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Battery modeling Presentation Battery modeling Presentation MengJie Huang ChengRu Chang Cheng Ru Chang

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Page 1: Battery modeling Presentationeda.ee.ucla.edu/.../703991396ChengRuChangMengJieHuang/Present… · Battery modeling Presentation MengJie Huang Cheng‐Ru Chang. ... • Each cell in

Battery modeling PresentationBattery modeling Presentation

MengJie HuangCheng‐Ru ChangCheng Ru Chang

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A new BMS system based on cell redundancy

Antonio Manenti, Andrea Abba, Alessandro Merati, Sergio M. Savaresi

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics

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OutlineOutline

• IntroductionIntroduction• Switch networkSi l i i i• Signal acquisition

• Balancing Algorithm• SOC estimation• PrototypingPrototyping• Conclusion

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IntroductionIntroduction

• Each cell in battery pack has different characteristicsEach cell in battery pack has different characteristics• Disconnected the cell when a single cell reaches its limitlimit

• Balancing in both charge and discharge• BMS should identify and bypass damaged cell permanently

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ArchitectureArchitecture

• Previous workPrevious work– DC‐DC converter, PWM

• Standard Li‐ion cellStandard Li ion cell– 6 connected at the same time, only 1 disconnected

– 4.2V of full charge voltage– 4400mAh of capacity– 10A of maximum continuous current load– 3A of maximum charge current

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Switch networkSwitch network

• Switch resistance directly impacts on the y pperformance of the system

• Switch have to interrupt current flow in both charge and discharge phasecharge and discharge phase

• Connect switch – NMOS switchesNMOS switches (low on‐state resistance)

• Bypass switch – PMOS switches

• Only one cell is bypassed

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Protection systemProtection system

• Prevent floating situationPrevent floating situation• BJT in open‐collector with pull‐up resisterp p

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Border cellBorder cell

• Bottom cell 0Bottom cell 0– Using both NMOS‐based switchesMore efficient due to great conductivity– More efficient due to great conductivity

• Top cell N‐1– both PMOS‐based switches

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Terminal voltage jumpingTerminal voltage jumping

• Due to pack reconfigurationDue to pack reconfiguration• But not a issue since

R fi ti d 100– Reconfiguration needs 100us– Standard load (electric motor) has slower dynamics (10ms)dynamics (10ms)

– Load control system between BMS and load can handle and level voltage jumpshandle and level voltage jumps.

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AcquisitionAcquisition

• Worst caseWorst case– 25V if all connected cell are fully charged (6 cells)– 6mV resolution for 12‐bit ADC

• Hardware solution– 0~5V 2.5~4.2V0 5V  2.5 4.2V– 6mV  2.4mV

• Software solutionSoftware solution– Oversampling to reduce noise

• Finally 6mV 600uVFinally, 6mV  600uV

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MicrocontrollerMicrocontroller

• Microchip (dsPIC30F3014)Microchip (dsPIC30F3014)• Large pinout

2 bi C• 12‐bit ADC

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Balancing algorithmBalancing algorithm

• ACQACQ– Cell voltage, pack voltage, current

• Voltage mode– No current acquisition

• SOC mode– OCV, impedance, neural 

t k f l i inetwork, fuzzy logic in previous work

• Ԑvm Ԑsm : deviationԐvm, Ԑsm : deviation• m:cell index

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Balancing algorithmBalancing algorithm

• Charge and dischargeCharge and discharge– Find min and max deviation

• Selected cell is bypassed ,and 

l b dpreviously bypassed one is reconnected

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SOC estimation algorithmSOC estimation algorithm

• Coulomb‐countingInitial value of SOC– Initial value of SOC

– Only on the current measurement• Model‐based

– Need a good cell model– Need voltage and current input

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Voltage mode vs SOC modeVoltage mode vs SOC mode

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Refresh time calculationRefresh time calculation

• Ts: SOC estimation time intervalTs: SOC estimation time interval• Tref: pack configuration refresh time interval

l f• Too large Tref– Loss accuracy

• Too small Tref– Increase the stress of the system and cells due to spikes (Voltage jumping)

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Refresh time calculationRefresh time calculation

• Q is the integrated absolute error in SOCQ is the integrated absolute error in SOC• Q is low when balancing effect is high

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Refresh time calculationRefresh time calculation

• ά is a coefficient related to the discharge rateά is a coefficient related to the discharge rate

T1 T2 T3

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Refresh time calculationRefresh time calculation

