basics on sdh from stm 1 up to2

1 Current transmission technologies (PDH) The Synchronous Digital Hierarchie (SDH) Bit rates, frame structures and interfaces in SDH Basic elements of STM-1 SDH network elements Synchronization architecture in SDH Monitoring, maintenance and measurements in SDH International SDH Network standards Future Trends

Basics on SDH from STM-1 up to STM-16

2Current Transmission Technologies

3The Telephone System

LE LE

4T1 T2 T3T4 T5 T6 T7

time Audio Signal

Sampler Output

timeT1 T2 T3

T4 T5 T6 T7

Pulse AmplitudeModulated (PAM)

signal

Sampling

5+V0 0 0 0 X XXX0 0 0 1 X XXX0 0 1 0 X XXX

1 0 0 0 X XXX1 0 0 1 X XXX1 0 1 0 X XXX1 0 1 1 X XXX1 1 0 0 X XXX1 1 0 1 X XXX1 1 1 0 X XXX1 1 1 1 X XXX

digital codesQuantization

Level

3248648096112

-VIn accordance with

CCITTs A-law

1/2V1/4V

1/8V1/16V

1/32V

1/64V

Non-Linear Quantization and Encoding

68bits persample

x = 64kbit/s8000

samplesper sec

PCM Signal Data Rate

7Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

82048 kbit/s2048 kbit/s

64 kbit/s64 kbit/s

x 4

x 30/31x 24

x 3

x 7x 5

x 3

Japan USA Europe

primary rate

2. order

3.

4.

5.


x 3


397200 kbit/s397200 kbit/s

x 4

x 4


139264 kbit/s139264 kbit/s

x 4

564992 kbit/s564992 kbit/s

x 4



274176 kbit/s274176 kbit/s

x 6



x 4

PDH Systems Worldwide

964 kbit/sData Signals

15 kHzSound ProgramSignals

139264 kbit/s (+/-15ppm)

1

2048 kbit/s (+/-50ppm)

8448 kbit/s (+/-30ppm)

34 368 kbit/s (+/-20ppm)

64 Channel Capacity:64 x 30 = 1920

0.3 to 3.1 kHzAF signals

DSMX34/140

DSMX8/34

DSMX2/8

1

30

DSMX64k/2

1

30

PCMX 301

PCMX 30

5

1

30

4

1

4

PDH Multiplex / Demultiplex

10

2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125sencoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals

signallinginformation

timeslots0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

2 Mbit/s Frame Structures

11

Si: Reserved for international useSa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)

Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message baseddata links (point-to-point applications)

FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)NFAS: Non frame alignment signal

2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125s

Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

encoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals


timeslots

Si 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa4 5 6 7 8

FAS(frames 0,2,4...)

NFAS(frames 1,3,5...)(M)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31


12

Si: Reserved for international useSa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm)E: CRC error indication (0=Error)


FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)NFAS: Not frame alignment signal

signallingsubscr. n

signallingsubscr. n+15


Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1



timeslots




0 0 0 0 x Y x x

a b c d a b c d

MFAS NMFASframe 0

frames 1... 15 & 17...31

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31


13

2.448 kbit/s Multiframe, ITU-T G.704

fr 15 fr 0 fr 1 fr 2 fr 3 fr 4 fr 5 fr 6 fr 7 fr 8 fr 9 fr 10 fr 11 fr 12 fr 13 fr 14 fr 15

multiframe

sub multiframe 1 sub multiframe 2

Si: Reserved for international useSa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm)


FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)NFAS: Not frame alignment signal

signallingsubscr. n



Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1



timeslots




0 0 0 0 x Y x x

a b c d a b c d

MFAS NMFASframe 0

frames 1... 15 & 17...31

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31


14

2.448 kbit/s Multiframe, ITU-T G.704

fr 15 fr 0 fr 1 fr 2 fr 3 fr 4 fr 5 fr 6 fr 7 fr 8 fr 9 fr 10 fr 11 fr 12 fr 13 fr 14 fr 15

multiframe

sub multiframe 1 sub multiframe 2

Si: Reserved for international useSa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm)E: CRC error indication (0=Error)M: Transmitting CRC multiframe alignment signal

( CRC MFAS: 001011 )Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based

data links (point-to-point applications)FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)NFAS: Not frame alignment signal

signallingsubscr. n


Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1




0 0 0 0 x Y x x

a b c d a b c d

MFAS NMFASframe 0

frames 1... 15 & 17...31

Time slot 0 of CRC multiframe:

sub

mul

tifra

me

1su

b m

ultif

ram

e 2

2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125sencoded voice / data signals encoded voice / data signals


timeslots0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

0 FAS C1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

C4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

C1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

C4 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

0 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa



E2 1 A Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa

1 NFAS

6 FAS7 NFAS8 FAS9 NFAS

14 FAS15 NFAS

256 X 8 bit = 2048 bit

256 X 8 bit = 2048 bit

2 Mbit/s Frame Structures2 Mbit/s Frame Structures

15

1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4

1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N

1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b

8.448 kbit/s; frame length 848 bit; 100.4 us; ITU-T G.742

A: Alarm BitN: National Spare Bit1a: Stuffing Control BitS: Stuffing Bit

10 200 208 208 2042 4 4 4 4

Plesiochronous Hierarchies - FrameStructures

16

1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4

1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N

1a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b



1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 A N

A: Alarm BitN: National Spare Bit1a: Stuffing Control BitS: Stuffing Bit

10 200 208 208 2042 4 4 4 4

10 372 380 380 3762 4 4 4 4

1c 2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s41a 2a 3a 4a 1b 2b 3b 4b


