ Omo {ZåZ{b{IV h¡&

1. aMZm

2. n§OrH$aU

3. nw§Or g§J«h AWdm gmPm g§J«h

4. ì`mnma H$m àma§

aMZm : Hw$N> bmoJ BH$Q²>R>o hmoH$a g§ñWm H$s ñWmnZm H$aVo h¢ BÝh| àdV©H$

(àma§ H$Vm©) H$hm OmVm h¡& ì`mnma H$s àñVmdZm Ho$ {ddaU Am¡a Amdí`H$Vm H$mo

g§J«h H$aHo$ ì`mnma Ho$ àma§ H$aZo H$mo Am{W©H$ ghm`Vm XoVo h¢& n§OrH$aU Ho$ {bE

g§JR>Z H$m {dZVr nÌ-{b{IV XñVmdoO Am{X Amdí`H$ nÌm| H$mo V¡ ma H$aHo$ n§OrH$aU

A{YH$mar Ho$ `hm± n§Or Ho$ {bE àñVwV H$aVo h¢& gmP ny§Or Ho$ gmd©O{ZH$ H§$n{Z`m| Ho$

{bE Amdí`H$ ny§Or g§J«h H$aVo h¢& ì`mnma àma§ H$aZo H$aZo go g§~§{YV à_mUnÌ

àmßV H$aVo h¢ & H§$nZr Ho$ àW_ {ZX}eH$ ~ZH$a g§ñWm H$m nmbZ nmofU H$aVo h¢&

n§OrH$aU (Registration) : gmd©O{ZH$ H§$nZr H$s n§OrH$aU Ho$ {bE Zm_

M`Z H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& `h Zm_ BgHo$ nyd© ApñVËd _| Zht ahZm Mm{hE Am¡a gaH$ma

Ho$ Am{jV H§$nZr Ho$ Zm_ go Ow‹S>Zm Zht Mm{hE& H§$nZr Ho$ n§OrH$aU Ho$ {bE g§KQ>Z

H$m `mMZm nÌ {b{IV XñVmdoOm| Ho$ gmW n§OrH$aU A{YH$mar H$mo àñVwV H$aZm h¡&

XñVmdoOm| _| {ZYm©[aV g^r {df`m| H$m CëboI hmoZm Mm{hE& CXm : H§$nZr H$m Zm_,

àW_ gmW àdV©H$m| Ho$ hñVmja, CZH$m nVm, AZw_{V nÌ, EH$ Jdmh hmoZm Mm{hE&

H§$nZr H$s Hw$b AbJ AbJ àH$ma Ho$ gmP (Shares), CZH$m {d^mOZ Am{X

A{Y{Z`_m| Ho$ nÌ na gdm}ÀM Ý`m`mb` Ho$ dH$sb AWdm boInmb H$m hñVmja ahZm

Mm{hE& BZ g^r A§em| H$mo nyam H$aZo Ho$ ~mX {ZYm©[aV ewëH$ O_m H$aHo$ n§OrH$aU Ho$

{bE àñVwV H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡& n§OrH$aU A{YH$mar g~ {df`m| H$m n[aerbZ H$aHo$

VwîQ>rH$aU Ho$ ~mX n§OrH$aU H$aHo$ à_mUnÌ XoVo h¢&

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H§$nZr (g§ñWm) H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ AË §V à_wI nÌ

l g§JR>Z H$m {ddaU nÌ

l {b{IV boI (Articles)

g§KQ>Z Ho$ {ddaU nÌ _| H§$nZr Ho$ H$V©ì`, CÔoí`, Hw$b nw§Or, {d{dY àH$ma Ho$gmP (shares) Am{X H$m {ddaU hmoZm Mm{hE& g§JR>Z H$m {b{IV boI àemgZ gog§~§{YV {ddaU ^r hmoZm Mm{hE&

ny§Or H$m A§eXmZ (Subscription) : n§OrH$aU à_mU nÌ àmßVr Ho$ ~mX{ZXoeH$ bmoJm| go ny§Or g§J«h Ho$ {bE n[aM` nÌ H$m àMma H$aVo h¢& gmd©O{ZH$m| gogmPm| H$m g§J«h hmoVm h¡& J¡a-gaH$mar g§ñWm n[aM` nÌ H$m àMma Zht H$a gH$Vm&BgHo$ ~Xbo _| {ddaU nÌ n§OrH$aU A{YH$mar H$mo XoVo h¢&

