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y Writing skills help the learner gain independence,

comprehensibility, fluency and creativity in writing.If learners have mastered these skills, they will be

able to write so that not only they can read what

they have written, but other speakers of that

language can read and understand it.

y Writing skills are specific abilities which help

writers put their thoughts into words in a

meaningful form and to mentally interact with themessage.

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Use of letters:Use of letters:--

y Contacting potential customers and persuading them tobuy, making and answering complaints, making credit

enquiries, collecting dues, maintaining relations with the

public etc.

U must have a good knowledge of language.

Knowledge of working, procedures, policies, aims of

your organization.

Before writing a letter:Before writing a letter:--

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y Correctness

y Conciseness

y Clarity

y Courtesy

y Coherence

y Compactness

y Confidence

y Consideration

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Correctness:Correctness:--

y In spelling, grammar and use of language.y In appearance and form of layout.

y In the information it conveys.

y In tone, formality and style.

y Leaving out unnecessary modifiers.

y Reducing less important ideas to phrases orsingle words.

y Making sure that only the necessary andrelevant details.

Conciseness:Conciseness:--

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Clarity:Clarity:--y

Simple common everyday words.y Short and simple sentences.

y Proper punctuation.

y Giving definite and concrete details with figures and names.

y Logical sequence of ideas.

Courtesy:Courtesy:--

y Usage of words like please, thank you and sorry.

y Express appropriate feeling according to the situation.

y Make the other feel comfortable.

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Business jargon refers to words and phrases

which were used in old days.

The following jargon sentences often

appear in the opening paragraph:-

y I write in reference to

y In respect of the above

y This is to inform you

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In the content:-

y Deem it advisable

y As per your letter

y Wherein u state

In the closing paragraph:-

y Thanking you in anticipation

y I trust this clarifies the situationy Please do not hesitate to contact me

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It can be written in a framework of 4 points:-

y Opening/introduction

y Giving the required information

y Action/response from the writery Closing

First point One or two sentences

Second point Main content

Third and fourth point Ending part and takes only onesentence

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Appearance of the letter :-y Stationery

y Typingy Paragraphing

y Folding of the letter

y Address

Parts of the letter :-y Date : placed two line spaces below the heading on the

right.

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y Reference number: on the left on level with the

date.y Inside address : name and address of the receiver as it

appears on the envelope.

y Special markings : describes it is confidential.

y Subject line : adds to the clarity of the letter if it islong.

y Salutation : begins at the margin, two line spaces

below the inside address and is followed by a comma.

y Comp

liment

ary c

lose: two line spaces below the lastline.

y Signature : just below the complimentary close.

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A prcis is a clear

concise, orderly

summary of the

contents of a piece of

writing.

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How do you pronounce this strangeHow do you pronounce this strange

word?word?

y

Pray-see.Pray-See

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y Aprcis demonstrates that you have assimilated the keyinformation provided in an article.

y Prcis can be used as briefs, but are also very similar to

the first section of manuscript reviews for peer-reviewedjournals.

y Writing a prcis of an article is an excellent way oflearning material for the long term, and gives you arecord to jog your memory.

WhyWhy aa Prcis ?Prcis ?

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Places where a prcis could bePlaces where a prcis could be

used include:used include: To shorten or summarize:

Newspaper articles, legal papers and laws, rules and

regulations, announcements, directions, business letters,speeches and conversations, interviews, books and magazine

articles and lectures.It might seem like an

uphill battle right

now, but the prcis

is a format that youis of great use of in

your post secondary

schooling.

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y Count the number of

words in the original-yourprcis is 1/3 the length ofthe original.

y

Understand first. Readthe original piececarefully, and more thanonce!

WHAT? You mean I have to write a

prcis?How do I do that?

Step 1:CountStep 1:Count

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Step 2: Sentence condensingStep 2: Sentence condensing

y Understand the central

idea of each sentence.

Cross out unneeded

description.y Summarize each

sentence of the article

y Look at the example

on the right.

y Eg-

y There is no icon inCanadian business

more universallyrevered than TimHortons.

Would become

y Tim Hortons is arevered CanadianiconOR

y Tim Hortons is anicon in Canada(even shorter)

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Step 3: Use a dictionary!Step 3: Use a dictionary!

Look up any words, orallusions that youdont understand. Inthe previous

example, if youdidnt know what thework Icon meant,youd have missed

out on much of themeaning of thesentence.

Icon and revered. . . what the

heck do those words mean?

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Still on step 3. . .Still on step 3. . .

y Pick out key words,

think what theirrelation in thought is,

and in this way find the

central idea

y

Include all articles(a,an,the) and

prepositions

(in,on,out,of) that were

in the original.y Count contractions

(dont, cant) as 2

words!

There is a fine balance between cutting

out too much of the original, and getting

down to the length of the original

without loosing the overall essence.