17

139.264 kbit/s; frame length 2928 bit; 21 us; ITU-T G.751

A: Alarm BitN: National Spare Bit1a,b,c,d: Stuffing Control BitS: Stuffing Bit

1a 2a 3a 4a 1c 2c 3c 4c 1d 2d 3d 4d1b 2b 3b 4b 1e 2e 3e 4e s1 s2 s3 s4

1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 A N N N

12 472 484 484 4844 4 4 4 4844 48044


18

AISPDHEquipment

AISPDHEquipment

LOSLOFAIS

D-Bit

BER 10-3

D-Bit

BER 10-6

N-Bit

PDH Maintenance Signals

19

OLTU

34 - 140

8 - 34

2 - 8

OLTU

34 - 140

8 - 34

2 - 8

OLTU

34 - 140

8 - 34

2 - 8

OLTU

34 - 140

8 - 34

2 - 8

main

stand-by

140 Mbit/s 140 Mbit/s

Line TerminatingUnit

Line TerminatingUnit

Drop & Insert Station

1,2 ................. 64 1,2 ................. 64

Plesiochronous Drop & Insert

08.12.2013 06:17 The World of Synchronous Networks 20

The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy(SDH)

21

Simpler multiplexing(low SDH level can be directly identified from higher SDH level)

Simple D&I of traffic channels(direct access to lower level systems without synchronization)

Allows mixing of ANSI and ETSI PDH systems SDH is open for new applications

(It can carry PDH, ATM, HDTV, MAN,...)

SDH provides TMN (ECCs)(for centralized network control)

Why SDH

22

2Mbit/s34Mbit/s

140Mbit/sSTM-1

STM-4

STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET

TM

DXC

ADMADMATM

Switch

STM-4/-162Mbit/s34Mbit/s

140Mbit/s

STM-1

LAN

2Mbit/s

ADM

STM-1

STM-1, STM-4

2Mbit/s8Mbit/s

34Mbit/s140Mbit/s

ADM : Add Drop MultiplexerDXC : Digital Cross ConnectTM : Terminal MultiplexerDSC: Digital Switching CenterLAN: Local Area Network

DSC

Synchronous Network Structure

23

Packet Network Telephone Network

VC-3 VC-4

VC-11 VC-12 VC-2 VC-3

Multiplex section layer

Regenerator section layer

Physical media layer

. . . . . .

LowerOrderPathLayer

HigherOrderPathLayer

SectionLayer

Cic

uit L

ayer

SDH

Tra

nspo

rt L

ayer

Tran

smis

sion

Med

iaLa

yer

Layered Model of the SDH Network

24

VC-2VC-1

VC-2VC-1

VC-4VC-3VC-12

VC-4VC-3

VC-2VC-1

VC-4 VC-3 VC-12

VC-4VC-3

Reg

S M

X

S M

X

MultiplexSection

RegeneratorSections

Higher Order PathLower Order Path

STM-nRSOH

STM-nRSOH

STM-n MSOH

VC-4/3 POHVC-1/2/3 POH

Path Denominations

25

MU

X /

DEM

UX

MU

X /

DEM

UXPDH PDH

SDH SDH SDH

Reg.

CC

NNI NNI NNI

ITU-T Rec.:G.707 BitratesG.708 Signal Structure (NNI)G.709 Synchronous Multiplex StructureG.703 Electrical characteristicG.957 Optical interface characteristic

The Network Node Interface (NNI)specifications are necessary toenable interconnection ofsynchronous digital network elementsfor transport of payloads

Network Node Interface (NNI)

26

Bit Rates, Frame Structure andInterfaces in SDH

27

ATM: 149.760 kbit/s

E4: 139.264 kbit/s

DS3: 44.736 kbit/sE3 : 34.368 kbit/s

AUG C-4

TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3

C-3AU-3

x1

x3

x7

x7

x3

x1

STM-NSTS-3N

AU-4STS-3C

VC-4STS-3C

SPE

STS-1

VC-3STS-1SPE

TUG-2VT

group

x3

xN

x1

x4

DS1: 1.544 kbit/sTU-11 VC-11

C-11VT-1.5 VT-SPE

E1: 2.048 kbit/sTU-12 VC-12

C-12VT-2 VT-SPE

SDHSONET ITU-T G.707BELLCORE GR.253ANSI T1.105

ATM: 48,384 kbit/s

DS2: 6.312 kbit/sTU-2 VC-2

C-2VT-6 VT-SPE

x1

STM-0STS-1

Pointer processing

Multiplexing

Aligning

Mapping

SDH ETSI

SDH and SONET are International Standards

28

RSOH: Regenerator section overheadMSOH: Multiplex section overheadPayload: Area for information transport

Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/sFrame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/sFrame repetition time: 125 s

1

3

5

9

4

270270 Columns (Bytes)

1 9transmitrow by row

RSOH

MSOH

AU Pointer Payload(transport capacity)

STM-1 Frame Structure

29

CC--44


30

VCVC--44

CC--44

VCVC--4

PO

H4

POH


31

AU PointerAU Pointer

AUAU--44

VCVC--44

CC--44

VCVC--4

PO

H4

POH


32

1

3

5

9

4

270270 Columns (Bytes)

1 9

RSOHRSOH AUAU--44

MSOHMSOH

AU PointerAU PointerVCVC--44

VCVC--4

PO

H4

POH

CC--44


33

12341234123412 . . . .

11111

22222

33333

44444

STM-1 #1

STM-1 #2

STM-1 #3

STM-1 #4

STM-4

The STM-4/16 bit rate is obtained by byte-interleaved multiplexing of the STM-1tributary signals.

Clock offset at the tributary side is taken into consideration by pointer adaptation onthe STM-n output signal.

B1B2

B1B2

termination new

Higher SDH Bitrates

34

STM-4 SOH

A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0 X X X X X X X X

B1 E1 F1 X X X X X X X X X X X X

D1 D2 D3 X

D4

B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D7

D10

S1Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 E2 E2 X X X X X X X X X X X

D5

D8

D11

D12

D9

D5

36 bytes

B1 and B2 bytes are being recalculatedBytes E1, F1, K1, K2, D1 to D3 and D4 to D12 are taken from tributary #1

A U Pointers

Payload

#1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4


35

Basic Elements of STM-1

36

MU

X /

DEM

UX

MU

X /

DEM

UX

back-up line

PDH PDHSDH SDH SDH

Multiplex Section Multiplex Section

Regenerator Section Regenerator Section

Reg.

