Basics of EKG Interpretation

Michael Rochon-Duck

July 6, 2015

Slideset adapted from:

Jennifer Ballard-Hernandez, DNP

Goals

• Understand the normal electrical activation of the heart

• Correlate the ECG to the timing and direction of cardiac electrical activity

• Gain confidence with recognizing common ECG findings

• Start interpreting ECGs

What is an ECG?• Noninvasive test that examines the

electrical conduction of the heart• Measures the amount of electrical voltage

generated by depolarization of the heart muscle

• Sum of all electrical forces (vectors) at a given moment in time

• Voltage may be a negative of positive value

12 Leads = 12 Vantage Points

Limb Leads: Vertical Plane

Precordial Leads: Horizontal Plane

Munshi 2012

Impulse Conduction & the ECGSinoatrial node

AV node

Bundle of His

Bundle Branches

Purkinje fibers

The “PQRST”

• P wave - Atrial depolarization

• T wave - Ventricular repolarization

• QRS - Ventricular depolarization

The ECG Paper

• Horizontally– One small box - 0.04 sec.– One large box - 0.20 sec.

• Vertically– One large box - 0.5 mV

You Must Have a Method to Your Madness!

• To eliminate potential errors and avoid missed data – you MUST have a protocol in your interpretation of ECG’s

• The protocol must be easy, logical and sequential

ECG Analysis

• Step 1: Rate

• Step 2: Rhythm

• Step 3: Intervals-PR

• Step 4: Intervals-QRS

• Step 5: Axis

• Step 6: ST Segment / Waves

• Step 7: Overall Interpretation

Step 1: Calculate Rate

• Option 1– Count the # of R waves in a 10 second

rhythm strip, then multiply by 6.– This method should be used for all

irregular rhythms

Interpretation? 11 x 6 = 66 bpm

Step 1: Calculate Rate

• Option 2 – Find a R wave that lands on a bold line.– Count the # of large boxes to the next R

wave. If the second R wave is 1 large box away the rate is 300, 2 boxes - 150, 3 boxes - 100, 4 boxes - 75, etc. (cont)

R wave

Step 1: Calculate Rate

• Option 2 (cont) – Memorize the sequence:

300 - 150 - 100 - 75 - 60 - 50

Interpretation?

300

150

100

75

60

50

Approx. 1 box less than 100 = 95 bpm

Step 1: Calculate Rate

• Option 3 (Jen’s favorite )– Count the number of small boxes between

two R waves and divide into 1500

Interpretation? 1500/16=93.75HR=94

What is the rate?

What is the rate? 2

What is the rate? 3

Abnormalities in Rate

• >100/min = tachyarrhythmia• <60/min = bradyarrhythmia

• Further defined by site of origin– Sinus node– Atrial– Junctional– Ventricular

The Fastest Pacemaker Captures the Heart

Step 2: Determine regularity

• Look at the R-R distances (using a caliper or markings on a pen or paper).

• Regular (are they equidistant apart)? Occasionally irregular? Regularly irregular? Irregularly irregular?

Interpretation? Regular

R R

Step 2: RhythmAssess the P waves

• Are there P waves?• Morphology: Do P waves all look alike?• Is there one P wave before each QRS?• P waves upright in I, II, aVF?• Is the PR interval constant?

Interpretation? Normal P waves with 1 P wave for every QRS

Step 3: Determine PR interval

• Normal: 120 – 200 ms

(3 - 5 boxes)

Interpretation? 0.12 seconds

Step 4: Determine the QRS Interval

• Normal: 40 – 100 ms

(1 – 2.5 boxes)

Interpretation? 0.08 seconds

Bundle Branch Blocks

Bundle Branch Blocks

Turning our attention to bundle branch blocks…

Remember normal impulse conduction is

SA node

AV node

Bundle of His Bundle Branches Purkinje fibers

Normal Impulse ConductionSinoatrial node

AV node

Bundle of His

Bundle Branches

Purkinje fibers

Bundle Branch BlocksSo, depolarization of the Bundle Branches and Purkinje fibers are seen as the QRS complex on the ECG.

Therefore, a conduction block of the Bundle Branches would be reflected as a change in the QRS complex.

Right BBB

Bundle Branch BlocksWith Bundle Branch Blocks you will see two changes on the ECG.

1. QRS complex widens (> 0.12 sec).

2. QRS morphology changes (varies depending on ECG lead, and if it is a right vs. left bundle branch block).

Bundle Branch Blocks

Why does the QRS complex widen?

When the conduction pathway is blocked it will take longer for the electrical signal to pass throughout the ventricles because the impulse has to travel from cell to cell inefficiently.

Right Bundle Branch BlocksWhat QRS morphology is characteristic?

V1

For RBBB the wide QRS complex assumes a unique, virtually diagnostic shape (upright “rabbit ears”) in those leads overlying the right ventricle, V1.

