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1903 1/2hp Wagner repulsion start induction motor - The beast! Its a Heavy old monster of a 1/2hpmotor. but true to repulsion induction motor form it doesnt even dim the lights in the room when itstarts up! it has a loud magnetic hum when it runs. and the centrifugal switch is pretty loud as it

snaps in and out. (photo by jdl44 from Flickr)

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induction-motor-4?

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Basics of 3-phase Induction Motor (part 4)

Continued from 3rd part of article – Basics of 3-phase Induction Motor (part 3)

Service factor for motors

When a motor is expected to operate in unfavorable conditions such as:

1. Intermittent overloading

2. Higher ambient temperatures

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3. A restricted temperature rise as for a spinning mill,

4. A refinery or a hazardous area

5. Frequent starts, stops and reverses or any such conditions during operation

 And when it is not possible to accurately define their likely occurrences or magnitudes, it becomesdesirable for the motor to have some in-built reserve capacity. To account for this, a factor, known asthe ‘service factor’, is considered when selecting the size of the motor. Service factor’ in the range of 

10-15% is considered adequate by practicing engineers. With this service factor, no more deratingwould normally be necessary.

Service factor is a multiplier that is applied to the motor’s normal horsepower rating to indicate anincrease in power output (or overload capacity) that the motor is capable of providing under certainconditions some of which are mentioned above.

 Any service factor greater than one 1.0 must be indicated on motor nameplate; in some case therunning current at service factor loading is also indicated on the nameplate as service factor amperesor SFA.

In the above description, it’s the “certain conditions” where problems may occur. The service factor isnot intended as a general increase in the motor horsepower rating. In most cases, a 10 kW motor with1.15 service factor should not be treated as an 11.5 kW motor and it is not considered acceptable for application to a pump or fan with this service factor to operate continuously at 11 kW.

National Electrical Manufacturer’s Association (NEMA) standard for motors, NEMA MG-1,establishes the operating conditions required for proper performance and normal life expectancy of acmotors. Motors are designed to deliver their rated kW under voltage variation of 10% of rated andfrequency variation of 5% of rated. The combined variation of voltage and frequency is limited to10%.When operated under these limits, with shaft load at or less than rated, the motor current andwinding temperature will remain within rated values, and normal motor life is expected. NEMA MG-1also defines the limits for operation of an ac motor within the service factor range. First of these is that

rated voltage and frequency must be maintained.

Many facilities may experience occasional periods of low voltage during peak load periods. Under thiscondition a motor operating within its service factor rating may experience an unacceptable increase incurrent and temperature. The motor is permitted under the standard to operate at a 10 degrees Chigher winding temperature rise under service factor load than under its normal rated load. As a rule of thumb life expectancy is halved for each 10 degree increase in operating temperature.

Thus continuous operation at service factor load can be expected to a higher rate motor failure due toinsulation breakdown. The increased load may also reduce bearing life.

Hence it is concluded that:

1. Relying on the service factor of motor under continuous duty operations would be unwise in mostcases.

2. The appropriate use of this rating is to handle short term or occasional overloads.

3. It is suitable only where supply voltage is highly stable as in case of industrial premises havingself generation units.

4. Motor life expectancy is not a concern.

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Electrical protections required for 3 Phase induction motor 

The conditions for the protection required in a motor can be divided into two broad categories:

1. Imposed external conditions

2. Internal Faults.

The former category includes unbalanced supply voltages, Under Voltage, over voltage, under frequency, over frequency, single phasing and reverse phase conditions. The latter category includesthe bearing failures, Internal Shunt faults, which are commonly earth faults and Over loads.

The Protection applied to a particular machine depends on its size and the nature of load to which it isconnected.

Thermal Image Protection with Pre-Alarm

The majority of the winding failures are either directly or Indirectly caused by over loading.(either prolonged or cyclic),operation on unbalanced supply or single phasing which all leads to thedeterioration of the insulation until the electrical fault occurs in the winding.

 All motors will have a thermal with stand curves which indicates the thermal withstand time at variousover load currents. The Heating of the machine is because of the thermal current which can bederived from the positive and negative sequence components of the Motor current as follows.

Ith = √ (Id2 + 3Is

2 )

Where:

Ith = Thermal Current which causes the heatingId = Positive Sequence Component of the Input CurrentIs= Negative sequence Component of the Input Current.