CC

clock

clock

clock

B1 B1B3

B2B2

P a t h

Parity Bytes

F2 E1, F1, D1 ... D3E2, D4 ... D12

Comm.Channels

Synchronous Network

37

J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1

V5J2N2K4

AU - PTR

VC-3/4 POH

VC-11/12/ 2 POH

STM-1 SOH

Media dependent bytesX Reserved for national use

SOH: Section overheadPOH: Path overheadThe overheads (SOH, POH) are used for maintenance andsupervision of the SDH transmission network.

RSOH

MSOH Payload

P O

H

Pointer

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X

D1 D2 D3

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2D4 D5 D6D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M 1 E2 X X

B1 E1 F1 X X

H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

Embedded Overhead Bytes

38

Parity check(B1 calculated by regenerator and multiplexers)

Data communication channels(D1...D3, F1 between regenerators)

Voice communication channels(E1 between regenerators)

Frame Alignment(A1, A2)

Section Trace(J0 Identficationof regenerator source)

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0B1 E1 F1D1 D2 D3

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2D4 D5 D6D7 D8 D9D10 D11 D12S1 M1 E2

AU - Pointer

Functions of Regenerator Section Overhead

39

Parity check (B2) Alarm information (K2) Remote error indication (M1,K2)

Automatic protection switching(K1, K2 Bytes)

Data communication channels(D4 to D12 between multiplexers)

Clock source information (S1) Voice communications channels

(E2 between multiplexers)

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0B1 E1 F1D1 D2 D3

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2D4 D5 D6D7 D8 D9D10 D11 D12S1 M1 E2

AU - Pointer

Functions of Multiplexer Section Overhead

40

Parity checkB3, V5/ BIP-2 calculated by path terminating point

Alarm and performance information(V5, G1)

Structure of the VCSignal label C2

Multiframe indication for TUs (H4) User communications channel

between path elements (F2, F3)

Identification of the Path Source(Path Trace J1, J2)

J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K4N1

V5J2N2K4

VC-3/4 POH

VC-11/12/2POH

Functions of Path Overhead

41

The Container (C) Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH) Synchronous to the STM-1 Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing procedure Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffing bits Bit by bit stuffing

The Virtual Container (VC) Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path Overhead) Transport as a unit through the network (SDH) A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area

Functions and Characteristics of theIndividual Elements of the NNI

42

The Tributary Unit (TU) Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC

The Tributary Unit Group (TUG) Combines several TUs for a new VC

The Administrative Unit (AU) Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last

The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1 (STM-1) Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs Clock justification through positive-zero-negative stuffing in the AU

pointer area byte by byte stuffing

Functions and Characteristics of theIndividual Elements of the NNI

43

A1, A2 Frame synchronisationB1, B2 Parity bytes for transmission error monitoringJ0 Regenerator section traceD1... D3 Regenerator section DCCD4.. D12 Multiplex section DCCE1, E2 Orderwire for voice communicationF1 User channel for maintenance purposes (data, voice)K1, K2 Automatic protection switching (APS)S1 Synchronisation status messageM1 MS-REI (remote error idication)

J1 Higher order path traceB3 Path parity byte for error monitoringC2 Signal Label (composition of payload)G1 Path status and performanceF2, F3 Path user channelsH4 Payload specific byteK3 Automatic protection switching (APS)N1 Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)

V5 Error check, path status, signal labelJ2 Lower order path traceN2 Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)K4 Automatic protection switching (APS)

SOH

VC-3/4POH

VC-1/2POH

Overhead Byte Functionality

44

ContainerContainer

Virtual ContainerVirtual Container

Administrative UnitAdministrative Unit

Synchronous Transport ModuleSynchronous Transport Module

Path Overhead

Pointer

Section Overhead

Plesiochronous signal 140Mbit/s

C4

VC-4

AU-4

STM-1

The way of integrating PDH signals intoSTM-1

45

The pointer technology provides a means to accommodate timing differences at SDHnetworks.The pointer indicates the start of the payload within a STM-1frame.

AU-Pointer

1

9

TU-PTR

VC

-4 P

OH

VC-12POH

VC-12

VC-4

STM-1

Pointers

46

H1 Y Y H2 1 1 H3 H3 H3

Opportunity fornegative stuffing(more capacity)

Pointerinc/decIDIDIDID

NDF,mapping struc,pointer inc/dec

J1C4 payload

N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D

H1 byte H2 byte

0 1 1 01 0 0 1

1 00 1

X X X X X X X X X XX X X X X X X X X X

1 0 0 1 S S 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

Opportunity forpositive stuffing(less capacity)

Pointer interpretation :

New data flag (NDF) disabled :New data flag enabled :AU/TU type AU-4/TU-3 :AU/TU type AU-3/TU-3 :AU-4 pointer 0...782 :TU-3 pointer 0...764 :Null pointer indication (NPI) :

Use of the AU-4 Pointer Area, Coding

47

Frequency justification of several STM-1 signals running into a networknode (Pointer Stuffing)

RSOH

MSOH

H1 H2 H3

RSOH

MSOH

H1 H2 H3

1 9 270

RSOH

MSOH

H1 H2

RSOH

MSOH

H1 H2 H3

125s

250s

375s

500s

Start of VC-4

negative justification byte (data)

