basic video troubleshooting 101akali2/tb143/lecture9-2.pdfcustomer premises equipment (cpe) •telco...
TRANSCRIPT
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Basic Video
Troubleshooting 101
• Check Power On Self-Test (POST) beeps.
• Re-seat video card.
• Check any configuration switch settings.
• Swap video card, monitor, video cable.
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Basic Video
Troubleshooting 101
Enter Safe Mode or re-load video
driver.
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Copyright © 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Video Display
Adapters
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Super VGA (SVGA)• The standard for PCs and monitors.
• Popular SVGA formats include:
– 800 by 600 pixels
– 1024 by 768 pixels
– 1280 by 1024 pixels
• The higher the resolution, the finer the detail displayed.
• The higher the resolution; the more information displayed.
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Video Graphics Array (VGA)
• Resolution of 640 by 480 pixels.
• Introduced in 1987 by IBM as the PS/2
• First to use analog video outputs.
• First to use square pixels so vertical and horizontal lines have the same thickness.
• Replaced by SVGA in most applications.
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Evolution of Video
Display Adapters
• 1981 CGA 320 by 200 pixels
• 1984 EGA 640 by 350 pixels
• 1987 VGA 640 by 480 pixels
• Today SVGA 800 by 600 pixels, or higher.
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VGA SVGA
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The activities of the
monitor are determined
entirely by the PC.
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The PC determines:
• the color
• the brightness
• and the position
of every pixel in the monitor’s display.
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The PC sends five control
signals to the monitor:
• The Red Video Signal.
• The Green Video Signal.
• The Blue Video Signal.
• The Horizontal Sync Pulse.
• The Vertical Sync Pulse.
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The Video Controller in
the PC
8-bit
DAC
8-bit
DAC
8-bit
DAC
8-bit
DAC
8-bit
DAC
8-bit
DAC
Analog
outputs
monitor
Analog
outputs
to
monitor
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The Input and Output of
the Red DAC in the PC.
0.0 Volts
11111111
11111110
.
.
.
00000001
00000000
0.7 Volts
Input Output
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Copyright © 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Upgrading a
Computer
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Memory
• Few computers have enough
• What fits in this computer?
• SIMM or DIMM?
• SDRAM or DDR2?
• Speed?
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Pentium I
• Add SIMMs in pairs
• Check the manual for specs
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Pentium II/III/4
• Generally fewer free slots
• Add one DIMM at a time
• Bigger DIMMs are available
• PC-66, PC-100, PC-133
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CPU Upgrades
• Cost vs. Benefit
• Role of the computer
• Can the motherboard support the
upgrade?
• Do you need to update the BIOS?
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Expansion Cards
• Before you buy the card:
– What slot type
– Are slots available?
– Are the proper drivers available?
• Win 98, Win 2000, etc.
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Drives
• Can the BIOS support a large drive?
• Can the BIOS be upgraded?
• Do you have enough power
connectors?
• Do you have the software tools?
– Bootable disk with FDISK, Format,
etc.
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Motherboards
• What type of case?
– AT, ATX, Proprietary
• What type of motherboard?
• Do the back-panel connections
match up?
• Can you connect front-panel cables?
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Motherboards
• Can you use the old video adapter
and memory?
• Do you want to use the old video
board and memory?
• Do you need to buy a CPU, too?
• Is this project worth the cost?
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Copyright © 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.
Modems
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Local
Exchange
Local
Exchange
Local
Exchange
Local
Exchange
AnalogAnalog
DigitalDigital
DigitalDigital
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Local
Exchange
Local
Exchange
Local
Exchange
Local
Exchange
AnalogAnalog
DigitalDigital
DigitalDigital
ModemModem ModemModem
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Modem-1Modem-1
PC-1PC-1
Modem-2Modem-2PC-2PC-2
Phone
System
Phone
System
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Modem 1Modem-1
PC-1PC-1
Modem-2Modem-2
Dial-Up ServerDial-Up Server
Phone
System
Phone
System
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PC-1PC-1
Dial-Up
Server
Dial-Up
Server
Phone
System
Phone
System
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Two Sets of Issues
• Computer-to-Computer Issues
• Client-to-Network Issues
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CPU vs. Phone Line
• Digital Signal
• High Speed
• Parallel Data
• Analog Signal
• Low Speed
• Serial Data
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Analog
Digital
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The Modem
• Modulator / Demodulator
• Converts the digital signals from the computer into the analog signals required by the telephone line.
• Converts the analog signals from the telephone line into the digital signals required by the computer.
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Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
1 0 1 1 0 1
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Each Amplitude Level
Represents Two Bits
Each Amplitude Level
Represents Two Bits
0001
10
11
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0º Phase Shift 90º Phase Shift
180º Phase Shift 270º Phase Shift
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Baud• Baud - A single state change of the
analog signal.