“Rabbit Ears”

Left Bundle Branch Blocks

What QRS morphology is characteristic?

For LBBB the wide QRS complex assumes a wide predominantly downward deflection leads opposite the left ventricle, i.e., V1 and V2 (right ventricular leads) and the QRS is upright and wide in V5 and V6 (may or may not be notched)

Bundle Branch Block

RBBB• QRS > 0.12• V1 rsR’ pattern and

T wave inversion• V6 widened S wave

and upright T

• LBBB• QRS > 0.12• V1 QS pattern• V6 notched R Wave

and inverted T wave

What causes BBBs?• Hypertension• Coronary artery disease • Thickened, stiffened or weakened heart

muscle (cardiomyopathy) • Infection (myocarditis) of the heart

muscle• Scar tissue after heart surgery • Congenital abnormality

BBB Left or Right?

BBB Left or Right?

Intervals• PR

– Normal < .2 sec (1 large box)– > .2 sec = 1st degree AV block– Causes: ischemia, senescence, medications

• QRS– Normal < .12 sec (3 small boxes)– > .12 sec = IVCD; bundle branch block– Causes: congenital, ischemia/infarct, LVH, pacemaker

• QT– Varies with rate– Normal < ½ R-R interval– > 450 msec (QTc) = abnormal; predisposition to ventricular

arrhythmias– Causes: medications, Genetic disorders

Step 5: Axis

• The mean direction of electrical forces in the frontal plane (limb leads) as measured from the point of zero

• We like to know the QRS axis because an abnormal axis can suggest disease

• Normal QRS Axis: -30 to 90

Axis

Axis: Quick and Easy

Lead I and

Lead II

Left Axis Deviation

• Mechanical shifts: Expiration, high diaphragm (pregnancy, ascites)

• Left bundle branch block• Left anterior fascicular• Emphysema • Hyperkalemia • Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome • Congenital heart disease: Primum ASD

Right Axis Deviation

• Normal finding in children and tall thin adults • Mechanical shifts: Inspiration• Right ventricular hypertrophy • Right bundle branch block• Left posterior fascicular block• Chronic lung disease COPD• Dextrocardia• Pulmonary embolus

Is the QRS axis normal in this ECG?

No, there is left axis deviation.

The QRS is positive in I and negative in II.

Step 6: ST Segments and waves

• The ST segment is the flat isoelectric section of the ECG between the end of the S wave and start of the T wave

• Myocardial ischemia tends to be a regional event

• MI and injury cause a variety of changes in ST segments T waves and QRS complexes

• ECG changes that are global are rarely cause by ischemia i.e.pericarditis

Step 6: ST Segments and waves

• Questions to ask:

–Is there ST segment elevation or depression?

–Are the T waves inverted?

–Are there pathological Q waves?

ST Segment

Waves/Complexes

• T Wave– Peaked: hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hyperacute

MI– Flat

• w/ U wave – hypokalemia• w/o U wave –ischemia (if 2 or more contiguous leads)

– Inverted• Symmetric: more likely to be ischemia (if 2 or more

contiguous leads)• Assymetric: drugs, strain (LVH/subendocardial strain)

– Biphasic• Ischemia (if 2 or more contiguous leads)

ST Elevation Infarction

ST depression, peaked T-waves, then T-wave inversion

The ECG changes seen with a ST elevation infarction are:

Before injury Normal ECG

ST elevation & appearance of Q-waves

ST segments and T-waves return to normal, but Q-waves persist

Ischemia

Infarction

Fibrosis

ST Elevation Infarction

Here’s a diagram depicting an evolving infarction:A. Normal ECG prior to MI

B. Ischemia from coronary artery occlusion results in ST depression (not shown) and peaked T-waves

C. Infarction from ongoing ischemia results in marked ST elevation

D/E. Ongoing infarction with appearance of pathologic Q-waves and T-wave inversion

F. Fibrosis (months later) with persistent Q- waves, but normal ST segment and T- waves

ST Segment

• Significant– > 1mm above or below isoelectric– 2 or more contiguous leads

• Elevation– Infarct– *Exception: Global ST elevation in pericarditis

• Depression– Ischemia– Drug effect– Electrolytes

Contiguous Leads• Inferior

– II, III, aVF

• Lateral– I, aVL– V5, V6

• Anterior– V1-V4

• Septal– V2, V3

• Posterior – V1, V2, V3

Contiguous Leads

ST Segment Depression

ST Elevation

One way to diagnose an acute MI is to look for elevation of the ST segment.

ST Elevation (cont)

Elevation of the ST segment (greater than 1 small box) in 2 leads is consistent with a myocardial infarction.