Pointer withinverted D bits

New pointer

Actual pointer

Not Synchronous SDH Networks

48

AU Pointer

RSOH

MSOH

9 261

J1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5

20 x 13 bytes per row

C-4140 Mbit/s

260

C-4 transport capacity: 260 x 9 x 64 kbit/s = 149.760 kbit/s

Container C-4 contains a 140 Mbit/s PDH Tributary

Mapping 140 Mbit/s

49

W = I I I I I I I I Y = RRRRRRRR X = CRRRROOO Z = I I I I I I SR

I = Information bitS = Justification opportunity bit

R = Fixed stuffing bitC = Justification control bit

O = Overhead bit

The figure shows one row of the VC-4

96 IW 96 IY96 IY96 IY96 IX

96 IX 96 IX96 IY96 IY96 IY

96 IY 96 IY96 IX96 IY96 IY

96 IY 96 IZ96 IY96 IX96 IY

J1

Mapping of a 140 Mbit/s Tributary into VC-4

50

AU Pointer

RSOH

MSOHJ1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5

H1 H1 H1H2 H2 H2

H3 H3 H3

260

fixed stuffing

Container C-4 contains 3 times a 34 Mbit/s PDH Tributary (ETSI structure)

C-3 transport capacity: 84 X 9 x 64 kbit/s = 48.384 kBit/s84

C-3

J1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5

J1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5

J1B3C2G1F2H4Z3K3Z5

C334 Mbit/s

9 261

VC-3 #1VC-3 #2

VC-3 #3

VC-4 POH

VC-3 POH

Mapping 34 Mbit/s

51

RSOH

MSOH

AU pointer

VC-4

TUG-3

TUG-2

TU-1

2

VC-12

Tu pointer

Mapping 2 Mbit/s

52

AU-4 Pointer

RSOH

MSOH

J1

B3

C2

G1

F2

H4

Z3

K3

Z5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10...........................................261

A B C A B C A A B C

S T

U F

F I

N G

S T

U F

F I

N G

. ......

1 86TUG-3(A)

. ......

1 86TUG-3(C)

. ......

1 86TUG-3(B)

Mapping and Multiplexing (1)

53

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10...........................................86

NPI

E3 F3 G3S T

U F

F I

N G

S T

U F

F I

N G

A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A2

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

TU-12#1

TUG-2(A)

TU-12#3

.....

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

TU-12#1

TUG-2(B)

TU-12#3

.....

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

TU-12#1

TUG-2(G)

TU-12#3

.....

TUG-3NPI: Null Pointer Indication1001 XX11 1110 0000 XXXX XXXX

TU-12s occupy36 bytes perframe

Mapping and Multiplexing (2)

54

V5R

32 bytes (32x8I)

RJ2

C1 C2 O O O O R R

32 bytes (32x8I)

32 bytes (32x8I)

32 bytes (32x8I)

RK4

R

N2R

C1 C2 O O O O R R

S2 I I I I I I I

140

Byt

es

35 bytesin oneVC-4

500 s

V5: VC-12 Path OverheadR: fixed stuffing bitsJ2: Path TraceC1/2: Justification control bitO: Overhead bitN2: Network Operator byteK4: APSS2: Justification opportunity bitI: Info-bit

PayloadVC-4 Payload

V4

XXX XX00

PayloadVC-4 Payload

V1

XXX XX01

PayloadVC-4 Payload

V2

XXX XX10

PayloadVC-4 Payload

V3

XXX XX11

PayloadVC-4 Payload

V4

XXX XX00

VC-12 Structure:

H4: Indicates the number of VxV1,V2,V3: TU-12 Pointer

H4

H4

H4

H4

H4

VC-4 POH

Mapping 2 Mbit/s (asynchronous)

55

AU-4 Pointers

MSOH

RSOH

STM-4

VC-4-4c

J1

C2G1F2H4F3K3N1

C-4-4cFi

xed

Stu

ff

Fixe

d S

tuff

Fixe

d S

tuff

4 x 9 bytes 4 x 261 bytes

4 x 261 bytes

ATM CellThe first Pointer indicates J1All other Pointers are set to "Concatenation Indication"

B3

VC-4 Contiguous Concatenation

56

ATM switchSDH cross-connect for VC-4

ATM switch

150 Mbit/s

600 Mbit/s

InOut

OutIn

OutIn

InOut

VC-4-4c

STM-4c portSTM-4c port

STM-4 portSTM-4 port

150 Mbit/s

150 Mbit/s

150 Mbit/s

?VC4 VC4 VC4 VC44 xDifferent

delays for VC-4's?

622 Mbit/s622 Mbit/s

How to transport 600 Mbit/s ATMvia 150 Mbit/s SDH?

57

Generation:All Pointers are set to the same valueAll VC-4 should be kept in the same STM-4All VC-4 are transported as individual VC-4's

AU-4 Pointers

MSOH

RSOH

STM-4

VC-4-4vc

J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1

C-4-4vc

4 x 9 bytes 4 x 261 bytes

4 x 261 bytes

ATM Cell

J1B3C2G1F2

F3K3N1

H4

J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1

J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1

VC-4 Virtual Concatenation (Generation)

58

Termination:VC-4-4vc is reconstructed using the(different) pointer values for alignment

VC-4-4vc

J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1

4 x 261 bytes

ATM Cell

J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1

J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1

J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1

J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1

C-4-4vc

J1B3C2G1F2

F3K3N1

H4

J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1

J1B3C2G1F2H4F3K3N1

VC-4 #1VC-4 #2 VC-4 #3

VC-4 #4

VC-4 Virtual Concatenation (Termination)

59

E4: 139.264 kbit/s

DS3: 44.736 kbit/sE3 : 34.368 kbit/s

AUG C-4

TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3

C-3AU-3

x1

x3

x7

x7

x3

x1

STM-NSTS-3N

AU-4STS-3C

VC-4STS-3C

SPE

STS-1

VC-3STS-1SPE

TUG-2VT

group

x3

xN

x1

x4

DS1: 1.544 kbit/sTU-11 VC-11

C-11VT-1.5 VT-SPE

E1: 2.048 kbit/sTU-12 VC-12

C-12VT-2 VT-SPE

SDH

SONET

ITU-T G.707

BELLCORE GR.253ANSI T1.105

ATM: 149.760 kbit/s

ATM: 48,384 kbit/s

DS2: 6.312 kbit/sTU-2 VC-2

C-2VT-6 VT-SPE

x1

STM-0STS-1

SDH and SONET are International Standards

60

STS-1 frame structure forSONET systems

TOH SPE 9 Rows

3 8790 Bytes

125 s

The STS-1 bit rate = 810 bytes/frame x 8 bits/byte x 1 frame/125 sor STS-1 = 51.840 Mb/s

TOH = Transport OverheadSPE = Synchronous Payload Envelope

61

Asynchronous DS-3 mapping (SONET)

The first column of the SPE (9 bytes) is taken up by STS-1 path overhead (POH)Remaining 86 columns are treated as a single bundle.The complete STS-1 payload envelope is about 51Mb/s :DS-3 is 44736 Mb/s - approximately 5 Mb/s of insert stuffing must be added.

