basildon academies sixth form history department unit 1c ... · 6 | page the exam two sections; 2...

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Basildon Academies Sixth Form History Department

Unit 1C THE TUDORS: HENRY VII & HENRY VIII

AQA

Revision Activities Booklet

NAME………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

TEACHER…………………………………………………..

Revision Lessons: Planning your time

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Information from AQA

Part one: consolidation of the Tudor Dynasty: England, 1485–1547 Henry VII, 1485–1509

● Henry Tudor’s consolidation of power: character and aims; establishing the Tudor dynasty

● Government: councils, parliament, jusice, royal finance, domestic policies ● Relationships with Scotland and other foreign powers; securing the succession;

marriage alliances ● Society: churchmen, nobles and commoners; regional division; social discontent and

rebellions ● Economic development: trade, exploration, prosperity and depression ● Religion; humanism; arts and learning ●

Henry VIII, 1509–1547

● Henry VIII: character and aims; addressing Henry VII’s legacy ● Government: Crown and Parliament, ministers, domestic policies including the

establishment of Royal Supremacy ● Relationships with Scotland and other foreign powers; securing the succession ● Society: elites and commoners; regional issues and the social impact of religious

upheaval; rebellion ● Economic development: trade, exploration, prosperity and depression ● Religion: renaissance ideas; reform of the Church; continuity and change by 1547

Assessment Objectives: HOW ARE YOU ASSESSED?

AO1 Demonstrate, organise and communicate knowledge and understanding to

analyse and evaluate the key features related to the periods studied, making

substantiated judgements and exploring concepts, as relevant, of cause,

consequence, change, continuity, similarity, difference and significance. UNIT 1 &

2 ESSAYS

AO2 Analyse and evaluate appropriate source material, primary and/or contemporary

to the period, within its historical context. UNIT 2 SOURCE QUESTION

AO3 Analyse and evaluate, in relation to the historical context, different ways in which

aspects of the past have been interpreted UNIT 1 EXTRACT QUESTION

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Learning activities

Always Sometimes Never

Step one

Reading through class note

Using resources on Doddle

Using textbooks

Mind maps / diagrams

Making / re making class notes

Highlighting

Flashcards

Revision walls

Step two

Writing exam answers under timed conditions

Reading model answers

Using past questions & planning answers

Step three

Marking your own work to a mark scheme

Studying mark schemes or examiner’s reports

Working with other students in groups / pairs

Comparing model answers against your own

work

Creating our own exam questions

One to one discussions with teachers / tutors

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HENRY VII KNOWLEDGE TASKS

Topic Page numbers

Key words Summary diagram/mind

map

Symbol story

Extract Q/Essay

Consolidation of power (including

threats to throne)

11-17, 24-

27

Government (including finance)

17-23

Foreign Policy 27-36

Economy General: 2-3, Trade:

29-30

Society 3-4

Religion & Learning

4-10

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HENRY VIII KNOWLEDGE TASKS

Topic Page numbers Keywords Summary diagram/mind

map

Symbol story

Extract Q/Essay

Character 40-43

Government and Religion

Intro to Government

43-44

Wolsey 46-53, 58-61

Reformation 67=87, 111-113

Cromwell’s government &

interpretations of Cromwell

87-91, 105-107

Post-Cromwell government

108-110

Foreign Policy

Early Foreign Policy

45

Wolsey’s Foreign Policy

54-57

Foreign Policy 1530s, 1540s

101-104

Economy 52-53, 89

Society 3-4, Pilgrimage of

Grace

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THE EXAM

● Two sections; 2 hours 30 minutes ● Section A - one compulsory question linked to three interpretations (30 marks)

● Section B – two questions from three (25 marks each ) ● Spend 60 minutes on Section A

● Spend 90 minutes (2 x 45) on Section B

Extract Question Technique

You’re encouraged to spend one hour on the extract question, so it’s best to view it as three

20-minute mini-essays.

Structure of each mini-essay ● Identify/summarise interpretation

● Use knowledge to agree

● Use knowledge to disagree

● Conclusion, focused on how convincing that particular extract is (no need to compare to other extracts here.)