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Step 4:Step 4: Express your ideas conciselyExpress your ideas concisely

y Omit interjections.(ah, alas, dear, eh, hey, hmm,

uh-oh)

y Omit appositives.

For eg :-

1.The insect, a large, hairy-legged cockroach that has spied my

bowl of oatmeal, is crawling across the kitchen table.2.The body was that of a peasant, the son of the village

blacksmith.

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y Omit words that are used for emphasis.

y Change similes and metaphors.

y Omit rhetorical questions by changing them

to statements of fact.y Use hyphenated words as they count only

one word.

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So to summarize:So to summarize:Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

Count words in

original

Cross out

description

Get a dictionary Omit interjections

Read

original

Summarize

sentences

-check for various

meanings

Omit appositives

Re-read

original

Summarize

paragraphs

-check for spelling Omit

emphasis words

Annotate original Check for overall

idea of

X all articles Change metaphor/

& similes

Understand

sentences

-each sentence

and

X all prepositions Omit rhetorical

Questions

Understand

paragraph meanings

-each paragraph Write your prcis!

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Dos forPrcisWriting Donts forPrcisWriting

Use your own language as far as

possible.

Avoid copying from the original.

Keep the same sequence of events,

ideas, arguments etc. which you find in

the original passage.

Do not give any title unless specifically

required.

Drop figures of speech, examples and

illustrations.

Do not dive divide your prcis into

paragraphs unless the original passage is

very long.

Give maximum information within the

required limit.

Do not change any facts.

Use indirect speech and the 3rd person. Do not make any comments.

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Note: ANote: A prcisprcis mustmust be anbe an originaloriginal

I must say, I am THE

originalwhat a lovely

specimen of a screen bean.y It must be an original.

Some quotes are stillacceptable.

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WhatWhat is a summary?is a summary?

y Asummary is a shortened passage, which retains

the essential information of the original. It is a fairly

brief restatement --- in your own words ---of the

contents of a passage.

y Note: you simply report back what the writer has said,

without making value judgments.

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CharacteristicsCharacteristics of a good summaryof a good summary

y Can be understood without reference to the

original.

y

Is a faithful reproduction of, or contains only theideas or information of, the original.

y Is a brief without any unnecessary detail.

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Writing a good summary demonstrates that you

clearly understand a text...and that you can

communicate that understanding to your readers.

A summary can be tricky to write at firstbecause its tempting to include too much or too

little information. But by following our easy 8-

step method, you will be able to summarize texts

quickly and successfully for any class or subject.

Steps in writing a summarySteps in writing a summary

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1)Divideand conquer. First off, skim the text you aregoing to summarize and divide it into sections. Focus on

any headings and subheadings. Also look at any bold-facedterms and make sure you understand them before youread.

2)Read. Now that youve prepared, go ahead and readthe selection. Read straight through. At this point, you

dont need to stop to look up anything that gives youtroublejust get a feel for the authors tone, style, andmain idea.

3)Reread. Rereading should be active reading. Underline

topic sentences and key facts. Label areas that you want torefer to as you write your summary. Also label areas thatshould be avoided because the detailsthough they maybe interestingare too specific. Identify areas that you donot understand and try to clarify those points.

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4)One sentence at a time. You should now have a firm grasp on the text youwill be summarizing. In steps 13, you divided the piece into sections and

located the authors main ideas and points. Now write down the main idea of

each section in one well-developed sentence. Make sure that what you

include in your sentences are key points, not minor details.

5) Write a thesis statement. This is the key to any well-written summary.Review the sentences you wrote in step 4. From them, you should be able to

create a thesis statement that clearly communicates what the entire text was

trying to achieve. If you find that you are not able to do this step, then you

should go back and make sure your sentences actually addressed key points.

6) Ready to write.At this point, your first draft is virtually done.Y

ou can usethe thesis statement as the introductory sentence of your summary, and your

other sentences can make up the body. Make sure that they are in order. Add

some transition words (then, however, also, moreover) that help with the

overall structure and flow of the summary. And once you are actually putting

pen to paper (or fingers to keys!), remember these tips:

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y Write in the present tense.

y Make sure to include the author and title of the

work.

y

Be concise: a summary should not be equal inlength to the original text.

y Don't put your own opinions, ideas, or

interpretations into the summary. The purpose ofwriting a summary is to accurately represent whatthe author wanted to say, not to provide a critique.

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7) Check for accuracy. Reread your summaryand make certain that you have accuratelyrepresented the authors ideas and key points.

Make sure that you have correctly cited anythingdirectly quoted from the text. Also check to makesure that your text does not contain your owncommentary on the piece.