SPE

Async DS-3

Signal LabelC2

User ChannelF2

TraceJ1

BIP-8B3

Path StatusG15

IndicatorH4

GrowthZ3

GrowthZ4

TandemZ5

FramingA1

BIP-8B1

Data ComD1

FramingA2

OrderwireE1

Data ComD2

STS-IDC1

UserF1

Data ComD3

PointerH1

Bip-8B2

Data ComD4

Data ComD7

Data ComD10

Sync StatusZ1

PointerM2

APSK1

Data ComD5

Data ComD8

Data ComD11

FEBEZ2

APSK2

Data ConD6

Data ComD9

Data ComD12

OrderwireE2

Line

OH

Sect

ion

OH

Pointer ActionH3

87 columns3 columns

62

SDH Network Elements

63

SDH Network Elements

SDH Repeater

STM-n STM-n Applications:Line Signal Regenerationin Point-to-Point and RingNetworks

Terminal Multiplexer

STM-nPDH &STM-mTributariesm

64

STM-1/4STM-1/4

Tributary Ports : n x 2 Mbit/s ( 34 Mbit/s)

ADM

......

WEST EAST

Add Drop Multiplexer

65

16x16x

4x 4x

VC11

34

2

SDHMultiplexer

VC 4VC 3VC 12

2.4 Gbit/s

622 Mbit/s

2.4 Gbit/s

622 Mbit/s

140 Mbit/s

34 (45)Mbit/s

2 (1.5)Mbit/s

140 Mbit/s

34 (45)Mbit/s

2 (1.5)Mbit/s

155 Mbit/s155 Mbit/s

VC12

VC3

140VC4

VC12

VC3

1402

2VC12

VC122

2140

VC122

234

342

2VC12

140 Mbit/s

34 Mbit/s 34 Mbit/s

140 Mbit/s

VC4140

155 VC4

155 Mbit/s

Synchronous Cross Connect

66

OpticalReceive

UnitSyncDEMUX

4

44

4

OpticalTransmit

UnitSyncMUX

4

44

4

ManagementCommunication Unit

Service Channel Unit

OverheadProcessing Unit

DataChannels

ServiceChannels

PC / TMN (Q)

16 x 140 Mbit/s

or

16 x STM-1

16 x 140 Mbit/s

or

16 x STM-1

STM-16

STM-16

SLX 1/16

Synchronous Line Equipment

67

2Mbit/s34Mbit/s

140Mbit/sSTM-1

STM-4SDH

TM

DXC

ADMADMATM

Switch

STM-4/-162Mbit/s34Mbit/s

140Mbit/s

STM-1

LAN

2Mbit/s

ADM

STM-1

STM-1, STM-4

2Mbit/s

8Mbit/s

34Mbit/s

140Mbit/s

STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET

ADM : Add Drop MultiplexerDXC : Digital Cross ConnectTM : Terminal Multiplexer

Hybrid Networks Connect Old and New Technologies

68

Local Network

STM-4

STM-16

STM-1

Exchange

FlexMux

SubscriberAccess

Mux64/2M

LocalExchange

Trunk NetworkL 1

Trunk NetworkL 2

SDHNetwork Topology

SDHNetwork Topology

TrunkNetwork L 2

69

Synchronization Architecture in SDH

70

Synchronization Network

PRC

SSU SSU

Primary Reference Clock

Synchronization Supply Unit

SDH Equipment ClockSECSDHEquip.

SECSDHEquip.

SECSDHEquip.

Caesium (Stratum 1) requ : 1 x 10-11typ : 5 x 10-12

long term: holdover 24h:

Rubidium (Stratum 2) requ : 1.6 x 10-8 , 1 x 10-10typ : 4 x 10-11 , 2 x 10-11

71

Limits:

Max. 10 x G.812 TNCMax. 60 x G.813 SEC,

though no more than20 between 2 TNCs

G.811PRC

G.812TNC

G.812TNC

G.813SEC

G.813SEC

G.813SEC

SSU SSU

Synchronization reference model

72

Synchronization of SDH Network Elements

SynchronousSDH Signal

155 Mbit/sData Signal

2 Mbit/sData Signal

2 048 kHzCentral Clock

SDH Network Element

Osc.

InternalOscillator 4.6 ppm

73

Phase error [ ns]

Observation interval [s]0.01 1 100 10000

10

100

1000

10000

100000

Hold-over mode

74

Hold-over measured values (TIE)

75

ITU-T ANSI / Bellcore ETSI

Definitions G.810 T1.101 / GR-253 ETS 300 462-1Network G.825 T1.105 / GR-253 ETS 300 462-3Primary Reference Clocks G.811 T1.101 ETS 300 462-6Synchron. Supply Clocks (ST2) G.812 T1.101 ETS 300 462-4Equipment Clocks (ST3) G.813 (G.81s) GR-253 ETS 300 462-5