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MARK SCHEME FOR THE EXTRACT QUESTION

Answer will explicitly demonstrate:

Level 5 (25-30) A*

● Well-supported analysis and evaluation of how convincing each interpretation is

● Excellent understanding of the historical context ● Very good identification and understanding of the interpretations

Level 4 (19-24) A* 23-24 A = 19-22

● Good understanding of the historical context ● Good identification and understanding of the interpretations

● Good analysis of how convincing each interpretation is, though occasionally lacking in depth and range

Level 3 (13-18) 18 = A 15-17 = B 13-14 = C

● Shows an understanding of the historical context ● Identifies and comments on each of the interpretations

● Some analysis of how convincing each interpretation is, though this may be weaker on some of the extracts.

Level 2 (7-12) 12=C 9-11 = D 7-8 = E

● Some understanding of the historical context ● Accurately identifies at least two of the interpretations

● Very limited analysis of how convincing each interpretation is- comments may be generalised or inaccurate

Level 1 (1-6) 6=E

● EITHER: Shows an accurate understanding of just one interpretation

● OR: Addresses two or three interpretations, but with limited understanding of their argument, and generalised comments on historical context/how convincing.

Mark Scheme for the Essay Question

Answer will explicitly demonstrate:

Level 5 (21-

25)

A*

● Excellent understanding of the issues and historical concepts in the question

● Analytical, balanced and focused answer, leading to a well-supported judgement

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● Well-structured essay, featuring a range of detailed and precise knowledge

Level 4 (16-20)

19+ = A* 16-18= A

● Good understanding of the issues and historical concepts in the question

● Effectively structured essay, with some analysis and range of accurate factual information.

● Some balance; clear judgement, though it may be only partly supported.

Level 3 (11-15) 13-15 = B 11-12=C

● Reasonable understanding of the issues in the question, and displays range and accuracy.

● Reasonably well structured essay, which focuses on the question. ● Some points may lack depth and precision.

Level 2 (6-10) 10 = C 8-9 = D 6-7 = E

● Descriptive or partial answer, which fails to address the question fully. ● Some attempt to structure the answer, though communication skills may be

limited, and some points may lack relevance. ● Mainly generalised statements, which lack range and depth, or contain

inaccuracies.

Level 1 (1-5)

5=E

1-4=U

● Little understanding of the question- points are generalised. ● Very limited structure; unsupported, irrelevant, or inaccurate information.

SPECIMEN QUESTIONS

EXTRACT QUESTION: HENRY VII

Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the

arguments in these two extracts are in relation to how Henry VII managed his

finances.

NB: 2 extracts only here but remember there are three in the exam.

Extract A Henry VII eagerly enlarged the royal revenues and he marshalled his resources with the greatest care. Having started in debt, he balanced his accounts by 1492 and began to show a sizeable surplus from 1497 onwards. By the end, Henry VII was making large loans to other European rulers, and smaller ones to merchants. Much of the money he made was invested – mostly in jewels and plate. Henry died in possession of a treasure of 1 to 2 million, although most of this was not in cash but in jewellery and plate. But this should not be considered impressive – it only took 2 years of war under Henry VIII for all of this reserve of money to be wiped out.

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Adapted from G R Elton, England under the Tudors, 1985

Extract B Henry used every available procedure of government to get money. Some of his methods may have been improper and most were undignified, but what was at stake was politics rather than plain greed. Although Henry VII’s income averaged £104,800 per year in 1502–5 he had been forced to borrow money, to raise loans and was granted benevolence by a great Council in July 1491. After his Chamber system of finance began, he purchased jewellery, plate, cloth of gold and spent magnificently on buildings. Between 1491 and 1509 he spent between £200,000 and £300,000 on jewels and plate – the safest form of investment; but at death his treasury was exhausted. Henry VIII’s income had to be used to pay his father’s debt. Adapted from John Guy, Tudor England, 1988

EXTRACT QUESTION: HENRY VIII

NB: 2 extracts only here but remember there are three in the exam.


arguments in these two extracts are in relation to the character of Henry VIII.