ì`mnma H$m àma§^ (Registration) : n§OrH$aU A{YH$mar KmofUmnÌ H$mon[aerbZ H$aHo$ VwîR>rH$aU Ho$ ~mX ì`dhma àma§ H$aZo go g§~§{YV à_mU nÌ XoVo h¢& BgHo$ ~mX g§ñWm ì`mnma àma§ H$a gH$Vr h¡&

g§ wŠV ny§Or g§ñWm Ho$ JwU

1. Bg g§ñWm Ho$ gXñ`m| H$s {Oå_oXmar gr{_V ahVr h¡& ì_Vb~ H§$nZr H$moH$moB© ZwH$gmZ nhþ±MVr h¡ Vmo AWdm H$O©Xmam| H$mo H$O© bm¡Q>mZm Z _w_{H$Z hmoVmo eo aXmVmAm| H$s {Oå_oXmar CZH$s eo a (gmPm) Ho$ én`m| VH$ gr{_VhmoVm h¡&

2. g§`wŠV ny§Or g§ñWmAm| _| eo`aXmVmAm| (ny§Or O_m H$aZo H$s) gr_m ZhthmoVr& Bg{bE A{YH$ ny§Or g§J«h A{YH$ hmoVr h¡&

3. gmPoXma AnZo gmPm| H$mo hñVm§VaU H$aZo H$m AdH$me hmoZo Ho$ H$maUgmd©O{ZH$ A{YH$ _mÌm _| ny§Or O_m H$aVo h¢&

4. g§ wŠV AWdm ^mJrXmar ny§Or g§ñWm H$mo H$mZyZ H$s gwajm {_bVr h¡& H$moB©gmPoXma H$s _¥Ë w hmoZo na AWdm H§$nZr H$mo ZwH$gmZ nhþ±MmZo na ^r H§$nZrH$mo ~§X H$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡&

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5. A{YH$ nw§Or Am¡a H$m ©Hw$ebVm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ~‹S>o ì`dhma Mbm gH$Vo h¢ &

6. A{YH$ _mÌm _| CËnmXZ ^r H$a gH$Vo h¢, gm_mÝ`V… CËnr{S>V dñVwAm| H$mXa H$_ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU ñnYm©Ë_H$ Xa _| {~H«$s H$a gH$Vo h¢&

7. A{YH$ bmoJm| H$mo Zm¡H$ar {_b gH$Vr h¡& bmoJm| _| ~MV H$s ^mdZmH$m {dH$mg hmoVm h¡& gaH$ma H$mo {Z`{_V H$a AXm H$aZo go Xoe H$sAm` ~‹T>Vr h¡&

8. {dXoer {d{Z_` H$mo àmoËgmh {_bZo Ho$ H$maU ^r Xoe H$mo bm^ àmßVhmoVm h¡&

9. {deofkm| H$s godm H$s ghm`Vm go àemgZ Mbm gH$Vo h¢&

g§ wŠV ny§Or g§ñWm Ho$ JwU

1. BZHo$ ApñVËd _| bmZo A{YH$ YZam{e H$s Oê$aV hmoVr h¡& AZoH$ {Z`_m|H$m nmbZ H$aZm n‹S>Vm h¡&

2. gmPXma H§$nZr Ho$ {ZOr _m{bH$ hmoVo h¢& do H§$nZr Ho$ {H«$`mH$bmnm| _| ^mJZht boVo& {ZXoeH$ H§$nZr H$s XoIaoI g§ mbVo h¢, gmPoXma gm_mÝ` dm{f©H$~¡R>H$ _| ^r A{YH$ _mÌm _| ^mJ Zht boVo h¢&

3. {ZOr _m{bH$ Am¡a Zm¡H$am| Ho$ ~rM {ZH$Q> g§~§Y Zht hmoVm&

4. gr{_V CÎmaXm`r Ho$ H$maU {ZXoeH$ JbV {ZU© ^r bo gH$Vo h¢&

5. H§$nZr H$m A{YH$ma Hw$N> hr ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ de _| hmoVm h¡& H$B© ~ma dogdm©{YH$mar H$s Vah ì`dhma H$aVo h¢&

6. Hw$N> g§X^m] _| ~‹S>o gmd©O{ZH$ g§ wŠV ny§Or g§ñWm gaH$ma H$mo AnZo de _|H$aZo H$s g§ mdZm hmoVr h¡&

3. ~hþamîQ´>r` H§$nZr : Bg àH$ma Ho$ ì`dhma g§ñWm H$m OÝ_ 1860 B©. nyd© hr hþAmWm& {ÛVr` _hm wÕ Ho$ ~mX BZH$mo àMwaVm {_br& àma§ _| A_o[aH$m g§ wŠV g§ñWmZ

