basilis mouratidis

8/8/2019 Basilis Mouratidis

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Name: Basilis Mouratidis

Forest protection

Forest protection is a general term describing methods purported to preserve or

improve a forest threatened or affected by abuse. There is considerable debate over the

effectiveness of forest protection methods.

One simple type of forest protection is the purchasing of land in order to secure it, or

in order to plant trees (afforestation). It can also meanforest management or the designationof areas such as natural reservoirs which are intended to be left to themselves.

However, merely purchasing a piece of land does not prevent it from being used by

others forpoachingandillegal logging. A better way to protect a forest, particularly old

growth forests in remote areas, is to obtain a part of it and to live on and monitor the

purchased land. Even in the USA, these measures sometimes don't suffice becausearson can

burn a forest to the ground, leaving burnt areas free for different use.

Enforcement of laws regarding purchased forest land is weak or non-existent in most

parts of the world. In the increasingly dangerous South America, home of majorrainforests,

officials of the BrazilianNational Agency for the Environment (IBAMA) have recently been

shot during their routine duties.

Another issue about living on purchased forest-land is that there may not be a suitablesite for a standard home without clearing land, which defies the purpose of protection.

Alternatives include building a treehouseor anearthhouse. This is being done currently by

indigenous people in South America to protect large reservoirs. In former times, North

AmericanNative Americans used to live in tipies ormandan earthhouses, which also require

less land.

An undertaking to develop modern treehouses is being taken by a company from

Germany called "TrueSchool treehouses"

A compromise is to conduct agriculture and stock farming, orsustainablewood

management. This ascribes different values to forest land and farmland, for which many areasare clear felled.

A number of less successful methods of forest protection have been tried, such as the

trade in certified wood.

The types of abuse that forest protection seeks to prevent include:

Aggressive or unsustainable farming and logging

Expanding city development caused bypopulation explosion and the resultingurban

sprawl
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poachinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poachinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_growth_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_growth_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBAMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_(water)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_forestryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_explosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_explosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poachinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_growth_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_growth_foresthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBAMAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_(water)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_forestryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_explosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest


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Protecting a small section of land in a larger forest may also have limited value. For example,

tropical rainforestscan die if they decrease in size, since they are dependent on the moist

microclimatewhich they create.

A recent discovery in Europe relating to forest protection is that urban areas have

forests of their own. Many cities have tens of thousands of trees which constitute forests. Inaddition the air in the cities is lately becoming better, providing conditions favourable for

small associated species such as mosses and lichens. There is an excellent article in National

Geograhic October issue concerning redwood forest in California and their effort to maintain

forest and rainforest.

Two conflicting studies on the idea that protecting forests only relocates deforestation.

This is called neighborhood leakage. According to the paradox of forest protection protected

areas such as rural settlements near protected zones grew at twice the rate of those elsewhere.

TheIUCN implements such protocols that protect over 670 eco-regions. 46% of the eco-

regions had less than 10% forest protection. Which means that these areas are not being

monitored as they should and the protection is not working. Considering forest protectionwithin global priority areas was unsatisfactory. An example given was that the average

protection of 8.4% in biodiversity hotspots. Results have policy relevance in terms of the

target of the Convention on Biological Diversity, reconfirmed in 2008, to conserve in an

effective manner that at least 10% of each of the worlds forest types.

The forests have different trees. 1 of them is the douglasie.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microclimatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCNhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity


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douglasie

Douglas-fir

The Douglas-fir is one of the largest ofCanada's conifers. It grows from 60 to 100

metres high. Its bark can be up to 30 cm

thick. And it can live for up to 1000 years.

The Douglas-fir has large seed cones that

hang from twigs. These cones have three-

pronged bracts that are longer than the cone

scales, a characteristic feature of Douglas-

fir that distinguishes it from other conifers.

The Douglas-fir is a species that relies on

forest fires for its survival. In the absence

of fires, it would be rapidly replaced by its

associates, western hemlock, amabilis fir,

western redcedar and grand fir. Old

Douglas-fir trees are particularly resistant

to fire damage, and the Douglas fir quickly

regenerates after forest fires.

Douglas-fir is found on a variety of soils,

but grows best on sandy loams. It doespoorly during long dry, hot periods, and therefore prefers coastal regions, such as the

Pacific coast. It occurs from central British Columbia to California. Limestone soils

hinder its growth and diminish its lifespan. Its wood is heavy and strong. It is a source

of wood pulp and lumber, in addition to being used for structural purposes, and in

shipbuilding. It is used in many countries for landscape and reforestation purposes, and

is highly rated in France for reforestation and interior finishings. As well, it is popular

as Christmas trees.

Leaf Fruit

Leaves, flat needles, spirally arranged

along twig.

Fruits, cones with triangular seeds,

prominent bracts.

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