Basics of ElectricityBasics of ElectricityModule 13 – 12’Module 13 – 12’

Your career will rely heavily on the use Your career will rely heavily on the use

electricityelectricity Know what electricity isKnow what electricity is How it worksHow it works

Understanding electricity will help to Understanding electricity will help to properly use care for appliancesproperly use care for appliances

Electricity & its use impacts different Electricity & its use impacts different aspects of salon environmentaspects of salon environment LightingLighting Temperature of styling ironsTemperature of styling irons

ElectricityElectricity

Is a form of energy that when in motion Is a form of energy that when in motion exhibitsexhibits MagneticMagnetic ChemicalChemical ThermalThermal

It is a flow of electrons which are It is a flow of electrons which are negatively charged particles that swirl negatively charged particles that swirl around atoms like a swarm of beesaround atoms like a swarm of bees

Electrical current – is the flow electricity Electrical current – is the flow electricity along a conductoralong a conductor

Conductor – is any substance that easily Conductor – is any substance that easily transmits electricitytransmits electricity MetalsMetals CopperCopper waterwater

Insulator – or nonconductor – is a Insulator – or nonconductor – is a substance that does not easily transmit substance that does not easily transmit electricity electricity RubberRubber SilkSilk WoodWood GlassGlass cementcement

Complete circuit – is the path of an Complete circuit – is the path of an electrical current from the generating electrical current from the generating source through conductors and back to its source through conductors and back to its original sourceoriginal source

Figure 13 – 1 page 265Figure 13 – 1 page 265

Types of Electrical CurrentTypes of Electrical Current

Direct Current – Direct Current – Is a constant even- flowing current that travels Is a constant even- flowing current that travels

in one directionin one direction Converter – is an apparatus that changes Converter – is an apparatus that changes

direct current to alternating currentdirect current to alternating current Car convertersCar converters

Alternating current – is a rapid and Alternating current – is a rapid and interrupted current – flowing first in one interrupted current – flowing first in one direction and then in the opposite directiondirection and then in the opposite direction Rectifier – is an apparatus that changes Rectifier – is an apparatus that changes

alternating current to direct current alternating current to direct current Cordless electric clippersCordless electric clippers Clippers and battery chargersClippers and battery chargers

Table 13 – 1 page 265Table 13 – 1 page 265 Did You Know – page 265Did You Know – page 265

Electrical MeasurementsElectrical Measurements

Water flowing through a hoseWater flowing through a hose Volt – or voltage – is the unit that Volt – or voltage – is the unit that

measures the pressure or force that measures the pressure or force that pushes the flow of electrons forward pushes the flow of electrons forward through a conductorthrough a conductor Without pressure electrons wouldn’t flow Without pressure electrons wouldn’t flow

Figure 13 – 2 , Figure 13 – 3 – page 266Figure 13 – 2 , Figure 13 – 3 – page 266

Amp – or ampere – is the unit that Amp – or ampere – is the unit that measures the amount of electric current measures the amount of electric current (the number of electrons flowing through a (the number of electrons flowing through a conductor)conductor)

Wire must expand like a hoseWire must expand like a hose Milliampere – is one-thousandth of an Milliampere – is one-thousandth of an

ampereampere Ampere is too strong for the bodyAmpere is too strong for the body

Ohm – is a unit that measures the Ohm – is a unit that measures the resistance of an electric current resistance of an electric current Current will not flow through a conductor Current will not flow through a conductor

without the force (volts) being stronger than without the force (volts) being stronger than the resistance flow (ohms)the resistance flow (ohms)

Watt – is a measurement of how much Watt – is a measurement of how much electric energy is being used in 1 secondelectric energy is being used in 1 second