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hr BZH$m _m`H$m Wm& ~mX _| `wamon VWm OmnmZ Xoem| _| ^r BZH$m OÝ_ hþAm&AmOH$b A{^d¥{Õerb amîQ´>m| _| ^r Eogr g§ñWmE± h¢& CXm - X{jU H$mo[a`m (Q>mQ>m-{~bm©, ^maV Ho$ à_wI ~hþamîQ´>r` H§$n{Z`m± h¡)

~hþamîQ´>r` H§$nZr H$m AW© Am¡a {ddaU : Eogr H§$n{Z`m| Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$Xoem| _| AnZm ApñVËd aIVo h¢, Am¡a H$m © {Zd©hU H$aVo h¢& A§Vam©îQ´>r` l{_H$ g§K(ILO) H$s anQ> Ho$ AZwgma Eogo H§$n{Z`m| H$m {Zd©hU H$m H|$ÐñWmZ H$moB© EH$ Xoe _|hmoVm h¡& AÝ` Xoem| _| do AnZm ì`dhma H$aVo h¢& CXm : gmoZr (Sony) (OmnmZ)H$moH$H$mobm (USA), ñ`m_g§J (X. H$mo[a`m), qhXþñWmZ {bda (U.K), {\${bßg(hmb|S>) ½bmñH$mo (U.K) Am{X& H|$ÐñWmZ H$m Xoe _mV¥ y{_ (_m`H$m) h¡& AÝ` XoeAml`XmVm H$hbmVo h¢&

bjU

1. o ~¥hV² H§$n{Z`m± hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Om`XmX Am¡a boZ-XoZ ~‹S>r _mÌm _| hmoVo h¢&

2. o H${ZîQ>V_ N>…(six) Xoem| _| H$m © {Zd©hU H$aVo h¢&

3. o AnZo ì`mnma H$s ì`mpßV _| pñWV Xoem| _| ^r dñVwAm| H$m CËnmXZ H$aVo h¢&

4. o AZoH$ Xoem| _| CËnmXZ, {dH«$`, AÝ` gw{dYmAm| H$mo àmpßV {H$ o hþE h¢&

5. o {díd ì`mnma _| AnZr àYmZ y{_H$m {Z^mVo h¢&

6. o H|$Ð H$Mhar Ho$ {Z §ÌU _| H$m_ H$aVo h¢&

7. AnZr ì`mpßV Ho$ Xoem| _| ^r Vm§{ÌH$ gw{dYm àXmZ H$aVo h¢&

_mV¥ y{_ Xoem| Ho$ {bE BZH$m à`moOZ / bm^

1. H$m_ Xm_m| _o_ Aml`XmVm Xoem| go H$ÀMm _mb àmßV H$a gH$Vo h¢&

2. Aml`XmVm Xoem| go V§ÌkmZ Am¡a àemg{ZH$ Hw$ebVm H$mo nm gH$Vo h¢&

3. Am{VWo` (Aml`XmVm) Xoem| H$mo H$ÀMm _mb Am¡a CËnm{XV dñVwAm| H$mo{Z`m©V H$aZo go A{YH$ bm^ nm gH$Vo h¢&

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4. Am{VWo` Xoem| Ho$ bm^m§e Ho$ gmW amOYZ (royalty) Am¡a àemg{ZH$g_Pm¡Vo go ^r A{YH$ Am` nm gH$Vo h¢&

