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BE COGNIZANT OF YOUR INTELLECT

 AN INVITATION TO YOU TO HAVE

 A DATE WITH YOUR PSYCHE

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 About Notion Press

Notion Press is a Self-Publishing platform to write, publish

& sell Print books and eBooks around the world. To learn

more, visit www.notionpress.com

BE COGNIZANT OF YOUR INTELLECT is a product of 

the Notion Press Author Incubation Program.

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BE COGNIZANT OF YOUR INTELLECT

 AN INVITATION TO YOU TO HAVE

 A DATE WITH YOUR PSYCHE

Major (Retd.) A. Arokiasamy 

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Notion Press5 Muthu Kalathy Street, Triplicane, Chennai - 600005

First Published by Notion Press

Copyright © Major (Retd.) A. Arokiasamy 2013

 All Rights Reserved.

ISBN: 9789383185399

 This book is sold subject to condition that it shall not by way 

of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold or hired out, circulatedand no reproduction in any form, in whole or in part (except

for brief quotations in critical articles or reviews) may be

made without written permission of the publishers.

 This book has been published in good faith that the work of 

the author is original. All efforts have been taken to make

the material error-free. However, the author and the publisher

disclaim the responsibility for any inadvertent errors.

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 My Parents,

 My Wife,

 My Children, and 

 My Grandchildren

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Contents

iOpinion of a Student

iiiPREFACE

1INTRODUCTION

1INTELLECT, AN OVERVIEW

2INTELLECT-NEURAL ACTS

4DEFINITION OF HUMAN INTELLECT

6BENEFITS OF STUDYING HUMANINTELLECT

10HUMAN ADAPTATION TO THEENVIRONMENT

11 ADJUSTMENT WITH SELF11THE CONCEPT OF SELF

14REAL & IDEAL CONCEPTS OF SELF

14SELF CONFIDENCE

15NEGATIVE SELF IMAGE

16HUMAN BELIEF SYSTEM

17 ASSERTIVENESS IN BEHAVIOUR 

21 ADJUSTMENT WITH THE PEOPLE

25 ADJUSTMENT WITH NATURE

26INTELLECT- NEURAL ACTS

26NEURON

27THE NERVOUS SYSTEM28 AUTOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

28THE SENSORY RECEPTORS

29SENSE OF KINESTHESIA 

29BRAIN & ITS PARTS

31RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM

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32CEREBRUM

32FRONTAL LOBES

33OCCIPITAL LOBES

33PARIETAL LOBES

34TEMPORAL LOBES

35 ASSOCIATION AREAS

35NEURAL COMMUNICATION

36LIMBIC SYSTEM

38FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT REACTION

41HUMAN INTELLECT - THE ROLES PLAYEDBY EVOLUSION & THE GROWTH &DEVELOPMENT

41THE ROLE OF EVOLUTION

46THE ROLE OF GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT

52THEORIES OF THE HUMAN INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES

53THEORY OF UNITARY ENTITY OFINTELLECT

53THEORY OF TWO-FACTOR INTELLECT

54THEORY OF FLUID AND CRYSTALLIZEDINTELLECT

55THEORY OF TRIARCHIC INTELLECT

58THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES

59 VERBAL/LINGUISTIC INTELLECTUAL ABILITY 

59LOGICAL/MATHEMATICAL INTELLECTUAL ABILITY 

61 VISUAL/SPATIAL INTELLECTUAL ABILITY 

61MUSICAL/RHYTHMIC INTELLECTUAL ABILITY 

62KINESTHETIC INTELLECTUAL ABILITY 

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62INTERPERSONAL INTELLECTUAL ABILITY 