Extract 1

Many in England believed that the succession of Henry VIII would usher in a less austere

era than the one Henry VII had ruled over. While Henry VII was seen as being a less than

colourful character, Henry VIII was viewed as the opposite and many hoped that the

whole royal court would become a more colourful environment. In contrast to his father,

Henry VIII was viewed as a man who expected to enjoy himself. He dressed in colourful

clothes, enjoyed wearing jewels, ate and drank well and spent money with abandon.

Almost as a gesture of how his reign would proceed, one of Henry’s first decisions was to

order the arrest of Sir Richard Empson and Edward Dudley – the two men who had been

responsible for implementing Henry VII’s financial measures.

(C N Trueman, Henry VIII- The Man)

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Extract 2

“The greatest problem with the popular impression of Henry VIII's character is that it is

immutable. To understand a king who reigned for 38 years through one clichéd snapshot

that is not dynamic and does not show change over time is hardly credible. Too often, we

take our understanding of Henry in his last days and use it as a blueprint for the rest of his

life and his reign, ascribing to him, for instance, character flaws in his early years that

were not manifest until much later on. As such, he has become a caricature……(whereas

actually), his accession in 1509 was received with rapturous praise….Henry was gifted ….

He demonstrated great intelligence ….Perhaps most surprisingly of all, commentators

almost universally described his nature as warm and benevolent.”

(Susannah Lipscomb, History Today, April 2009)

Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments

in these two extracts are in relation to the success of Henry VII’s foreign policy in the

years 1485-1509.

EXTRACT 1

Henry’s foreign policy failed in detail; neither the expedition to relieve Brittany nor the attempts to isolate Ferdinand after 1507 were a success. His policy also proved expensive; between 1505 and 1509 he gave £342,000 in cash, plate or jewels to the Habsburgs. Yet when Henry died, he left his country and dynasty internationally secure. There was no threat of foreign military intervention in England’s internal affairs. Henry’s success can be judged by comparing his weakness in 1485 with his strength towards the end of his reign. This success was based on the firm foundation of domestic strength and realistic objectives in foreign policy. Adapted from Susan Doran, England and Europe, 1485-1603, 1986

EXTRACT 2

The death of his queen in 1503, and of various other players in these domestic politics

about the same time, led Henry into a number of grandiose marriage and alliance schemes

in his last years, all of which proved abortive. Reluctance to tax a country which seemed

all too ready to rebel when he did so may well have contributed to the relative failure of

his foreign policy in these years. By 1509 England had become rather isolated in

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European politics, something which might have proved dangerous had Henry VIII’s

accession been challenged.

Christine Carpenter, The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution c1437-1509,

1997


arguments in these two extracts are in relation to Henry VII’s attempts to

consolidate his authority in the years 1485 to 1509.

Extract A In 1504, Henry required those noblemen that retained men to apply for a licence. However, Henry VII never attempted to outlaw retaining entirely as, in the absence of a permanent army, retaining provided him with much needed men in times of crisis. In fact, the problem of maintaining authority had no simple solution and Henry used a variety of moderate methods. The Star Chamber was set up in 1487, but it is impossible to estimate its effectiveness. The Council Learned was involved in drawing up Bonds and Recognizances, in effect keeping a check on the nobility. These were probably the most effective of the instruments which Henry employed to impose order. Yet, these methods were mainly old, established ones. Roger Lockyer, Tudor and Stuart Britain 1471–1714, 1985

Extract B Henry VII’s whole reign was a prolonged exercise in deliberately stripping away the independence of the nobility. First he marginalised them, excluding them from offices of the highest importance. The Stanley family, including the king’s step-father, the Earl of Derby, was required to pay heavy bonds as a guarantee of good behaviour. Bonds and Recognizances of this sort proved a highly effective means of weakening mighty

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subjects and were levied against more than half of England’s nobility. The few nobles who dared to oppose Henry were simply destroyed. Half-forgotten laws – that the nobles had found convenient to ignore when the Crown was weak – were dusted off and used to cripple the great families into absolute submission. G J Meyer, The Tudors, 2011


arguments in these two extracts are in relation to Henry VII’s relationship with the

nobility?

