basics of ventilation and industrial...
TRANSCRIPT
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Industrial Fans
Jonathan F. Hale, MPA
Air Systems Corporation
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Air is a Fluid
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Birds Swim In It!
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40,000 CFM = ? LBS. AIR/HR.
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Air = .075 LBS.
1 CU. FT.
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40,000 CFM = 90 TONS/HR. = 3,000 LBS/MIN
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FORWARD CURVED
50 - 60 % efficiency
Most Common Fan type in the world?
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BACKWARDLY INCLINED
~ 79% max. efficiency
AIRFOIL (Bl)
82% max. efficiency
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INDUSTRIAL EXHAUSTERS
55-70% EFFICIENCY
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AXIAL (PROPELLER) FANS
UP TO 90% EFFICIENCY
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INDUSTRIAL FANS
MODULE TOPICS
FAN IN AIR SYSTEM
FAN TYPES
FAN SELECTION
FAN TESTING
AIR DENSITY
FAN SAFETY
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FAN’S ROLE IN AIR SYSTEM
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The purpose of a fan is to supply an air system with energy (in the form of pressure) necessary to maintain airflow.
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FAN TYPES
Centrifugal Fans Air turns 90° through the fan.
Axial Fans Air Flows straight through the fan.
Other Types Special Design Fans.
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CENTRIFUGAL FAN TYPES
Different Designs types are used to match System air flow and static pressure requirements.
The Inlet and Outlet Sizes decrease relative to housing diameter as the pressure developed increases.
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CENTRIFUGAL FAN TYPES
Centrifugal Fans used in higher pressure lower flow, corrosive, or material handling systems.
The Inlet and Outlet Sizes decrease relative to housing diameter as the pressure developed increases.
Generally outlet velocity Range of 1250 to 6000 FPM Outlet Velocity Centrifugal Fan pressure capabilities:
Backward Curved Centrifugals up to 20” SP Industrial Exhausters up to 46” SP Pressure Blowers up to 14” SP Turbo Pressure Blowers up to 100” SP
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AXIAL FAN TYPES
Different propeller types are used to match System air flow and static pressure requirements.
The propeller hub diameter increases relative to the fan diameter as the pressure developed increases.
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AXIAL FAN TYPES
Axial Fans used in higher flow lower pressure systems. Generally outlet velocity Range of 1000 to 4000 FPM Outlet
Velocity Axial Fan Pressure capabilities:
General Ventilation Fans to 1/2” SP Duct Fans to 1 1/4” SP Duct Axial to 5” SP Vane Axial to 10”
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OTHER AIR MOVING DEVICES
Special Designs In Line Centrifugal Mixed Flow Centrifugal Power Roof Ventilators Axial Power Roof Ventilators
Ejectors
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FAN SYSTEM CALCULATION
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ACGIH® Velocity Pressure Method Calculation Sheet Calculate the required
flow through the system.
Calculate the static pressure required to move the required flow.
CFM & SP will develop a System Curve.
SYSTEM SP provides the Fan SP
SYSTEM CFM = FLOW
SYSTEM SP SP SP VPout in in SYSTEM SP SP SP VPout in in
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FAN SELECTION
System Calculation
Flow or Capacity
Pressure Requirements
System Resistance Curve
System Losses Plotted
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2
2
CFM x Constant 0.075 x 1097 x Area
CFMC x C
VP
System Loss
CFM
Pre
ssu
re
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FAN SELECTION
Select a fan which will generate the required pressure at the desired airflow.
Airflow Desired CFM
Pressure
Power
HP vs. CFM
Required SP
System Curve
SP vs. CFM
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FAN SELECTION Other Considerations Airstream
Materials through the fan Explosive or Flammable Materials Contaminated or Corrosive Elevated Temperature
Physical Limitations Fan Size and Type Belt Drive vs. Direct Drive Mounting Arrangement Materials First Cost, Operating Cost, Maintenance Cost Other Factors including color
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RATING TABLES AND PERFORMANCE PROGRAMS
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Selection and rating areas are defined by the Manufacturers, Usually only good selections are shown.
Fan Performance tables are at Standard Conditions (0.075 lb./ft.3 air density.)
Computer Software is available to provide selections and performance curves.
The AMCA Certified Rating Program insures manufacturers ratings.
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FAN SELECTION
Ratings will include notes on how the fan was tested
Open or Ducted Inlet
Open or Ducted Outlet
Belt losses may not be included in the performance ratings.
Accessories included in the test
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FAN PERFORMANCE
Test Equipment Measure Flow (indirectly)
Pitot tube traverse Flow Nozzle Flow Measurement Station
Measure Fan Pressure Inlet Pressure Outlet Pressure
Measure Fan Power Measure Fan Speed Measure Temperature
Dry Bulb Temp. Wet Bulb Temp. Barometric Pressure System Air Temp.
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The Aerodynamic Performance Test – AMCA Standard 210 - "Laboratory Methods of Testing Fans for Certified
Aerodynamic Performance Rating“ – AMCA Standard 203 - "Field Performance Measurement of Fan Systems"
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FAN PERFORMANCE
Manufacturers provide fan performance at many speeds and pressures. The Fan Laws are used to calculate performance using well established
methods.
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All fans have one thing in common:
Accurate prediction of aerodynamic performance requires a test at:
Constant Speed,
Known Density
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THE FAN LAWS
The Fan Laws are used to calculate fan performance at:
Other Speeds, Other Densities, Other Fan Sizes
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First Law:
Second Law:
Third Law:
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THE FAN LAWS
Pressure
Power
Airflow Changes in Speed
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FAN SELECTION
Select fan for Stable Operating Point
Interaction of Fan Performance Curve and System Curve There is only one intersection between the fan curve and system
curve.
Fans are load matching devices.
Fans handle ACFM only.
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Pressure
Power
Airflow
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FAN ARRANGEMENT
AMCA Standard Drive Arrangements: Centrifugal or Axial
Belt Drive, Direct Drive, and Direct Coupled Arrangements
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STANDARD AIR
Standard air is the reference gas for: Fan Performance Ratings
Air System Design
Standard Density is 0.075 lb./ft.3
SCFM is not equal to ACFM
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AIR DENSITY
Density effects Fan and System
Performance.
Density at a given temperature and
barometric pressure can be calculated:
Temp. F460
F70 F460x
Hg in. 29.92
press. Abs.x
ft
lbm 0.075
3
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AIR DENSITY
Industrial Ventilation Manual calculates density
using Density Factors:
df df df df df
df [1 (6.73 10 )(z)]
df (407 SP) (407)
df (530) (T 460)
df (1 ) (1 1.607 )
e p T m
e6 5.258
p
T
m
* * *
*
w w
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FAN SAFETY
Fans contain moving parts and can be dangerous. Install guards.
Know the “Hidden Dangers” Suction and Pressure
Windmilling
Temperature
Noise and Environment
Stroboscopic Effect
Special Purpose Fans and Systems
Have a “lock out” procedure.
AMCA Publication 410-96, "Recommended Safety Practices For Users and Installers of Industrial and Commercial Fans" is an excellent resource.
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CONCLUSION
Proper Fan Application, Selection, Installation, and Maintenance will result in excellent Fan System operations.
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INSPECTION & MAINTENANCE
Inspection and routine maintenance on a periodic schedule of fan equipment is necessary.
Historical records of fan condition and maintenance should be maintained and compared with current conditions as they are indicators of upcoming problems.
Monitor and record vibration levels.
Sudden changes in fan performance, noise, or vibration levels are often a precursor to breakdown.
Fans should be inspected for condition, material buildup, and erosion.
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