63INTRAPERSONAL INTELLECTUAL ABILITY 

64NATURALISTIC INTELLECTUAL ABILITY 

65IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF THE MIND

65THOUGHT

66MEMORY AND FORGETTING

71SLEEP, ATTENTION, AND DREAMS

73SPEECH

74LEARNING

80EMOTION & EMOTIONAL INTELLECT

82MOTIVATION

84CREATIVITY 

85LEADERSHIP

86PERCEPTION

86FACE RECOGNITION

92INTUITION

93IMAGINATION

94 VISUAL PRIMING

94HYPNOTISM

96EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION

97TELEPRESENCE

98DEFENCE MECHANISMS

102FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN INTELLECT

102BIOLOGICAL FACTORS102BRAIN STRUCTURE, VOLUME, AND WEIGHT

103HEREDITY 

104MENTAL RETARDATIONS

108HEALTH

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109GENDER DIFFERENCE

109ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

110PRE AND POST-NATAL ENVIRONMENT

110SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

111PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

112MENTAL DISORDERS

112HYPERTENSION

113NEUROGENIC SHOCK AND FAINTING

114KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME

114DISORDERS OF INFANCY, CHILDHOOD, AND ADOLESCENCE

114DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOUR IN CHILDREN

117FEEDING AND EATING DISORDERS

117MOOD DISORDERS

120 ANXIETY DISORDERS

121OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER 

122POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER 

122DISSOCIATIVE AND SOMATOFORM

DISORDERS124SOMATOFORM DISORDERS

125SLEEP DISORDERS

126SEXUAL AND GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER 

128PERSONALITY DISORDERS

131SUBSTANCE RELATED DISORDERS

132RACE, GROUP, LANGUAGE, AND CULTURE

132PUBLIC POLICIES

132ETHICAL, LEGAL, AND SOCIAL ISSUES

134PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING

134PURPOSE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING

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135DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

137INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT IQ

138NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION OF IQSCORES

140TESTING AREAS AND TESTING TIMES

141WESHLER INTELLIGENCE TEST SCALES

144THE IQ REFERENCE CHART

145POPULAR PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

145INTELLIGENCE TESTS

148PERSONALITY TESTS

148 ATTITUDE TESTS

149 APTITUDE TESTS

150INTEREST PREFERENCE TESTS

150CREATIVITY TESTS

150MENTAL RETARDATION TESTS

151INDIAN ADOPTATION OF PSYCHOLOGICALTESTS

153STANDARDIZATION OF TEST INSTRUMENTS

154THE MISMEASURE OF MAN155OUTDATED METHODOLOGY 

156OPINION OF APA ON IQ TESTING

158FLYN EFFECT AND THE REVISION OF TESTINSTRUMENTS

159STANDARDIZATION OF PSYCHOLOGICALTESTS

163 APPENDIX A 

163FEW RELEVANT PROPERTIES OFSTATISTICS

169 APPENDIX B

169REFERENCES

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Opinion of a Student

The book “BE COGNIZANT OF YOUR INTELLECT ”authored by Major A. Arokiasamy, who is the friendof my father, invites the reader to have a date withhis/her psyche. On seeing this, I started reading thebook and I found that the information and the style

of narration build up curiosity and maintain it till theend.

The author clearly delineates the meaning, utility,and the importance of intelligence in human life. Heexplains the complex process of learning in a very 

simple manner. The young readers like me must be very happy to know that majority of the population isgifted with adequate intelligence that is good enoughto develop a good attitude, a good lifestyle, and a goodsocial cognition.

My most favourite part of the book is the chapteron the important functions of the mind because itengages the readers in thinking about the thinking.The benefits of reading about human intellect and thebenefits of psychological testing are thought provoking.The author highlights the importance of the concept of self and shows how bad the unavoidable negative self 

image is and provides clues to keep it under control.

I know by now how the psychological tests, whichare being used in the selection of people for variouspurposes, are constructed, normalized, and updated to

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maintain reliability and validity of them. I fully agree

 with the author that the emotional quotient (EQ) is asimportant, if not more, as the intelligent quotient (IQ)for how we behave because emotionally high strungindividuals, I have seen, are poor performers.

E.A.E.A. Vinoj Vinoj PeterPeter B.E.B.E. IIIIII year, year,

TRPTRP EngineeringEngineering College,College, SRMSRM Group,Group,

TiruchiTiruchi District,District, Tamilnadu,Tamilnadu, India.India.

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PREFACE

I wished to bring the concept of human intellect intothe focus of the public, particularly the educators,students and parents, the workers and the workforcehirers in the public and the private sectors, and thepeople in governmental and the non-governmental

organizations who are responsible for the educationand welfare of the mentally ill and the mentally retarded people, the people in the hospitality industry,the retired population that wants to be healthy at thefag end of their lives, and all those who believe thatintellect plays a very big role in the lives of all humanbeings.