8) Revise. Once you are certain that yoursummary is accurate, you should (as with anypiece of writing) revise it for style, grammar, andpunctuation. If you have time, give your summaryto someone else to read. This person should be

able to understand the main text based on yoursummary alone. If he or she does not, you mayhave focused too much on one area of the pieceand not enough on the authors main idea.

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TechniquesTechniques in summary writingin summary writing

y Paraphrasing

To paraphrase means to completely and

correctly express other peoples ideas in ones

own words.

y Grasping the central ideas.

y Condensation

Use synonyms

Change the structure of simple sentences

Turn complex sentences into simple sentences

Combine the sentences

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y Finding the topic sentence and making an

outline.

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y Read the original carefully and

comprehend its meaning wholly and

correctly.

y Consider the original article as a whole,

not in isolated sentences.

STEPS OFSTEPS OF

PARAPHRASINGPARAPHRASING

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From examination point of view :From examination point of view :--

yWhile writing a summary of a passage or an

executive summary, do not include the title

or the number of words.

y In case of a prcis, make sure to include the

title and the count of the number of words.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYEXECUTIVE SUMMARY

y An executive summary previews the main points of anin-depth report; it is written for nontechnical people

who don't have time to read the main report. Theexecutive report contains enough information for areader to get familiarized with what is discussed in thefull report without having to read it.

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Purpose of an ExecutivePurpose of an Executive SummarySummary

An Executive summary summarizes the content ofthe different sections of a report which is situatedbefore the main content of a report. The executive

summary allows the reader of a report to scan themost import elements of a full length report. Itprovides the main contents of a report in a nutshelland is the first part of a report that a reader willread.

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Instructions to write an executive summaryInstructions to write an executive summary

y Plan to create a summary each time you write a businessreport exceeding four pages. Write the summary after

you write the main report, and make sure it is no morethan one-tenth the length of the main report.

y List the main points the summary will cover in the sameorder they appear in the main report.

y Write a simple declarative sentence for each of the mainpoints.

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y Add supporting or explanatory sentences asneeded, avoiding unnecessary technicalmaterial and jargon.

y Read the summary slowly and critically,making sure it conveys your purpose,

message and key recommendations. Youwant readers to be able to skim the summarywithout missing the point of the main report.

y Check for errors of style, spelling, grammarand punctuation. Ask a fellow writer toproofread and edit the document.

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Comprehension is a two-fold process; it requires

understanding of what is presented, and reproducing

it as comprehended.

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The study reading speedThe study reading speed

y Is used for reading material which deals with

difficult arguments, ideas, notions etc.

y The comprehension should be read at study

reading speed because they have been designedto provide practice in the skill of reading with

near total comprehension.

y To improve your speed try to cultivate the habit

of looking at larger group of words and ofmoving ahead faster. The wider your eye-span,

the greater will be your speed.

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Hints to tackle passages:

y Read the passage to get its general meaning and thenpause for a while to recollect and determine what

the writer is trying to say.

y Re-read the passage.

y Try and make a guess of the words you dont know.

The context will help you arrive at the meaning.

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y Read all the questions given and look for answers

one by one.

y Be precise in answering the questions. There is no

virtue giving more than required information.

y Check carefully the grammar, spelling and

punctuation of what you write.

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With the recent growth of mass media technology advertising has begun

to play a significant role in the national economy. Thousands of people

are working to promote the sale of each new product or to boost the

sale of a product already in the market. In fact, advertising as an

industry now enjoys a respectable status and is regarded by many as a

service to society.

The avowed purpose of advertising is to inform the audience and to

influence it to buy a particular product. The customer is made aware of

goods and services available, their merits, uses and value. Advertising

thus helps him in choosing what he actually needs or what he should

have to add to his comfort and improve his standard of living.

But the sale of a product does not depend on advertisement alone. The

quality of a product must be good and its price within the reach of those

for whom it is intended. If exaggerated claims are made or the price is

too high, advertising, howsoever powerful, will not prove effective.

Lets see how much you understood !Lets see how much you understood !

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Questions:

1.What is the main function of advertising?

Ans:

2.What factors have contributed to the growth of

advertising?

Ans:

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3.Why is advertising considered an important activity

of modern society?

Ans:

4.Under what conditions can advertising prove

effective?

Ans:

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Technology, now threatens to grow into system, functioning purely in

its own interests without regard for the best interests of mankind.

Symptomatic of this is the way in which technology has been driven to

evolve a special technique for suggesting to man what he imagines he

needs. We might eventually arrive at a stage where man, who should

be the beneficiary of modern production, becomes a slave to the

productive process,. On the one hand, he may buy a car, a television

set or a washing machine but he becomes on the other hand, in the

office, at his machine in the factory, at his drawing-board, in sales-

promotion, or even in the managers office, a merely tiny cog in a

gigantic organization. He performs his function and plays his part. The

little humanity and individually he has must be bought at the price of

living his to further the aims of others. Instead of being able to

participate in the lively cut-and-thrust of dealing with his fellow-beings,

instead of handling matters that concern real people, a modern

business-man leads a remarkably abstract sort of life. The result is that

feeling of not-belonging, so often deplored these days in public

discussions.