Locating Myocardial DamageRemember that the 12-leads of the ECG look at different portions of the heart. The limb and augmented leads “see” electrical activity moving inferiorly (II, III and aVF), to the left (I, aVL) and to the right (aVR). Whereas, the precordial leads “see” electrical activity in the posterior to anterior direction.

Limb Leads Augmented Leads Precordial Leads

The 12-Leads

The 12-leads include:

–3 Limb leads (I, II, III)

–3 Augmented leads (aVR, aVL,

aVF)–6 Precordial leads

(V1- V6)

Views of the Heart

Some leads get a good view of the:

Anterior portion of the heart

Lateral portion of the heart

Inferior portion of the heart

Anterior MIThe anterior portion of the heart is best viewed using leads V1- V4.

Limb Leads Augmented Leads Precordial Leads

Left Coronary Artery

Lateral MI

The Lateral wall of the heart is best viewed using leads Leads I, aVL, and V5- V6

Limb Leads Augmented Leads Precordial Leads

Circumflex Artery

Inferior MI

The Inferior wall of the heart is best viewed using leads Leads II, III and aVF

Limb Leads Augmented Leads Precordial Leads

Right Coronary Artery

Q Waves• Q wave

– Late evolving or chronic stage of myocardial infarction

– Significance• > 1 small box wide• > ¼ of R wave

height• 2 or more

contiguous leads

Putting it all TogetherDo you think this person is having a myocardial infarction. If so, where?

InterpretationYes, this person is having an acute anterior wall myocardial infarction.

Putting it all TogetherNow, where do you think this person is having a myocardial infarction?

Inferior Wall MIThis is an inferior MI. Note the ST elevation in leads II, III and aVF.

Putting it all TogetherHow about now?

Anterolateral MIThis person’s MI involves both the anterior wall (V2-V4) and the lateral wall (V5-V6, I, and aVL)!

Diagnosing a MITo diagnose a myocardial infarction you need to go beyond looking at a rhythm strip and obtain a 12-Lead ECG.

Rhythm Strip

12-Lead ECG

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Left Ventricular HypertrophyCompare these two 12-lead ECGs. What stands out as different with the second one?

Normal Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Answer: The QRS complexes are very tall (increased voltage)

Left Ventricular HypertrophyWhy is left ventricular hypertrophy characterized by tall QRS complexes?

LVH ECHOcardiogramIncreased QRS voltage

As the heart muscle wall thickens there is an increase in electrical forces moving through the myocardium resulting in increased QRS voltage.

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy• Specific criteria exists to diagnose LVH using a 12-lead

ECG. – For example:

• The R wave in V5 or V6 plus the S wave in V1 or V2 exceeds 35 mm.

Now that we have the basics down

Lets do some rhythm strip analysis!

Sinus Rhythms

• Sinus Bradycardia

• Sinus Tachycardia

Rhythm #1

30 bpm• Rate?• Regularity? regular

normal

0.10 s

• P waves?

• PR interval? 0.12 s• QRS duration?

Interpretation? Sinus Bradycardia

Sinus Bradycardia

• Deviation from NSR

- Rate < 60 bpm

Sinus Bradycardia

• Etiology: SA node is depolarizing slower than normal, impulse is conducted normally (i.e. normal PR and QRS interval).

Rhythm #2

130 bpm• Rate?• Regularity? regular

normal

0.08 s

• P waves?

• PR interval? 0.16 s• QRS duration?

Interpretation? Sinus Tachycardia

Sinus Tachycardia

• Deviation from NSR

- Rate > 100 bpm

Sinus Tachycardia

• Etiology: SA node is depolarizing faster than normal, impulse is conducted normally.

• Remember: sinus tachycardia is a response to physical or psychological stress, not a primary arrhythmia.

Premature Beats

• Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs)

• Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs)

Rhythm #3

70 bpm• Rate?• Regularity? occasionally irreg.

2/7 different contour

0.08 s

• P waves?

• PR interval? 0.14 s (except 2/7)• QRS duration?

Interpretation? NSR with Premature Atrial Contractions

Premature Atrial Contractions

• Deviation from NSR– These ectopic beats originate in the

atria (but not in the SA node), therefore the contour of the P wave, the PR interval, and the timing are different than a normally generated pulse from the SA node.

Premature Atrial Contractions

• Etiology: Excitation of an atrial cell forms an impulse that is then conducted normally through the AV node and ventricles.

Teaching Moment

• When an impulse originates anywhere in the atria (SA node, atrial cells, AV node) and then is conducted normally through the ventricles, the QRS will be narrow (0.04 - 0.12 s).

Rhythm #4

60 bpm• Rate?• Regularity? occasionally irreg.

none for 7th QRS

0.08 s (7th wide)

• P waves?

• PR interval? 0.14 s• QRS duration?

Interpretation? Sinus Rhythm with 1 PVC

PVCs

• Deviation from NSR– Ectopic beats originate in the ventricles

resulting in wide and bizarre QRS complexes.