I am confident that the reader would have a refreshingexperience on reading this book for he/she wouldbe digging then dispassionately into his/her mind insearch of its powers for using them amicably and

 would be admiring the way they work as faithfuland selfless servants in more than one ways whenemployed in changing the attitude and life style of 

him/her.

Inspired and buoyed by the way an adult who hadtaken pains to become knowledgeable of his/her ownmental powers, enthralls others with his/her intellect,

 wit, and wisdom, while another adult who is equally intelligent but paid no heed to find his/her ownmental states and powers, falls prey to his/her own

idiosyncrasies, I wrote this book believing it to be aknowledge bin of human intellect so that the readercan forge an alliance with his never forsaking intellect

 with ease.

 All the psychological functions of the mind areultimately based on the biological functions of the

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brain and the other parts of the nervous system and

so, I have included some basic functional aspects of neuroscience in this book.

I have presented few definitions of human intellect by renowned psychologists, shown its distribution amongpeople in a society with the help of the Bell Curve,highlighted the need and the methods of measuringmental abilities, and showcased the necessity of the

statistical analysis of the IQ scores.

I have explained in simple terms the major mentalfunctions such as thought, sleep, learning, memory,attention, intuition, imagination, and perception andalso briefly explained the factors affecting those mentalfunctions. I have even touched upon few topics such

as Visual Priming, Hypnosis, Extrasensory Perception(ESP) and the Virtual Environment and Telepresenceto familiarize with and invoke interest in the readerto further up the study on such extraordinary mentalfunctions.

I have presented at appendix A some excerpts of themathematical statistics used in the statistical analysisof the normally distributed IQ scores and turned theattention of the reader to the fact that the designof all the modern psychological tests are based onthe normal distribution function of human intellect.I have also shown how psychologists standardize thetest instruments to ensure their stability, reliability, and

 validity.

I have burnt much midnight oil for making this book do its job the best way possible in all kinds of its readership. But it is you, the reader, can tellme whether I succeeded in my endeavour and howmuch did I achieve in it. Please e-mail or write your

 views and suggestions and your communication will

iv BE COGNIZANT OF YOUR INTELLECT

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be acknowledged, respected, valued, and may find a

reflection in the next edition of this book.

THANKSGIVINGTHANKSGIVING

I thank my wife Mrs. P. Nayagi, who is an epitome of impeccable manners, boundless love, and a lady withastounding patience, for the force for my work comesfrom her.

I am indebted to the Late Thiru. Xavier SanthosamM.A., who was a big thinker, a man of principles, andan eminent scholar in English, and above all a loveablepersonality, for without his encouragement, I might nothave started writing a book.

I thank Mr. Arul Raj of Thanjavur, the proprietor of  Ananya Publications, and his wife Amali for publishingmy first book, “Personality Development for the

 Youth”.

I thank Mr. Leo Lawrence, a software engineer workingin TCS and his wife Mrs. Aishwarya with whom Istayed in London where I could read many books andparticularly the Journals from libraries.

I thank Mr. Vijay Antony, a software geek working inIBM and his wife Mrs. Sengole Merlin, an AssistantProfessor in the Loyola ICAM College of Engineeringand Technology Chennai, for the assistance they rendered me in the preparation of the manuscript.

I thank Dr. Sathyavenkatesan, Consultant Family Physician and Diabetologist, K.K. Nagar Tiruchi, for

 virtually studying with me neuroscience once again toclear my doubts.

I thank Mr. E.P. Antony, an employee of HAPP Tiruchi,

PREFACE v  

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and his family for their contribution towards the

formation of the chapter on Psychological Testing.

I thank Mr. Balasubramani, the proprietor of asupporting industry to the BHEL at Tiruchi and hisfamily for asking mind blowing questions onpsychology that, in fact, maintained my interest torefer to books on psychology regularly.

I thank Mr. A. Mohamed Ismayil M.Sc., M.Phil.,PGDCA., Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous)Tiruchi, for his assistance in the preparation of appendix A and, particularly for the great help herendered during my M.S., Course.