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arguments in these two extracts are in relation to Henry VII’s consolidation of

power.

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arguments in these two extracts are in relation to the role of religion during the

reign of Henry VII?

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Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in these three extracts are, in relation to Henry VII’s contribution to economic growth in England between 1485 and 1509.

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HENRY VIII EXTRACTS

One extract practice:

Assess how convincing the argument in this extract is in relation to the existence of a Tudor

revolution in government in the time of Thomas Cromwell.

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arguments in these two extracts are in relation to Henry VIII as a young king.

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Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in

these two extracts are in relation to the effectiveness of Cromwell as the king’s principal

minister.

Extract A

He played the leading part in subordinating the clergy to the crown; he orchestrated the

press campaign in defence of the break with Rome. Above all, he enforced the Royal

Supremacy by means of oaths of allegiance and extensions to the treason law. When Henry

repudiated Anne Boleyn in the spring of 1536, Cromwell was deft enough to obtain the

evidence needed to destroy Anne and her court allies in order that Henry might marry Jane

Seymour. But he also took his opportunity to drive his own political opponents from court

on the grounds that they had plotted to restore Princess Mary to the succession.

The putsch of mid-1536 gave Cromwell the pre-eminent ascendancy he had hitherto

lacked. His power was real, but it was less secure than Wolsey’s.

J. Guy ‘Cromwell and the Reform of Government’ in D. MacCulloch (ed) The Reign of

Henry VIII, Politics, Policy and Piety (1995)

Extract B

Certainly Henry VIII was a king willing to allow his ministers to rid him of the daily toils

of government, and as several chapters have illustrated here, there were areas over which

Cromwell had very real influence – even a measure of independence. With regard to the

Crown lands, for example, on at least one occasion Henry refused to make a decision

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without first taking Cromwell’s advice. He has also been shown promoting legislation in

parliament of which the king had very little knowledge. But more often than not,

Cromwell’s independence was over the execution of policy, not its formulation. The

significant point to emerge from many chapters here is that during the years 1531-1534,

Cromwell was working for, and taking his lead from, his royal master.

M. Everett, The Rise of Thomas Cromwell: Power and Politics in the Reign of Henry VIII

(2015)

Assess how convincing this argument is in relation to the importance of social change in

undermining feudal society.

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these two extracts are in relation to the development of the English economy under Henry

VIII.

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these two extracts are in relation to Henry VIII’s foreign policy.

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these two extracts are in relation to the importance of humanism in the reign of Henry VIII.

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these two extracts are in relation to the reasons for the outbreak of the Pilgrimage of

Grace.

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these two extracts are in relation to the effectiveness of Wolsey as the king’s principal

minister.

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Assess how convincing the arguments in these two extracts are in relation to Henry VIII’s

actions towards the Church of England.

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THREE EXTRACT QUESTIONS

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these three extracts are in relation to the threats to Henry VII’s position in the years 1485

to 1509.

Extract A The dynastic threat to the Tudor regime must not be exaggerated. There was no one to cause rival political tensions amongst Henry VII’s relations and no obvious focus for political discontent. It is true, the supporters of Simnel and Warbeck dressed their ambitions in dynastic clothes, but the most important revolt in Henry VII’s reign, the Cornish Rising of 1497, was not dynastic. On the contrary, it was sparked by the parliamentary grant of that year to finance an invasion of Scotland. The tax revolt erupted in the south west because Cornishmen refused to underwrite a campaign against Scotland for which, they believed, a scutage or land tax levied in the north was the correct source of finance.