– When there are more than 1 premature beats and look alike, they are called “uniform”. When they look different, they are called “multiform”.

PVCs

• Etiology: One or more ventricular cells are depolarizing and the impulses are abnormally conducting through the ventricles.

Teaching Moment

• When an impulse originates in a ventricle, conduction through the ventricles will be inefficient and the QRS will be wide and bizarre.

Ventricular Conduction

NormalSignal moves rapidly through the ventricles

AbnormalSignal moves slowly through the ventricles

Rhythm #5

110 bpm• Rate?• Regularity? Irregularly irregular

none

0.08 s

• P waves?

• PR interval? Unable to determine

• QRS duration?

Interpretation? Afib

Rhythm #6

90 bpm• Rate?• Regularity? Regular

none

0.08 s

• P waves?

• PR interval? Unable to determine

• QRS duration?

Interpretation? Aflutter

AV Nodal Blocks

• 1st Degree AV Block

• 2nd Degree AV Block, Type I

• 2nd Degree AV Block, Type II

• 3rd Degree AV Block

Rhythm #7

60 bpm• Rate?• Regularity? regular

normal

0.08 s

• P waves?

• PR interval? 0.36 s• QRS duration?

Interpretation? 1st Degree AV Block

1st Degree AV Block

• Deviation from NSR– PR Interval > 0.20 s

1st Degree AV Block

• Etiology: Prolonged conduction delay in the AV node or Bundle of His.

Rhythm #8

50 bpm• Rate?• Regularity? regularly irregular

nl, but 4th no QRS

0.08 s

• P waves?

• PR interval? lengthens• QRS duration?

Interpretation? 2nd Degree AV Block, Type I

2nd Degree AV Block, Type I

• Deviation from NSR– PR interval progressively lengthens,

then the impulse is completely blocked (P wave not followed by QRS).

2nd Degree AV Block, Type I

• Etiology: Each successive atrial impulse encounters a longer and longer delay in the AV node until one impulse (usually the 3rd or 4th) fails to make it through the AV node.

Rhythm #9

40 bpm• Rate?• Regularity? regular

nl, 2 of 3 no QRS

0.08 s

• P waves?

• PR interval? 0.14 s• QRS duration?

Interpretation? 2nd Degree AV Block, Type II

2nd Degree AV Block, Type II

• Deviation from NSR– Occasional P waves are completely

blocked (P wave not followed by QRS).

2nd Degree AV Block, Type II

• Etiology: Conduction is all or nothing (no prolongation of PR interval); typically block occurs in the Bundle of His.

Rhythm #10

40 bpm• Rate?• Regularity? regular

no relation to QRS

wide (> 0.12 s)

• P waves?

• PR interval? none• QRS duration?

Interpretation? 3rd Degree AV Block

3rd Degree AV Block

• Deviation from NSR– The P waves are completely blocked in

the AV junction; QRS complexes originate independently from below the junction.

3rd Degree AV Block

• Etiology: There is complete block of conduction in the AV junction, so the atria and ventricles form impulses independently of each other. Without impulses from the atria, the ventricles own intrinsic pacemaker kicks in at around 30 - 45 beats/minute.

Remember• When an impulse originates in a ventricle,

conduction through the ventricles will be inefficient and the QRS will be wide and bizarre.

VT

VF

Summary of Arrhythmias & Blocks

Supraventricular• Atrial

– Sinus Tach (>100)– Sinus Brady (<60)– Sinus Arrest– PAC– Atrial Tach (150-200)– Atrial Flutter (250-300)– Atrial Fib– Wandering Atrial

Pacemaker– Multifocal Atrial

Tachycardia

• AV Nodal– PSVT– Blocks

• 1st Degree• 2nd Degree

– Mobitz I (Wenchebach)– Mobitz II

• 3rd Degree

• Junctional– Junctional Escape (40-60)– Accelerated Junctional

Summary of Arrhythmias & Blocks

Ventricular• PVC• V Tach

– Unifocal– Multifocal (Torsade de Pointe)

• V Fib• Idioventricular Rhythm (20-40)• Blocks

– Left Bundle Branch• Left anterior fascicular block• Left posterior fascicular block

– Right Bundle Branch

ECG Case Studies

56 y.o. male here for preop clearance for TKR. Hx of HTN

23 y.o. female presents with “racing heart”

72 y.o. male presents with dizziness

80 y.o. female presents with SOB and fatigue

A flutterLeft axis deviation

46 y.o male presents with sternal CP

65 y.o. male with diabetes presents with nausea, abdominal pain

65M with asystolic cardiac arrest with Epi, bicarb, and chest

compressions. He was in shock

45M admitted with on-and-off chest pain

29F from Jamaica with sharp constant chest pain