Which Recommendations defineSynchronization Networks

76

Monitoring, Maintenance and ControlFunctions in SDH

77

LOS Loss Of Signal LOS Loss Of SignalTSE Test Sequence Error (Bit Err.) TSE Test Sequence ErrorLSS Loss of Sequence Synchron. LSS Loss of Sequence Synchr.LTI Loss of incoming Timing Ref. LTI Loss of inc. TimingRefOOF Out Of Frame OOF Out Of FrameLOF Loss Of Frame LOF Loss Of FrameB1 Regenerator Section BIP Err. B1 Section BIP ErrorsB2 Multiplex Section BIP Err. B2 Line BIP ErrorsMS-AIS Multiplex Section AIS AIS-L Line AISMS-RDI Mux Sect. Remote Defect Ind. RDI-L Line remote Defect Ind.MS-REI Mux Sect. Remote Errro Ind. REI-L Line Remote Error Ind.AU-LOP Loss Of AU Pointer LOP-P SP Loss Of PointerAU-NDF New Data Flag AU Pointer NDF-P SP New Data FlagAU-AIS AU Alarm Ind. Signal AIS-P SP AISAU-PJE AU Pointer Just. EventB3 HO Path BIP Errors B3 SP BIP ErrorsHP-UNEQ HO Path Unequipped UNEQ-P SP UnequippedHP-RDI HO Path Remote Defect Ind. RDI-P SP Remote Deect. Ind.HP-REI HO Path Remote Error Ind. REI-P SP Remote ERrro Ind.

PDI-P SP Payload Defect Ind.HP-TIM HO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch TIM-P SP Trace Ident. MismatchHP-PLM HO Path Payload Label Mism. PLM-P SP Payload Label MismatchTU-LOP Loss Of TU Pointer LOP-V VP Loss Of PointerTU-NDF New Data Flag TU Pointer NDF-V VP New Data FlagTU-AIS TU AIS AIS-V VP AISTU-LOM Loss Of Multiframe LOM Loss Of MultiframeBIP-2/B3 LO Path BIP Errors BIP-2 VP BIP ErrorsLP-UNEQ LO Path Unequipped UNEQ-V VP UnequippedLP-RDI LO Path Remote Defect Ind. RDI-V VP Remote Defect Ind.LP-REI LO Path Remote Error Ind. REI-V VP Remote Error Ind.LP-RFI LO Path Remote Failure Ind. RFI-V VP Remote Failure Ind.

PDI-V VP Payload Defect Ind.LP-TIM LO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch TIM-V VP Trace Ident. MismatchLP-PLM LO Path Payload Label Mism. PLM-V VP Payload Label Mism.

Mux

Sec

t.M

ux S

ect.P

hys.

/Reg

.Sec

t.Ph

ys./R

eg.S

ect.

Hig

her O

rder

Pat

hH

ighe

r Ord

er P

ath

Low

er O

rder

Pat

hLo

wer

Ord

er P

ath

Line

(L)

Line

(L)

STS

Path

(SP)

STS

Path

(SP)

VT P

ath

(VP)

VT P

ath

(VP)

Phys

./Sec

tion

Phys

./Sec

tion

LCD Loss of Cell Delineation I.610HCOR Correctable Header ErrorsHUNC Uncorrectable Header ErrorsVP-AIS Virtual Path AIS I.610VP-RDI Virtual Path Remote Defect Indication I.610VC-AIS Virtual Channel AIS I.610VC-RDI Virtual Channel Remot Defect Indication I.610Vx-AIS Virtual Channel AIS & Virtual, Path AIS simultan. (O.191)Vx-RDI Virtual Channel RDI & Virtual, Path RDI simultan. (O.191)LOC Loss Of Continuity I.610

ATM

Pat

hAT

M P

ath

EVENTS SDHEVENTS SDH EVENTS SONETEVENTS SONET

78

Frame Areas Covered by Parity Bytes

RSOH

MSOHPayload

B1:- Supervision of thewhole STM-1 frame

- Covers the regeneratorsections of a trans-mission system

B2:- Covers the multiplexsections (from networknode to network node)

B3:- Covers the transmissionpaths from beginning tothe end (tributary totributary)

RSOH

MSOHPayloadPayload

RSOH

MSOH

Parity bytes providing a means to supervise the transmissionquality of a life STM-N signal !

PayloadAU-PTR

79

Parity Supervison Procedure

Tran

smit

Side

BIP-8 B1

frame nframe n+1

80

Parity Supervison Procedure

Tran

smit

Side

BIP-8 B1

frame nframe n+1

BIP-8 B1Comparisonwith the Tx side value

Rec

eive

Sid

e frame n+1 frame n

recalculation at Rx side

81

How to Built a Parity Byte ?

Bit interleaved data field structure of the area covered Field width: BIP-24: 24 bits (B2) BIP-8: 8 bits (B1, B3) BIP-2: 2 bits (V5)

Column by column parity check for even numbers of "1"

BIP-24801

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 11 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1

0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 11 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

123

Byte 1 Byte 2 Byte 3

even numbers of "1"

Example: 24 bit interleaved parity check (BIP-24)

82

SDH MAINTENANCE INTERACTIONS

LOS/LOFRS-TIMBIP Err.

"1" AIS

MS-AIS "1"

MS-BIP Err.MS-REIMS-RDI

AU-AISAU-LOP

AIS

"1"

HP-UNEQHP-TIM

HP-BIP Err.HP-REIHP-RDI

"1"AIS

TU-AISTU-LOP

LOMHP-PLM

LP-UNEQLP-TIM

LP-BIP Err.