Adapted from John Guy, Tudor England, 1990

Extract B In May 1502 Sir James Tyrell and several other persons were arrested and executed for treason. At the same time Lord William de la Pole, brother of Suffolk, and Lord William Courtenay, son of the earl of Devon, were taken into prison from which they did not emerge until after Henry’s death. It must be supposed that this is because Henry expected a far reaching conspiracy. Perhaps Henry’s agents were inventing these threats in order to advance their own positions, but It is nevertheless hard to avoid the conclusion that there was a spirit of disaffection among the old families. No doubt the ambitions of the great families were also aroused by the deaths of the king’s sons, Edmund on 12 June 1500 and Arthur on 2 April 1502, but even without the disturbing influence of dynastic interests there was wavering support for the King in the ranks of the old nobility.

Adapted from J D Mackie, The Earlier Tudors, 1987

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Extract C Whilst Henry VII used every means at his disposal to reduce the pretensions of mighty subjects, he also did his utmost to build up his own power. The restoration of royal finances was a key element in this. The King recognised that the secret of recovering royal authority lay in making himself richer than his subjects. This was one reason why, unlike Edward IV, he retained possession of the Crown lands. But there was another reason. Land was the basis of local power. By keeping royal estates in hand and administering them through his own household servants, Henry maintained a direct royal presence throughout his kingdom. Henry VII was not as ruthless, consistent or as continuously successful as this brief account implies. He faced major rebellions, especially in 1497, and was never entirely secure on the throne. His preferred approach to the control of the provinces by divide and rule created crises and tensions in some parts of the kingdom and stored up trouble for his successor in others. But by ceaseless vigilance and unrelenting pressure on all his subjects, great and small, Henry made himself respected, feared and obeyed. Adapted from A J Pollard, The Wars of the Roses, 2001

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Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in these three extracts are in relation to religious change in the years after 1547.

Extract A There was religious compromise among the elites and apathy, or even indifference, among the mass of the population towards religious change and it is increasingly doubtful whether Protestantism had taken much of a hold in England by 1553. Indeed, it is now popular to suggest that Catholicism had wide popular support among the lower orders in both the towns and the countryside and that, had Mary lived longer, England would probably have remained Roman Catholic. Possibly there was much less hostility between English Catholics and Protestants than was previously believed. It is true that there were extremists on both sides, however, the vast majority of people were very moderate in their outlook at least initially. However, 1570 was a turning point with the excommunication of the queen. After that the Settlement was rigorously enforced and fines for non-attendance were raised. The authorities became less tolerant of dissident Protestants (Puritans) and of recusants (Catholics) and displayed a greater degree of ruthlessness in their pursuit of Jesuits and evangelists. Adapted from R Turvey and N Heard, Change and Protest 1536-1588, 2012

Extract B A habitual, conventional Catholicism took a whole generation to die out and in some parishes mass was said more or less openly in defiance of the law. Only a small core of men were prepared however to take the more positive step of refusal to attend their protestant parish church, once the generation of Marian priests had died out and maintaining catholic practices had come to involve harbouring illegal, foreign-trained, priests. Elizabeth’s reign in fact saw the development of a popular, aggressive anti-Catholicism and which was further fostered by increasingly strained relations with Spain. Even so, pockets of Catholicism survived in what the Puritans called ‘the dark corners of the realm’. Even more annoying to the zealots was the continuing indifference of many people to religious matters; the poor, it was complained, seldom went to their church to hear their duties. Not all Elizabethans were obsessed by sin and salvation, although those who were disproportionately influential. Adapted from C S L Davies, Peace, Print and Protestantism, 1988

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Extract C There was much in common between the squire, the lawyer, the merchant and the yeoman. They were all men of the new age and they tended to become protestant alike from self-interest and also from conviction. They evolved an essentially middle-class religion. The tendency of Protestant doctrine was to exalt the married state, and to dedicate the business life, in reaction against a medieval doctrine that the true religion was celibacy and monastic separation from the world. These ideas and practices were by no means confined to extremists – they were the practice of Anglican families who loved and fought for the new Prayer Book. Protestantism and reading the bible became a social custom common to all English protestants. The martyrs recorded in Foxe’s book provided a moral basis for the new national religion beginning to emerge out of the chaos When Elizabeth came to the throne, the bible and Prayer Book formed the intellectual and spiritual foundation of a new social order. Adapted from G M Trevelyan, English Social History, 1946

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2017 EXTRACT QUESTION

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EXTRACT QUESTIONS IN THE BOOK:

Question on Wolsey pp 65/66;

Religion 96/97 (but three extracts)

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ESSAY QUESTIONS: Henry VII

Consolidation of authority/Government

● “Henry governed England effectively between 1485 and 1509.” Assess the validity of

this view.