Kilowatt – is 1,000 wattsKilowatt – is 1,000 watts

Electrical Equipment SafetyElectrical Equipment Safety

Your safetyYour safety Client safetyClient safety Equipment inspected regularly – safe Equipment inspected regularly – safe

working orderworking order

Safety DevicesSafety Devices

Fuse – Fuse – Special device that prevents excessive Special device that prevents excessive

current from passing through a circuitcurrent from passing through a circuit Blow out or melt when wire becomes too hot Blow out or melt when wire becomes too hot

from overloading too much currentfrom overloading too much current To re-establish – To re-establish –

disconnect appliancedisconnect appliance Check all connections & insulationCheck all connections & insulation Insert new fuseInsert new fuse

Circuit breaker – Circuit breaker – Switch that automatically interrupts or shuts Switch that automatically interrupts or shuts

off an electric circuit at the first indication of off an electric circuit at the first indication of overloadoverload

Hit re-set buttonHit re-set button Hair dryer – on electric plugHair dryer – on electric plug

Figure 13 – 4,13-5 - page 267Figure 13 – 4,13-5 - page 267 Caution Box – page 267Caution Box – page 267

Grounding – Grounding – All electrical appliances must have at least 2 All electrical appliances must have at least 2

electrical connectionselectrical connections ““live” connection supplies currentlive” connection supplies current The ground connection completes the circuit The ground connection completes the circuit

and carries the current safely to the groundand carries the current safely to the ground Third – circular electrical connection provides an Third – circular electrical connection provides an

additional ground additional ground Appliances with a third circular \ground give the Appliances with a third circular \ground give the

most protectionmost protection

Guidelines for Safe Use of Guidelines for Safe Use of Electrical EquipmentElectrical Equipment

PP 268 – 269PP 268 – 269 Caution boxes on PP 269Caution boxes on PP 269 Figure 13 – 6, Figure 13 – 7, Figure 13 – 8 Figure 13 – 6, Figure 13 – 7, Figure 13 – 8

- page 268- page 268

ElectrotherapyElectrotherapy

Wall plate – facial stimulator – an Wall plate – facial stimulator – an instrument that plugs into a wall outlet and instrument that plugs into a wall outlet and produces different types of electrical produces different types of electrical currents – used for facials and scalp currents – used for facials and scalp treatmentstreatments

Modalities – various electrical currents Modalities – various electrical currents Electrode – an applicator for directing the Electrode – an applicator for directing the

electric current from the machine to client’s electric current from the machine to client’s skinskin

Polarity – Polarity – Anode – Anode – Cathode – Cathode – Figure 13 – 9 page 269Figure 13 – 9 page 269

PolarityPolarity Galvanic current – Galvanic current – Did You Know – page 269Did You Know – page 269 Table – 13-2 – page 270Table – 13-2 – page 270 Caution box – page 270Caution box – page 270

Active Electrode - Electrode used on the area to Active Electrode - Electrode used on the area to be treatedbe treated

Inactive Electrode – opposite pole from active Inactive Electrode – opposite pole from active electrodeelectrode

Iontophoresis - Iontophoresis - Cataphoresis – Cataphoresis – Anaphoresis – Anaphoresis – Disincrustation – Disincrustation –

Microcurrent – extremely low level of Microcurrent – extremely low level of electricity and mirrors body’s natural electricity and mirrors body’s natural electrical impulseselectrical impulses Iontophoresis – Iontophoresis –

FirmingFirming ToningToning Soothing skinSoothing skin Heal inflamed tissue (acnes)Heal inflamed tissue (acnes) Negative & positive poles in one electrodeNegative & positive poles in one electrode

Microcurrent does not travel through bodyMicrocurrent does not travel through body Treats areas used on onlyTreats areas used on only Benefits – page 271Benefits – page 271 Caution box page 271Caution box page 271

Tesla high-frequency current – Tesla high-frequency current – EffectsEffects BenefitsBenefits

Figure 13 – 11 page 271Figure 13 – 11 page 271

Did You Know – page 271Did You Know – page 271

Caution box - 272Caution box - 272

Other Electrical EquipmentOther Electrical Equipment

Conventional Hood Hair Dryers – heat Conventional Hood Hair Dryers – heat lamps – lamps – Used to shorten chemical processing timeUsed to shorten chemical processing time DryDry Holes in processing capHoles in processing cap