LP-REILP-RDI

LP-PLM

"1"

"1"

"1"

AIS

AIS

RegeneratorSection

MultiplexSection

Higher OrderPath

Lower OrderPath

(J0)(B1)(K2)(B2)(M1)(K2)

(C2)(J1)(B3)(G1)(G1)

(H4)(C2)(V5)(J2)(V5)(V5)(V5)(V5)

83

LOS Drop of incomming optical power level causes BER of 10-3 or worseOOF A1, A2 incorrect for more than 625 usLOF If OOF persists of 3msB1 Error Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8MS-AIS K2 (bits 6,7,8) =111 for 3 or more framesB2 Error Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-24MS-RDI If MS-AIS or excessive errors are detected, K2(bits 6,7,8)=110MS-REI M1: Binary coded count of incorrect interleavedbit blocksAU-AIS All "1" in the entire AU including AU pointerAU-LOP 8 to 10 NDF enable or 8 to 10 invalid pointersHP-UNEQ C2="0" for 5 or more framesHP-TIM J1: Trace identifier mismatchHP-SLM C2: Signal label mismatchHP-LOM H4 values (2 to 10 times) unequal to multiframesequence

B3 Error Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8HP-RDI G1 (bit 5)=1, if an invalid signal is received in VC-4/VC-3HP-REI G1 (bits 1,2,3,4) = binary coded B3 errors

Maintenance Signal Defenitions (1)

84

TU-AIS All "1" in the entire TU incl. TU pointerTU-LOP 8 to 10 NDF enable or 8 to 10 invalid pointersLP-UNEQ VC-3: C2 = all "0" for >=frames;

VC-12: V5 (bits 5,6,7) = 000 for >=5 framesLP-TIM VC-3: J1 mismatch; VC-12: J2 mismatchLP-SLM VC-3: C2 mismatch; VC-12: V5 (bits 5,6,7) mismatchBIP-2 Err Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-2 (V5)LP-RDI V5 (bit 8) = 1, if TU-2 path AIS or signal failure receivedLP-REI V5 (bit 3) = 1, if >=1 errors were detected by BIP-2LP-RFI V5 (bit 4) = 1, if a failure is declared

Abbreviations:

AU Administration unitHP High pathLOF Loss of frameLOM Loss of miltiframeLOP Loss of pointerLOS Loss of signal

LP Low pathOOF Out of frameREI Remote error indication (FEBE)RDI Remote defect indication (FERF)RFI Remote failure indicationSLM Signal label mismatch

TIM Trace identifierTU Tributary unitUNEQ UnequippedVC VirtualC container

Maintenance Signal Definitions (2)

85

ES Errored Second Second with> 1errored block

SES Severely Errored Second Second with > 30% errored blocksor > 1 defect

BBE Background Block Error Errored block, not occuring aspart of SES

ITUITU--T G.826T G.826

ES Errored Second Second with > 1 bit error

SES Severely Errored Second Second with BER > 1 x 10E-3

ITUITU--T G.821T G.821

UAS Unavailable Seconds:Time

10 sec 10 sec< 10sec

Unavailable SecondsUnavailable Seconds

Unavailabilitydetected

Availabilitydetected

Performance Parameter

86

Jitter and Wander

87

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . . .

Time Line

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 10 0Bit Sequence

1 UI

Ideal Signal (NRZ)

Actual Signal(with Jitter

and Wander)

Phase Variations (Jitter or Wander) in a Digital Transmission System

Jitter and Wander Definitions

88

Interference signals Pattern dependent jitter Phase noise Delay variation Stuffing and wait time jitter Mapping jitter Pointer jitter

Sources of Jitter and Wander

89

Pattern

Clock

SignalInput

Ext. Reference Clock Input(Wander Measurement)

ClockInput

N

1

f

f

V

V

Pattern-ClockConverter

FrequencyDivider

Phase Detector

Phase Detector

~ 1 Hz

Filters

HP LP

Peak-to-PeakDetector

Low Pass Filter VCO

JitterandWander

Reference Clock Generator (PLL)

ResultEvaluation

Jitter and Wander Measurement Method

90

Amplitude / dB

Frequency / Hz10 Hz

STM-1: 500 Hz 65 kHz 1.3 MHzSTM-4: 1 kHz 250 kHz 5 MHzSTM-16: 5 kHz 1 MHz 20 MHz

HighFrequency

Jitter

Jitterincluding

lowerFrequency

Components

TotalJitter

Wander

Values according to ITU-T Rec. G.825 and G.813

Max. Jitter Amplitude: 1,5UI 0,15UI

Jitter Measurement Filters

91

JitterAmplitude

(PP)

Measurement Period

Jitter / UIpp

Time

Definition of Jitter Peak-to-Peak Amplitude

92

Network output jitter (G.825)

Network element output jitter (G.783, G.813)

Jitter transfer function (G.958)

Jitter and Wander tolerance (G.825, G.813)

Jitter and Wander Measurements

93

Wander Long-term timing variation (below 10 Hz)

TIE "Time Interval Error"

MTIE "Max. Time Interval Error"

TDEV "Time Deviation", timing variation as a function ofintegration time. Provides information about thespectral content.

TVAR"Time Variation", square of TDEV

ADEV "Allen Deviation"

MADEV "Modified Allen Deviation"

Definitions specified in ITU-T Rec. G.810

WANDER Definitions

94

MTIE

Observation Period

Start End

Wander / UI

Time

TIE at t End

TIE max

TIE minTim

e va

riatio

n ag

ains

t ref

eren

ce

TIE and MTIE Definition

95

Results (MTIE) compared to Standards

96

Network resilience

97

Linear Protection (G.783)

W

P

W

P

W

W

P

1 + 1 Protection scheme

1 : 1 Protection scheme

1 : N Protection scheme

98

Linear Protection (G.783)

W

P

W

P

W

W

P

1 + 1 Protection scheme

1 : 1 Protection scheme

1 : N Protection scheme

99

Unidirectional and Bidirectional Rings

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

A

B

Traffic A -> B

Traffic B -> A

Unidirectional Ringtraffic between A-Buses the entire length of ring

Bidirectional Ring- use the shorter or longer path- increase number of paths- short path : traffic

long path : protection

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

A

B

Traffic A -> B

B -> A

longerpath

100

Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring

Tributary

Tributary

A

C

BF

D

E

Fiber 2 : unidirectional


101


Tributary

Tributary

A

C

BF

D

E



102


Tributary

Tributary

A

C

BF

D

E



103

Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring

Tributary

Tributary

A

C

BF

D

E

Protection

Working

Working

104


Tributary

Tributary

A

C

BF

D

E

Protection

Working

Working

105


Tributary

Tributary

A

C

BF

D

E

Protection

Working

Working

106

Two fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring(BLSR)