It can be seen that the negative sequence plays proportionately more than positive sequence current inthe heating of the machine. The relay should computes the positive and negative sequencecomponents and calculate the thermal current. The ideal relay should calculate sequence componenton the basis of vector calculation.

The thermal withstand time should be provided by manufacturer or alternatively calculated as per 

logarithmic formula.

In most of the motor protection relay, Motor Full load current can be set from 10% to 150% of the ratedcurrent and the time Constant is selectable from 1 to 60 minutes depending on the motor Characteristics. Pre heating alarm can be set from 50% to 110% of the thermal condition of themachine. This will help to avoid the tripping of the motor in a continuously processing industry.

There is a Restart inhibition Temperature level which ensures the next starting of the machine after theMotor cooled down to the safe temperature level.

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Locked Rotor Protection

The ideal relay should provide protection against both starting and running locked rotor condition. Inmost of the relays the setting is selectable from 100% to 500% of the motor full load current. The triptime delay is selectable from 1 to 120 seconds. Additionally the relay can accept a speed switchcontact from the field to detect the starting locked rotor condition.

Current Unbalance Protection

The relay is provided with a Negative sequence current element will provide protection of the motor from Current Unbalance due to voltage Unbalance, Single phasing and Phase reversals. The negativesequence level is settable from 10% to 80% of motor full load current. The trip time characteristics areinverse time characteristics.

Repeat Start Protection

Motors need to be protected from excessive number of starts.

This is because each time when a motor is getting started, the motor will see 3 to 6 times motor ratedcurrent for the duration of starting time, thus increasing the thermal status of motor considerably. Thesehigher currents will cause the thermal stress in the winding, which leads to the winding failure. Idealmotor protection relay should have repeat start protection element. With the help of this protectionelement, the number of starts should be settable from 1 to 60 starts within 1 to 60 minutes.

If the number starts exceeded the set value, the relay inhibits the next start for a set time. This time iscalled restart inhibition time, which is selectable from 1 to 60 minutes.

Over Current Protection

This protection element will provide short circuit protection in the motor feeder. The trip time delaycan be set as either instantaneous or time delayed. Ideal motor protection element is provided with theabove element in which the pickup range is selectable from 1 to 5 times Ist. The delay is selectablefrom 0.05 to 1 second . It is to be noted that if the motor is provided with vacuum contactor in which the

contactor cannot handle the short circuit current, this over current element need to be disabled.

In such cases fuses provided in the power circuit will provide the short circuit protection.

No load running

This element provides the protection against no load running of motors. The pickup level is selectablefrom 0.15 to 1Im and the trip time delay is adjustable.

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This element is disabled if the current is below 0.1 I m.

Earth fault Protection

This protection provides the isolation of motors incase of earth faults. This element can be connected inresidual connection or by using a CBCT. Ideal motor protection relay is provided with an earth fault pickup setting of 2% to 100% and a delay setting of 0.05secs to 5secs. Third harmonic filter should bechecked to avoid any mal operation because of unbalanced currents.

It is to be noted that, in case of residual connection, if the earth fault element is provided withinstantaneous protection, the earth fault element may cause unwanted operation during the starting of the motor. This is because of the unequal saturation characteristics of the CTs provided in the system.To avoid the above problem a stabilizing resistor need to be provided in the earth fault circuit.

The value of stabilizing resistor can be calculated as below:

R > Ist ( R2+Rw ) x I0

Where:

Ist = Motor starting current (at secondary of CT’s)I0 = Set trip level of E/F element (at secondary. of CT’s)R2 = Resistance of CT sec. WindingRw = Resistance of wire loop between CT and relay

 Apart from the above protections, having RTD and BTD input is optional feature. If RTD input isrequired than a PT100 device which is installed near the winding will increase its resistance when the

temperature rises. It is to be noted that the PT100 device need to be calibrated above 1.5K ohmcorresponding to the abnormal temperature.

References:

1. NEMA MG-1.2. Industrial Power Engineering and Application Hand Book by K C Agarwaal.3. Industrial Power System Hand Book by Shoaib Khan.4. Theory and Calculation of Alternating Current Phenomena by Charles Proteus Steinmetz5. Motor protection relay (MM30) manual from L&T