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Questions :-

1.Explain the meaning of abstract sort of life.

Ans:-

2.What factors corrode a mans humanity and

individuality?

Ans:-

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3. Why has modern man developed a feeling of not-

belonging?

Ans:-

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Grammar is to a language what management is

to an organization.

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SINGULAR OR PLURAL?SINGULAR OR PLURAL?

y Advice is more easily given than taken.

y When it rains, dust turns into mud.

y The furniture you wish to buy is very expensive.

Generally speaking, countable nouns, according to their

number, take either singular or plural verbs whereas

uncountable nouns take only singular verbs.

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y Collective nouns :

Are words that refer to a group or collection of

people or things.Committee, jury, government.

y Indefinite pronouns :

Do not refer to a particular person or thing.Everybody, nobody, none, somebody.

y Relative pronouns :

When it acts like a subject, its antecedent determines

the number of the verb.

Hari is one of those students who think..

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y Compound subjects :

When a subject consists of more than one word but

refers to a single person or thing.

Every clerk and assistant is expected to know typing.

y Use of modifiers :

Words or phrases which restrict the meaning of otherwords.

y Adverbs :

Only

Hari has been granted leave for two days.

After only walking two miles she felt tired.

EvenHari did not answer my letter.

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y Prepositional phrases :

Should be placed near the words they modify.

Throw the horse over the fence some grass can bewritten as

Throw some grass over the fence to the horse.

y Participal phrases :

Should clearly modify or refer to something in the

sentence.

Listening to the radio, an argument broke out

can be written asWhile we were listening to the radio, an argument

broke out.

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y Infinitive phrases :

Should be used with the same caution as modifiers.

To succeed as a speaker, the preparation must bethorough.

can be written as

To succeed as a speaker, you must prepare

thoroughly.

y Split infinitives :

When one or more words separate to and the verb a

split infinitive occurs.

Ranjit plans to soon call the meeting.

Abdul plans to quickly illustrate the technique.

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y When we speak, we use pauses between utterances

to make our meeting clear. Similarly, when writing

we use certain marks of punctuation as an integralpart of the communication mechanism.

y These indicate the pauses required in reading, and

like road signs, guide the readers mind as he goesthrough a piece of writing.

y Punctuation marks are also used to express

grammatical constructions and the dependence of

the various sentences and their parts.

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y Comma [ , ]

It represents the shortest pause and denotes a close

connection.

y Semicolon [ ; ]

Its a sort of a period within the sentence. It denotes

the end of one thought and the beginning of anotherclosely related one.

y Colon [ : ]

It signals that more information or an explanation of

a statement made is to follow.

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y Full stop [ . ]

To mark the end of a sentence.

y Question mark [ ? ]Usually denotes the end of a sentence and is used for

the following purposes.

y

Apostrophe [ ]Generally used with s but sometimes it occurs by

itself also.

y Exclamation mark [ ! ]

Used to mark a forceful utterance or to indicate a

sudden and strong emotion such as surprise,

admiration, incredulity etc.

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y Quotation marks [ ]

To enclose direct quotations.

y Dash [ - ]To mark the suppression of a word, break in the

thought of a sentence and indicate a long pause for

the sake of emphasis.

y Hyphen [ - ]

To show continuation of a word divided at the end of

a line and join words which form a compound

adjective before a noun.y Brackets [ ( ) ]

To indicate references and to insert a parenthesis.

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Discrimination helps attain precision in communication.

There are some words which are

often confused with others

because of their similarity inspelling, pronunciation and

meaning.

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Can u guess the difference?Can u guess the difference?

y Accept agree to take.

Except not including.

y Accede agree.

Exceed surpass.

y Advice valued opinion, noun.

Advise give advice, verb

All h i

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y All together in company.

Altogether entirely.

y Altar place of sacrifice in a temple.

Alter change.

y Ascent the act of going or climbing up.

Assent consent.

y

Calender roller machine for pressing andsmoothing cloth or paper

Calendar list of days, weeks and months of ayear.

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y Formally in accordance with rules, customs,

conventions.

y

Formerly previously.

y Later after some time.

Latter belong to the end of a period.

y loose free, not held, not close-fitting.

Lose no longer have.

y Principle rules of conduct.

Principal highest in order of importance, chief.

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Hurraynow that we know how to

write a letter, prcis, summary and

read a comprehension, we are going torush home and get them done.

Wait for us,

Spot.

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SHRADDHA MEHTA (325)

ROHIT SHARMA (324)

NITISH KUMAR SINGH (322)

SHAARDUL MANDLEKAR (323)