• Baud Rate - The number of times per second that the analog signal changes state.
• In early modems, one baud usually represented one bit.
• In today’s modems, one baud represents more than one bit.
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Low SpeedLow Speed
High SpeedHigh Speed
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1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
Parallel
10101110 SerialSerial
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The UART
• Universal Asynchronous
Receiver/Transmitter
• The heart of the Serial (COM) port.
• Converts parallel data required by CPU
into serial data required by serial port.
• Converts serial data received at serial
port into parallel data required by CPU.
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Making the CPU and Phone
Line Compatible (Transmit).
CPU
UARTUART ModemModemPhone Phone
Line
1.High Speed to Low Speed
2. Parallel to Serial
1.High Speed to Low Speed
2. Parallel to Serial
Digital to Digital to
Analog
Buffer
Memory
Buffer
Memory
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Making the CPU and Phone
Line Compatible (Receive).
UARTUART ModemModemPhone Phone
Line
CPU
Buffer
Memory
Buffer
Memory
1.High Speed to Low Speed
2. Parallel to Serial
1.High Speed to Low Speed
2. Parallel to Serial
Digital to Digital to
Analog
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Two Types of Modems
• Internal – ISA or PCI board that
fits inside the computer.
• External – Stand-alone box.
Connects to one of the COM
Ports.
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Internal ModemInternal Modem
CPUUART
Function
UART
Function
Modem
Function
Modem
Function
Phone Phone
Line
Internal Modem
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CPU UARTUARTExternal
Modem
External
Modem
Phone Phone
Line
Motherboard
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CPU UARTUARTExternal
Modem
External
Modem
Phone Phone
Line
Mother-
board
I/O
Adapter
Card
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Modulation Standards
• V.22 – 1200bps standard
• V.22bis – 2400bps standard
• V.32 – 9600bps standard
• V.32bis – 14,400 standard
• V.FC – 28,800 standard
• V.34 – 33,600 standard
• V.90 – 56kbps standard
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V.42 Error-Correction
Standards
• Link Access Procedure for
Modems (LAPM)
• Microcom Networking Protocol
– 4 (MNP-4)
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V.42bis Compression
Standard.
• Uses a compression technique to
reduce the size of out going data.
• Can compress data up to ~ 4 to 1.
• For example, a 33,600-bps Modem
could transfer data at a rates up to
about 134,400 bps.
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The COM Port
• Also called Serial Port or RS-232 Port
• The link between PC and Modem.
• The external Modem connects to COM port on back of PC via serial cable.
• The internal Modem has built-in COM port that duplicates function of external COM port.
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9-Pin Serial Port9-Pin Serial Port25-Pin Serial Port25-Pin Serial Port
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Standard Modem
COM Port Settings
COM Port IRQ I/O Address
(Hex)
COM1 4 03F8
COM2 3 02F8
COM3 4 03E8
COM4 3 02E8
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CPU
UARTUART ModemModemI/O
Memory
I/O
Memory
COM1
IRQ4IRQ4
03F803F8
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CPU
UARTUART ModemModemI/O
Memory
I/O
Memory
COM2
IRQ3IRQ3
02F802F8
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133
134.4
kbps
134.4
kbps
134.4
kbps
134.4
kbps
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UART Speed
• Determines the Serial Port speed.
• 16550 UART chip can reach speeds of 256 kbps.
• 16440 UART chip can reach speeds of 115.2 kbps.
• 8250 UART was supplied with the original IBM XT machine.
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Digital Subscriber Line
(DSL) - A technique used for
transmitting high-bandwidth
data over twisted-pair
telephone lines.
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Central
Office
Central
Office
Central
Office
Central
Office
Local LoopLocal Loop
Analog
AnalogAnalog
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Voice requires only about
4kHz of bandwidth.
0 4kHzFrequency
VoiceVoice
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Central
Office
Central
Office
Central
Office
Central
Office
DigitalDigital
Local LoopLocal Loop
Analog
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For short distances,
twisted-pair can handle
frequencies much higher
than 4kHz.
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Connecting to the Internet
• Modem (POTS)
• ISDN
• T1 line
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
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Cost Vs. BandwidthC
ost
$
Bandwidth
Modem
(POTS)
Modem
(POTS)
ISDN
T1
DSL
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Advantages of DSL
• Always-on connectivity
• High speed
• Flat-rate service
• Reliability
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bandwidth not required by voice.
DSL takes advantage of the
bandwidth not required by voice.
0 4kHzFrequency
VoiceVoice
1MHz
DSLDSL
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xDSL:
• Asymmetric Digital Subscriber
Line (ADSL)
• Very High Data Rate Digital
Subscriber Line (VDSL)
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Asymmetric DSL – Allows
downstream than upstream.