• The SOC mean valueThe SOC mean value

• The deviation of the SOC of the m‐th cell with respect to average SOC results p g

=

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Refresh time calculationRefresh time calculation

• Q is proportional to TrefQ is proportional to Tref• Increase Tref worsen the balancing effect

h b l i li• Increase N worsen the balancing quality

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Theoretical trend vs Measured resultTheoretical trend vs Measured result

• Quality factor versus number of cells(N) andQuality factor versus number of cells(N) and refresh time (Tref)

• Discharged at 1C• Discharged at 1C

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EfficiencyEfficiency

• Switches that are connected in series to theSwitches that are connected in series to the current flow could overheating of devices and determine a efficiency lossdetermine a efficiency loss

• Best caseF ll h d ll ith l t– Fully charged cell with a low current

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ConclusionConclusion

• Optimal balancing of the battery pack duringOptimal balancing of the battery pack during operation

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A supervisory control strategy for series hybrid electric vehicles withseries hybrid electric vehicles with 

two energy storage systemsPierluigi Pisu and Giorgio Rizzoni

V hi l P d P l i 2005Vehicle Power and Propulsion, 2005 IEEE Conference

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Series Hybrid Electric VehicleSeries Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Fig. 1 Schematic representation of a series hybrid configuration.

Fig. 2 Schematic representation of a connection of two electricala connection of two electrical power sources configuration. 

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Energy Management Control ProblemEnergy Management Control Problem

• The overall fuel consumption over a given trip:The overall fuel consumption over a given trip:

• The local criteria becomes at all times:

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Equivalent Fuel Consumption Minimization h i l i iStrategy – Physical Viewpoint

• The main idea of the strategy is:The main idea of the strategy is:A present discharge of the RESS corresponds to a future consumption that will be necessary tofuture consumption that will be necessary to recharge the RESS;A present RESS charge corresponds to a future fuelA present RESS charge corresponds to a future fuel savings because this energy will be available in the future to be used at a lower cost.

• The instantaneous fuel consumption:

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Equivalent Fuel Consumption Minimization h i l i iStrategy – Physical Viewpoint

Fig. 3 Energy path for equivalent fuel: (a) consumption during RESS discharge; (b) consumption during RESS recharge.

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Mathematical Formulation: Discharging Mode for a Single Component RESS

• The future cost of dischargingThe future cost of discharging

• can be represented as: 

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Mathematical Formulation: Discharging d f i l

• The total energy recharged in the future is:Mode for a Single Component RESS

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Mathematical Formulation: Discharging d f i l

• The cost of the total energy recharged in the

Mode for a Single Component RESS

The cost of the total energy recharged in the future is 

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Mathematical Formulation: Discharging d f i l

• After manipulating and approximating we get

Mode for a Single Component RESS

After manipulating and approximating, we get the future cost of                   :

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Mathematical Formulation: Discharging d f i l

• The instantaneous fuel flow rate caused by

Mode for a Single Component RESS

The instantaneous fuel flow rate caused by RESS:

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Mathematical Formulation: Charging Mode f i l

• The instantaneous fuel flow rate caused by

for a Single Component RESS

The instantaneous fuel flow rate caused by RESS:

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Equivalent Fuel Consumption of a lSingle Component RESS

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Simulation ResultSimulation Result

Fig.7(a) Batteries SOE for HDUD cycle

Fig.7(b) Battery pack current for HDUD cycle

Fig. 6 HDUD driving cyclecycle

Fig.7(c) UltracapacitorsSOE for HDUD cycle

Fig. 8(d) Ultracapacitorscurrent for HDUD cycle

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ConclusionsConclusions• it requires the only knowledge of the efficiency maps for the various systems in the powertrain architecturefor the various systems in the powertrain architecture, and their torque and power limits; 

• it requires a limited number of inputs that include the SOEi of the RESSi (i=1,2) and the torque requested at the wheels by the driver (this can be calculated from y ( fthe accelerator and brake pedal position); 

it i t i l t i l ti b th• it is easy to implement in real‐time because the optimal power split can be determined by an easy and fast minimization of the function 

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Conclusions

• in many cases, the optimal power split can be 

Conclusions

a y cases, t e opt a po e sp t ca bepre‐calculated and saved in a multi‐dimensional map as a function of the input variables, avoiding 

l d d h fon‐line minimization procedures and therefore, reducing the computational time; it i it b t t ti ti i th• it is quite robust to estimation errors in the recharging and charging efficiencies and in the power split.power split. 

• It can be easily extended to any number of RESS in parallel. p