5. _mV¥ y{_ (_m`H$m) Xoe _| A{YH$ _mÌm _| CÚmoJ AdH$me bmVo h¢&

Am{WVo Xoem| Ho$ {bE bm^ / à`moOZ

1. Am{VWo Xoem| _| ny§Or O_m H$aZo Ho$ ñVa H$mo D±$Mm CR>mVo h¢&

2. AJa Am{VWo Xoe {dH$mgerb Xoe hm| Vmo CÝh| V§ÌkmZ H$s gw{dYm àXmZH$aVo h¢& àemgZ _| V§ÌkmZ Ho$ Ûmam H«$m§{V bmVo h¢&

3. Am{VWo Xoem| Ho$ {Z`m©V ~‹T>mH$a Am`mV H$mo H$_ H$amVo h¢&

4. CÎm_ JwUñVa Ho$ dñVwAm| Ho$ {Z_m©U _| ghm`Vm àXmZ H$aVo h¢&

5. Am{VWo Xoem| _| Zm¡H$ar Ho$ A{YH$ AdH$me H$amVo h¢, g§emoYZ Am¡a A{^d¥{Õì`dñWm H$s CÝZ{V _| _XX H$aVo h¢&

6. Am§V[aH$ g§gmYZ H$m Á`mXm Cn`moJ H$amVo h¢&

~hþamîQ´>r` H§$nZr Ho$ Xmof

A{YH$ bm^ {ZOr Xoe H$mo OmVm h¡& {ZOr Xoem| H$s à~bVm go Am{VWo Xoe H$sAm{W©H$ àJ{V bwßV hmoVm h¡, EH$m{YnË` hmoVm h¡, Am{VWo Xoem| Ho$ Z¡g{J©H$ g§gmYZH$_ hmo gH$Vo h¢, Eogr H§$nZrdmbo H$am| go ~MZo Ho$ _mJ© Ty>±T>Vo h¡& o H§$n{Z`m± Am{VWoXoem| _| Am{W©H$ emofU H$aVo h¢& Am{VWo` Xoem| go A{YH$ ny§Or BH$Q²>R>m H$aVo h¢&V§ÌkmZ H$s gw{dYm _| ^r H$Q>m¡Vr hmoVr h¡& H$B© g§X^m] _| o Am{VWo Xoe Ho$ amOH$s`ì`dhma _| ^r hñVjon H$aVo h¢&

Am¡Úmo{JH$ Zr{V Ho$ H$maU ^maV Xoe _| nhbo {dXoer ny§Or g§J«h Ho$ ~mYm | Wr&1991 Ho$ Am{W©H$ Zr{V Ho$ CXmadmX go AZoH$ ~hþamîQ´>r` H§$n{Z`m± AnZo H$m ©joÌ H$mo{dñV¥V ~Zm {b o h¢, AZoH$ ^maVr` H§$n{Z`m± ^r {dXoem| _| ì`dhma H$aZo Ho$ Ûmam~hþamîQ´>r` H§$nZr hmo MwHo$ h¢& CXm : {dàmo, BÝ\$mo{gg, AmOH$b H$ar~ 40 ~hþamîQ´>r`H§$nZr ^maV _| h¢& ì`dhma g§JR>Z Ho$ {d{dY àH$mam| _| {ZOr joÌ Ho$ EH$m{YnË`

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g§ñWm, ^mJrXmar g§ñWm, {hÝXþ A{d^ŠV nm[adm[aH$ ì`dhma g§ñWm, ghH$mar g§Kg§`wŠV ny§Or g§ñWm Am¡a ~hþamîQ´>r` H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ ~mao _| A~VH$ g§{jßV OmZH$marh_Zo àmßV {H$`m h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm gaH$mar CÚ_, g§ wŠV joÌ H$s g§ñWmE±, bmoH$mon`moJrgodm g§ñWm Am{X àM{bV h¢&

1. gaH$mar CÚ_ : gaH$mar CÚ_m| H$mo gmd©O{ZH$ CÚ_ H$hm OmVm h¡&gmd©O{ZH$m| Ho$ à`moOZ Ho$ {bE gaH$ma Ho$ _m{bH$Ëd _| `h ahVm h¡& `hgaH$ma H$m EH$ ^mJ hmoH$a g§~§{YV g{Md Ho$ {Z §ÌU _| H$m_ H$aVm h¡&BÝh| H|$ÐgaH$ma, amÁ`gaH$ma AWdm nwag^mdmbo àma§ H$aHo$ AnZo AYrZ_| aIVo h¢& CXm : IXmZ (mining) CÚ_, BgnmV CÚ_, OhmO {Z_m©U,hdmB© OhmO Ho$ CnH$maU Am{X&

2. g§ wŠV joÌ H$s g§ñWm : gaH$ma Am¡a gmd©O{ZH$m| H$mo g§ wŠV _m{bH$Xmar_| o g§ñWm ahVo h¢& CXm : ^maV _| pñWV JwOamV amÁ` Ho$ amgm`{ZH$ Cd©aH§$nZr, H$mopÀMZ [a\¡$Zarg Am{X&

