basic_adv c++_i

8/4/2019 BASIC_Adv C++_I

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Trailokya NayakMarch 2007

BASIC/Adv. C++ - I( Classes, Object, Abstraction, Encapsulation)

( Constructor, Destructor, Function Overloading, Inline Function, Static Member function, Friend Function, Friend Class)


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What is C++?

It does:

Object Oriented Programming.

Generic Programming.

Allows Procedural programming like C


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Concepts of C++:

Addition to C++ over CClass

Object

EncapsulationAbstraction

Data Hiding

Inheritance

Polymorphism


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Concepts of C++:

Addition to C++ over C:

Templates

STL

RTTI

Exception Handling

Dynamic binding

Function Overloading

Inline function.


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CLASS

Class is a UDD, in which the data members andmember functions can be in one place to representthe frame of an object and operations possible onthat object.

Class Example {

int a;

static int b;

Public:Example(): a(0) { }

};


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CLASS Class entities:

Data Members

Static

Global to all the objects of that class

Non-Static Local to that object only.

Member Functions

Static Member Function

Non-Static Member Function Const Member Function.


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Object

Object are the basic entities of Object OrientedProgramming, in which the data values and its

behaviors are combined together.

Creating an object just like declaring a variable of a

datatype. For Ex:ClassName objName; // Takes memory for all

// non-static attributes.



Static Members Static Members can be:

Static Data Member

These are the properties of the class and initialized,

when the classes are loaded into the memory.

The static data members are defined outside the class.

Static Member Function

These functions are the properties of the class and

can be called through the class name.

These are allowed to access the static data members.



FRIEND

Function

Global Function as Friend

Member Function as Friend

Friend Class

Merits and Demerits of Friend Class in Object

Oriented designing.



Constructor/ Destructor

Types Of Constructor

Default Constructor

Default Valued Constructor

Parameterized Constructor

Copy Constructor

Dynamic Constructor

One type of destructor, by default provided by thecompiler and can be overridden by developer, ifrequired.



Constructor A constructoris a special method that describes

how an instance of the class (called object) isconstructed

Whenever an instance of the class is created, its

constructor is called. C++ provides a default constructorfor each class,

which is a constructor with no parameters. But, one

can define multiple constructors for the same class,

and may even redefine the default constructor


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Inline Function

Inline function is the function, where the function is

not called, rather the body of the function is

replaced in the function invocation part.

It is request to the compiler to make replaced thecode inline..


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Inheritance It is mechanism in which one class can reuse the

code of an existing class.Single Inheritance

Hierarchical Inheritance

Multiple Inheritance

Multi-level Inheritance

Hybrid Inheritance.

Visibility Mode of the Inheritance

Public InheritanceProtected Inheritance

Private Inheritance



C++ Syntax:

Basic Syntax is inherited from C.

Primitive data types Supported data types: int, long, short, float, double,

char, bool, and enum

The size of data types is platform-dependent

Basic statement syntax If-else

Nested If-else

Switch.. Case

For While

Do-while



C++ Syntax (Operators):

Basic expression syntax with operators from C. Types of Operators on the basis of operands

Unary Binary

Ternary

Types of Operators on the basis of the functionality Arithmetic Operator ( + , -, *, / )

Relational Operator ( < , , >=, ==, != )

Logical Operator ( &&, ||, !)

Conditional Operator ( ? : )

Bit-wise Operator ( &, |, ~, ^, )

Assignment Operator ( =, +=, -=, /=, *=, &=, |=, ^= etc.)

Increment/Decrement operator ( pre & post ++/--)

Special operator ( Coma, Sizeof etc)



C++ Syntax (Operators/Comments):

Operators supported in C++. :: (Scope Resolution Operator) Dynamic Memory Allocation operators

New Delete

Type cast operators const_cast static_cast dynamic_cast reinterpret_cast

Comments/Internal Documentation Single-line Commenting ( // ) Multi-line Commenting ( /* */ )



Operator Overloading

The concept of extending the capability of the

operator to work with User defined data type is

known as Operator Overloading.

Operator cannot be overloaded

sizeof, *, ->, ::, ?: .



Pointers/Reference

Pointers are variables, which can contain the addressof another variable

Single Pointer

Double Pointer

Multi Pointers

Operations with pointer variables.

Subtraction between pointers are possible but noaddition.

Multiplications/divisions are not possible

Increment/decrement are possible.



Pointers/Reference

Pointer to data member.

class A { public: int num;}; int A::*pdm = &A::num;

Function Pointer.

int (*funcName)(int)

Pointer to Member function.

int (ClassName::*funcName)(int)



Pointers/Reference

Pointer variable and const Pointer variableDatatype *ptrVar;

Datatype *const ptrVar;

Const datatype *ptrVar;

Const datatype *const ptrVar;

Datatype const *ptrVar;

Reference Variable.

Alias of existing variable

Reference as strict const pointers.



Function Call

Function Calling can be done in six ways:

Call by Value

Call by address/pointer

Call by reference

Call by const Reference

Call by const address/pointer

Call by const Value


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