MajorMajor (Retd.)(Retd.) A. A. Arokiasamy  Arokiasamy 

Email : nayagisamy@yahoo.com

Contact number : 9751611135

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« β Č »INTRODUCTION

INTELLECT, AN OVERVIEW

There is a powerful case for the importance of the

concept of intellect in human life and the study of it started acclaim in the world for the simple reasonthat it provides insight into the nature and meaningof human intellect, the delightful functional aspectsof intellect, the practical utilities of intellect, and thefactors controlling human intellect. According to thetheory of opposites, to our misfortune, intellect causesboth useful as well as harmful effects on human life.

Having decided once to explore into humanintellect as a knowledge-savvy person searching forthe useful tools and strategies for the smooth sailingthrough the tumultuous ocean called life, you thoughtbig and planned to act right. The really importantaspect of the knowledge on human intellect is that it

 will show the intellectual competencies you have and

the competencies you will have to acquire and also thegood and the bad instincts you have. A breathtakingly wide ranging exploration into the

functional aspects of the nervous system includingthe brain, made possible an advanced level of understanding of our cognitive capabilities presently.

 At the same time, it is also true that still, thereexists the conflict of interests for the study of human

intellect because we have many mysteries surroundingthe human mind and in the body-mind functionality and it seems, it will remain so unendingly too.

It is so, because as Ambrose Bierce in The Devil’sDictionary says, “Mind is a mysterious form of matter secreted by the brain; its chief activity consists in the endeavour to ascertain its own nature, the futility of   

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the attempt being due to the fact that it has nothing 

but itself to know itself with”.Moreover, we have many misgivings of what human

intellect is presumably because few men and women who engage themselves in the pontification of someideas about human intellect as if these ideas explainactually the recent thinking in the field, while they have practically little knowledge about its origin, itsdevelopment, and about the wide ranging abilities that

matter immensely for how we do in life.Notwithstanding the fact that there are many 

mysteries surrounding the functions of the mind,research findings express grave concern over the lack of interest in the study of human intellect and warnsabout the dangers human society will have to faceif necessary fundamental foundations for the

development of intellect in the early years are notlaid because childhood is the crucial period for thedevelopment of intellect as it is for the other aspectsof development.

The study also throws light on various useful thingsabout human intellect while driving home to us thefact that intellect is not fixed at birth except for thehereditary predispositions and so, human intellect canbe nurtured and strengthened throughout one’s life

 with the immediate benefits of health, interpersonalrelationship, and work efficiency.

I hope you are convinced that it would be inorder and rewarding to undertake a study of humanintellect in which we rely heavily on the testimony of the scholars who had founded the cognitive science

and find how intellect guides and helps human beingsto lead a productive and satisfied life by adequately adapting to their environment.

INTELLECT-NEURAL ACTS

 All life forms, even those with the under-developedcortex of their brains, have their own intellect akin to

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this universe and their life energy. The study of human

intellect, in fact, is the study of human cognition whichis nothing but the total information processing of thebrain.

The neural acts are characterized by the sensory-motor embodiment and the mental acts are broughtabout by the coherent participation of severalfunctionally distinct and geographically distributedregions of the brain and the other parts of the nervous

system.Neural activities cohere to produce an inner

dialogue called thinking. Brain, with the rest of thenervous system, functions as the mind by  thinking.Thinking that includes intuition and imagination is theinner dialogue to form up knowledge-structures on thesensory information received by the brain. Thinking

 varies among people and accordingly the perception varies in them.

We acquire knowledge, the storehouse of experiences, by the three processes: assimilation,organization, and accommodation. Assimilation  is theincorporation of new information into the already existing bank of knowledge structures. Accommodation is the modification of the existing knowledge structuresas a result of the exposure to the new information.Organization  is the systematic placement of theschemas based on the association they have with oneanother.

We know that every individual is unique and itis nothing different as per the intellect is concernedand we unwittingly grade people as slow, dull, blunt

and good-for-nothing on the one side and as sharp,bright, quick-in-uptake, witty, intelligent, street smart,and genius on the other side. All said and done weall very well know that this type of grading is crude.This crude grading works as the fore-runner for themodern grading of human intellect that is believed to

Major (Retd.) A. Arokiasamy 3

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BE COGNIZANT OF YOUR INTELLECT

 AN INVITATION TO YOU TO HAVE

 A DATE WITH YOUR PSYCHE