● ‘By 1509, Henry VII had successfully secured his power.’ Assess the validity of this

view.

● ‘Rebellions can be seen as the greatest challenge facing Henry’s rule, 1485-1509.’

Assess the validity of this view.

● ‘Henry’s financial policies were the most important reason for the success of his

rule’. Assess the validity of this view.

● ‘Securing the Tudor succession was the most important aim of Henry VII’s foreign

policy.’ Assess the validity of this view.

● ‘Henry VII’s policies weakened the nobility in the years 1485 to 1509.’ Assess the

validity of this view.

● ‘Henry VII was very successful in establishing his dynasty between 1485 and 1509.’


● 2017 EXAM: ‘Henry VII had successfully established monarchical authority by 1509.’


Finance

● ‘Henry’s financial policies were the most important reason for the success of his

rule’. Assess the validity of this view.

● ‘Henry VII was an expert financial manager who should be praised for increasing the

royal income.’ Assess the validity of this view of the years 1485 to 1509.

Foreign Policy

● ‘Foreign policy was the key reason for the consolidation of Henry VII’s authority.’


● ‘Henry VII’s foreign policy failed to achieve its key aims in the years 1485 to 1509.’ Assess the validity of this view.

● ‘Despite the need to secure his dynasty, it was the desire to expand England’s overseas trade that underpinned Henry VII’s foreign policy.’ Assess the validity of this view.

Religion

● ‘The Church was more influential than the nobility in the years 1485 to 1509.’ Assess the validity of this view.

● ‘The years 1485 to 1509 were a time of stability for the Church of England.’ Assess

the validity of this view.

ESSAY QUESTIONS:

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Henry VIII

Government

● ‘Between the years 1515 and 1540, Tudor government was completely transformed.’


● ‘The most successful domestic policy in the period 1509-1529 was Wolsey’s legal

reforms.’


● ‘Parliamentary legislation was more important than other factors in ensuring the

succession of Edward VI in 1547.’ Assess the validity of this view with reference to

the years 1525 and 1547.

How successful was Wolsey as the king’s chief minister in the years 1515 to 1529?

● To what extent was England’s government fundamentally transformed in the years

1509 to 1547?

● ‘The King’s ministers served Henry VIII well, but served themselves even better.’ Assess the validity of this view in the context of the years 1515 to 1540.

Religion

● ‘Protestant ideas were responsible for the development of the English Reformation

in the years 1529 to 1547’. Assess the validity of this view.

● ‘Henry VIII’s government was strengthened by its international position in the years

1534 to 1547.’ Assess the validity of this view.

● “Henry VIII transformed the English Church between 1529 and 1547.”


● ‘Changes in religion in the reign of Henry VIII up to 1540 occurred because of

Cromwell.’


● ‘Opposition to the Reformation of the Church in England failed in the years 1530 to

1547 because it lacked leadership.’ Assess the validity of this view.

Foreign Policy

● ‘Henry VIII’s foreign policy was successful’. Assess the validity of this view.

● ‘The foreign policy of Henry VIII failed to achieve its objectives in the years 1509 to 1547.’ Assess the validity of this view.

Society

● ‘The key social development of the years 1509 to 1547 was the growth of the

gentry.’ Assess the validity of this view.

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Both monarchs:

● ‘Despite their differences in approach, Henry VII and Henry VIII shared the same

political aims.’ Assess the validity of this view.

● ‘Henry VIII failed to build on the successes of his father in his policies on exploration

and trade.’ Assess the validity of this view.

basildon academies sixth form history department unit 1c ... · 6 | page the exam two sections; 2...

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