Be prepared to give me three reasons why you AGREE or DISAGREE with the statement below. Does anonymity on the web give

people too much license to heckle and torment others?

Argument

An argument expresses a position on an issue or problem and supports it with reasons and evidence.

Being able to evaluate arguments will help you distinguish between claims you should accept and those you should reject.

Parts of an argument

Claim (thesis)The writers

position on the issue or problem

SupportAny material used

to prove your claim.

ReasonsDeclarations

made to justify an action, decision or

belief.

EvidenceSpecific

references, quotations, facts or examples that support a claim.

(statistics, research etc…)

Counter Argument

An argument made to oppose another

argument. A good argument anticipates opposing claims and

provides counter arguments.

Motorcycle Helmet BillPage 655

Persuasive Techniques

Persuasive techniques are used to sway an audience to believe or act a certain way.

Commercials, political speeches and newspaper opinion pieces all use these.

Persuasive TechniquesPage 656

Persuasive Technique /Definition

Example

Bandwagon Appeal

Testimonial

“Plain Folks”

Transfer

Ethical Appeal

Appeals to pity, fear or vanity

Loaded Language

Persuasive TechniquesFrom -The Gift of Life (page 657) Speech by Tommy Thompson

This month in Fresno, California, members of the Hispanic community gathered . . . to remember 19-year-old Maribel Cordova. Maribel had received an identification card this year and told her mother she wanted to become a donor.Two weeks later, a damaged blood vessel in her head tragically cut her life short.Because of Maribel’s selfless act, others lived. A 35-year-old man from Northern California received her lungs. A 66-year-old Southern California woman got her liver. . . .These are the human experiences of hope out of loss, of life out of death, that touch and motivate us, that drive us to do everything within our power to promote organ and tissue donation. Through education, outreach, science and the vitally important work of people like you, we will reach that future when organ donation is, quite simply, a fact of life.

Warm-Up10-29-14

WhoProof: heEx: Who (he) was singing?_________________________________________WhomProof: himEx: She said this to (him) whom?

What argument is this painting making?

Logical Reasoning http://shmoop.com/video/inductive-vs-deductive-reasoning/

There are two different ways to use reasoning: deductive and inductive.

Deductive reasoning starts with a general theory, statement, or hypothesis and then works its way down to a conclusion based on evidence.

Inductive reasoning starts with a small observation or question and works its way to a theory by examining the related issues. (bottom up)

Logical Fallacies

Logical Fallacies-are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument.

FallaciesPage R24

Slippery Slope-This is a conclusion based on the premise that if A happens, then eventually through a series of small steps, through B, C,..., X, Y, Z will happen, too,Red HerringNon-SequiturPost HocBandwagonAd HominemFalse Authority

Slippery Slope if A happens, then eventually through a series of small steps, through B, C,..., X, Y, Z will happen, too,

Red Herring This is a diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues,

Non-Sequitur an argument in which its conclusion does not follow from its premises.

Post Hoc assumes that if 'A' occurred after 'B' then 'B' must have caused 'A.

Bandwagon There is truth in numbers

Ad Hominem This is an attack on the character of a person rather than his or her opinions or arguments

False Authority try to get readers to agree with us simply by impressing them with a famous name or by appealing to a supposed authority

Hasty Generalization

general statement is made on the basis of insufficient evidence or on the basis of only a few examples.

Bias a "slant"—a prejudice, or a particular point

of view that's based more on opinions than facts.

A writer may reveal a strongly positive or negative opinion about an issue by presenting only one way of looking at it.

A write with a strong bias will have evidence heavy on only one side. Like an unbalanced scale.

Evidence

Because I said so" only works for our parents. Ordinary non-parental types have to actually back up their arguments with evidence if they want people to get on board with their train of thought.

Types of Evidence

Personal Experience- If you have a lot of experience with something, people may believe the arguments you make based on that experience.

Stats and Facts- The beauty of basing an argument on stats and facts is that anyone can do it. Find some credible sources whose stats and facts back up what you're saying, and voilà: You've got evidence.

Evaluating Evidence

How do you know if your sources are credible—believable and authoritative—or not?

Consider the following: Authority Purpose/Intended Audience Objectivity

Evaluating Sources: Authority/objectivity

Who wrote the text? What are the authors credentials? Is there bias?

If it’s a Web Site:

Can you contact the author? Who does the author work for?

Purpose/Intended Audience

What is the purpose of the text?

Who is the intended audience of the text?

Evaluate the Evidence

Evaluate the Evidence

Put it all together

ArgumentsInductive or Deductive

Reasons-biased

-Logical fallacies

Counter Arguments

Evidence-Authority

-Audience/purpose and bias.