3. bmoH$mon`moJr godm g§ñWm : `o ^r gaH$mar CÚ_ h¢& bo{H$Z BZH$mogmd©O{ZH$ {hV H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a ñWm{nV {H$`m J`m h¡& bmoJm| H$s A{VAmdí` dñVwAm| H$s Amny{V© BZ g§ñWmAm| go hmoVr h¡& bm^ àmpßV H$m CÔoí``hm± Zht hmoVm & CXm : agmoB© A{Zb (Hw$pŠH¨$J J¡g), nmZr, {~Obr({dÚwV) aob, S>mH$, Xÿa^mf Am{X&

g§ wŠV ~Oma (Stock Exchange)

g§ wŠV ny§Or g§ñWmAm| H$s ny§Or H$mo N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o ^mJm| _| ~m±Q>Vo h¢& Bg ny§Or Ho$ à{VA§e H$mo gmPm (eo a) H$hVo h¢& BZ gmPm| H$mo G$UnÌm| H$mo IarXm Am¡a ~oMm OmgH$Vm h¢& g§ wŠV ny§Or Ho$ A{Y{Z`_ (Act) Ho$ AZwgma gmPoXma AnZo ApñVËd Ho$eo am| H$mo H$^r ^r ~oM gH$Vm h¡& H$moB© ^r IarXH$a gmPoXma ~Z gH$Vm h¡&

^maV Xoe _| 1875 _| gd©àW_ ~§~B© _| eo a ~mOma ApñVËd _| Am`m& AmO ^rdh à{gÕ eo`a ~mμOmam| _| go EH$ h¢& Xÿgao eo`a ~mOma _mÜ`{_H$ eo`a ~mOma

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H$hbmVo h¢, Omo {g\©$ n§OrH¥$V H§$n{Z`m| Ho$ eo am| H$mo {dH«$` H$aZo H$m _m¡H$m XoVo h¢&AmO H$mobH$Îmm eo a ~mOma, ~|Jbya eo a ~mOma Am{X gyMZm _mÜ`_ Ho$ Ûmam eo am|H$m H«$`-{dH«$` H$aHo$ B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ Ûmam ì`dhma MbmZo _| _XX {H$ o h¢& o g^r àH$maHo$ eo a ~mOma godr (SEBI)(Securities and Exchange Board of India) maVr`eo a ~mOma gwajm g{_{V) Ho$ AmYrZ _| hmoVo h¢&

Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m|| _| Imbr OJh ^[aE :

1. ^maV _| ghH$mar g§Km| H$s aMZm ghH$mar g§K A{Y{Z`_ (Act)___________________

Ho$ Ûmam {Z §{ÌV h¡&

2. {díd _| gd©àW_ ghH$mar g§K ___________________

Xoe _| ___________________

Ho$Ûmam ñWm{nV hþAm&

3. ghH$mar g§Km| _| gXñ`m| H$s g§»`m H${ZîQ>V_ ___________________

hmoVr h¡&

4. ghH$mar g§K ___________________

A{YH$mar go ___________________

à_mUnÌ àmßVH$aZo na ApñVËd _| AmVo h¢&

5. H$Zm©Q>H$ _| àW_ ghH$mar g§K ___________________

_| àma§ hþAm&

6. g§ wŠV ny§Or g§ñWm H$m àW_ ñVa ___________________

h¡&

7. g§`wŠV ny§Or g§ñWm H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE à_wI nÌ ___________________

Am¡a___________________

h¢&

8. ~hþamîQ´>r` H§$n{Z`m± gd©àW_ ___________________

Xoe _| ApñVËd _| Am`r&

9. ^maV _| {ZOr ñdm{_Ëd (_m{bH$Ëd) àmßV ~hþamîQ´>r` H§$nZr Ho$ CXmhaU___________________

Am¡a ___________________

h¡&

10. ^maV _| gd©àW_ eo a ~mOma ___________________

_| àma§ hþAm&

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II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :

1. bmoH$mon`moJr godm g§ñWmAm| Ho$ Mma CXmhaU Xr{OE&

2. ghH$mar g§K Ho$ H$moB© N>… bjU AWdm à`moOZ {b{IE&

3. ghH$mar g§K Ho$ àH$ma H$m¡Z go h¢?

4. ghH$mar g§Km| Ho$ _w»` à`moOZ (JwU) Am¡a Xmofm| Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&

5. g§ wŠV ny§Or H§$nZr Ho$ {d{dY ñVam| Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&

6. g§ wŠV ny§Or g§ñWm Ho$ à`moOZ Š`m h¢?

7. ~hþamîQ´>r` H§$n{Z`m| go {ZOr Xoe Ho$ {bE H$m¡Z-go à`moOZ hmoVo h¢?

8. eo a ~mOma Ho$ à_wI H$V©ì` H$m¡Z-go h¢?

III. à{H«$`m :

AnZo AÜ`mnH$m| H$s ghm`Vm go AmnH$s nmR>embm _| EH$ ghH$mar g§Kàma§ H$s{OE&

All power is within you. You can do anything andeverything. Believe in that. Do not believe that you areweak; do not believe that you are half-crazy lunatics, asmost of us do nowadays. Stand up and express the divinitywithin you.

- Swami Vivekananda

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