Electric Curling Iron and Flat Irons – Electric Curling Iron and Flat Irons – Heating CapsHeating Caps

Hair Color Processing Machines – Hair Color Processing Machines – Accelerating MachinesAccelerating Machines Shorten time it takes to processShorten time it takes to process

Steamer or Vaporizer MachineSteamer or Vaporizer Machine Produces moist uniform heatProduces moist uniform heat

Light TherapyLight Therapy Stat Regulatory Alert – page 272Stat Regulatory Alert – page 272

Light TherapyLight Therapy Visible light is electromagnetic radiation Visible light is electromagnetic radiation

that we can seethat we can see ““radiant energy”radiant energy” Carries energy through space on wavesCarries energy through space on waves

Wavelength - - 2 successive peaksWavelength - - 2 successive peaks Long wavelengths – Low frequency – number Long wavelengths – Low frequency – number

of waves is less within a given lengthof waves is less within a given length Short wavelengths – high frequency – more Short wavelengths – high frequency – more

waves within a given distancewaves within a given distance Figure – 11 -11Figure – 11 -11

Electromagnetic spectrum – entire range Electromagnetic spectrum – entire range of wavelengths of electromagnetic of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation (radiant energy)radiation (radiant energy)

Visible light is the part we can see - Makes Visible light is the part we can see - Makes up 35% of natural sunlight up 35% of natural sunlight

Invisible light – wavelengths are beyond Invisible light – wavelengths are beyond the visible spectrum of light – 65% of the visible spectrum of light – 65% of natural sunlightnatural sunlight

Infrared rays – 60% of natural sunlightInfrared rays – 60% of natural sunlight Deeper more penetrating raysDeeper more penetrating rays Produce more heat than visible lightProduce more heat than visible light Exposure time 5 minutesExposure time 5 minutes 30” inches away30” inches away NEVER leave client unattendedNEVER leave client unattended

2 Caution boxes PP 1882 Caution boxes PP 188

Visible LightVisible Light Visible light rays – primary source of light Visible light rays – primary source of light

used in facials and scalp treatmentsused in facials and scalp treatments White light – “combination light” - White light – “combination light” -

combination of all visible rays of the combination of all visible rays of the spectrumspectrum

Blue light – used on bare oily skinBlue light – used on bare oily skin Few heat raysFew heat rays Least penetratingLeast penetrating Germicidal and chemical benefitsGermicidal and chemical benefits

Red light –Red light – Used on dry skinUsed on dry skin Oils and crèmesOils and crèmes Deepest penetrationDeepest penetration Produces moist heatProduces moist heat

Ultraviolet LightUltraviolet Light 5% of natural sunlight5% of natural sunlight Cold rays actinic raysCold rays actinic rays Shorter wavelengthsShorter wavelengths Least penetratingLeast penetrating Produces less heat than visible lightProduces less heat than visible light Produce chemical effects and kill germsProduce chemical effects and kill germs Prompts the skin to produce vitamin “D”Prompts the skin to produce vitamin “D”

Overexposure – premature aging and skin Overexposure – premature aging and skin cancercancer

UV radiation fromUV radiation from SunSun Sun lampsSun lamps Tanning bedsTanning beds

30” – 36” away30” – 36” away

Light Versus Heat Energy Light Versus Heat Energy

Catalysis – used to make reactions Catalysis – used to make reactions happen more quicklyhappen more quickly

Use heat as an energy source while Use heat as an energy source while others use lightothers use light

Absorb energy like a batteryAbsorb energy like a battery

Sunlight and artificial light can start Sunlight and artificial light can start polymerization in containerspolymerization in containers

Heat-curing monomers – may also cause Heat-curing monomers – may also cause polymerization in the containerpolymerization in the container

Caution box PP 189Caution box PP 189