Tributary

A

BF

C

D

E Tributary

Fiber 1

Fiber 2

workingprotection

107

Tributary

A

BF

C

D

E Tributary

Fiber 1

Fiber 2


workingprotection

108


Tributary

A

BF

C

D

E Tributary

Fiber 1

Fiber 2

workingprotection

109

Tributary

A

BF

C

D

E Tributary

Prot.Fiber 3 + 4

Working Fiber 1 + 2

Four fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring (BLSR)

110


Tributary

A

BF

C

D

E Tributary

Prot.Fiber 3 + 4

Working Fiber 1 + 2

111


Tributary

A

BF

C

D

E Tributary

Prot.Fiber 3 + 4

Working Fiber 1 + 2

112

Four fiber Bidirectional Span-Switched Ring

Tributary

A

BF

C

D

E Tributary

Prot.Fiber 3 + 4

Working Fiber 1 + 2

113


Tributary

A

BF

C

D

E Tributary

Prot.Fiber 3 + 4

Working Fiber 1 + 2

114


Tributary

A

BF

C

D

E Tributary

Prot.Fiber 3 + 4

Working Fiber 1 + 2

115

TMN in SDH networks

116

Network Management

Basic tasks of network management:

Administrative functions:

Operation: Network supervising (anomalies, defects)Network linking (reserve links, additional links)

Maintenance: Identifing and elimination of impairments

Planning and commissioning: Network configuration

Operative functions: Supervision of network functionsRepairInstallationSelf test

117

TMN Overlay

CC CC

CentralOS

LocalOS

QQ

QQ

QQ ECC

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

Q ECC

118

PerformanceFaultsConfigurationAccountingSecurity

Management of :

DXC DXC

CentralOS

LocalOS

XX

Q3

Q3

Q3

Q ECCADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

Q ECC

CentralOS

NEManager

NEManager

Q3

Data Communication Network : X.25, ISDN, LAN

Telecommunication ManagementNetwork (TMN) Overlay

STM-N

STM-N STM-N

119

TMN Reference Configuration

OperatingSystem

OS

MediationDevice

MD

NetworkElement

NE

Data Communication NetworkDCN

NetworkElement

NE

F

F

F

Q3

Q3

Q2 or Q1

Qx

Q3

Workstation

Workstation

Workstation

MD: Conversion between different interfaces(Information Conversion Function ICF:manufacturer-specific information model ->operator specific information model)

Local Communication NetworkLCN

120

Interoperability in TMN

QMonitor provides easy adaptation to the interface

(autoconfiguration) decoding of protocols and management

information automatic detection of errors in

management information SDH/SONET Qecc access with

transmission analyzers (e.g. ANT-20)

QMonitorbased onDominoWANDominoLANDA-30

TMNOperations

System

TMNOperations

System

Qecc Qecc

Qecc

Q3

Q3

XX Interoperability problems because of multi vendor networks heterogenous technology different standards for protocols and

management information

121

SDH BenefitsReduced equipment costsmulti vendor compatibility

Lower maintenance costsbuilt-in defect and anomaly monitoring

Future proof equipmentSDH is the physical layer for BISDN

Efficient drop / insert facilitiesADM (add&drop multiplexers), DXC (digital cross connectors)

TMN capabilitiesBuilt-in DCN (data comm. network), DCC/ECC

More flexibility in provision of servicesadding transmission capacity by routing on demand

122

Pirelli : WaveMux 320032 x OC-48 channels80Gbit/s over 1200km

40 x OC-48 channels100Gbit/s over 600km

Ciena :

There may not be a near term need, but this is the directionthat networking will take next for 3 or 4 years.

Ryan, Hunkin, Kent Consulting '96

Future Trends - WDM Systems

Current Systems : 4, 8, 16 x OC-48 (MCI, Sprint)

123

Future Trends - Optical ComponentsFuture Trends - Optical Components

ADM

Optical D&I

Local Traffic2Mbit/s, DS-3, STM-1

1, 2, 3, 4

2

1, 2, 3, 4

2

WDM WDM

STM-N,OC-N

STM-N,OC-N

Extract selectively Minimize need for demultiplexing

entire bandwidth

124

STM-16cVC2-5cPoS

STM-64

DWDMFutureTrendsinSynchronousTechnology

TMN

125

Lets summarize !

Please name the PDH bitrates !Please explain stuffing !

When will stuffing be applied ?

What is the reaction of a Network element after an LOS alarm ?What is the meaning of an LOF alarm ?

Is it possible to drop an 2Mbit/s signal out of an 140Mbit/s line ?

Why not ?

Please name the SDH bitrates !

Explain the way an PDH signal is integrated in an STM-1 !

08.12.2013 06:17 The World of Synchronous Networks 126

Lets summarize !

Please name the different sections of an SDH connection !What is a parity byte ?

Please explain the way to build a parity byte !

Which parity bytes do you know ?

Which overhead bytes are used for data communication ?

What is a pointer ?

What is a pointer used for ?

127

Lets summarize !

Please name the SDH network elements !What are they used for ?

Please explain how a synchronization network looks like !

What is a holdover mode ?

Which byte is used to transport an HP-UNEQ ?

Please explain Jitter and Wander !

How can jitter be defined ?

Please explain the terms TIE and MTIE ?

Please explain the term TDEV ?

Explain the possibilities to synchronize a NE !

128

Lets summarize !

Please name the main Jitter and Wander measurements !Explain these measurements !

Please explain the methods of linear protection !

What kind of ring structures do you know ?

Please explain DWDM !

What are the the advantages of a TMN controlled network ?

How is the TMN interface called ?

basics on sdh from stm 1 up to2

Documents

kbits frame

sa sa sa sa sa4

frame alignment signal2

mbits frame structures132

mbits frame structures11si

mbits frame structures12si

y x xa b c d

kbits multiframe