Asymmetric DSL – Allows
more bandwidth
downstream than upstream.
0 4kHzFrequency
VoiceVoice DownstreamDownstream
1MHz
UpstreamUpstream
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Central OfficeCentral OfficeTo/From
ISP
To/From
ISP
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Typical ADSL Typical ADSL
Characteristics
Data Rate Distance
Downstream 1.5 Mbps 15,000 ft
Upstream 16 kbps 15,000 ft
Downstream 6.1 Mbps 9,000 ft
Upstream 640 kbps 9,000 ft
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DSL is distance-sensitive
• You must be within about 12,000 to 18,000 feet of a central office.
• The distance is the path the wire takes, not the straight-line distance.
• Even so, the majority of the United States’ population lives and works within DSL range.
![Page 70: Basic Video Troubleshooting 101akali2/TB143/Lecture9-2.pdfCustomer Premises Equipment (CPE) •Telco lingo for phone or DSL equipment in the home or office. •Splitter/Filter •DSL](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050119/5f4fa9f344d5cc5ccb5681b8/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
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The DSL Provider
• The company that delivers DSL service to your home or business.
• Generally a phone company.
• Many DSL providers act as their own Internet Service Provider (ISP).
• Some areas have more than one DSL provider.
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Customer Premises
Equipment (CPE)
• Telco lingo for phone or DSL
equipment in the home or office.
• Splitter/Filter
• DSL Modem or DSL Router
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0 4kHzFrequency
VoiceVoice
1MHz
Splitter/FilterSplitter/Filter
Voice/Data
Low Pass
High Pass
Voice
Data
DataData
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The DSL Modem
• Low cost.
• Requires no customer
configuration.
• Acts as a bridge to your DSL
provider’s TCP/IP network.
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CO
Interne
t
ISP
PSTNPSTN
Analog ModemAnalog Modem
PhonePhone
ComputerComputer
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DSL ModemDSL Modem
PhonePhone
ComputerComputer
PSTNPSTN
InternetInternet
PSTN
Switch
PSTN
Switch
DSLAMDSLAM
Central
Office (CO)
Splitter/Splitter/
Filter
![Page 76: Basic Video Troubleshooting 101akali2/TB143/Lecture9-2.pdfCustomer Premises Equipment (CPE) •Telco lingo for phone or DSL equipment in the home or office. •Splitter/Filter •DSL](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050119/5f4fa9f344d5cc5ccb5681b8/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
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Problems with the DSL
Modem Approach
• Single IP address
• The Internet Connection is not
easily shared.
• Security concerns.
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The DSL Router
• Higher cost
• Turns your local network into a separate TCP/IP LAN.
• May provide several services such as:
– DHCP
– NAT
– Firewall
– VPN
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HUBHUB
Analog ModemAnalog Modem
Small Office/Home Office (SOHO)
PhonePhone
CO
Interne
t
Interne
t
ISP
PSTNPSTN
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HUBHUBDSL RouterDSL Router
Small Office/Home Office (SOHO)
Splitter/
Filter
PhonePhone
To/From
Provider
To/From
DSL
Provider
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HUBHUBDSL RouterDSL Router
Home/Office
PSTNPSTN
InternetInternet
PSTN
Switch
DSLAM
Central
Office (CO)
PhonePhone
FilterFilter
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Digital Subscriber Line
Access Multiplexer (DSLAM)
• Normally located at the Telco
Central Office
• Concentrates data from numerous
DSL connections into a high
capacity backbone.
• Separates voice from data and sends
each to its appropriate location.
![Page 82: Basic Video Troubleshooting 101akali2/TB143/Lecture9-2.pdfCustomer Premises Equipment (CPE) •Telco lingo for phone or DSL equipment in the home or office. •Splitter/Filter •DSL](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050119/5f4fa9f344d5cc5ccb5681b8/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
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185.132.116.103
HUBHUBDSL RouterDSL Router
Small Office/Home Office (SOHO)
To/From
Provider
To/From
DSL
Provider
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Very High Data Rate Digital
Subscriber Line (VDSL)
• An emerging technology
• Promises to deliver
– Downstream speeds of 15 to 52 Mbps.
– Upstream speeds of 1.5 to 2.3 Mbps.
• Over short distances (1000 to 4500 ft) of existing twisted pair phone lines.
![Page 84: Basic Video Troubleshooting 101akali2/TB143/Lecture9-2.pdfCustomer Premises Equipment (CPE) •Telco lingo for phone or DSL equipment in the home or office. •Splitter/Filter •DSL](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022050119/5f4fa9f344d5cc5ccb5681b8/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
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Central Office
Fiber Optic
Cable
Optical Network
Unit (ONU)
Office Building